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Matallana-Puerto CA, Duarte MO, Aguilar Fachin D, Poloni Guilherme C, Oliveira PE, Cardoso JCF. First evidence of late-acting self-incompatibility in the Aristolochiaceae. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2024; 26:612-620. [PMID: 38634401 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Most Aristolochiaceae species studied so far are from temperate regions, bearing self-compatible protogynous trap flowers. Although self-incompatibility has been suggested for tropical species, the causes of self-sterility in this family remain unknown. To fill this gap, we studied the pollination of the tropical Aristolochia esperanzae, including the physical and physiological anti-selfing mechanisms. Floral visitors trapped inside flowers were collected to determine the pollinators. Protogyny was characterized by observing the temporal expression of sexual phases and stigmatic receptivity tests. The breeding system was investigated using hand-pollination treatments. Pollen tube growth was observed using epifluorescence to identify the self-incompatibility mechanism. Flies were the most frequent visitors found inside A. esperanzae trap flowers, with individuals from the family Ulidiidae being potential pollinators since they carried pollen. The characteristic flower odour and presence of larvae indicate that A. esperanzae deceives flies through oviposition-site mimicry. Although this species showed incomplete protogyny, stigmatic receptivity decreased during the male phase, avoiding self-pollination. Fruits developed only after cross- and open pollination, indicating that the population is non-autonomous, non-apomictic, and self-sterile. This occurred through a delay in the growth of geitonogamous pollen tubes to the ovary and lower ovule penetration, indicating a late-acting self-incompatibility mechanism. Our findings expand the number of families in which late-acting self-incompatibility has been reported, demonstrating that it is more widespread than previously thought, especially when considering less-studied tropical species among the basal angiosperms.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Matallana-Puerto
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - M O Duarte
- Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - D Aguilar Fachin
- Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - C Poloni Guilherme
- Laboratório de Evolução e Morfologia de Diptera, Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - P E Oliveira
- Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - J C F Cardoso
- Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Departamento de Biodiversidade, Evolução e Meio Ambiente, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Lattar E, Gotelli M, Galati B. Structure and ultrastructure of the stigma and style of Luehea divaricata (Malvaceae-Grewioideae). PLANTA 2022; 257:3. [PMID: 36418498 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-022-04033-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Transmitting tissue cells of Luehea divaricata present a thick middle lamella and prominent convex lens-shaped thickenings of the cell wall that act as reservoir of energy for pollen tube growth. Luehea Milld. is a Neotropical genus with 18 species. This paper reports the study of the structure and the ultrastructure of the stigma and the style of Luehea divaricata Milld. using bright-field microscope and transmission electron microscope. Multiseriate papillae are observed in the stigma. The papillae cells are large with a content that stains intensively and the sub-stigmatic tissue resembles the style's transmitting tissue. L. divaricata has a closed style with an epidermis that presents raised stomata and multicellular trichomes. Numerous organelles and a large nucleus are present in the dense cytoplasm of the transmitting tissue cells. A relevant feature is that the cells of this tissue in the species studied present a very thick middle lamella with two zones of different electron density in the angle of contact between cells, and convex lens-shaped thickenings of the cell wall are prominent mainly also in these angles of contact. The growth of the pollen tube is initiated on the stigmatic papillae surface and continues growing in the middle lamella of the sub-stigmatic tissue and the transmitting tissue, mainly at the contact angle between cells. The present work is the first contribution to the knowledge of structure and ultrastructure of the stigma and style in the genus Luehea, as well as to the subfamily Grewioideae (Malvaceae).
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa Lattar
- Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste (IBONE-UNNE-CONICET), Sargento Cabral 2131, 3400, Corrientes, Argentina.
- Cátedra de Morfología de Plantas Vasculares, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias (FCA-UNNE), Sargento Cabral 2131, 3400, Corrientes, Argentina.
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Marina Gotelli
- Cátedra de Botánica General, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Av. San Martín 4453, C1417DSE, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Beatriz Galati
- Cátedra de Botánica General, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Av. San Martín 4453, C1417DSE, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Płachno BJ, Kapusta M, Stolarczyk P, Bogucka-Kocka A. Spatiotemporal Distribution of Homogalacturonans and Hemicelluloses in the Placentas, Ovules and Female Gametophytes of Utricularia nelumbifolia during Pollination. Cells 2022; 11:cells11030475. [PMID: 35159284 PMCID: PMC8834615 DOI: 10.3390/cells11030475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Utricularia nelumbifolia is a large carnivorous plant that is endemic to Brazil. It forms an extra-ovular female gametophyte, which surpasses the entire micropylar canal and extends beyond the limit of the integument and invades the placenta tissues. Due to the atypical behavior of the female gametophyte, it is interesting to determine the interaction between the gametophyte and sporophytic tissue. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the role of the placenta, the ovular tissues, the hypertrophied central cell and the integument in guiding the pollen tube in Utricularia nelumbifolia Gardner by studying the distribution of homogalacturonans and hemicelluloses. It was also determined whether the distribution of the homogalacturonans (HG) and hemicelluloses in Utricularia are dependent on pollination. The antibodies directed against the wall components (anti-pectin: JIM5, JIM7, LM19, LM20 and the anti-hemicelluloses: LM25, LM11, LM15, LM20, LM21) were used. Because both low- and high-esterified HG and xyloglucan were observed in the placenta, ovule (integument, chalaza) and female gametophyte of both pollinated and unpollinated flowers, the occurrence of these cell-wall components was not dependent on pollination. After fertilization, low methyl-esterified HGs were still observed in the cell walls of somatic cells and female gametophyte. However, in the case of high-esterified HG, the signal was weak and occurred only in the cell walls of the somatic cells. Because xyloglucans were observed in the cell walls of the synergids and egg cells, this suggests that they play a role in sexual reproduction. Utricularia nelumbifolia with an extra ovule-female gametophyte is presented as an attractive model for studying the male-female dialogue in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz J. Płachno
- Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, Institute of Botany, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, 9 Gronostajowa St., 30-387 Kraków, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-12-664-6039
| | - Małgorzata Kapusta
- Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, 59 Wita Stwosza St., 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland;
| | - Piotr Stolarczyk
- Department of Botany, Physiology and Plant Protection, Faculty of Biotechnology and Horticulture, University of Agriculture in Kraków, 29 Listopada 54 Ave., 31-425 Kraków, Poland;
| | - Anna Bogucka-Kocka
- Chair and Department of Biology and Genetics, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland;
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Rafińska K, Niedojadło K, Świdziński M, Niedojadło J, Bednarska-Kozakiewicz E. Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Arabinogalactan Proteins during Larix decidua Mill. Male Gametophyte and Ovule Interaction. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094298. [PMID: 33919026 PMCID: PMC8122408 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of ArabinoGalactan Proteins (AGPs) in the sexual reproduction of gymnosperms is not as well documented as that of angiosperms. In earlier studies, we demonstrated that AGPs play important roles during ovule differentiation in Larix decidua Mill. The presented results encouraged us to carry out further studies focused on the functions of these unique glycoproteins during pollen/pollen tube and ovule interactions in Larix. We identified and analyzed the localization of AGPs epitopes by JIM4, JIM8, JIM13 and LM2 antibodies (Abs) in male gametophytes and ovule tissue during pollination, the progamic phase, and after fertilization and in vitro growing pollen tubes. Our results indicated that (1) AGPs recognized by JIM4 Abs play an essential role in the interaction of male gametophytes and ovules because their appearance in ovule cells is induced by physical contact between reproductive partners; (2) after pollination, AGPs are secreted from the pollen cytoplasm into the pollen wall and contact the extracellular matrix of stigmatic tip cells followed by micropylar canal cells; (3) AGPs synthesized in nucellus cells before pollen grain germination are secreted during pollen tube growth into the extracellular matrix, where they can directly interact with male gametophytes; (4) in vitro cultured pollen tube AGPs labeled with LM2 Abs participate in the germination of pollen grain, while AGPs recognized by JIM8 Abs are essential for pollen tube tip growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Rafińska
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Toruń, Poland;
| | - Katarzyna Niedojadło
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Lwowska 1, 87-100 Toruń, Poland; (M.Ś.); (J.N.); (E.B.-K.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Michał Świdziński
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Lwowska 1, 87-100 Toruń, Poland; (M.Ś.); (J.N.); (E.B.-K.)
| | - Janusz Niedojadło
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Lwowska 1, 87-100 Toruń, Poland; (M.Ś.); (J.N.); (E.B.-K.)
| | - Elżbieta Bednarska-Kozakiewicz
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Lwowska 1, 87-100 Toruń, Poland; (M.Ś.); (J.N.); (E.B.-K.)
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Gotelli MM, Galati BG, Zarlavsky G, Medan D. Structure of the style and pollen tube pathway in the Ziziphoid and Rhamnoid clades of Rhamnaceae. PROTOPLASMA 2018; 255:501-515. [PMID: 28913647 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-017-1167-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The ultrastructure of the style and pollen tube pathway before, during and after anthesis were studied in 13 species belonging to the tribes Pomaderreae, Paliureae, Colletieae and Gouanieae (Ziziphoid clade) and Rhamneae (Rhamnoid clade) using light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The aim of this study is to provide new morphological characters useful for phylogenetic analysis at suprageneric level in Rhamnaceae. The patterns of pollen tube growth and the ultrastructural changes undergone by cells of the style were also described. Species of Rhamneae (Scutia buxifolia and Condalia buxifolia) have a solid style, with the transmitting tissue forming three independent strands (S. buxifolia) or a central, single horseshoe-shaped strand as seen in transversal section (C. buxifolia) which could derive from the fusion of formerly independent strands. In contrast, Pomaderreae, Gouanieae and Paliureae showed semi-solid styles, while in Colletieae, as previously reported, the style is hollow with two or three stylar canals. The style anatomy and the ultrastructure of the pollen tube pathway show that there is a tendency towards a solid style with a single strand of transmitting tissue within the family. The three-canalled hollow style could be the plesiomorphic state of the character "type of style" in the family, the semi-solid style the synapomorphic state and the solid style with three strands of transmitting tissue the apomorphic state, with the solid style with a single strand of transmitting tissue as the most derived state. Therefore, Colletieae would be the most basal tribe of the Ziziphoid clade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina M Gotelli
- Facultad de Agronomía, Departamento de Recursos Naturales y Ambiente, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Cátedra de Botánica General. Av. San Martín 4453 (1417), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
- CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Beatriz G Galati
- Facultad de Agronomía, Departamento de Recursos Naturales y Ambiente, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Cátedra de Botánica General. Av. San Martín 4453 (1417), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gabriela Zarlavsky
- Facultad de Agronomía, Departamento de Recursos Naturales y Ambiente, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Cátedra de Botánica General. Av. San Martín 4453 (1417), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Diego Medan
- Facultad de Agronomía, Departamento de Recursos Naturales y Ambiente, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Cátedra de Botánica General. Av. San Martín 4453 (1417), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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6
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Gotelli MM, Lattar EC, Zini LM, Galati BG. Style morphology and pollen tube pathway. PLANT REPRODUCTION 2017; 30:155-170. [PMID: 29116403 DOI: 10.1007/s00497-017-0312-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The style morphology and anatomy vary among different species. Three basic types are: open, closed, and semi-closed. Cells involved in the pollen tube pathway in the different types of styles present abundant endoplasmic reticulum, dictyosomes, mitochondria, and ribosomes. These secretory characteristics are related to the secretion where pollen tube grows. This secretion can be represented by the substances either in the canal or in the intercellular matrix or in the cell wall. Most studies suggest that pollen tubes only grow through the secretion of the canal in open styles. However, some species present pollen tubes that penetrate the epithelial cells of the canal, or grow through the middle lamella between these cells and subepithelial cells. In species with a closed style, a pathway is provided by the presence of an extracellular matrix, or by the thickened cell walls of the stylar transmitting tissue. There are reports in some species where pollen tubes can also penetrate the transmitting tissue cells and continue their growth through the cell lumen. In this review, we define subtypes of styles according to the path of the pollen tube. Style types were mapped on an angiosperm phylogenetic tree following the maximum parsimony principle. In line with this, it could be hypothesized that: the open style appeared in the early divergent angiosperms; the closed type of style originated in Asparagales, Poales, and Eudicots; and the semi-closed style appeared in Rosids, Ericales, and Gentianales. The open style seems to have been lost in core Eudicots, with reversions in some Rosids and Asterids.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Gotelli
- Cátedra de Botánica General, Depto. de Recursos Naturales y Ambiente, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
- CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - E C Lattar
- IBONE-UNNE-CONICET, Corrientes, Argentina
- Cátedra de Morfología de Plantas Vasculares, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste (FCA-UNNE), Corrientes, Argentina
| | - L M Zini
- IBONE-UNNE-CONICET, Corrientes, Argentina
| | - B G Galati
- Cátedra de Botánica General, Depto. de Recursos Naturales y Ambiente, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Lau JYY, Pang C, Ramsden L, Saunders RMK. Stigmatic exudate in the Annonaceae: Pollinator reward, pollen germination medium or extragynoecial compitum? JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 59:881-894. [PMID: 28880427 PMCID: PMC5725718 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Although "dry-type" stigmas are widely regarded as ancestral in angiosperms, the early-divergent family Annonaceae has copious stigmatic exudate. We evaluate three putative functions for this exudate: as a nutritive reward for pollinators; as a pollen germination medium; and as an extragynoecial compitum that enables pollen tube growth between carpels. Stigmatic exudate is fructose dominated (72.2%), but with high levels of glucose and sucrose; the dominance of hexose sugars and the diversity of amino acids observed, including many that are essential for insects, support a nutritive role for pollinators. Sugar concentration in pre-receptive flowers is high (28.2%), falling during the peak period of stigmatic receptivity (17.4%), and then rising again toward the end of the pistillate phase (32.9%). Pollen germination was highest in sugar concentrations <20%. Sugar concentrations during the peak pistillate phase therefore provide optimal osmolarity for pollen hydration and germination; subsequent changes in sugar concentration during anthesis reinforce protogyny (in which carpels mature before stamens), enabling the retention of concentrated exudate into the staminate phase as a pollinator food reward without the possibility of pollen germination. Intercarpellary growth of pollen tubes was confirmed: the exudate therefore also functions as a suprastylar extragynoecial compitum, overcoming the limitations of apocarpy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Y. Y. Lau
- School of Biological Sciencesthe University of Hong KongPokfulam RoadHong KongChina
| | - Chun‐Chiu Pang
- School of Biological Sciencesthe University of Hong KongPokfulam RoadHong KongChina
| | - Lawrence Ramsden
- School of Biological Sciencesthe University of Hong KongPokfulam RoadHong KongChina
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8
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Płachno BJ, Świątek P, Kozieradzka-Kiszkurno M, Majeský Ľ, Marciniuk J, Stolarczyk P. Are obligatory apomicts invested in the pollen tube transmitting tissue? Comparison of the micropyle ultrastructure between sexual and apomictic dandelions (Asteraceae, Lactuceae). PROTOPLASMA 2015; 252:1325-33. [PMID: 25652809 PMCID: PMC4561075 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-015-0765-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
With the exception of the sunflower, little information concerning the micropyle ultrastructure of the family Asteraceae is available. The aim of our study was to compare the micropyle structure in amphimictic and apomictic dandelions. Ultrastructural studies using buds and flowers during anthesis have been done on the micropyle of the sexual and apomictic Taraxacum. In all of the species that were examined, the micropylar canal was completely filled with ovule transmitting tissue and the matrix that was produced by these cells. The ovule transmitting tissue was connected to the ovarian transmitting tissue. The micropyle was asymmetrical because the integument epidermis that forms the transmitting tissue was only on the funicular side. There was a cuticle between the obturator cells and epidermal cells on the other side of integument. The micropylar transmitting tissue cells and theirs matrix reached the synergid apex. The cytoplasm of the transmitting tissue cells was especially rich in rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER), dictyosomes, and mitochondria. No major differences were detected between the micropyle structure of the amphimictic and apomictic species; thus, a structural reduction of obturator does not exist. The ovule transmitting tissue is still active in apomictic dandelions despite the presence of the embryo and endosperm. Differences and similarities between the micropyle structure in the Asteraceae that have been studied to date are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz J Płachno
- Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Kraków, 9 Gronostajowa St., 30-387, Kraków, Poland,
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Fu J, Wang S, Lu H, Ma J, Ke X, Liu T, Luo Y. In vitro inhibitory effects of terpenoids from Chloranthus multistachys on epithelial-mesenchymal transition via down-regulation of Runx2 activation in human breast cancer. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 22:165-172. [PMID: 25636886 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2014.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Revised: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 11/15/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
From Chloranthus multistachys, three terpenoids - lupeol (1), henrilabdane B (2), and istanbulin A (3) were isolated. Structures of compounds were established by NMR and MS. We reported here that ISTA (3) suppressed cell invasion, but lupeol (1) and henrilabdane B (2) did not. Furthermore, ISTA significantly inhibited the ability of adhesion and migration in vitro. Next, mechanisms of ISTA-induced inhibitory effects on in vitro metastasis were investigated. Sequential treatment data revealed that ISTA dramatically inhibited EGF-induced EMT. Western blot indicated that ISTA also significantly suppressed expression of E-cadherin, vimentin, and slug. In addition, ISTA inhibited Runx2 activation and phosph-Runx2 expression. Collectively, ISTA exhibited significant inhibitory effects on in vitro metastatic potential via inducing EMT inhibition, which may be associated with inhibition of transcriptional activity of Runx2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjiang Fu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China
| | - Shan Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China
| | - Hong Lu
- Network and Educational Technology Center, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China
| | - Junchao Ma
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China
| | - Xiaoqin Ke
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China
| | - Ting Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China
| | - Yongming Luo
- Department of Chemistry of Chinese materia medica, School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 18 Yunwan Rd, Nanchang 330004, China.
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10
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Niedojadło K, Hyjek M, Bednarska-Kozakiewicz E. Spatial and temporal localization of homogalacturonans in Hyacinthus orientalis L. ovule cells before and after fertilization. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2015; 34:97-109. [PMID: 25292437 PMCID: PMC4282716 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-014-1690-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Revised: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The composition of homogalacturonans (HGs) in the ovule and the female gametophyte cell walls was shown to be rearranged dynamically during sexual reproduction of H. orientalis. In angiosperms, homogalacturonans (HGs) play an important role in the interaction between the male gametophyte and the pistil transmitting tract, but little is known about the participation of these molecules at the final stage of the progamic phase and fertilization. The aim of our study was to perform immunocytochemical localization of highly (JIM7 MAb) and weakly (JIM5 MAb) methyl esterified and Ca(2+)-associated HG (2F4 MAb) in the ovule and female gametophyte cells of Hyacinthus orientalis before and after fertilization. It was found that pollination induced the rearrangement of HG in (1) the micropylar canal of the ovule, (2) the filiform apparatus of the synergids, and (3) the region of fusion between sperm cells and their target cells. Fertilization led to further changes in pectin composition of these three regions of the ovule. A new cell wall was synthesized around the zygote with a characteristic pattern of localization of all examined HG fractions, which we called "sporoderm-like". The developing endosperm prepared for cellularization by synthesizing highly methyl-esterified HG, which was stored in the cytoplasm. Pollination- and fertilization-induced changes in the composition of the HG in the micropyle of the ovule and the apoplast of female gametophyte cells are discussed in the context of: (1) micropylar pollen tube guidance, (2) preparation of the egg cell and the central cells for fusion with sperm cells, and (3) the polyspermy block.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Niedojadło
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology and Environment Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Lwowska 1, 87-100, Toruń, Poland,
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11
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Losada JM, Herrero M, Hormaza JI, Friedman WE. Arabinogalactan proteins mark stigmatic receptivity in the protogynous flowers of Magnolia virginiana (Magnoliaceae). AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2014; 101:1963-75. [PMID: 25366861 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1400280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Factors affecting floral receptivity in angiosperms remain opaque, but recent studies suggest that the acquisition of stigmatic receptivity associated with cell-wall-related arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) may be a widespread feature of flowering plants. Here, the time during which a stigma is receptive is evaluated and related to the secretion of AGPs in Magnolia virginiana, a protogynous member of an early-divergent angiosperm clade (magnoliids) with a clearly discernible female receptive phase. METHODS Magnolia virginiana flower phenology was documented, and histochemical changes in the stigma before and after pollination were examined. Stigmatic receptivity was evaluated in relation to the secretion of AGPs detected in whole mounts and immunolocalized in sectioned stigmas. KEY RESULTS Protogynous Magnolia flowers had a precise window of stigmatic receptivity, which is concomitant with the secretion of two AGPs labeled for different epitopes. After pollen germination and tube growth, these two AGPs could no longer be detected in the stigmas, suggesting that these AGPs interact with the growing male gametophytes and could be markers of stigmatic receptivity. CONCLUSIONS These results show that the period of stigmatic receptivity is finely coordinated with the secretion of two arabinogalactan proteins on stigmas of flowers of M. virginiana. This first report of AGP presence in stigmatic tissues in a member of the magnoliids, together with recently described similar patterns in eudicots, monocots, and members of early-divergent lineages of flowering plants, suggests an ancient and widespread role for AGPs on stigmatic receptivity in angiosperms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan M Losada
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138 USA Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University, 1300 Centre Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02131 USA
| | - Maria Herrero
- Department of Pomology, Aula Dei Experimental Station-CSIC, 1005 Avda. Montañana, Zaragoza, Spain 50059
| | - Jose I Hormaza
- Department of Subtropical Fruits, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "la Mayora," (IHSM la Mayora-CSIC-UMA), Algarrobo-Costa, Málaga, Spain 29750
| | - William E Friedman
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138 USA Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University, 1300 Centre Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02131 USA
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WANG WEI, CHEN BIN, ZOU RUOLAN, TU XIUYING, TAN SONGLIN, LU HONG, LIU ZHAOJIE, FU JIANJIANG. Codonolactone, a sesquiterpene lactone isolated from Chloranthus henryi Hemsl, inhibits breast cancer cell invasion, migration and metastasis by downregulating the transcriptional activity of Runx2. Int J Oncol 2014; 45:1891-900. [DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2014.2643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Rafińska K, Świdziński M, Bednarska-Kozakiewicz E. Homogalacturonan deesterification during pollen-ovule interaction in Larix decidua Mill.: an immunocytochemical study. PLANTA 2014; 240:195-208. [PMID: 24793355 PMCID: PMC4065381 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-014-2074-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Studies on angiosperm plants have shown that homogalacturonan present in the extracellular matrix of pistils plays an important role in the interaction with the male gametophyte. However, in gymnosperms, knowledge on the participation of HG in the pollen-ovule interaction is limited, and only a few studies on male gametophytes have been reported. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine the distribution of HG in male gametophytes and ovules during their interaction in Larix decidua Mill. The distribution of HG in pollen grains and unpollinated and pollinated ovules was investigated by immunofluorescence techniques using monoclonal antibodies that recognise high methyl-esterified HG (JIM7), low methyl-esterified HG (JIM5) and calcium cross-linked HG (2F4). All studied categories of HG were detected in the ovule. Highly methyl-esterified HG was present in the cell walls of all cells throughout the interaction; however, the distribution of low methyl-esterified and calcium cross-linked HG changed during the course of interaction. Both of these categories of HG appeared only in the apoplast and the extracellular matrix of the ovule tissues, which interact with the male gametophyte. This finding suggests that in L. decidua, low methyl-esterified and calcium cross-linked HG play an important role in pollen-ovule interaction. The last category of HG is most likely involved in adhesion between the pollen and the ovule and might provide an optimal calcium environment for pollen grain germination and pollen tube growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Rafińska
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology and Environment Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Lwowska 1, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Michał Świdziński
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology and Environment Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Lwowska 1, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Bednarska-Kozakiewicz
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology and Environment Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Lwowska 1, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
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Lenartowska M, Krzesłowska M, Bednarska E. Pectin dynamic and distribution of exchangeable Ca2+ in Haemanthus albiflos hollow style during pollen-pistil interactions. PROTOPLASMA 2011; 248:695-705. [PMID: 21052747 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-010-0231-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2010] [Accepted: 10/21/2010] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
In this report, the localization and spatial distribution of two categories of pectin, high and low methylesterified, on the background of dynamic in loosely bound calcium (Ca(2+)) in Haemanthus hollow style were studied before and after pollination. In the style transmitting tract of unpollinated pistil, mainly high-methylesterified pectins were present, both in the transmitting tract epidermis and in the style canal. After pollination, an increase in the level of two investigated categories of pectin was observed, but the amount of high-methylesterified one in each period of time analyzed was permanently higher. Locally, in the regions of the style canal penetrated by pollen tubes, process of pectin de-esterification was initiated. However, pollination caused an increase of loosely bound Ca(2+) level in the style transmitting tract, this process appears to be not linked with pectin de-esterification and possible Ca(2+) release after the lysis of Ca(2+) cross-linked de-esterified pectin. Instead, it seems to be based on Ca(2+) exocytosis from the transmitting tract epidermis cells providing a source of Ca(2+) for pollen tubes growing in Haemanthus hollow style.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Lenartowska
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Faculty of General and Molecular Biology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Gagarina 9, 87-100, Toruń, Poland.
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Prychid CJ, Sokoloff DD, Remizowa MV, Tuckett RE, Yadav SR, Rudall PJ. Unique stigmatic hairs and pollen-tube growth within the stigmatic cell wall in the early-divergent angiosperm family Hydatellaceae. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2011; 108:599-608. [PMID: 21320877 PMCID: PMC3170147 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcr021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2010] [Accepted: 01/05/2011] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The ultrastructure of the pollen tubes and the unusual multicellular stigmatic hairs of Trithuria, the sole genus of Hydatellaceae, are described in the context of comparative studies of stigmatic and transmitting tissue in other early-divergent angiosperms. METHODS Scanning and transmission electron microscopy and immunocytochemistry are used to study the structure and composition of both mature and immature stigmatic hair cells and pollen-tube growth in Trithuria. KEY RESULTS Trithuria possesses a dry-type stigma. Pollen tubes grow within the cell walls of the long multicellular stigmatic hairs. Immunocytochemistry results suggest that arabinogalactan proteins are involved in attracting the pollen tubes through the stigmatic cuticle. Most tubes grow along the hair axis towards its base, but some grow towards the hair apex, suggesting that pollen tubes are guided by both physical constraints such as microfibril orientation and the presence of binding factors such as unesterified pectins and adhesive proteins. CONCLUSIONS The presence of a dry-type stigma in Trithuria supports the hypothesis that this condition is ancestral in angiosperms. Each multicellular stigmatic hair of Hydatellaceae is morphologically homologous with a stigmatic papilla of other angiosperms, but functions as an independent stigma and style. This unusual combination of factors makes Hydatellaceae a useful model for comparative studies of pollen-tube growth in early angiosperms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dmitry D. Sokoloff
- Department of Higher Plants, Biological Faculty, Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Margarita V. Remizowa
- Department of Higher Plants, Biological Faculty, Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Renee E. Tuckett
- University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009 and Botanic Gardens and Parks Authority, Fraser Avenue, West Perth, WA 6005, Australia
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Lora J, Hormaza JI, Herrero M. The progamic phase of an early-divergent angiosperm, Annona cherimola (Annonaceae). ANNALS OF BOTANY 2010; 105:221-31. [PMID: 19939980 PMCID: PMC2814751 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcp276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2009] [Revised: 08/05/2009] [Accepted: 10/12/2009] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Recent studies of reproductive biology in ancient angiosperm lineages are beginning to shed light on the early evolution of flowering plants, but comparative studies are restricted by fragmented and meagre species representation in these angiosperm clades. In the present study, the progamic phase, from pollination to fertilization, is characterized in Annona cherimola, which is a member of the Annonaceae, the largest extant family among early-divergent angiosperms. Beside interest due to its phylogenetic position, this species is also an ancient crop with a clear niche for expansion in subtropical climates. METHODS The kinetics of the reproductive process was established following controlled pollinations and sequential fixation. Gynoecium anatomy, pollen tube pathway, embryo sac and early post-fertilization events were characterized histochemically. KEY RESULTS A plesiomorphic gynoecium with a semi-open carpel shows a continuous secretory papillar surface along the carpel margins, which run from the stigma down to the obturator in the ovary. The pollen grains germinate in the stigma and compete in the stigma-style interface to reach the narrow secretory area that lines the margins of the semi-open stylar canal and is able to host just one to three pollen tubes. The embryo sac has eight nuclei and is well provisioned with large starch grains that are used during early cellular endosperm development. CONCLUSIONS A plesiomorphic simple gynoecium hosts a simple pollen-pistil interaction, based on a support-control system of pollen tube growth. Support is provided through basipetal secretory activity in the cells that line the pollen tube pathway. Spatial constraints, favouring pollen tube competition, are mediated by a dramatic reduction in the secretory surface available for pollen tube growth at the stigma-style interface. This extramural pollen tube competition contrasts with the intrastylar competition predominant in more recently derived lineages of angiosperms.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Lora
- Department of Subtropical Pomology, Estación Experimental “La Mayora” – CSIC, 29760 Algarrobo-Costa, Málaga, Spain
| | - J. I. Hormaza
- Department of Subtropical Pomology, Estación Experimental “La Mayora” – CSIC, 29760 Algarrobo-Costa, Málaga, Spain
| | - M. Herrero
- Department of Pomology, Estación Experimental “Aula Dei” – CSIC, Apdo. 202, 50080 Zaragoza, Spain
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Abstract
Indoxyl esters and glycosides are useful chromogenic substrates for detecting enzyme activities in histochemistry, biochemistry and bacteriology. The chemical reactions exploited in the laboratory are similar to those that generate indigoid dyes from indoxyl-beta-d-glucoside and isatans (in certain plants), indoxyl sulfate (in urine), and 6-bromo-2-S-methylindoxyl sulfate (in certain molluscs). Pairs of indoxyl molecules released from these precursors react rapidly with oxygen to yield insoluble blue indigo (or purple 6,6'-dibromoindigo) and smaller amounts of other indigoid dyes. Our understanding of indigogenic substrates was developed from studies of the hydrolysis of variously substituted indoxyl acetates for use in enzyme histochemistry. The smallest dye particles, with least diffusion from the sites of hydrolysis, are obtained from 5-bromo-, 5-bromo-6-chloro- and 5-bromo-4-chloroindoxyl acetates, especially the last of these three. Oxidation of the diffusible indoxyls to insoluble indigoid dyes must occur rapidly. This is achieved with atmospheric oxygen and an equimolar mixture of K(3)Fe(CN)(6) and K(4)Fe(CN)(6), which has a catalytic function. H(2)O(2) is a by-product of the oxidation of indoxyl by oxygen. In the absence of a catalyst, the indoxyl diffuses and is oxidized by H(2)O(2) (catalyzed by peroxidase-like proteins) in sites different from those of the esterase activity. The concentration of K(3)Fe(CN)(6)/K(4)Fe(CN)(6) in a histochemical medium should be as low as possible because this mixture inhibits some enzymes and also promotes parallel formation from the indoxyl of soluble yellow oxidation products. The identities and positions of halogen substituents in the indoxyl moiety of a substrate determine the color and the physical properties of the resulting indigoid dye. The principles of indigogenic histochemistry learned from the study of esterases are applicable to methods for localization of other enzymes, because all indoxyl substrates release the same type of chromogenic product. Substrates are commercially available for a wide range of carboxylic esterases, phosphatases, phosphodiesterases, aryl sulfatase and several glycosidases. Indigogenic methods for carboxylic esterases have low substrate specificity and are used in conjunction with specific inhibitors of different enzymes of the group. Indigogenic methods for acid and alkaline phosphatases, phosphodiesterases and aryl sulfatase generally have been unsatisfactory; other histochemical techniques are preferred for these enzymes. Indigogenic methods are widely used, however, for glycosidases. The technique for beta-galactosidase activity, using 5-bromo-4-chloroindoxyl-beta-galactoside (X-gal) is applied to microbial cultures, cell cultures and tissues that contain the reporter gene lac-z derived from E. coli. This bacterial enzyme has a higher pH optimum than the lysosomal beta-galactosidase of animal cells. In plants, the preferred reporter gene is gus, which encodes beta-glucuronidase activity and is also demonstrable by indigogenic histochemistry. Indoxyl substrates also are used to localize enzyme activities in non-indigogenic techniques. In indoxyl-azo methods, the released indoxyl couples with a diazonium salt to form an azo dye. In indoxyl-tetrazolium methods, the oxidizing agent is a tetrazolium salt, which is reduced by the indoxyl to an insoluble coloured formazan. Indoxyl-tetrazolium methods operate only at high pH; the method for alkaline phosphatase is used extensively to detect this enzyme as a label in immunohistochemistry and in Western blots. The insolubility of indigoid dyes in water limits the use of indigogenic substrates in biochemical assays for enzymes, but the intermediate indoxyl and leucoindigo compounds are strongly fluorescent, and this property is exploited in a variety of sensitive assays for hydrolases. The most commonly used substrates for this purpose are glycosides and carboxylic and phosphate esters of N-methylindoxyl. Indigogenic enzyme substrates are among many chromogenic reagents used to facilitate the identification of cultured bacteria. An indoxyl substrate must be transported into the organisms by a permease to detect intracellular enzymes, as in the blue/white test for recognizing E. coli colonies that do or do not express the lac-z gene. Secreted enzymes are detected by substrate-impregnated disks or strips applied to the surfaces of cultures. Such devices often include several reagents, including indigogenic substrates for esterases, glycosidases and DNAse.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Kiernan
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.
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Sage TL, Hristova-Sarkovski K, Koehl V, Lyew J, Pontieri V, Bernhardt P, Weston P, Bagha S, Chiu G. Transmitting tissue architecture in basal-relictual angiosperms: Implications for transmitting tissue origins. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2009; 96:183-206. [PMID: 21628183 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.0800254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Carpel transmitting tissue is a major floral innovation that is essential for angiosperm success. It facilitates the rapid adhesion, hydration, and growth of the male gametophyte to the female gametophyte. As well, it functions as a molecular screen to promote male gametophytic competition and species-specific recognition and compatibility. Here, we characterize the transmitting tissue extracellular matrix (ECM) and pollen tube growth in basal-relictual angiosperms and test the hypothesis that a freely flowing ECM (wet stigma) was ancestral to a cuticle-bound ECM (dry stigma). We demonstrate that the most recent common ancestor of extant angiosperms produced an ECM that was structurally and functionally equivalent to a dry stigma. Dry stigmas are composed of a cuticle and primary wall that contains compounds that facilitate the adhesion and growth of the male gametophyte. These compounds include methyl-esterified homogalacturonans, arabinogalactan-proteins, and lipids. We propose that transmitting tissue evolved in concert with an increase in cuticle permeability that resulted from modifications in the biosynthesis and secretion of fatty acids needed for cuticle construction. Increased cuticle permeability exposed the male gametophyte to pre-existing molecules that enabled rapid male gametophyte adhesion, hydration, and growth as well as species-specific recognition and compatibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tammy L Sage
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3B2
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Thien LB, Bernhardt P, Devall MS, Chen ZD, Luo YB, Fan JH, Yuan LC, Williams JH. Pollination biology of basal angiosperms (ANITA grade). AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2009; 96:166-82. [PMID: 21628182 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.0800016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The first three branches of the angiosperm phylogenetic tree consist of eight families with ∼201 species of plants (the ANITA grade). The oldest flower fossil for the group is dated to the Early Cretaceous (115-125 Mya) and identified to the Nymphaeales. The flowers of extant plants in the ANITA grade are small, and pollen is the edible reward (rarely nectar or starch bodies). Unlike many gymnosperms that secrete "pollination drops," ANITA-grade members examined thus far have a dry-type stigma. Copious secretions of stigmatic fluid are restricted to the Nymphaeales, but this is not nectar. Floral odors, floral thermogenesis (a resource), and colored tepals attract insects in deceit-based pollination syndromes throughout the first three branches of the phylogenetic tree. Self-incompatibility and an extragynoecial compitum occur in some species in the Austrobaileyales. Flies are primary pollinators in six families (10 genera). Beetles are pollinators in five families varying in importance as primary (exclusive) to secondary vectors of pollen. Bees are major pollinators only in the Nymphaeaceae. It is hypothesized that large flowers in Nymphaeaceae are the result of the interaction of heat, floral odors, and colored tepals to trap insects to increase fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard B Thien
- Cell and Molecular Biology Department, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118 USA
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Williams JH. Amborella trichopoda (Amborellaceae) and the evolutionary developmental origins of the angiosperm progamic phase. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2009; 96:144-65. [PMID: 21628181 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.0800070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
A remarkable number of the defining features of flowering plants are expressed during the life history stage between pollination and fertilization. Hand pollinations of Amborella trichopoda (Amborellaceae) in New Caledonia show that when the stigma is first receptive, the female gametophyte is near maturity. Pollen germinates within 2 h, and pollen tubes with callose walls and plugs grow entirely within secretions from stigma to stylar canal and ovarian cavity. Pollen tubes enter the micropyle within 14 h, and double fertilization occurs within 24 h. Hundreds of pollen tubes grow to the base of the stigma, but few enter the open stylar canal. New data from Amborella, combined with a review of fertilization biology of other early-divergent angiosperms, show that an evolutionary transition from slow reproduction to rapid reproduction occurred early in angiosperm history. I identify increased pollen tube growth rates within novel secretory carpel tissues as the primary mechanism for such a shift. The opportunity for prezygotic selection through interactions with the stigma is also an important innovation. Pollen tube wall construction and substantial modifications of the ovule and its associated structures greatly facilitated a new kind of reproductive biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph H Williams
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996 USA
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Flinn BS. Plant extracellular matrix metalloproteinases. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2008; 35:1183-1193. [PMID: 32688865 DOI: 10.1071/fp08182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2008] [Accepted: 09/18/2008] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The plant extracellular matrix (ECM) includes a variety of proteins with critical roles in the regulation of plant growth, development, and responses to pests and pathogens. Several studies have shown that various ECM proteins undergo proteolytic modification. In mammals, the extracellular matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are known modifiers of the ECM, implicated in tissue architecture changes and the release of biologically active and/or signalling molecules. Although plant MMPs have been identified, little is known about their activity and function. Plant MMPs show structural similarity to mammalian MMPs, including the presence of an auto-regulatory cysteine switch domain and a zinc-binding catalytic domain. Plant MMPs are differentially expressed in cells and tissues during plant growth and development, as well as in response to several biotic and abiotic stresses. The few gene expression and mutant analyses to date indicate their involvement in plant growth, morphogenesis, senescence and adaptation and response to stress. In order to gain a further understanding of their function, an analysis and characterisation of MMP proteins, their activity and their substrates during plant growth and development are still required. This review describes plant MMP work to date, as well as the variety of genomic and proteomic methodologies available to characterise plant MMP activity, function and potential substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry S Flinn
- The Institute for Advanced Learning and Research, Institute for Sustainable and Renewable Resources, 150 Slayton Avenue, Danville, VA 24540, USA
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Lyew J, Li Z, Liang-Chen Y, Yi-Bo L, Sage TL. Pollen tube growth in association with a dry-type stigmatic transmitting tissue and extragynoecial compitum in the basal angiosperm Kadsura longipedunculata (Schisandraceae). AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2007; 94:1170-82. [PMID: 21636484 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.94.7.1170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Spatial features of pollen tube growth and the composition of the extracellular matrix (ECM) of transmitting tissue in carpels of Kadsura longipedunculata, a member of the basal angiosperm taxon Schisandraceae, were characterized to identify features of transmitting tissue that might have been important for pollen-carpel interactions during the early history of angiosperms. In addition to growing extracellularly along epidermal cells that make up stigmatic crests of individual carpels, pollen tubes grow on abaxial carpel epidermal cells between unfused carpels along an extragynoecial compitum to subsequently enter an adjacent carpel, a feature important for enhancing seed set in apocarpous species. Histo- and immunochemical data indicated that transmitting tissue ECM is not freely flowing as previously hypothesized. Rather, the ECM is similar to that of a dry-type stigma whereby a cuticular boundary with associated esterase activity confines a matrix containing methyl-esterified homogalacturonans. The Schisandraceae joins an increasing number of basal angiosperm taxa that have a transmitting tissue ECM similar to a dry-type stigma, thereby challenging traditional views that the ancestral pollen tube pathway was similar to a wet-type stigma covered with a freely flowing exudate. Dry-type stigmas are posited to provide tighter control over pollen capture, retention, and germination than wet-type stigmas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joelle Lyew
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3B2
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Abstract
Angiosperms first appeared during the Early Cretaceous, and within 30 million years they reigned over many floras worldwide. Associated with this rise to prominence, angiosperms produced a spectrum of reproductive and vegetative innovations, which produced a cascade of ecological consequences that altered the ecology and biogeochemistry of the planet. The pace, pattern and phylogenetic systematics of the Cretaceous angiosperm diversification are broadly sketched out. However, the ecophysiology and environmental interactions that energized the early angiosperm radiation remain unresolved. This constrains our ability to diagnose the selective pressures and habitat contexts responsible for the evolution of fundamental angiosperm features, such as flowers, rapid growth, xylem vessels and net-veined leaves, which in association with environmental opportunities, drove waves of phylogenetic and ecological diversification. Here, we consider our current understanding of early angiosperm ecophysiology. We focus on comparative patterns of ecophysiological evolution, emphasizing carbon- and water-use traits, by merging recent molecular phylogenetic studies with physiological studies focused on extant basal angiosperms. In doing so, we discuss how early angiosperms established a roothold in pre-existing Mesozoic plant communities, and how these events canalized subsequent bursts of angiosperm diversification during the Aptian-Albian.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor S Feild
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA andDepartment of Geosciences, Hobart and William Smith Colleges, Geneva, NY, USA
| | - Nan Crystal Arens
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA andDepartment of Geosciences, Hobart and William Smith Colleges, Geneva, NY, USA
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Gao H, Sage TL, Osteryoung KW. FZL, an FZO-like protein in plants, is a determinant of thylakoid and chloroplast morphology. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:6759-64. [PMID: 16617119 PMCID: PMC1458954 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0507287103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
FZO is a dynamin-related membrane-remodeling protein that mediates fusion between mitochondrial outer membranes in animals and fungi. We identified a single FZO-like protein in Arabidopsis, FZL, a new plant-specific member of the dynamin superfamily. FZL is targeted to chloroplasts and associated with thylakoid and envelope membranes as punctate structures. fzl knockout mutants have abnormalities in chloroplast and thylakoid morphology, including disorganized grana stacks and alterations in the relative proportions of grana and stroma thylakoids. Overexpression of FZL-GFP also conferred defects in thylakoid organization. Mutation of a conserved residue in the predicted FZL GTPase domain abolished both the punctate localization pattern and ability of FZL-GFP to complement the fzl mutant phenotype. FZL defines a new protein class within the dynamin superfamily of membrane-remodeling GTPases that regulates organization of the thylakoid network in plants. Notably, FZL levels do not affect mitochondrial morphology or ultrastructure, suggesting that mitochondrial morphology in plants is regulated by an FZO-independent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo Gao
- *Department of Plant Biology and
- Genetics Graduate Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824; and
| | - Tammy L. Sage
- Department of Botany, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3B2
| | - Katherine W. Osteryoung
- *Department of Plant Biology and
- To whom correspondence should be addressed at:
Department of Plant Biology, 166 Plant Biology Building, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824. E-mail:
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