1
|
Rasool SG, Abdullah M, Li D, Yanping L. Relationship between secondary metabolites and insect loads in cabbage with different leaf shapes and positions. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2024; 35:1620-1632. [PMID: 38923178 DOI: 10.1002/pca.3406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Secondary metabolites in plants play a crucial role in defense mechanisms against insects, pests, and pathogens. These metabolites exhibit varying distributions within and among plant parts under different biotic and abiotic conditions. Understanding the intricate relationships between secondary metabolites and insect populations can be helpful for elucidating plant defense mechanisms and enhancing agricultural managing efficiencies. OBJECTIVE To investigate the influence of the glucosinolate profile in the leaves of three cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.) varieties on insect loads. METHODS Glucosinolate profiles across different leaf positions (such as bottom, middle, and center) and leaf shapes (such as curly and non-curly leaf) of three cabbage varieties (Xiagan [XGA], Xiaguang [XGU], and Qiangxia [QIX]) were analyzed by using high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). The insect loads were recorded by visually inspecting the upper and lower layers of each target leaf. RESULTS Increasing concentrations of four glucosinolates, namely, glucoiberin, progoitrin, glucoraphanin, and glucobrassicin, were positively related to insect loads. While increasing concentrations of the other four glucosinolates, such as neoglucobrassicin, 4-methoxyglucobrassicin, sinigrin, and gluconapin, were negatively related to insect loads. Furthermore, both glucosinolate synthesis and insect loads were significantly higher in the curly-shaped and middle-position leaves than in the non-curly-shaped and bottom- and central-position leaves across the cabbage varieties. CONCLUSION Differences in glucosinolate profiles across leaf positions and shapes strongly influenced the insect loads of the three Brassica varieties. This link may further extend our understanding of the real defense power of a particular variety against herbivore damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samreen Ghulam Rasool
- School of Ecological and Environmental Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Muhammad Abdullah
- School of Ecological and Environmental Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dezhi Li
- School of Ecological and Environmental Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Eco-Chongming (IEC), Shanghai, China
- Technology Innovation Center for Land Spatial Eco-restoration in Metropolitan Area, Ministry of Natural Resources, Shanghai, China
| | - Liu Yanping
- School of Ecological and Environmental Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Montis A, Delporte C, Noda Y, Stoffelen P, Stévigny C, Hermans C, Van Antwerpen P, Souard F. Targeted metabolomics and transcript profiling of methyltransferases in three coffee species. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 345:112117. [PMID: 38750798 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2024.112117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
Coffee plants contain well-known xanthines as caffeine. Three Coffea species grown in a controlled greenhouse environment were the focus of this research. Coffea arabica and C. canephora are two first principal commercial species and commonly known as arabica and robusta, respectively. Originating in Central Africa, C. anthonyi is a novel species with small leaves. The xanthine metabolites in flower, fruit and leaf extracts were compared using both targeted and untargeted metabolomics approaches. We evaluated how the xanthine derivatives and FQA isomers relate to the expression of biosynthetic genes encoding N- and O-methyltransferases. Theobromine built up in leaves of C. anthonyi because caffeine biosynthesis was hindered in the absence of synthase gene expression. Despite this, green fruits expressed these genes and they produced caffeine. Given that C. anthonyi evolved successfully over time, these findings put into question the defensive role of caffeine in leaves. An overview of the histolocalisation of xanthines in the different flower parts of Coffea arabica was also provided. The gynoecium contained more theobromine than the flower buds or petals. This could be attributed to increased caffeine biosynthesis before fructification. The presence of theophylline and the absence of theobromine in the petals indicate that caffeine is catabolized more in the petals than in the gynoecium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Montis
- RD3 Unit of Pharmacognosy, Bioanalysis and Drug Discovery, Faculty of Pharmacy, Université libre de Bruxelles, Campus Plaine, CP 205/05, Brussels 1050, Belgium; APFP Analytical platform of the Faculty of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Université libre de Bruxelles, Campus Plaine, CP 205/5, Brussels 1050, Belgium
| | - Cédric Delporte
- RD3 Unit of Pharmacognosy, Bioanalysis and Drug Discovery, Faculty of Pharmacy, Université libre de Bruxelles, Campus Plaine, CP 205/05, Brussels 1050, Belgium; APFP Analytical platform of the Faculty of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Université libre de Bruxelles, Campus Plaine, CP 205/5, Brussels 1050, Belgium
| | - Yusaku Noda
- The National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology (QST), Takasaki Institute for Advanced Quantum Science, Gunma, 370-1292, Japan
| | - Piet Stoffelen
- Meise Botanic Garden, Domein van Bouchout, Nieuwe laan 38, Meise 1860, Belgium
| | - Caroline Stévigny
- RD3 Unit of Pharmacognosy, Bioanalysis and Drug Discovery, Faculty of Pharmacy, Université libre de Bruxelles, Campus Plaine, CP 205/05, Brussels 1050, Belgium
| | - Christian Hermans
- Crop Production and Biostimulation Laboratory, Brussels Bioengineering School, Université libre de Bruxelles, Campus Plaine, CP 245, Brussels 1050, Belgium
| | - Pierre Van Antwerpen
- RD3 Unit of Pharmacognosy, Bioanalysis and Drug Discovery, Faculty of Pharmacy, Université libre de Bruxelles, Campus Plaine, CP 205/05, Brussels 1050, Belgium; APFP Analytical platform of the Faculty of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Université libre de Bruxelles, Campus Plaine, CP 205/5, Brussels 1050, Belgium.
| | - Florence Souard
- Département de Pharmacochimie Moléculaire, UMR 5063 CNRS, Université Grenoble Alpes, 470 rue de la chimie, Saint-Martin d'Hères 38400, France; DPP Department - Unit of Pharmacology, Pharmacotherapy and Pharmaceutical care, Faculty of Pharmacy, Université libre de Bruxelles, Campus Plaine, CP 205/07, Brussels 1050, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Cole-Osborn LF, McCallan SA, Prifti O, Abu R, Sjoelund V, Lee-Parsons CWT. The role of the Golden2-like (GLK) transcription factor in regulating terpenoid indole alkaloid biosynthesis in Catharanthus roseus. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2024; 43:141. [PMID: 38743349 PMCID: PMC11093837 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-024-03208-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE A GLK homologue was identified and functionally characterized in Catharanthus roseus. Silencing CrGLK with VIGS or the chloroplast retrograde signaling inducer lincomycin increased terpenoid indole alkaloid biosynthesis. Catharanthus roseus is the sole source of the chemotherapeutic terpenoid indole alkaloids (TIAs) vinblastine and vincristine. TIA pathway genes, particularly genes in the vindoline pathway, are expressed at higher levels in immature versus mature leaves, but the molecular mechanisms responsible for this developmental regulation are unknown. We investigated the role of GOLDEN2-LIKE (GLK) transcription factors in contributing to this ontogenetic regulation since GLKs are active in seedlings upon light exposure and in the leaf's early development, but their activity is repressed as leaves age and senesce. We identified a GLK homologue in C. roseus and functionally characterized its role in regulating TIA biosynthesis, with a focus on the vindoline pathway, by transiently reducing its expression through two separate methods: virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) and application of chloroplast retrograde signaling inducers, norflurazon and lincomycin. Reducing CrGLK levels with each method reduced chlorophyll accumulation and the expression of the light harvesting complex subunit (LHCB2.2), confirming its functional homology with GLKs in other plant species. In contrast, reducing CrGLK via VIGS or lincomycin increased TIA accumulation and TIA pathway gene expression, suggesting that CrGLK may repress TIA biosynthesis. However, norflurazon had no effect on TIA gene expression, indicating that reducing CrGLK alone is not sufficient to induce TIA biosynthesis. Future work is needed to clarify the specific molecular mechanisms leading to increased TIA biosynthesis with CrGLK silencing. This is the first identification and characterization of GLK in C. roseus and the first investigation of how chloroplast retrograde signaling might regulate TIA biosynthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren F Cole-Osborn
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, USA
| | - Shannon A McCallan
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, USA
| | - Olga Prifti
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, USA
| | - Rafay Abu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, USA
| | - Virginie Sjoelund
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, USA
| | - Carolyn W T Lee-Parsons
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, USA.
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Chen YD, Liu C, Moles A, Jassey VEJ, Bu ZJ. A hidden herbivory effect on Sphagnum reproduction. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2024; 26:214-222. [PMID: 38192088 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Defence theories provide predictions about trade-offs in the allocation of resources to defence and growth. However, very little is known about how pressure from herbivores influences the allocation of resources during reproduction. Two common peatland bryophyte species, Sphagnum angustifolium and S. capillifolium, were chosen as study species. Vegetative and reproductive shoots of both Sphagnum species were subjected to treatments with and without herbivores in a lab experiment. After 4 weeks of exposure to herbivores in a growth chamber, we measured biomass production, net photosynthesis rate, defence traits (phenolics in leachate and phenolics in extract), nonstructural carbohydrates (soluble sugar and starch), and reproductive traits (capsule number, weight and diameter, and spore germination) of both Sphagnum species. Reproductive shoots had higher constitutive defence than vegetative shoots in S. angustifolium, and a similar pattern was observed in S. capillifolium. With herbivory, reproductive shoots showed stronger induced defence (released more phenolics) than vegetative shoots in S. capillifolium, but not in S. angustifolium. Herbivory had no effect on capsule number, weight, or diameter, but reduced spore germination percentage by more than half in both species. Our study highlights the hidden effects of herbivory on reproduction of Sphagnum and indicates the presence of maternal effects in bryophytes. Ecologists will benefit from examining both quality- and quantity-based traits when attempting to estimate the herbivory effect on plant fitness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y-D Chen
- Key Laboratory of Geographical Processes and Ecological Security in Changbai Mountains, Ministry of Education, School of Geographical Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, Institute for Peat and Mire Research, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory for Wetland Ecological Processes and Environmental Change in the Changbai Mountains, Changchun, China
| | - C Liu
- Key Laboratory of Geographical Processes and Ecological Security in Changbai Mountains, Ministry of Education, School of Geographical Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
- Peatland Ecology Research Group and Centre for Northern Studies, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - A Moles
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - V E J Jassey
- Laboratoire Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement (LEFE), Université Paul Sabatier, CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - Z-J Bu
- Key Laboratory of Geographical Processes and Ecological Security in Changbai Mountains, Ministry of Education, School of Geographical Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, Institute for Peat and Mire Research, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory for Wetland Ecological Processes and Environmental Change in the Changbai Mountains, Changchun, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Marash I, Gupta R, Anand G, Leibman-Markus M, Lindner N, Israeli A, Nir D, Avni A, Bar M. TOR coordinates cytokinin and gibberellin signals mediating development and defense. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024; 47:629-650. [PMID: 37904283 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023]
Abstract
Plants constantly perceive and process environmental signals and balance between the energetic demands of growth and defense. Growth arrest upon pathogen attack was previously suggested to result from a redirection of the plants' metabolic resources towards the activation of plant defense. The energy sensor Target of Rapamycin (TOR) kinase is a conserved master coordinator of growth and development in all eukaryotes. Although TOR is positioned at the interface between development and defense, little is known about the mechanisms by which TOR may potentially regulate the relationship between these two modalities. The plant hormones cytokinin (CK) and gibberellin (GA) execute various aspects of plant development and defense. The ratio between CK and GA was reported to determine the outcome of developmental programmes. Here, investigating the interplay between TOR-mediated development and TOR-mediated defense in tomato, we found that TOR silencing resulted in rescue of several different aberrant developmental phenotypes, demonstrating that TOR is required for the execution of developmental cues. In parallel, TOR inhibition enhanced immunity in genotypes with a low CK/GA ratio but not in genotypes with a high CK/GA ratio. TOR-inhibition mediated disease resistance was found to depend on developmental status, and was abolished in strongly morphogenetic leaves, while being strongest in mature, differentiated leaves. CK repressed TOR activity, suggesting that CK-mediated immunity may rely on TOR downregulation. At the same time, TOR activity was promoted by GA, and TOR silencing reduced GA sensitivity, indicating that GA signalling requires normal TOR activity. Our results demonstrate that TOR likely acts in concert with CK and GA signalling, executing signalling cues in both defense and development. Thus, differential regulation of TOR or TOR-mediated processes could regulate the required outcome of development-defense prioritisation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iftah Marash
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Institute, Bet Dagan, Israel
- School of Plant Science and Food Security, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Rupali Gupta
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Institute, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Gautam Anand
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Institute, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Meirav Leibman-Markus
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Institute, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Naomi Lindner
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Institute, Bet Dagan, Israel
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Alon Israeli
- Institute of Plant Science and Genetics in Agriculture, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Dov Nir
- Institute of Plant Science and Genetics in Agriculture, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Adi Avni
- School of Plant Science and Food Security, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Maya Bar
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Institute, Bet Dagan, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Hubert B, Marchi M, Ly Vu J, Tranchant C, Tarkowski ŁP, Leprince O, Buitink J. A method to determine antifungal activity in seed exudates by nephelometry. PLANT METHODS 2024; 20:16. [PMID: 38287427 PMCID: PMC10826049 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-024-01144-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND One of the levers towards alternative solutions to pesticides is to improve seed defenses against pathogens, but a better understanding is needed on the type and regulation of existing pathways during germination. Dormant seeds are able to defend themselves against microorganisms during cycles of rehydration and dehydration in the soil. During imbibition, seeds leak copious amounts of exudates. Here, we developed a nephelometry method to assay antimicrobial activity (AA) in tomato seed exudates as a proxy to assess level of defenses. RESULTS A protocol is described to determine the level of AA against the nonhost filamentous fungus Alternaria brassicicola in the exudates of tomato seeds and seedlings. The fungal and exudate concentrations can be adjusted to modulate the assay sensitivity, thereby providing a large window of AA detection. We established that AA in dormant seeds depends on the genotype. It ranged from very strong AA to complete absence of AA, even after prolonged imbibition. AA depends also on the stages of germination and seedling emergence. Exudates from germinated seeds and seedlings showed very strong AA, while those from dormant seeds exhibited less activity for the same imbibition time. The exudate AA did not impact the growth of a pathogenic fungus host of tomato, Alternaria alternata, illustrating the adaptation of this fungus to its host. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate that our nephelometry method is a simple yet powerful bioassay to quantify AA in seed exudates. Different developmental stages from dormant seed to seedlings show different levels of AA in the exudate that vary between genotypes, highlighting a genetic diversity x developmental stage interaction in defense. These findings will be important to identify molecules in the exudates conferring antifungal properties and obtain a better understanding of the regulatory and biosynthetic pathways through the lifecycle of seeds, from dormant seeds until seedling emergence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Hubert
- Univ Angers, Institut Agro, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, F-49000, Angers, France
| | - Muriel Marchi
- Univ Angers, Institut Agro, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, F-49000, Angers, France
| | - Joseph Ly Vu
- Univ Angers, Institut Agro, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, F-49000, Angers, France
| | - Camille Tranchant
- Univ Angers, Institut Agro, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, F-49000, Angers, France
| | - Łukasz P Tarkowski
- Univ Angers, Institut Agro, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, F-49000, Angers, France
- INRAE, Université de Strasbourg, UMR SVQV, Colmar, France
| | - Olivier Leprince
- Univ Angers, Institut Agro, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, F-49000, Angers, France
| | - Julia Buitink
- Univ Angers, Institut Agro, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, F-49000, Angers, France.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Malhotra B, Kumar P, Bisht NC. Defense versus growth trade-offs: Insights from glucosinolates and their catabolites. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2023; 46:2964-2984. [PMID: 36207995 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Specialized metabolites are a structurally diverse group of naturally occurring compounds that facilitate plant-environment interactions. Their synthesis and maintenance in plants is overall a resource-demanding process that occurs at the expense of growth and reproduction and typically incurs several costs. Evidence emerging on different specialized compounds suggests that they serve multiple auxiliary functions to influence and moderate primary metabolism in plants. These new functionalities enable them to mediate trade-offs from defenses to growth and also to offset their production and maintenance costs in plants. Recent research on glucosinolates (GSLs), which are specialized metabolites of Brassicales, demonstrates their emerging multifunctionalities to fine-tune plant growth and development under variable environments. Herein, we present findings from the septennium on individual GSLs and their catabolites (GHPs) per se, that work as mobile signals within plants to mediate precise regulations of their primary physiological functions. Both GSLs and GHPs calibrate growth-defense trade-off interactions either synergistically or directly when they function as storage compounds, abiotic stress alleviators, and one-to-one regulators of growth pathways in plants. We finally summarize the overall lessons learned from GSLs and GHPs as a model and raise the most pressing questions to address the molecular-genetic intricacies of specialized metabolite-based trade-offs in plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bhanu Malhotra
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Pawan Kumar
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Naveen C Bisht
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi, India
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wu J. Plant biology: Young maize leaves 'smell' a volatile danger signal. Curr Biol 2023; 33:R914-R916. [PMID: 37699351 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
Insect-attacked maize releases volatile compounds named green leaf volatiles. A new study shows that young maize leaves respond to a green leaf volatile compound with emission of indole and terpenes, while these responses are almost completely absent in mature leaves.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianqiang Wu
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Prominent Crops, Beijing 100093, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Elser D, Pflieger D, Villette C, Moegle B, Miesch L, Gaquerel E. Evolutionary metabolomics of specialized metabolism diversification in the genus Nicotiana highlights N-acylnornicotine innovations. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eade8984. [PMID: 37624884 PMCID: PMC10456844 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ade8984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Specialized metabolite (SM) diversification is a core process to plants' adaptation to diverse ecological niches. Here, we implemented a computational mass spectrometry-based metabolomics approach to exploring SM diversification in tissues of 20 species covering Nicotiana phylogenetics sections. To markedly increase metabolite annotation, we created a large in silico fragmentation database, comprising >1 million structures, and scripts for connecting class prediction to consensus substructures. Together, the approach provides an unprecedented cartography of SM diversity and section-specific innovations in this genus. As a case study and in combination with nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry imaging, we explored the distribution of N-acylnornicotines, alkaloids predicted to be specific to Repandae allopolyploids, and revealed their prevalence in the genus, albeit at much lower magnitude, as well as a greater structural diversity than previously thought. Together, the data integration approaches provided here should act as a resource for future research in plant SM evolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Elser
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes du CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - David Pflieger
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes du CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Claire Villette
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes du CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Baptiste Moegle
- Institut de Chimie du CNRS UMR 7177, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Laurence Miesch
- Institut de Chimie du CNRS UMR 7177, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Emmanuel Gaquerel
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes du CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zhang P, Tang Y, Liu Y, Liu J, Wang Q, Wang H, Li H, Li L, Qin P. Metabolic characteristics of self-pollinated wheat seed under red and blue light during early development. PLANTA 2023; 258:63. [PMID: 37543957 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-023-04217-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION Blue light has a greater effect on jasmonic acid and flavonoid accumulation in wheat seeds than red light; blue light reduces starch synthesis and the size of starch granules and seeds. This study sought to elucidate the effects of blue and red light on seed metabolism to provide important insights regarding the role of light quality in regulating seed growth and development. We used combined multi-omics analysis to investigate the impact of red and blue light (BL) on the induction of secondary metabolite accumulation in the hexaploid wheat Dianmai 3 after pollination. Flavonoids and alkaloids were the most differentially abundant metabolites detected under different treatments. Additionally, we used multi-omics and weighted correlation network analysis to screen multiple candidate genes associated with jasmonic acid (JA) and flavonoids. Expression regulatory networks were constructed based on RNA-sequencing data and their potential binding sites. The results revealed that BL had a greater effect on JA and flavonoid accumulation in wheat seeds than red light. Furthermore, BL reduced starch synthesis and stunted the size of starch granules and seeds. Collectively, these findings clarify the role of BL in the metabolic regulation of early seed development in wheat.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zhang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongsheng Tang
- Qujing Academy of Agricultural Science, Qujing, 655000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongjiang Liu
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, People's Republic of China
| | - Junna Liu
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, People's Republic of China
| | - Qianchao Wang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongxin Wang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, People's Republic of China
| | - Hanxue Li
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Li
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Qin
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Hussain I, Sureshkumar HK, Bauer M, Rubio I. Starvation Protects Hepatocytes from Inflammatory Damage through Paradoxical mTORC1 Signaling. Cells 2023; 12:1668. [PMID: 37371138 PMCID: PMC10297036 DOI: 10.3390/cells12121668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and aims: Sepsis-related liver failure is associated with a particularly unfavorable clinical outcome. Calorie restriction is a well-established factor that can increase tissue resilience, protect against liver failure and improve outcome in preclinical models of bacterial sepsis. However, the underlying molecular basis is difficult to investigate in animal studies and remains largely unknown. METHODS We have used an immortalized hepatocyte line as a model of the liver parenchyma to uncover the role of caloric restriction in the resilience of hepatocytes to inflammatory cell damage. In addition, we applied genetic and pharmacological approaches to investigate the contribution of the three major intracellular nutrient/energy sensor systems, AMPK, mTORC1 and mTORC2, in this context. RESULTS We demonstrate that starvation reliably protects hepatocytes from cellular damage caused by pro-inflammatory cytokines. While the major nutrient- and energy-related signaling pathways AMPK, mTORC2/Akt and mTORC1 responded to caloric restriction as expected, mTORC1 was paradoxically activated by inflammatory stress in starved, energy-deprived hepatocytes. Pharmacological inhibition of mTORC1 or genetic silencing of the mTORC1 scaffold Raptor, but not its mTORC2 counterpart Rictor, abrogated the protective effect of starvation and exacerbated inflammation-induced cell death. Remarkably, mTORC1 activation in starved hepatocytes was uncoupled from the regulation of autophagy, but crucial for sustained protein synthesis in starved resistant cells. CONCLUSIONS AMPK engagement and paradoxical mTORC1 activation and signaling mediate protection against pro-inflammatory stress exerted by caloric restriction in hepatocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iqra Hussain
- Department for Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Member of the Leibniz Center for Photonics in Infection Research (LPI), 07747 Jena, Germany; (I.H.)
| | - Harini K. Sureshkumar
- Department for Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Member of the Leibniz Center for Photonics in Infection Research (LPI), 07747 Jena, Germany; (I.H.)
| | - Michael Bauer
- Department for Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Member of the Leibniz Center for Photonics in Infection Research (LPI), 07747 Jena, Germany; (I.H.)
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center, Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Ignacio Rubio
- Department for Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Member of the Leibniz Center for Photonics in Infection Research (LPI), 07747 Jena, Germany; (I.H.)
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center, Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Stack GM, Carlson CH, Toth JA, Philippe G, Crawford JL, Hansen JL, Viands DR, Rose JKC, Smart LB. Correlations among morphological and biochemical traits in high-cannabidiol hemp ( Cannabis sativa L.). PLANT DIRECT 2023; 7:e503. [PMID: 37347078 PMCID: PMC10280002 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Cannabis sativa is cultivated for multiple uses including the production of cannabinoids. In developing improved production systems for high-cannabinoid cultivars, scientists and cultivators must consider the optimization of complex and interacting sets of morphological, phenological, and biochemical traits, which have historically been shaped by natural and anthropogenic selection. Determining factors that modulate cannabinoid variation within and among genotypes is fundamental to developing efficient production systems and understanding the ecological significance of cannabinoids. Thirty-two high-cannabinoid hemp cultivars were characterized for traits including flowering date and shoot-tip cannabinoid concentration. Additionally, a set of plant architecture traits, as well as wet, dry, and stripped inflorescence biomass were measured at harvest. One plant per plot was partitioned post-harvest to quantify intra-plant variation in inflorescence biomass production and cannabinoid concentration. Some cultivars showed intra-plant variation in cannabinoid concentration, while many had a consistent concentration regardless of canopy position. There was both intra- and inter-cultivar variation in architecture that correlated with intra-plant distribution of inflorescence biomass, and concentration of cannabinoids sampled from various positions within a plant. These relationships among morphological and biochemical traits will inform future decisions by cultivators, regulators, and plant breeders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- George M. Stack
- Horticulture Section, School of Integrative Plant ScienceCornell University, Cornell AgriTechGenevaNew YorkUSA
| | - Craig H. Carlson
- Horticulture Section, School of Integrative Plant ScienceCornell University, Cornell AgriTechGenevaNew YorkUSA
- Cereal Crops Research Unit, Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research, CenterUSDA‐ARSFargoNorth DakotaUSA
| | - Jacob A. Toth
- Horticulture Section, School of Integrative Plant ScienceCornell University, Cornell AgriTechGenevaNew YorkUSA
| | - Glenn Philippe
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant ScienceCornell UniversityIthacaNew YorkUSA
| | - Jamie L. Crawford
- Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, School of Integrative Plant ScienceCornell UniversityIthacaNew YorkUSA
| | - Julie L. Hansen
- Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, School of Integrative Plant ScienceCornell UniversityIthacaNew YorkUSA
| | - Donald R. Viands
- Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, School of Integrative Plant ScienceCornell UniversityIthacaNew YorkUSA
| | - Jocelyn K. C. Rose
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant ScienceCornell UniversityIthacaNew YorkUSA
| | - Lawrence B. Smart
- Horticulture Section, School of Integrative Plant ScienceCornell University, Cornell AgriTechGenevaNew YorkUSA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Liu H, Micic N, Miller S, Crocoll C, Bjarnholt N. Species-specific dynamics of specialized metabolism in germinating sorghum grain revealed by temporal and tissue-resolved transcriptomics and metabolomics. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2023; 196:807-820. [PMID: 36863218 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Seed germination is crucial for plant productivity, and the biochemical changes during germination affect seedling survival, plant health and yield. While the general metabolism of germination is extensively studied, the role of specialized metabolism is less investigated. We therefore analyzed the metabolism of the defense compound dhurrin during sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) grain germination and early seedling development. Dhurrin is a cyanogenic glucoside, which is catabolized into different bioactive compounds at other stages of plant development, but its fate and role during germination is unknown. We dissected sorghum grain into three different tissues and investigated dhurrin biosynthesis and catabolism at the transcriptomic, metabolomic and biochemical level. We further analyzed transcriptional signature differences of cyanogenic glucoside metabolism between sorghum and barley (Hordeum vulgare), which produces similar specialized metabolites. We found that dhurrin is de novo biosynthesized and catabolized in the growing embryonic axis as well as the scutellum and aleurone layer, two tissues otherwise mainly acknowledged for their involvement in release and transport of general metabolites from the endosperm to the embryonic axis. In contrast, genes encoding cyanogenic glucoside biosynthesis in barley are exclusively expressed in the embryonic axis. Glutathione transferase enzymes (GSTs) are involved in dhurrin catabolism and the tissue-resolved analysis of GST expression identified new pathway candidate genes and conserved GSTs as potentially important in cereal germination. Our study demonstrates a highly dynamic tissue- and species-specific specialized metabolism during cereal grain germination, highlighting the importance of tissue-resolved analyses and identification of specific roles of specialized metabolites in fundamental plant processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huijun Liu
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, 1871, Denmark; Copenhagen Plant Science Center, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, 1871, Denmark.
| | - Nikola Micic
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, 1871, Denmark; Copenhagen Plant Science Center, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, 1871, Denmark.
| | - Sara Miller
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, 1871, Denmark; Copenhagen Plant Science Center, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, 1871, Denmark.
| | - Christoph Crocoll
- DynaMo Center, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, 1871, Denmark.
| | - Nanna Bjarnholt
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, 1871, Denmark; Copenhagen Plant Science Center, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, 1871, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abiotic and Herbivory Combined Stress in Tomato: Additive, Synergic and Antagonistic Effects and Within-Plant Phenotypic Plasticity. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12111804. [DOI: 10.3390/life12111804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Drought, N deficiency and herbivory are considered the most important stressors caused by climate change in the agro- and eco-systems and varied in space and time shaping highly dynamic and heterogeneous stressful environments. This study aims to evaluate the tomato morpho-physiological and metabolic responses to combined abiotic and herbivory at different within-plant spatial levels and temporal scales. Methods: Leaf-level morphological, gas exchange traits and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) profiles were measured in tomato plants exposed to N deficiency and drought, Tuta absoluta larvae and their combination. Additive, synergistic or antagonistic effects of the single stress when combined were also evaluated. Morpho-physiological traits and VOCs profile were also measured on leaves located at three different positions along the shoot axes. Results: The combination of the abiotic and biotic stress has been more harmful than single stress with antagonistic and synergistic but non-additive effects for the morpho-physiological and VOCs tomato responses, respectively. Combined stress also determined a high within-plant phenotypic plasticity of the morpho-physiological responses. Conclusions: These results suggested that the combined stress in tomato determined a “new stress state” and a higher within-plant phenotypic plasticity which could permit an efficient use of the growth and defense resources in the heterogeneous and multiple stressful environmental conditions.
Collapse
|
15
|
Terletskaya NV, Korbozova NK, Grazhdannikov AE, Seitimova GA, Meduntseva ND, Kudrina NO. Accumulation of Secondary Metabolites of Rhodiola semenovii Boriss. In Situ in the Dynamics of Growth and Development. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12070622. [PMID: 35888746 PMCID: PMC9323023 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12070622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhodiola semenovii Boriss. (Regel and Herder) might be a promising replacement for the well-known but endangered Rhodiola rosea L. In this research, the metabolic profile of R. semenovii, including drug-active and stress-resistant components, was studied in the context of source–sink interactions in situ in the dynamics of growth and development. Gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection and liquid chromatography methods were used. The data obtained allow for assumptions to be made about which secondary metabolites determine the level of stress resistance in R. semenovii at different stages of ontogeny in situ. For the first time, an expansion in the content of salidroside in the above-ground organs, with its maximum value during the period of seed maturation, and a significant decrease in its content in the root were revealed in the dynamics of vegetation. These results allow us to recommend collecting the ground component of R. semenovii for pharmaceutical purposes throughout the seed development stage without damaging the root system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nina V. Terletskaya
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology and Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Al-Farabi Avenue 71, 050040 Almaty, Kazakhstan; (N.K.K.); (G.A.S.); (N.D.M.)
- Institute of Genetic and Physiology, Al-Farabi Avenue 93, 050040 Almaty, Kazakhstan
- Correspondence: (N.V.T.); (N.O.K.); Tel.: +7-(777)-299-3335 (N.V.T.); +7-(705)-181-1440 (N.O.K.)
| | - Nazym K. Korbozova
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology and Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Al-Farabi Avenue 71, 050040 Almaty, Kazakhstan; (N.K.K.); (G.A.S.); (N.D.M.)
- Institute of Genetic and Physiology, Al-Farabi Avenue 93, 050040 Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Alexander E. Grazhdannikov
- N.N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Science, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia;
| | - Gulnaz A. Seitimova
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology and Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Al-Farabi Avenue 71, 050040 Almaty, Kazakhstan; (N.K.K.); (G.A.S.); (N.D.M.)
- Institute of Genetic and Physiology, Al-Farabi Avenue 93, 050040 Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Nataliya D. Meduntseva
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology and Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Al-Farabi Avenue 71, 050040 Almaty, Kazakhstan; (N.K.K.); (G.A.S.); (N.D.M.)
| | - Nataliya O. Kudrina
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology and Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Al-Farabi Avenue 71, 050040 Almaty, Kazakhstan; (N.K.K.); (G.A.S.); (N.D.M.)
- Institute of Genetic and Physiology, Al-Farabi Avenue 93, 050040 Almaty, Kazakhstan
- Correspondence: (N.V.T.); (N.O.K.); Tel.: +7-(777)-299-3335 (N.V.T.); +7-(705)-181-1440 (N.O.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Val‐Torregrosa B, Bundó M, Martín‐Cardoso H, Bach‐Pages M, Chiou T, Flors V, Segundo BS. Phosphate-induced resistance to pathogen infection in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 110:452-469. [PMID: 35061924 PMCID: PMC9303409 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
In nature, plants are concurrently exposed to a number of abiotic and biotic stresses. Our understanding of convergence points between responses to combined biotic/abiotic stress pathways remains, however, rudimentary. Here we show that MIR399 overexpression, loss-of-function of PHOSPHATE2 (PHO2), or treatment with high phosphate (Pi) levels is accompanied by an increase in Pi content and accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in Arabidopsis thaliana. High Pi plants (e.g., miR399 overexpressors, pho2 mutants, and plants grown under high Pi supply) exhibited resistance to infection by necrotrophic and hemibiotrophic fungal pathogens. In the absence of pathogen infection, the expression levels of genes in the salicylic acid (SA)- and jasmonic acid (JA)-dependent signaling pathways were higher in high Pi plants compared to wild-type plants grown under control conditions, which is consistent with increased levels of SA and JA in non-infected high Pi plants. During infection, an opposite regulation in the two branches of the JA pathway (ERF1/PDF1.2 and MYC2/VSP2) occurs in high Pi plants. Thus, while pathogen infection induces PDF1.2 expression in miR399 OE and pho2 plants, VSP2 expression is downregulated by pathogen infection in these plants. This study supports the notion that Pi accumulation promotes resistance to infection by fungal pathogens in Arabidopsis, while providing a basis to better understand interactions between Pi signaling and hormonal signaling pathways for modulation of plant immune responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Val‐Torregrosa
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC‐IRTA‐UAB‐UBCampus Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallés)BarcelonaSpain
| | - Mireia Bundó
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC‐IRTA‐UAB‐UBCampus Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallés)BarcelonaSpain
| | - Héctor Martín‐Cardoso
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC‐IRTA‐UAB‐UBCampus Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallés)BarcelonaSpain
| | - Marcel Bach‐Pages
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC‐IRTA‐UAB‐UBCampus Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallés)BarcelonaSpain
| | - Tzyy‐Jen Chiou
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia SinicaTaipei 115Taiwan
| | - Victor Flors
- Departamento de Ciencias Agrarias y del Medio Natural, Escuela Superior de Tecnología y Ciencias ExperimentalesUniversitat Jaume ICastellóSpain
| | - Blanca San Segundo
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC‐IRTA‐UAB‐UBCampus Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallés)BarcelonaSpain
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)BarcelonaSpain
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Siewert B, Ćurak G, Hammerle F, Huymann L, Fiala J, Peintner U. The photosensitizer emodin is concentrated in the gills of the fungus Cortinarius rubrophyllus. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2022; 228:112390. [PMID: 35123160 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2022.112390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The colorful agaricoid fruiting bodies of dermocyboid Cortinarii owe their magnificent hue to a mixture of anthraquinone (AQ) pigments. Recently, it was discovered that some of these fungal anthraquinones have an impressive photopharmacological effect. The question, therefore, arises as to whether these pigments are also of ecological or functional significance. According to the optimal defense hypothesis, toxic molecules should be enriched in spore-producing structures, such as the gills of agarics. To test this hypothesis, we studied the distribution of fungal AQs in the fruiting body of Cortinarius rubrophyllus. The fungus belongs to the well-studied Cortinarius subgenus Dermocybe but has not been chemically characterized. Here, we report on the pigment profile of this beautiful fungus and focus on the distribution of anthraquinone pigments in the fruiting body for the first time. Here it is statistically confirmed that the potent photosensitizer emodin is significantly enriched in the gills. Furthermore, we show that the extract is photoactive against cancer cells and bacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bianka Siewert
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Gabrijela Ćurak
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Fabian Hammerle
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Lesley Huymann
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria; Institute of Microbiology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Johannes Fiala
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria; Institute of Microbiology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ursula Peintner
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Identification of Potential Genes Encoding Protein Transporters in Arabidopsis thaliana Glucosinolate (GSL) Metabolism. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12030326. [PMID: 35330077 PMCID: PMC8953324 DOI: 10.3390/life12030326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Several species in Brassicaceae produce glucosinolates (GSLs) to protect themselves against pests. As demonstrated in A. thaliana, the reallocation of defence compounds, of which GSLs are a major part, is highly dependent on transport processes and serves to protect high-value tissues such as reproductive tissues. This study aimed to identify potential GSL-transporter proteins (TPs) using a network-biology approach. The known A. thaliana GSL genes were retrieved from the literature and pathway databases and searched against several co-expression databases to generate a gene network consisting of 1267 nodes and 14,308 edges. In addition, 1151 co-expressed genes were annotated, integrated, and visualised using relevant bioinformatic tools. Based on three criteria, 21 potential GSL genes encoding TPs were selected. The AST68 and ABCG40 potential GSL TPs were chosen for further investigation because their subcellular localisation is similar to that of known GSL TPs (SULTR1;1 and SULTR1;2) and ABCG36, respectively. However, AST68 was selected for a molecular-docking analysis using AutoDOCK Vina and AutoDOCK 4.2 with the generated 3D model, showing that both domains were well superimposed on the homologs. Both molecular-docking tools calculated good binding-energy values between the sulphate ion and Ser419 and Val172, with the formation of hydrogen bonds and van der Waals interactions, respectively, suggesting that AST68 was one of the sulphate transporters involved in GSL biosynthesis. This finding illustrates the ability to use computational analysis on gene co-expression data to screen and characterise plant TPs on a large scale to comprehensively elucidate GSL metabolism in A. thaliana. Most importantly, newly identified potential GSL transporters can serve as molecular tools in improving the nutritional value of crops.
Collapse
|
19
|
Plants protect themselves from herbivores by optimizing the distribution of chemical defenses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:2120277119. [PMID: 35084361 PMCID: PMC8794845 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2120277119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
|
20
|
Zhang MX, Li J, Zhang XN, Li HH, Xu XF. Comparative transcriptome profiling of Termitomyces sp. between monocultures in vitro and link-stipe of fungus-combs in situ. Lett Appl Microbiol 2021; 74:429-443. [PMID: 34890484 DOI: 10.1111/lam.13628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The edible mushroom Termitomyces is an agaric-type basidiomycete fungus that has a symbiotic relationship with fungus-growing termites. An understanding of the detailed development mechanisms underlying the adaptive responses of Termitomyces sp. to their growing environment is lacking. Here, we compared the transcriptome sequences of different Termitomyces sp. samples and link-stipe grown on fungus combs in situ and monocultured in vitro. The assembled reads generated 8052 unigenes. The expression profiles were highly different for 2556 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of the treated samples, where the expression of 1312 and 1244 DEGs was upregulated in the Mycelium and link-stipe groups respectively. Functional classification of the DEGs based on both Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analysis revealed an expected shift in fungal gene expression, where stress response genes whose expression was upregulated in link-stipe may adaptively be involved in cell wall hydrolysis and fusion, pathogenesis, oxidation-reduction, transporter efflux, transposon efflux and self/non-self-recognition. Urease has implications in the expression of genes involved in the nitrogen metabolism pathway, and its expression could be controlled by low-level nitrogen fixation of fungus combs. In addition, the expression patterns of eleven select genes on the basis of qRT-PCR were consistent with their changes in transcript abundance, as revealed by RNA sequencing. Taken together, these findings may be useful for enriching the knowledge concerning the Termitomyces adaptive response to in situ fungus combs compared with the response of monocultures in vitro.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M-X Zhang
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - J Li
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - X-N Zhang
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - H-H Li
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - X-F Xu
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Alani ML, Younkin GC, Mirzaei M, Kumar P, Jander G. Acropetal and basipetal cardenolide transport in Erysimum cheiranthoides (wormseed wallflower). PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2021; 192:112965. [PMID: 34610557 PMCID: PMC8655687 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2021.112965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Plant specialized metabolites are often subject to within-plant transport and have tissue-specific distribution patterns. Among plants in the Brassicaceae, the genus Erysimum is unique in producing not only glucosinolates but also cardenolides. Ten cardenolides were detected with varying abundance in different tissues of Erysimum cheiranthoides L (Brassicaceae; wormseed wallflower). As is predicted by the optimal defense theory, cardenolides were most abundant in young leaves and reproductive tissues. The lowest concentrations were observed in senescing leaves and roots. Crosses between wildtype E. cheiranthoides and a mutant line with an altered cardenolide profile showed that the seed cardenolide phenotype is determined entirely by the maternal genotype. Prior to the development of the first true leaves, seedling cotyledons also had the maternal cardenolide profile. Hypocotyl grafting experiments showed that the root cardenolide profile is determined entirely by the aboveground plant genotype. In further grafting experiments, there was no evidence of cardenolide transport into the leaves, but a mixed cardenolide profile was observed in the stems and inflorescences of plants that had been grafted at vegetative and flowering growth stages, respectively. Together, these results indicate that E. cheiranthoides leaves are a site of cardenolide biosynthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Gordon C Younkin
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Ithaca, NY, USA; Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Herbivore feeding preference corroborates optimal defense theory for specialized metabolites within plants. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2111977118. [PMID: 34795057 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2111977118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous plants protect themselves from attackers by using specialized metabolites. The biosynthesis of these deterrent, often toxic metabolites is costly, as their synthesis diverts energy and resources on account of growth and development. How plants diversify investments into growth and defense is explained by the optimal defense theory. The central prediction of the optimal defense theory is that plants maximize growth and defense by concentrating specialized metabolites in tissues that are decisive for fitness. To date, supporting physiological evidence relies on the correlation between plant metabolite presence and animal feeding preference. Here, we use glucosinolates as a model to examine the effect of changes in chemical defense distribution on feeding preference. Taking advantage of the uniform glucosinolate distribution in transporter mutants, we show that high glucosinolate accumulation in tissues important to fitness protects them by guiding larvae of a generalist herbivore to feed on other tissues. Moreover, we show that the mature leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana supply young leaves with glucosinolates to optimize defense against herbivores. Our study provides physiological evidence for the central hypothesis of the optimal defense theory and sheds light on the importance of integrating glucosinolate biosynthesis and transport for optimizing plant defense.
Collapse
|
23
|
Zhao Y, Chen Z, Chen J, Chen B, Tang W, Chen X, Lai Z, Guo R. Comparative transcriptomic analyses of glucosinolate metabolic genes during the formation of Chinese kale seeds. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:394. [PMID: 34418959 PMCID: PMC8380351 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03168-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To understand the mechanism of glucosinolates (GSs) accumulation in the specific organs, combined analysis of physiological change and transcriptome sequencing were applied in the current study. Taking Chinese kale as material, seeds and silique walls were divided into different stages based on the development of the embryo in seeds and then subjected to GS analysis and transcriptome sequencing. RESULTS The main GS in seeds of Chinese kale were glucoiberin and gluconapin and their content changed with the development of the seed. During the transition of the embryo from torpedo- to the early cotyledonary-embryo stage, the accumulation of GS in the seed was accompanied by the salient decline of GS in the corresponding silique wall. Thus, the seed and corresponding silique wall at these two stages were subjected to transcriptomic sequencing analysis. 135 genes related to GS metabolism were identified, of which 24 genes were transcription factors, 81 genes were related to biosynthetic pathway, 25 genes encoded catabolic enzymes, and 5 genes matched with transporters. The expression of GS biosynthetic genes was detected both in seeds and silique walls. The high expression of FMOGS-OX and AOP2, which is related to the production of gluconapin by side modification, was noted in seeds at both stages. Interestingly, the expression of GS biosynthetic genes was higher in the silique wall compared with that in the seed albeit lower content of GS existed in the silique wall than in the seed. Combined with the higher expression of transporter genes GTRs in silique walls than in seeds, it was proposed that the transportation of GS from the silique wall to the seed is an important source for seed GS accumulation. In addition, genes related to GS degradation expressed abundantly in the seed at the early cotyledonary-embryo stage indicating its potential role in balancing seed GS content. CONCLUSIONS Two stages including the torpedo-embryo and the early cotyledonary-embryo stage were identified as crucial in GS accumulation during seed development. Moreover, we confirmed the transportation of GS from the silique wall to the seed and proposed possible sidechain modification of GS biosynthesis may exist during seed formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yijiao Zhao
- College of Horticulture, Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 China
| | - Zeyuan Chen
- College of Horticulture, Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 China
- Joint FAFU-Dalhousie Lab, College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 China
| | - Jiaxuan Chen
- Joint FAFU-Dalhousie Lab, College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 China
| | - Bingxing Chen
- Joint FAFU-Dalhousie Lab, College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 China
| | - Weiling Tang
- College of Horticulture, Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 China
| | - Xiaodong Chen
- College of Horticulture, Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 China
| | - Zhongxiong Lai
- College of Horticulture, Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 China
| | - Rongfang Guo
- College of Horticulture, Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 China
- Joint FAFU-Dalhousie Lab, College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Soybean leaf age and plant stage influence expression of resistance to velvetbean caterpillar and fall armyworm. CHEMOECOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00049-021-00360-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
25
|
Mertens D, Bouwmeester K, Poelman EH. Intraspecific variation in plant-associated herbivore communities is phylogenetically structured in Brassicaceae. Ecol Lett 2021; 24:2314-2327. [PMID: 34331409 PMCID: PMC9291228 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
As a result of co‐evolution between plants and herbivores, related plants often interact with similar herbivore communities. Variation in plant–herbivore interactions is determined by variation in underlying functional traits and by ecological and stochastic processes. Hence, typically, only a subset of possible interactions is realised on individual plants. We show that insect herbivore communities assembling on individual plants are structured by plant phylogeny among 12 species in two phylogenetic lineages of Brassicaceae. This community sorting to plant phylogeny was retained when splitting the community according to herbivore feeding guilds. Relative abundance of herbivores as well as the size of the community structured community dissimilarity among plant species. Importantly, the amount of intraspecific variation in realised plant–herbivore interactions is also phylogenetically structured. We argue that variability in realised interactions that are not directly structured by plant traits is ecologically relevant and must be considered in the evolution of plant defences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daan Mertens
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Klaas Bouwmeester
- Biosystematics Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Erik H Poelman
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Chesneau G, Torres-Cortes G, Briand M, Darrasse A, Preveaux A, Marais C, Jacques MA, Shade A, Barret M. Temporal dynamics of bacterial communities during seed development and maturation. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2021; 96:5910485. [PMID: 32966572 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiaa190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Seed microbiota acts as a starting point for the assembly of the plant microbiota and contributes to successful plant establishment. To date, the order and timing of microbial taxa immigration during seed development and maturation remained unknown. We investigated the temporal dynamics of seed bacterial communities in bean and radish. A high phylogenetic turnover was observed for both plant species with few taxa associated with all seed developmental stages. Greater heterogeneity in communities structure within each stage was observed for radish. While, about one-third of radish seed bacterial taxa were detected in buds, flowers and fruits, very few taxa seem to be transmitted by the floral route in bean. In the latter species, bacterial populations belonging to the P. fluorescens species complex were found either in buds, flowers and fruits or in seeds. The relative phylogenetic proximity of these bacterial populations combined with their habitat specificity led us to explore the genetic determinants involved in successful seed transmission in bean. Comparative genomic analyses of representatives bacterial strains revealed dozens of coding sequences specifically associated with seed-transmitted strains. This study provided a first glimpse on processes involved in seed microbiota assembly, which could be used for designing plant-beneficial microbial consortia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Chesneau
- IRHS-UMR1345, Université d'Angers, INRAE, Institut Agro, SFR 4207 QuaSaV, 49071, Beaucouzé, France
| | - Gloria Torres-Cortes
- IRHS-UMR1345, Université d'Angers, INRAE, Institut Agro, SFR 4207 QuaSaV, 49071, Beaucouzé, France
| | - Martial Briand
- IRHS-UMR1345, Université d'Angers, INRAE, Institut Agro, SFR 4207 QuaSaV, 49071, Beaucouzé, France
| | - Armelle Darrasse
- IRHS-UMR1345, Université d'Angers, INRAE, Institut Agro, SFR 4207 QuaSaV, 49071, Beaucouzé, France
| | - Anne Preveaux
- IRHS-UMR1345, Université d'Angers, INRAE, Institut Agro, SFR 4207 QuaSaV, 49071, Beaucouzé, France
| | - Coralie Marais
- IRHS-UMR1345, Université d'Angers, INRAE, Institut Agro, SFR 4207 QuaSaV, 49071, Beaucouzé, France
| | - Marie-Agnès Jacques
- IRHS-UMR1345, Université d'Angers, INRAE, Institut Agro, SFR 4207 QuaSaV, 49071, Beaucouzé, France
| | - Ashley Shade
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Program in Ecology, Evolutionary Biology, and Behavior, The DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, and The Plant Resilience Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Matthieu Barret
- IRHS-UMR1345, Université d'Angers, INRAE, Institut Agro, SFR 4207 QuaSaV, 49071, Beaucouzé, France
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Cowan MF, Blomstedt CK, Møller BL, Henry RJ, Gleadow RM. Variation in production of cyanogenic glucosides during early plant development: A comparison of wild and domesticated sorghum. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2021; 184:112645. [PMID: 33482417 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2020.112645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Domestication has narrowed the genetic diversity found in crop wild relatives, potentially reducing plasticity to cope with a changing climate. The tissues of domesticated sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), especially in younger plants, are cyanogenic and potentially toxic. Species of wild sorghum produce lower levels of the cyanogenic glucoside (CNglc) dhurrin than S. bicolor at maturity, but it is not known if this is also the case during germination and early growth. CNglcs play multiple roles in primary and specialised metabolism in domesticated sorghum and other crop plants. In this study, the temporal and spatial distribution of dhurrin in wild and domesticated sorghum at different growth stages was monitored in leaf, sheath and root tissues up to 35 days post germination using S. bicolor and the wild species S. brachypodum and S. macrospermum as the experimental systems. Growth parameters were also measured and allocation of plant total nitrogen (N%) to both dhurrin and nitrate (NO3-) was calculated. Negligible amounts of dhurrin were produced in the leaves of the two wild species compared to S. bicolor. The morphology of the two wild sorghums also differed from S. bicolor, with the greatest differences observed for the more distantly related S. brachypodum. S. bicolor had the highest leaf N% whilst the wild species had significantly higher root N%. Allocation of nitrogen to dhurrin in aboveground tissue was significantly higher in S. bicolor compared to the wild species but did not differ in the roots across the three species. The differences in plant morphology, dhurrin content and re-mobilisation, and nitrate/nitrogen allocation suggest that domestication has affected the functional roles of dhurrin in sorghum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Max F Cowan
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Wellington Rd, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Cecilia K Blomstedt
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Wellington Rd, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Birger Lindberg Møller
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 40 Thorvaldsensvej, DK-1871, Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark; VILLUM Research Center Plant Plasticity, University of Copenhagen, 40 Thorvaldsensvej, DK-1871, Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Robert J Henry
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Roslyn M Gleadow
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Wellington Rd, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia; Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Pre-dispersal seed predators boost seed production in a short-lived plant. Oecologia 2021; 195:971-982. [PMID: 33791860 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-021-04885-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Pre-dispersal seed predation diminishes fitness and population growth rate of many plant species. Therefore, plants have developed multiple strategies to reduce the harmful effects of this type of herbivory. The present study aims to determine the effect of pre-dispersal seed predators (PSPs) on the fitness of a short-lived herb, and to discern the mechanisms allowing the plants to reduce the impact of pre-dispersal seed predation. Knowing that the interplay between pre-dispersal seed predators and plants is strongly shaped by the presence of other co-occurring organisms, we tested whether detritivores modulate plant responses towards pre-dispersal seed predators. To do so, we experimentally manipulated in the field pre-dispersal seed predators and detritivores interacting with the short-lived herb Moricandia moricandioides. We found that detritivores did not alter the response of plants to PSPs. Strikingly, the plant overcompensated for pre-dispersal seed predation, almost doubling the number of seeds produced. Plant response to PSPs led to substantial changes in shoot architecture, reproductive traits, chemical defences in leaves and seeds and in seed nutrient content. The overcompensating mechanism seems to be meristem activation, which allowed plants to produce more reproductive tissue, and increasing the proportion of ovules that became seeds, a response which specifically compensates for pre-dispersal seed predation. As far as we know, this is the first experimental evidence of a positive effect of PSPs on plant lifetime fitness as a consequence of plant overcompensation.
Collapse
|
29
|
Siewert B. Does the chemistry of fungal pigments demand the existence of photoactivated defense strategies in basidiomycetes? Photochem Photobiol Sci 2021; 20:475-488. [PMID: 33738747 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-021-00034-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The well-known photosensitizers hypericin, harmane, and emodin are typical pigments of certain mushroom species-is this a coincidence or an indication towards a photoactivated defense mechanism in the phylum Basidiomycota? This perspective article explores this hypothesis by cross-linking the chemistry of fungal pigments with structural requirements from known photosensitizers and insights from photoactivated strategies in the kingdom Plantae. Thereby, light is shed on a yet unexplored playground dealing with ecological questions, photopharmaceutical opportunities, and biotechnological potentials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bianka Siewert
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Vescio R, Abenavoli MR, Araniti F, Musarella CM, Sofo A, Laface VLA, Spampinato G, Sorgonà A. The Assessment and the Within-Plant Variation of the Morpho-Physiological Traits and VOCs Profile in Endemic and Rare Salvia ceratophylloides Ard. (Lamiaceae). PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:474. [PMID: 33802380 PMCID: PMC7998927 DOI: 10.3390/plants10030474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Salvia ceratophylloides (Ard.) is an endemic and rare plant species recently rediscovered as very few individuals at two different Southern Italy sites. The study of within-plant variation is fundamental to understand the plant adaptation to the local conditions, especially in rare species, and consequently to preserve plant biodiversity. Here, we reported the variation of the morpho-ecophysiological and metabolic traits between the sessile and petiolate leaf of S. ceratophylloides plants at two different sites for understanding the adaptation strategies for surviving in these habitats. The S. ceratophylloides individuals exhibited different net photosynthetic rate, maximum quantum yield, light intensity for the saturation of the photosynthetic machinery, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, leaf area, fractal dimension, and some volatile organic compounds (VOCs) between the different leaf types. This within-plant morpho-physiological and metabolic variation was dependent on the site. These results provide empirical evidence of sharply within-plant variation of the morpho-physiological traits and VOCs profiles in S. ceratophylloides, explaining the adaptation to the local conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Vescio
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, “Mediterranea” University of Reggio Calabria, Feo di Vito, 89124 Reggio Calabria, Italy; (R.V.); (M.R.A.); (C.M.M.); (V.L.A.L.); (G.S.)
| | - Maria Rosa Abenavoli
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, “Mediterranea” University of Reggio Calabria, Feo di Vito, 89124 Reggio Calabria, Italy; (R.V.); (M.R.A.); (C.M.M.); (V.L.A.L.); (G.S.)
| | - Fabrizio Araniti
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences—Production, Landscape, Agroenergy, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Via G. Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy;
| | - Carmelo Maria Musarella
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, “Mediterranea” University of Reggio Calabria, Feo di Vito, 89124 Reggio Calabria, Italy; (R.V.); (M.R.A.); (C.M.M.); (V.L.A.L.); (G.S.)
| | - Adriano Sofo
- Department of European and Mediterranean Cultures, Architecture, Environment, Cultural Heritage (DiCEM), University of Basilicata, Via Lanera 20, 75100 Matera, Italy;
| | - Valentina Lucia Astrid Laface
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, “Mediterranea” University of Reggio Calabria, Feo di Vito, 89124 Reggio Calabria, Italy; (R.V.); (M.R.A.); (C.M.M.); (V.L.A.L.); (G.S.)
| | - Giovanni Spampinato
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, “Mediterranea” University of Reggio Calabria, Feo di Vito, 89124 Reggio Calabria, Italy; (R.V.); (M.R.A.); (C.M.M.); (V.L.A.L.); (G.S.)
| | - Agostino Sorgonà
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, “Mediterranea” University of Reggio Calabria, Feo di Vito, 89124 Reggio Calabria, Italy; (R.V.); (M.R.A.); (C.M.M.); (V.L.A.L.); (G.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Czerniawski P, Piasecka A, Bednarek P. Evolutionary changes in the glucosinolate biosynthetic capacity in species representing Capsella, Camelina and Neslia genera. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2021; 181:112571. [PMID: 33130372 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2020.112571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Glucosinolates are unique thioglucosides that evolved in the order Brassicales. These compounds function in plant adaptation to the environment, including combating plant pathogens, herbivore deterrence and abiotic stress tolerance. In line with their defensive functions glucosinolates usually accumulate constitutively in relatively high amounts in all tissues of Brassicaceae plants. Here we performed glucosinolate analysis in different organs of selected species representing Capsella, Camelina and Neslia genera, which similarly as the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana belong to the Camelineae tribe. We also identified orthologs of A. thaliana glucosinolate biosynthetic genes in the published genomes of some of the investigated species. Subsequent gene expression and phylogenetic analyses enabled us an insight into the evolutionary changes in the transcription of these genes and in the sequences of respective proteins that occurred within the Camelineae tribe. Our results indicated that glucosinolates are highly abundant in siliques and roots of the investigated species but hardly, if at all, produced in leaves. In addition to this unusual tissular distribution we revealed reduced structural diversity of methionine-derived aliphatic glucosinolates (AGs) with elevated accumulation of rare long chain AGs. This preference seems to correlate with evolutionary changes in genes encoding methylthioalkylmalate synthases that are responsible for the elongation of AG side chains. Finally, our results indicate that the biosynthetic pathway for tryptophan-derived indolic glucosinolates likely lost its main functions in immunity and resistance towards sucking insects and is on its evolutionary route to be shut off in the investigated species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Czerniawski
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704, Poznań, Poland.
| | - Anna Piasecka
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704, Poznań, Poland; Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 34, 60-479, Poznań, Poland.
| | - Paweł Bednarek
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704, Poznań, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Valim H, Dalton H, Joo Y, McGale E, Halitschke R, Gaquerel E, Baldwin IT, Schuman MC. TOC1 in Nicotiana attenuata regulates efficient allocation of nitrogen to defense metabolites under herbivory stress. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 228:1227-1242. [PMID: 32608045 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The circadian clock contextualizes plant responses to environmental signals. Plants use temporal information to respond to herbivory, but many of the functional roles of circadian clock components in these responses, and their contribution to fitness, remain unknown. We investigate the role of the central clock regulator TIMING OF CAB EXPRESSION 1 (TOC1) in Nicotiana attenuata's defense responses to the specialist herbivore Manduca sexta under both field and glasshouse conditions. We utilize 15 N pulse-labeling to quantify nitrogen incorporation into pools of three defense compounds: caffeoylputrescine (CP), dicaffeoyl spermidine (DCS) and nicotine. Nitrogen incorporation was decreased in CP and DCS and increased in nicotine pools in irTOC1 plants compared to empty vector (EV) under control conditions, but these differences were abolished after simulated herbivory. Differences between EV and irTOC1 plants in nicotine, but not phenolamide production, were abolished by treatment with the ethylene agonist 1-methylcyclopropene. Using micrografting, TOC1's effect on nicotine was isolated to the root and did not affect the fitness of heterografts under field conditions. These results suggest that the circadian clock contributes to plant fitness by balancing production of metabolically expensive nitrogen-rich defense compounds and mediating the allocation of resources between vegetative biomass and reproduction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Henrique Valim
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Heidi Dalton
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Youngsung Joo
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Erica McGale
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Rayko Halitschke
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Emmanuel Gaquerel
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, Jena, 07745, Germany
- Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Strasbourg, 12 Rue du Général Zimmer, Strasbourg, 67084, France
| | - Ian T Baldwin
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Meredith C Schuman
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, Jena, 07745, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
de Leone MJ, Hernando CE, Mora-García S, Yanovsky MJ. It's a matter of time: the role of transcriptional regulation in the circadian clock-pathogen crosstalk in plants. Transcription 2020; 11:100-116. [PMID: 32936724 DOI: 10.1080/21541264.2020.1820300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Most living organisms possess an internal timekeeping mechanism known as the circadian clock, which enhances fitness by synchronizing the internal timing of biological processes with diurnal and seasonal environmental changes. In plants, the pace of these biological rhythms relies on oscillations in the expression level of hundreds of genes tightly controlled by a group of core clock regulators and co-regulators that engage in transcriptional and translational feedback loops. In the last decade, the role of several core clock genes in the control of defense responses has been addressed, and a growing amount of evidence demonstrates that circadian regulation is relevant for plant immunity. A reciprocal connection between these pathways was also established following the observation that in Arabidopsis thaliana, as well as in crop species like tomato, plant-pathogen interactions trigger a reconfiguration of the circadian transcriptional network. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge regarding the interaction between the circadian clock and biotic stress responses at the transcriptional level, and discuss the relevance of this crosstalk in the plant-pathogen evolutionary arms race. A better understanding of these processes could aid in the development of genetic tools that improve traditional breeding practices, enhancing tolerance to plant diseases that threaten crop yield and food security all around the world.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María José de Leone
- Fundación Instituto Leloir, Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) , Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - C Esteban Hernando
- Fundación Instituto Leloir, Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) , Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Santiago Mora-García
- Fundación Instituto Leloir, Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) , Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marcelo J Yanovsky
- Fundación Instituto Leloir, Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) , Buenos Aires, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Developmentally regulated activation of defense allows for rapid inhibition of infection in age-related resistance to Phytophthora capsici in cucumber fruit. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:628. [PMID: 32917129 PMCID: PMC7488727 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-07040-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Age-related resistance (ARR) is a developmentally regulated phenomenon conferring resistance to pathogens or pests. Although ARR has been observed in several host-pathogen systems, the underlying mechanisms are largely uncharacterized. In cucumber, rapidly growing fruit are highly susceptible to Phytophthora capsici but become resistant as they complete exponential growth. We previously demonstrated that ARR is associated with the fruit peel and identified gene expression and metabolomic changes potentially functioning as preformed defenses. Results Here, we compare the response to infection in fruit at resistant and susceptible ages using microscopy, quantitative bioassays, and weighted gene co-expression analyses. We observed strong transcriptional changes unique to resistant aged fruit 2–4 h post inoculation (hpi). Microscopy and bioassays confirmed this early response, with evidence of pathogen death and infection failure as early as 4 hpi and cessation of pathogen growth by 8–10 hpi. Expression analyses identified candidate genes involved in conferring the rapid response including those encoding transcription factors, hormone signaling pathways, and defenses such as reactive oxygen species metabolism and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis. Conclusion The early pathogen death and rapid defense response in resistant-aged fruit provide insight into potential mechanisms for ARR, implicating both pre-formed biochemical defenses and developmentally regulated capacity for pathogen recognition as key factors shaping age-related resistance.
Collapse
|
35
|
Erb M, Kliebenstein DJ. Plant Secondary Metabolites as Defenses, Regulators, and Primary Metabolites: The Blurred Functional Trichotomy. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 184:39-52. [PMID: 32636341 PMCID: PMC7479915 DOI: 10.1104/pp.20.00433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 440] [Impact Index Per Article: 110.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The plant kingdom produces hundreds of thousands of low molecular weight organic compounds. Based on the assumed functions of these compounds, the research community has classified them into three overarching groups: primary metabolites, which are directly required for plant growth; secondary (or specialized) metabolites, which mediate plant-environment interactions; and hormones, which regulate organismal processes and metabolism. For decades, this functional trichotomy of plant metabolism has shaped theory and experimentation in plant biology. However, exact biochemical boundaries between these different metabolite classes were never fully established. A new wave of genetic and chemical studies now further blurs these boundaries by demonstrating that secondary metabolites are multifunctional; they can function as potent regulators of plant growth and defense as well as primary metabolites sensu lato. Several adaptive scenarios may have favored this functional diversity for secondary metabolites, including signaling robustness and cost-effective storage and recycling. Secondary metabolite multifunctionality can provide new explanations for ontogenetic patterns of defense production and can refine our understanding of plant-herbivore interactions, in particular by accounting for the discovery that adapted herbivores misuse plant secondary metabolites for multiple purposes, some of which mirror their functions in plants. In conclusion, recent work unveils the limits of our current functional classification system for plant metabolites. Viewing secondary metabolites as integrated components of metabolic networks that are dynamically shaped by environmental selection pressures and transcend multiple trophic levels can improve our understanding of plant metabolism and plant-environment interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Erb
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Ritmejerytė E, Boughton BA, Bayly MJ, Miller RE. Unique and highly specific cyanogenic glycoside localization in stigmatic cells and pollen in the genus Lomatia (Proteaceae). ANNALS OF BOTANY 2020; 126:387-400. [PMID: 32157299 PMCID: PMC7424758 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcaa038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Floral chemical defence strategies remain understudied despite the significance of flowers to plant fitness, and the fact that many flowers contain secondary metabolites that confer resistance to herbivores. Optimal defence and apparency theories predict that the most apparent plant parts and/or those most important to fitness should be most defended. To test whether within-flower distributions of chemical defence are consistent with these theories we used cyanogenic glycosides (CNglycs), which are constitutive defence metabolites that deter herbivores by releasing hydrogen cyanide upon hydrolysis. METHODS We used cyanogenic florets of the genus Lomatia to investigate at what scale there may be strategic allocation of CNglycs in flowers, what their localization reveals about function, and whether levels of floral CNglycs differ between eight congeneric species across a climatic gradient. Within-flower distributions of CNglycs during development were quantified, CNglycs were identified and their localization was visualized in cryosectioned florets using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI). KEY RESULTS Florets of all congeneric species studied were cyanogenic, and concentrations differed between species. Within florets there was substantial variation in CNglyc concentrations, with extremely high concentrations (up to 14.6 mg CN g-1 d. wt) in pollen and loose, specialized surface cells on the pollen presenter, among the highest concentrations reported in plant tissues. Two tyrosine-derived CNglycs, the monoglycoside dhurrin and diglycoside proteacin, were identified. MALDI-MSI revealed their varying ratios in different floral tissues; proteacin was primarily localized to anthers and ovules, and dhurrin to specialized cells on the pollen presenter. The mix of transient specialized cells and pollen of L. fraxinifolia was ~11 % dhurrin and ~1.1 % proteacin by mass. CONCLUSIONS Tissue-specific distributions of two CNglycs and substantial variation in their concentrations within florets suggests their allocation is under strong selection. Localized, high CNglyc concentrations in transient cells challenge the predictions of defence theories, and highlight the importance of fine-scale metabolite visualization, and the need for further investigation into the ecological and metabolic roles of CNglycs in floral tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edita Ritmejerytė
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Richmond, Victoria, Australia
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Berin A Boughton
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Metabolomics Australia, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael J Bayly
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rebecca E Miller
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Richmond, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Fernández-Calvo P, Iñigo S, Glauser G, Vanden Bossche R, Tang M, Li B, De Clercq R, Nagels Durand A, Eeckhout D, Gevaert K, De Jaeger G, Brady SM, Kliebenstein DJ, Pauwels L, Goossens A, Ritter A. FRS7 and FRS12 recruit NINJA to regulate expression of glucosinolate biosynthesis genes. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 227:1124-1137. [PMID: 32266972 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The sessile lifestyle of plants requires accurate physiology adjustments to be able to thrive in a changing environment. Plants integrate environmental timing signals to control developmental and stress responses. Here, we identified Far1 Related Sequence (FRS) 7 and FRS12, two transcriptional repressors that accumulate in short-day conditions, as regulators of Arabidopsis glucosinolate (GSL) biosynthesis. Loss of function of FRS7 and FRS12 results in plants with increased amplitudes of diurnal expression of GSL pathway genes. Protein interaction analyses revealed that FRS7 and FRS12 recruit the NOVEL INTERACTOR OF JAZ (NINJA) to assemble a transcriptional repressor complex. Genetic and molecular evidence demonstrated that FRS7, FRS12 and NINJA jointly regulate the expression of GSL biosynthetic genes, and thus constitute a molecular mechanism that modulates specialized metabolite accumulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Fernández-Calvo
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, B-9052, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, B-9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sabrina Iñigo
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, B-9052, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, B-9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Gaétan Glauser
- Neuchâtel Platform of Analytical Chemistry, University of Neuchâtel, Avenue de Bellevaux 51, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Robin Vanden Bossche
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, B-9052, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, B-9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Michelle Tang
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
- Graduate Group in Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Baohua Li
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Rebecca De Clercq
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, B-9052, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, B-9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Astrid Nagels Durand
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, B-9052, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, B-9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dominique Eeckhout
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, B-9052, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, B-9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kris Gevaert
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Albert Baertsoenkaai 3, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, Albert Baertsoenkaai 3, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Geert De Jaeger
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, B-9052, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, B-9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Siobhan M Brady
- Department of Plant Biology and Genome Center, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Daniel J Kliebenstein
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
- DynaMo Center of Excellence, University of Copenhagen, DK-1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Laurens Pauwels
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, B-9052, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, B-9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Alain Goossens
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, B-9052, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, B-9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Andrés Ritter
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, B-9052, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, B-9052, Ghent, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Calf OW, Lortzing T, Weinhold A, Poeschl Y, Peters JL, Huber H, Steppuhn A, van Dam NM. Slug Feeding Triggers Dynamic Metabolomic and Transcriptomic Responses Leading to Induced Resistance in Solanum dulcamara. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:803. [PMID: 32625224 PMCID: PMC7314995 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Induced plant responses to insect herbivores are well studied, but we know very little about responses to gastropod feeding. We aim to identify the temporal dynamics of signaling- and defense-related plant responses after slug feeding in relation to induced resistance. We exposed Solanum dulcamara plants to feeding by the gray field slug (GFS; Deroceras reticulatum) for different periods and tested disks of local and systemic leaves in preference assays. Induced responses were analyzed using metabolomics and transcriptomics. GFS feeding induced local and systemic responses. Slug feeding for 72 h more strongly affected the plant metabolome than 24 h feeding. It increased the levels of a glycoalkaloid (solasonine), phenolamides, anthocyanins, and trypsin protease inhibitors as well as polyphenol oxidase activity. Phytohormone and transcriptome analyses revealed that jasmonic acid, abscisic acid and salicylic acid signaling were activated. GFS feeding upregulated more genes than that it downregulated. The response directly after feeding was more than five times higher than after an additional 24 h without feeding. Our research showed that GFS, like most chewing insects, triggers anti-herbivore defenses by activating defense signaling pathways, resulting in increased resistance to further slug feeding. Slug herbivory may therefore impact other herbivores in the community.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Onno W. Calf
- Department of Molecular Interaction Ecology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Tobias Lortzing
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Institute of Biology, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Molecular Botany, Institute of Biology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Alexander Weinhold
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich-Schiller University of Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Yvonne Poeschl
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Computer Science, Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Janny L. Peters
- Department of Plant Systems Physiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Heidrun Huber
- Department of Experimental Plant Ecology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Anke Steppuhn
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Institute of Biology, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Molecular Botany, Institute of Biology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Nicole M. van Dam
- Department of Molecular Interaction Ecology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich-Schiller University of Jena, Jena, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Touw AJ, Verdecia Mogena A, Maedicke A, Sontowski R, van Dam NM, Tsunoda T. Both Biosynthesis and Transport Are Involved in Glucosinolate Accumulation During Root-Herbivory in Brassica rapa. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 10:1653. [PMID: 31998341 PMCID: PMC6970201 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The optimal defense theory predicts that plants invest most energy in those tissues that have the highest value, but are most vulnerable to attacks. In Brassica species, root-herbivory leads to the accumulation of glucosinolates (GSLs) in the taproot, the most valuable belowground plant organ. Accumulation of GSLs can result from local biosynthesis in response to herbivory. In addition, transport from distal tissues by specialized GSL transporter proteins can play a role as well. GSL biosynthesis and transport are both inducible, but the role these processes play in GSL accumulation during root-herbivory is not yet clear. To address this issue, we performed two time-series experiments to study the dynamics of transport and biosynthesis in local and distal tissues of Brassica rapa. We exposed roots of B. rapa to herbivory by the specialist root herbivore Delia radicum for 7 days. During this period, we sampled above- and belowground plant organs 12 h, 24 h, 3 days and 7 days after the start of herbivory. Next, we measured the quantity and composition of GSL profiles together with the expression of genes involved in GSL biosynthesis and transport. We found that both benzyl and indole GSLs accumulate in the taproot during root-herbivory, whereas we did not observe any changes in aliphatic GSL levels. The rise in indole GSL levels coincided with increased local expression of biosynthesis and transporter genes, which suggest that both biosynthesis and GSL transport play a role in the accumulation of GSLs during root herbivory. However, we did not observe a decrease in GSL levels in distal tissues. We therefore hypothesize that GSL transporters help to retain GSLs in the taproot during root-herbivory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Axel J. Touw
- Molecular Interaction Ecology, German Center for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Arletys Verdecia Mogena
- Research and Development Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Camagüey, Cuba
| | - Anne Maedicke
- Molecular Interaction Ecology, German Center for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Rebekka Sontowski
- Molecular Interaction Ecology, German Center for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Nicole M. van Dam
- Molecular Interaction Ecology, German Center for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Tomonori Tsunoda
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Shinshu University, Kamiina-County, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Gadea A, Fanuel M, Le Lamer AC, Boustie J, Rogniaux H, Charrier M, Lohézic-Le Devehat F. Mass Spectrometry Imaging of Specialized Metabolites for Predicting Lichen Fitness and Snail Foraging. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:plants9010070. [PMID: 31935813 PMCID: PMC7020473 DOI: 10.3390/plants9010070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Lichens are slow-growing organisms supposed to synthetize specialized metabolites to protect themselves against diverse grazers. As predicted by the optimal defense theory (ODT), lichens are expected to invest specialized metabolites in higher levels in reproductive tissues compared to thallus. We investigated whether Laser Desorption Ionization coupled to Mass Spectrometry Imaging (LDI-MSI) could be a relevant tool for chemical ecology issues such as ODT. In the present study, this method was applied to cross-sections of thalli and reproductive tissues of the lichen Pseudocyphellaria crocata. Spatial mapping revealed phenolic families of metabolites. A quantification of these metabolites was carried out in addition to spatial imaging. By this method, accumulation of specialized metabolites was observed in both reproductive parts (apothecia and soralia) of P. crocata, but their nature depended on the lichen organs: apothecia concentrated norstictic acid, tenuiorin, and pulvinic acid derivatives, whereas soralia mainly contained tenuiorin and pulvinic acid. Stictic acid, tenuiorin and calycin, tested in no-choices feeding experiments, were deterrent for N. hookeri while entire thalli were consumed by the snail. To improve better knowledge in relationships between grazed and grazing organisms, LDI-MSI appears to be a complementary tool in ecological studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alice Gadea
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes)—UMR 6226, F-35000 Rennes, France; (A.G.); (J.B.)
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ECOBIO (Ecosystèmes, biodiversité, évolution)—UMR 6553, F-35000 Rennes, France;
| | - Mathieu Fanuel
- INRA, UR1268 Biopolymers Interactions Assemblies, F-44316 Nantes, France; (M.F.); (H.R.)
| | | | - Joël Boustie
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes)—UMR 6226, F-35000 Rennes, France; (A.G.); (J.B.)
| | - Hélène Rogniaux
- INRA, UR1268 Biopolymers Interactions Assemblies, F-44316 Nantes, France; (M.F.); (H.R.)
| | - Maryvonne Charrier
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ECOBIO (Ecosystèmes, biodiversité, évolution)—UMR 6553, F-35000 Rennes, France;
| | - Françoise Lohézic-Le Devehat
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes)—UMR 6226, F-35000 Rennes, France; (A.G.); (J.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-223-230-540
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Papazian S, Girdwood T, Wessels BA, Poelman EH, Dicke M, Moritz T, Albrectsen BR. Leaf metabolic signatures induced by real and simulated herbivory in black mustard (Brassica nigra). Metabolomics 2019; 15:130. [PMID: 31563978 PMCID: PMC6765471 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-019-1592-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The oxylipin methyl jasmonate (MeJA) is a plant hormone active in response signalling and defence against herbivores. Although MeJA is applied experimentally to mimic herbivory and induce plant defences, its downstream effects on the plant metabolome are largely uncharacterized, especially in the context of primary growth and tissue-specificity of the response. OBJECTIVES We investigated the effects of MeJA-simulated and real caterpillar herbivory on the foliar metabolome of the wild plant Brassica nigra and monitored the herbivore-induced responses in relation to leaf ontogeny. METHODS As single or multiple herbivory treatments, MeJA- and mock-sprayed plants were consecutively exposed to caterpillars or left untreated. Gas chromatography (GC) and liquid chromatography (LC) time-of-flight mass-spectrometry (TOF-MS) were combined to analyse foliar compounds, including central primary and specialized defensive plant metabolites. RESULTS Plant responses were stronger in young leaves, which simultaneously induced higher chlorophyll levels. Both MeJA and caterpillar herbivory induced similar, but not identical, accumulation of tricarboxylic acids (TCAs), glucosinolates (GSLs) and phenylpropanoids (PPs), but only caterpillar feeding led to depletion of amino acids. MeJA followed by caterpillars caused higher induction of defence compounds, including a three-fold increase in the major defence compound allyl-GSL (sinigrin). When feeding on MeJA-treated plants, caterpillars gained less weight indicative of the reduced host-plant quality and enhanced resistance. CONCLUSIONS The metabolomics approach showed that plant responses induced by herbivory extend beyond the regulation of defence metabolism and are tightly modulated throughout leaf development. This leads to a new understanding of the plant metabolic potential that can be exploited for future plant protection strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Papazian
- 0000 0001 1034 3451grid.12650.30Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University (Umeå Plant Science Centre), 90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Tristan Girdwood
- 0000 0001 1034 3451grid.12650.30Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University (Umeå Plant Science Centre), 90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Bernard A. Wessels
- 0000 0001 1034 3451grid.12650.30Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University (Umeå Plant Science Centre), 90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Erik H. Poelman
- 0000 0001 0791 5666grid.4818.5Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel Dicke
- 0000 0001 0791 5666grid.4818.5Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Moritz
- 0000 0000 8578 2742grid.6341.0Department of Forest Genetic and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (Umeå Plant Science Centre), 90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Benedicte R. Albrectsen
- 0000 0001 1034 3451grid.12650.30Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University (Umeå Plant Science Centre), 90187 Umeå, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Mason CJ, Long DC, Lindroth RL, Hoover K. Divergent host plant utilization by adults and offspring is related to intra‐plant variation in chemical defences. J Anim Ecol 2019; 88:1789-1798. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Charles J. Mason
- Department of Entomology The Pennsylvania State University University Park Pennsylvania
| | - David C. Long
- Department of Entomology The Pennsylvania State University University Park Pennsylvania
| | | | - Kelli Hoover
- Department of Entomology The Pennsylvania State University University Park Pennsylvania
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Wolinska KW, Berens ML. Optimal Defense Theory 2.0: tissue-specific stress defense prioritization as an extra layer of complexity. Commun Integr Biol 2019; 12:91-95. [PMID: 31308873 PMCID: PMC6615527 DOI: 10.1080/19420889.2019.1625661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In nature, plants need to be able to quickly adapt to changing environments during their lifetime in order to maintain fitness. Different defense responses are not only costly, but often also antagonistic to one another. Hence, when faced with multiple stresses simultaneously, plants likely have to prioritize their defense responses. This type of crosstalk between different stress response pathways is suggested to balance the high costs of triggering and maintaining stress responses with the limited amount of resources available to a plant. This assumption is in accordance with the optimal defense theory (ODT), which states that living organisms put more resources into protection of the most valuable tissues, but does not explain how plants survive combined stress conditions in nature. In this review, we describe recent evidence that expands on the framework of the ODT by suggesting that under combined stress plants spatially separate contrasting stress responses, rather than protecting the most valuable tissues to simultaneously protect themselves from contrasting stressors. We discuss the implications of these findings for understanding plant responses to combined stresses and suggest potentially fruitful avenues for further research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Wiktoria Wolinska
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Matthias Leonhard Berens
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Torres-Cortés G, Garcia BJ, Compant S, Rezki S, Jones P, Préveaux A, Briand M, Roulet A, Bouchez O, Jacobson D, Barret M. Differences in resource use lead to coexistence of seed-transmitted microbial populations. Sci Rep 2019; 9:6648. [PMID: 31040301 PMCID: PMC6491768 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42865-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Seeds are involved in the vertical transmission of microorganisms in plants and act as reservoirs for the plant microbiome. They could serve as carriers of pathogens, making the study of microbial interactions on seeds important in the emergence of plant diseases. We studied the influence of biological disturbances caused by seed transmission of two phytopathogenic agents, Alternaria brassicicola Abra43 (Abra43) and Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris 8004 (Xcc8004), on the structure and function of radish seed microbial assemblages, as well as the nutritional overlap between Xcc8004 and the seed microbiome, to find seed microbial residents capable of outcompeting this pathogen. According to taxonomic and functional inference performed on metagenomics reads, no shift in structure and function of the seed microbiome was observed following Abra43 and Xcc8004 transmission. This lack of impact derives from a limited overlap in nutritional resources between Xcc8004 and the major bacterial populations of radish seeds. However, two native seed-associated bacterial strains belonging to Stenotrophomonas rhizophila displayed a high overlap with Xcc8004 regarding the use of resources; they might therefore limit its transmission. The strategy we used may serve as a foundation for the selection of seed indigenous bacterial strains that could limit seed transmission of pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Torres-Cortés
- IRHS, Agrocampus-Ouest, INRA, Université d'Angers, SFR4207 QuaSaV, 49071, Beaucouzé, France.
| | - B J Garcia
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | - S Compant
- AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Center for Health and Bioresources, Bioresources Unit, Konrad Lorenz Straße 24, A-3430, Tulln, Austria
| | - S Rezki
- IRHS, Agrocampus-Ouest, INRA, Université d'Angers, SFR4207 QuaSaV, 49071, Beaucouzé, France
| | - P Jones
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | - A Préveaux
- IRHS, Agrocampus-Ouest, INRA, Université d'Angers, SFR4207 QuaSaV, 49071, Beaucouzé, France
| | - M Briand
- IRHS, Agrocampus-Ouest, INRA, Université d'Angers, SFR4207 QuaSaV, 49071, Beaucouzé, France
| | - A Roulet
- INRA, US 1426, GeT-PlaGe, Genotoul, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - O Bouchez
- INRA, US 1426, GeT-PlaGe, Genotoul, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - D Jacobson
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | - M Barret
- IRHS, Agrocampus-Ouest, INRA, Université d'Angers, SFR4207 QuaSaV, 49071, Beaucouzé, France
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Abstract
Diverse molecular processes regulate the interactions between plants and insect herbivores. Here, we review genes and proteins that are involved in plant-herbivore interactions and discuss how their discovery has structured the current standard model of plant-herbivore interactions. Plants perceive damage-associated and, possibly, herbivore-associated molecular patterns via receptors that activate early signaling components such as Ca2+, reactive oxygen species, and MAP kinases. Specific defense reprogramming proceeds via signaling networks that include phytohormones, secondary metabolites, and transcription factors. Local and systemic regulation of toxins, defense proteins, physical barriers, and tolerance traits protect plants against herbivores. Herbivores counteract plant defenses through biochemical defense deactivation, effector-mediated suppression of defense signaling, and chemically controlled behavioral changes. The molecular basis of plant-herbivore interactions is now well established for model systems. Expanding molecular approaches to unexplored dimensions of plant-insect interactions should be a future priority.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Erb
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, 3000 Bern, Switzerland;
| | - Philippe Reymond
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland;
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Transgenerational effects of ungulates and pre-dispersal seed predators on offspring success and resistance to herbivory. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0207553. [PMID: 30540778 PMCID: PMC6291102 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Herbivorous mammals and insect pre-dispersal seed predators are two types of herbivores that, despite their functional and morphological differences, tend to severely impact many plant species, highly decreasing their seed production and even imperiling the performance of their offspring through transgenerational effects. However, how they influence offspring resistance to herbivory remains largely unknown. In this study we experimentally examined the effects of ungulates and pre-dispersal seed predators on seed quality as well as on the emergence, survival and resistance to herbivory of the seedlings of a semiarid herb. We found that ungulates reduced seedling recruitment but increased seedling resistance to leaf miners. These effects were probably a consequence of insufficient carbon provisioning in seeds that reduced seed viability and provoked carbon limitation in seedlings. Pre-dispersal seed predators did not influence seedling recruitment, but seedlings from mothers damaged by ungulates and by pre-dispersal seed predators suffered less herbivory by grasshoppers. Remarkably, intra-individual differences in damage by pre-dispersal seed predators affected the rate of damage underwent by seedlings. That is, seedlings derived from fruits attacked by seed predators were more resistant to herbivores than siblings derived from un-attacked fruits in plant populations exposed to ungulates. To our knowledge, this is the first study reporting variation in transgenerational-induced resistance of seedlings from the same maternal plant. This study is a valuable contribution to the understanding of transgenerational effects of multiple herbivores and their implications for a deeper comprehension of the natural systems in which they co-occur.
Collapse
|
47
|
Souza Lima PF, Teixido AL, Sousa Paiva EA. Herbivory-induced overcompensation and resource-dependent production of extrafloral nectaries in Luffa cylindrica (Cucurbitaceae). ACTA OECOLOGICA 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.actao.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
48
|
Mucha P, Ruczynski J, Dobkowski M, Backtrog E, Rekowski P. Capillary electrophoresis study of systemin peptides spreading in tomato plant. Electrophoresis 2018; 40:336-342. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201800206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Mucha
- Faculty of Chemistry; University of Gdansk; Gdansk Poland
| | | | | | | | - Piotr Rekowski
- Faculty of Chemistry; University of Gdansk; Gdansk Poland
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Kombrink A, Tayyrov A, Essig A, Stöckli M, Micheller S, Hintze J, van Heuvel Y, Dürig N, Lin CW, Kallio PT, Aebi M, Künzler M. Induction of antibacterial proteins and peptides in the coprophilous mushroom Coprinopsis cinerea in response to bacteria. ISME JOURNAL 2018; 13:588-602. [PMID: 30301946 PMCID: PMC6461984 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-018-0293-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Bacteria are the main nutritional competitors of saprophytic fungi during colonization of their ecological niches. This competition involves the mutual secretion of antimicrobials that kill or inhibit the growth of the competitor. Over the last years it has been demonstrated that fungi respond to the presence of bacteria with changes of their transcriptome, but the significance of these changes with respect to competition for nutrients is not clear as functional proof of the antibacterial activity of the induced gene products is often lacking. Here, we report the genome-wide transcriptional response of the coprophilous mushroom Coprinopsis cinerea to the bacteria Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli. The genes induced upon co-cultivation with each bacterium were highly overlapping, suggesting that the fungus uses a similar arsenal of effectors against Gram-positive and -negative bacteria. Intriguingly, the induced genes appeare to encode predominantly secreted peptides and proteins with predicted antibacterial activities, which was validated by comparative proteomics of the C. cinerea secretome. Induced members of two putative antibacterial peptide and protein families in C. cinerea, the cysteine-stabilized αβ-defensins (Csαβ-defensins) and the GH24-type lysozymes, were purified, and their antibacterial activity was confirmed. These results provide compelling evidence that fungi are able to recognize the presence of bacteria and respond with the expression of an arsenal of secreted antibacterial peptides and proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anja Kombrink
- Department of Biology, Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, CH-8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Annageldi Tayyrov
- Department of Biology, Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, CH-8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Essig
- Department of Biology, Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, CH-8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Martina Stöckli
- Department of Biology, Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, CH-8093, Zürich, Switzerland.,rqmicro AG, Brandstrasse 24, 8952, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Micheller
- Department of Biology, Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, CH-8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - John Hintze
- Department of Biology, Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, CH-8093, Zürich, Switzerland.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Yasemin van Heuvel
- Department of Biology, Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, CH-8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Natalia Dürig
- Department of Biology, Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, CH-8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Chia-Wei Lin
- Department of Biology, Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, CH-8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Pauli T Kallio
- Department of Biology, Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, CH-8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Markus Aebi
- Department of Biology, Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, CH-8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Markus Künzler
- Department of Biology, Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, CH-8093, Zürich, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
|