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Fattorini R, Khojayori FN, Mellers G, Moyroud E, Herrero E, Kellenberger RT, Walker R, Wang Q, Hill L, Glover BJ. Complex petal spot formation in the Beetle Daisy (Gorteria diffusa) relies on spot-specific accumulation of malonylated anthocyanin regulated by paralogous GdMYBSG6 transcription factors. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 243:240-257. [PMID: 38725421 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Gorteria diffusa has elaborate petal spots that attract pollinators through sexual deception, but how G. diffusa controls spot development is largely unknown. Here, we investigate how pigmentation is regulated during spot formation. We determined the anthocyanin composition of G. diffusa petals and combined gene expression analysis with protein interaction assays to characterise R2R3-MYBs that likely regulate pigment production in G. diffusa petal spots. We found that cyanidin 3-glucoside pigments G. diffusa ray floret petals. Unlike other petal regions, spots contain a high proportion of malonylated anthocyanin. We identified three subgroup 6 R2R3-MYB transcription factors (GdMYBSG6-1,2,3) that likely activate the production of spot pigmentation. These genes are upregulated in developing spots and induce ectopic anthocyanin production upon heterologous expression in tobacco. Interaction assays suggest that these transcription factors regulate genes encoding three anthocyanin synthesis enzymes. We demonstrate that the elaboration of complex spots in G. diffusa begins with the accumulation of malonylated pigments at the base of ray floret petals, positively regulated by three paralogous R2R3-MYB transcription factors. Our results indicate that the functional diversification of these GdMYBSG6s involved changes in the spatial control of their transcription, and modification of the duration of GdMYBSG6 gene expression contributes towards floral variation within the species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Róisín Fattorini
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing St., Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK
- Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Farahnoz N Khojayori
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing St., Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Gregory Mellers
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing St., Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Edwige Moyroud
- Sainsbury Laboratory Cambridge University, Bateman St., Cambridge, CB2 1LR, UK
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Downing St., Cambridge, CB2 3EH, UK
| | - Eva Herrero
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing St., Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Roman T Kellenberger
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing St., Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Rachel Walker
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing St., Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing St., Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Lionel Hill
- Biomolecular Analysis Facility, John Innes Centre, Colney, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Beverley J Glover
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing St., Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK
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Zhang T, Elomaa P. Development and evolution of the Asteraceae capitulum. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 242:33-48. [PMID: 38361269 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Asteraceae represent one of the largest and most diverse families of plants. The evolutionary success of this family has largely been contributed to their unique inflorescences, capitula that mimic solitary flowers but are typically aggregates of multiple florets. Here, we summarize the recent molecular and genetic level studies that have promoted our understanding of the development and evolution of capitula. We focus on new results on patterning of the enlarged meristem resulting in the iconic phyllotactic arrangement of florets in Fibonacci numbers of spirals. We also summarize the current understanding of the genetic networks regulating the characteristic reproductive traits in the family such as floral dimorphism and differentiation of highly specialized floral organs. So far, developmental studies in Asteraceae are still limited to a very narrow selection of model species. Along with the recent advancements in genomics and phylogenomics, Asteraceae and its relatives provide an outstanding model clade for extended evo-devo studies to exploit the morphological diversity and the underlying molecular networks and to translate this knowledge to the breeding of the key crops in the family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Zhang
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, PO Box 27, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Paula Elomaa
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, PO Box 27, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
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Torices R, DeSoto L, Cerca J, Mota L, Afonso A, Poyatos C. Fruit wings accelerate germination in Anacyclus clavatus. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2024; 111:e16272. [PMID: 38247016 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.16272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
PREMISE The lateral membranous expansions of fruits, commonly referred to as wings, have long been theorized to serve only dispersal functions. Alternatively, because winged fruits typically have earlier seed germination than unwinged fruits, we hypothesized that wings could increase the contact surface with water, ultimately triggering earlier germination. METHODS We investigated this alternative hypothesis by exploring the potential role of fruit wings on germination in the heterocarpic species Anacyclus clavatus (Desf.) Pers. (Asteraceae), which produces both winged and unwinged fruits. First, we measured the speed and degree of water absorption in winged and unwinged fruits. Second, we investigated the effects of wings on germination performance, by either reducing wing size or by preventing water absorption by sealing wings with wax. Next, we tested the influence of water availability on the germination performance of winged and unwinged fruits by reducing the water potential. RESULTS Winged fruits absorbed more water at a faster rate than unwinged fruits. The sealing of wings delayed germination, whereas germination time was not significantly altered by wing cutting. The restriction of water availability by decreasing water potential significantly delayed seed germination of unwinged fruits, whereas winged fruits remained unaffected. CONCLUSIONS Altogether, our results support the effect of wings on germination and cast doubt on the unique role of wings in dispersal. Whether or not wings contribute to dispersal, we propose that they also improve seed germination and seedling establishment by facilitating water absorption after the release from their mother plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén Torices
- Área de Biodiversidad y Conservación, Departamento de Biología y Geología, Física y Química Inorgánica, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles, Spain
| | - Lucía DeSoto
- Departamento de Biodiversidad, Ecología y Evolución, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Cerca
- CEES - Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, 0316, Norway
| | - Lucie Mota
- Centre for Functional Ecology - Science for People & the Planet, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Afonso
- Centre for Functional Ecology - Science for People & the Planet, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Cristina Poyatos
- Área de Biodiversidad y Conservación, Departamento de Biología y Geología, Física y Química Inorgánica, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles, Spain
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Wu X, Li J, Wen X, Zhang Q, Dai S. Genome-wide identification of the TCP gene family in Chrysanthemum lavandulifolium and its homologs expression patterns during flower development in different Chrysanthemum species. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1276123. [PMID: 37841609 PMCID: PMC10570465 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1276123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
TCP proteins, part of the transcription factors specific to plants, are recognized for their involvement in various aspects of plant growth and development. Nevertheless, a thorough investigation of TCPs in Chrysanthemum lavandulifolium, a prominent ancestral species of cultivated chrysanthemum and an excellent model material for investigating ray floret (RF) and disc floret (DF) development in Chrysanthemum, remains unexplored yet. Herein, a comprehensive study was performed to analyze the genome-wide distribution of TCPs in C. lavandulifolium. In total, 39 TCPs in C. lavandulifolium were identified, showing uneven distribution on 8 chromosomes. Phylogenetic and gene structural analyses revealed that ClTCPs were grouped into classes I and II. The class II genes were subdivided into two subclades, the CIN and CYC/TB1 subclades, with members of each clade having similar conserved motifs and gene structures. Four CIN subclade genes (ClTCP24, ClTCP25, ClTCP26, and ClTCP27) contained the potential miR319 target sites. Promoter analysis revealed that ClTCPs had numerous cis-regulatory elements associated with phytohormone responses, stress responses, and plant growth/development. The expression patterns of ClTCPs during capitulum development and in two different florets were determined using RNA-seq and qRT-PCR. The expression levels of TCPs varied in six development stages of capitula; 25 out of the 36 TCPs genes were specifically expressed in flowers. Additionally, we identified six key ClCYC2 genes, which belong to the class II TCP subclade, with markedly upregulated expression in RFs compared with DFs, and these genes exhibited similar expression patterns in the two florets of Chrysanthemum species. It is speculated that they may be responsible for RFs and DFs development. Subcellular localization and transactivation activity analyses of six candidate genes demonstrated that all of them were localized in the nucleus, while three exhibited self-activation activities. This research provided a better understanding of TCPs in C. lavandulifolium and laid a foundation for unraveling the mechanism by which important TCPs involved in the capitulum development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Junzhuo Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohui Wen
- Genomics and Genetic Engineering Laboratory of Ornamental Plants, Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiuling Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Silan Dai
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
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Bruno Agudo A, Xavier Picó F, Mateo RG, Marcer A, Torices R, Álvarez I. Unravelling plant diversification: Intraspecific genetic differentiation in hybridizing Anacyclus species in the western Mediterranean Basin. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2023; 110:e16121. [PMID: 36541247 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.16121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE The interfertile species Anacyclus clavatus, A. homogamos, and A. valentinus represent a plant complex coexisting in large anthropic areas of the western Mediterranean Basin with phenotypically mixed populations exhibiting a great floral variation. The goal of this study was to estimate the genetic identity of each species, to infer the role of hybridization in the observed phenotypic diversity, and to explore the effect of climate on the geographic distribution of species and genetic clusters. METHODS We used eight nuclear microsatellites to genotype 585 individuals from 31 populations of three Anacyclus species for population genetic analyses by using clustering algorithms based on Bayesian models and ordination methods. In addition, we used ecological niche models and niche overlap analyses for both the species and genetic clusters. We used an expanded data set, including 721 individuals from 129 populations for ecological niche models of the genetic clusters. RESULTS We found a clear correspondence between species and genetic clusters, except for A. clavatus that included up to three genetic clusters. We detected individuals with admixed genetic ancestry in A. clavatus and in mixed populations. Ecological niche models predicted similar distributions for species and genetic clusters. For the two specific genetic clusters of A. clavatus, ecological niche models predicted remarkably different areas. CONCLUSIONS Gene flow between Anacyclus species likely explains phenotypic diversity in contact areas. In addition, we suggest that introgression could be involved in the origin of one of the two A. clavatus genetic clusters, which also showed ecological differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bruno Agudo
- Departamento de Biodiversidad y Conservación, Real Jardín Botánico (RJB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - F Xavier Picó
- Departamento de Ecología y Evolución, Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Sevilla, Spain
| | - Rubén G Mateo
- Departamento de Biología (Botánica), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Cambio Global (CIBC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Arnald Marcer
- CREAF, E 08193, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Catalonia, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E 08193, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Catalonia, Spain
| | - Rubén Torices
- Área de Biodiversidad y Conservación, Departamento de Biología y Geología, Física y Química Inorgánica, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
| | - Inés Álvarez
- Departamento de Biodiversidad y Conservación, Real Jardín Botánico (RJB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
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Sugier P, Rysiak A, Sugier D, Winiarczyk K, Wołkowycki D, Kołos A. Differentiation and Propagation Potential of Arnica montana L. Achenes as a Consequence of the Morphological Diversity of Flowers and the Position of Flower Heads on the Plant. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11243424. [PMID: 36559536 PMCID: PMC9785536 DOI: 10.3390/plants11243424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Arnica montana L. is a very important medicinal plant and simultaneously a European endemic endangered plant species. The morphological features and details of seed development and achene variability are poorly recognized. The aim of this study was to determine the impact of the achene position in the infructescence and the location of the inflorescence on the plant on the (i) morphological characteristics and germination ability of achenes, and (ii) recruitment of seedlings and their biometric features. Infructescences containing fully ripe achenes were randomly collected from A. montana individuals for the measurements and the germination experiment. Scanning electron microscopy, fluorescence microscopy, and light microscopy were used for characterization of flowers and achenes. The morphological traits of achenes and reproductive characteristics of A. montana were determined by the position of the achenes in the infructescence and the location of the inflorescence on the plant. The surface of arnica achenes is equipped with non-glandular and glandular trichomes, which is very rarely presented in species of the family Asteraceae. It is possible that the fluid-containing glandular trichomes are a source of essential oils. The peripherally located achenes were longer, thinner, and lighter. They were characterized by lower embryo weight, lower embryo/achene weight ratio, and lower germination capacity in comparison to the centrally located ones. The results presented in this article fill the gap in the knowledge of the morphology of achenes and the biology of the species, and provide information that can help in breeding programs, active protection, and field cultivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Sugier
- Department of Botany, Mycology and Ecology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, 19 Akademicka Street, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Anna Rysiak
- Department of Botany, Mycology and Ecology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, 19 Akademicka Street, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Danuta Sugier
- Department of Industrial and Medicinal Plants, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 15 Akademicka Street, 20-950 Lublin, Poland
| | - Krystyna Winiarczyk
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, 19 Akademicka Street, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Dan Wołkowycki
- Department of Forest Environment, Institute of Forest Sciences, Bialystok University of Technology, 45E Wiejska Street, 15-351 Białystok, Poland
| | - Aleksander Kołos
- Department of Forest Environment, Institute of Forest Sciences, Bialystok University of Technology, 45E Wiejska Street, 15-351 Białystok, Poland
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Jawhari FZ, Imtara H, El Moussaoui A, Khalis H, Es-Safi I, Al Kamaly O, Saleh A, Parvez MK, Guemmouh R, Bari A. Reproductive Biology of the Two Varieties of Anacyclus pyrethrum L.—Anacyclus pyrethrum var. pyrethrum (L.) Link and Anacyclus pyrethrum var. depressus (Ball.) Maire—An Endemic Endangered Species. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11172299. [PMID: 36079684 PMCID: PMC9459999 DOI: 10.3390/plants11172299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The reproductive system is essential for the structuring and transmission of genetic diversity. Understanding the reproductive biology of threatened endemic species is considered to be a crucial element for the implementation of effective conservation strategies. Given the lack of information and the insufficient state of knowledge on the reproductive system of Anacyclus pyrethrum L., a threatened medicinal species endemic to Morocco, we are the first to study the reproductive biology of two varieties of Anacyclus pyrethrum L.: Anacyclus pyrethrum var. pyrethrum (L.) Link and Anacyclus pyrethrum var. depressus (Ball.) Maire. The reproductive biology of the two varieties was examined in detail by studying the development of the inflorescence, phenology of flowering, breeding system, pollinators, production, and seed dispersal. The experimental results described in this work suggest that Anacyclus pyrethrum L. is a gynomonic species, with a mixed autogamy–allogamy reproductive regime with a high predominance of allogamy. It appears to be partially self-incompatible, with allogamy rates for Anacyclus pyrethrum var. depressus (Ball.) Maire and Anacyclus pyrethrum var. pyrethrum (L.) Link of 78.70% and 79.01%, respectively. It depends on pollination vectors to produce a large number of seeds. This study on the breeding system of Anacyclus pyrethrum L. provides a tool for developing management strategies and adequate conservation measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Zahra Jawhari
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Environment, Agri-Food and Health (LBEAS), Faculty of Sciences, University Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah (USMBA), B.P. 1796, Fez 30003, Morocco
| | - Hamada Imtara
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Arab American University Palestine, Jenin P.O. Box 240, Palestine
| | - Abdelfattah El Moussaoui
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Environment, Agri-Food and Health (LBEAS), Faculty of Sciences, University Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah (USMBA), B.P. 1796, Fez 30003, Morocco
| | - Hind Khalis
- Laboratory of Geodynamics and Natural Resources LGRN, Faculty of Sciences, University of Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdullah, (USMBA), B.P. 1796, Fez 30003, Morocco
| | - Imane Es-Safi
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Environment, Agri-Food and Health (LBEAS), Faculty of Sciences, University Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah (USMBA), B.P. 1796, Fez 30003, Morocco
| | - Omkulthom Al Kamaly
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Asmaa Saleh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Khalid Parvez
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Raja Guemmouh
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Conservation and Valorisation of Natural Resources (LBCVR), Faculty of Sciences, University Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah (USMBA), Fez 30003, Morocco
| | - Amina Bari
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Environment, Agri-Food and Health (LBEAS), Faculty of Sciences, University Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah (USMBA), B.P. 1796, Fez 30003, Morocco
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Guan Y, Chen S, Chen F, Chen F, Jiang Y. Exploring the Relationship between Trichome and Terpene Chemistry in Chrysanthemum. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11111410. [PMID: 35684184 PMCID: PMC9182802 DOI: 10.3390/plants11111410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Chrysanthemum is a popular ornamental plant with a long history of cultivation. Both the leaf and flowerhead of Chrysanthemum are known to produce diverse secondary metabolites, particularly terpenoids. Here we aimed to determine the relationship between terpene chemistry and the trichome traits in Chrysanthemum. In our examination of three cultivars of C. morifilium and three accessions of C. indicum, all plants contained T-shaped trichomes and biseriate peltate glandular trichomes. The biseriate peltate glandular trichome contained two basal cells, two stalk cells, six secondary cells and a subcuticular space, while the non-glandular T-shaped trichome was only composed of stalk cells and elongated cells. Histochemical staining analysis indicated that the biseriate peltate glandular trichome contained terpenoids and lipid oil droplets but not the T-shaped trichome. Next, experiments were performed to determine the relationship between the accumulation and emission of the volatile terpenoids and the density of trichomes on the leaves and flowerheads in all six Chrysanthemum cultivars\accessions. A significant correlation was identified between the monoterpenoid and sesquiterpenoid content and the density of glandular trichomes on the leaves, with the correlation coefficients being 0.88, 0.86 and 0.90, respectively. In contrast, there was no significant correlation between the volatile terpenoid content and the density of T-shaped trichomes on the leaves. In flowerheads, a significant correlation was identified between the emission rate of terpenoids and the number of glandular trichomes on the disc florets, with a correlation coefficient of 0.95. Interestingly, the correlation between the density of glandular trichomes and concentrations of terpenoids was insignificant. In summary, the relationship between trichomes and terpenoid chemistry in Chrysanthemum is clearly established. Such knowledge may be helpful for breeding aromatic Chrysanthemum cultivars by modulating the trichome trait.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqin Guan
- Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (Y.G.); (S.C.); (F.C.)
| | - Sumei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (Y.G.); (S.C.); (F.C.)
| | - Fadi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (Y.G.); (S.C.); (F.C.)
| | - Feng Chen
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA;
| | - Yifan Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (Y.G.); (S.C.); (F.C.)
- Correspondence:
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Characterization of the Phytochemical Composition and Bioactivities of Anacyclus maroccanus Ball. and Anacyclus radiatus Loisel Aerial Parts: Preliminary Evidence for the Possible Development of Moroccan Plants. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27030692. [PMID: 35163958 PMCID: PMC8839974 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27030692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, the phytochemical composition and bioactivities of A. maroccanus (AM) and A. radiatus (AR), two ecotypes collected in the Demnate road and Essaouira regions, respectively, were studied to highlight a pharmacological interest and to enable possible pharmaceutical development. To this end, methanolic and ethyl acetate extracts were prepared for each ecotype by fractionation; next, their phytochemical composition was evaluated by spectrophotometric and chromatographic analysis. Moreover, in line with the available evidence for Anacyclus spp. and their traditional use, a screening of bioactivities, including antioxidant, hypoglycemic, antiglycative, chelating, and antibacterial activities, was performed. The extracts were characterized by high amounts of polyphenols, tannins, and flavonoids, especially in the methanolic extracts; these samples were also enriched in carotenoids despite a lower chlorophyll content. Chlorogenic acid and rutin were the major identified compounds. The extracts also showed interesting hypoglycemic, antiglycative, and antibacterial properties, although with differences in efficacy and potency. Present results provide more scientific basis to the ethnopharmacological uses of Anacyclus spp. and suggest a further interest in AM and AR ecotypes as natural sources of bioactive compounds and/or phytocomplexes for possible pharmaceutical and nutraceutical developments.
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10
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Fernández-Mazuecos M, Vargas P, McCauley RA, Monjas D, Otero A, Chaves JA, Guevara Andino JE, Rivas-Torres G. The Radiation of Darwin’s Giant Daisies in the Galápagos Islands. Curr Biol 2020; 30:4989-4998.e7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Pu Y, Huang H, Wen X, Lu C, Zhang B, Gu X, Qi S, Fan G, Wang W, Dai S. Comprehensive transcriptomic analysis provides new insights into the mechanism of ray floret morphogenesis in chrysanthemum. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:728. [PMID: 33081692 PMCID: PMC7574349 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-07110-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ray floret shapes referred to as petal types on the chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum × morifolium Ramat.) capitulum is extremely abundant, which is one of the most important ornamental traits of chrysanthemum. However, the regulatory mechanisms of different ray floret shapes are still unknown. C. vestitum is a major origin species of cultivated chrysanthemum and has flat, spoon, and tubular type of ray florets which are the three basic petal types of chrysanthemum. Therefore, it is an ideal model material for studying ray floret morphogenesis in chrysanthemum. Here, using morphological, gene expression and transcriptomic analyses of different ray floret types of C. vestitum, we explored the developmental processes and underlying regulatory networks of ray florets. RESULTS The formation of the flat type was due to stagnation of its dorsal petal primordium, while the petal primordium of the tubular type had an intact ring shape. Morphological differences between the two ray floret types occurred during the initial stage with vigorous cell division. Analysis of genes related to flower development showed that CYCLOIDEA genes, including CYC2b, CYC2d, CYC2e, and CYC2f, were differentially expressed in different ray floret types, while the transcriptional levels of others, such as MADS-box genes, were not significantly different. Hormone-related genes, including SMALL AUXIN UPREGULATED RNA (SAUR), GRETCHEN HAGEN3 (GH3), GIBBERELLIN 2-BETA-DIOXYGENASE 1 (GA2OX1) and APETALA2/ETHYLENE RESPONSIVE FACTOR (AP2/ERF), were identified from 1532 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in pairwise comparisons among the flat, spoon, and tubular types, with significantly higher expression in the tubular type than that in the flat type and potential involvement in the morphogenesis of different ray floret types. CONCLUSIONS Our findings, together with the gene interactional relationships reported for Arabidopsis thaliana, suggest that hormone-related genes are highly expressed in the tubular type, promoting petal cell division and leading to the formation of a complete ring of the petal primordium. These results provide novel insights into the morphological variation of ray floret of chrysanthemum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Pu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Education Ministry, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - He Huang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Education Ministry, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xiaohui Wen
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Education Ministry, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Chenfei Lu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Education Ministry, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Bohan Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Education Ministry, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xueqi Gu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Education Ministry, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Shuai Qi
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Education Ministry, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Guangxun Fan
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Education Ministry, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Wenkui Wang
- Fuzhou Planning Design & Research Institute, Fuzhou, 350108, China
| | - Silan Dai
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Education Ministry, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.
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12
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Elomaa P. My favourite flowering image: a capitulum of Asteraceae. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:e6496-e6498. [PMID: 28338732 PMCID: PMC6859721 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Paula Elomaa
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Finland
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13
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Harder LD, Strelin MM, Clocher IC, Kulbaba MW, Aizen MA. The dynamic mosaic phenotypes of flowering plants. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 224:1021-1034. [PMID: 31087328 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Ecological interaction and adaptation both depend on phenotypic characteristics. In contrast with the common conception of the 'adult' phenotype, plant bodies develop continuously during their lives. Furthermore, the different units (metamers) that comprise plant bodies are not identical copies, but vary extensively within individuals. These characteristics foster recognition of plant phenotypes as dynamic mosaics. We elaborate this conception based largely on a wide-ranging review of developmental, ecological and evolutionary studies of plant reproduction, and identify its utility in the analysis of plant form, function and diversification. An expanded phenotypic conception is warranted because dynamic mosaic features affect plant performance and evolve. Evidence demonstrates that dynamic mosaic phenotypes enable functional ontogeny, division of labour, resource and mating efficiency. In addition, dynamic mosaic features differ between individuals and experience phenotypic selection. Investigation of the characteristics and roles of dynamic and mosaic features of plant phenotypes benefits from considering within-individual variation as a function-valued trait that can be analysed with functional data methods. Phenotypic dynamics and within-individual variation arise despite an individual's genetic uniformity, and develop largely by heterogeneous gene expression and associated hormonal control. These characteristics can be heritable, so that dynamic mosaic phenotypes can evolve and diversify by natural selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence D Harder
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Marina M Strelin
- Grupo de Ecología de la Polinización, INIBIOMA, CONICET-Universidad Nacional del Comahue, San Carlos de Bariloche, Río Negro, 8400, Argentina
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Ecología, Ciudad de México, 04510, México
| | - Ilona C Clocher
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Mason W Kulbaba
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Marcelo A Aizen
- Grupo de Ecología de la Polinización, INIBIOMA, CONICET-Universidad Nacional del Comahue, San Carlos de Bariloche, Río Negro, 8400, Argentina
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Presence/absence of a CACTA transposon in the CYC2c gene of two genotypes of Helianthus × multiflorus cv. “Meteor” characterized by a radiate inflorescence with different shape of disk flower corollas. Biologia (Bratisl) 2019. [DOI: 10.2478/s11756-019-00301-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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15
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Cerca J, Agudo AB, Castro S, Afonso A, Alvarez I, Torices R. Fitness benefits and costs of floral advertising traits: insights from rayed and rayless phenotypes of Anacyclus (Asteraceae). AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2019; 106:231-243. [PMID: 30801674 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Ray flowers commonly observed in daisies' flowering heads are a well-known example of advertising structures for enhancing pollinator attraction. Despite this, ray loss has occurred in multiple lineages, which still rely on pollinators, suggesting that rayless phenotypes could also be adaptive for animal-pollination. Here, we investigate the benefits and costs of these specialized floral advertising structures by comparing rayed and rayless phenotypes in two hybridizing closely related species. METHODS We assessed the advantages and costs of ray production in terms of floral visitor's attraction, pollen limitation, and female reproductive success using the broad natural variation on ray size and number at the contact zone of A. clavatus (rayed) and A. valentinus (rayless). In addition, we experimentally explored the effect of rays under controlled neighborhoods and the effect of ray removal on fruit production. KEY RESULTS In sympatry, rayed phenotypes attracted significantly more visitors than rayless plants, in which seed production was pollen limited. However, rayed phenotypes did not show higher fruit set or seed production than rayless phenotypes. Fruit set and seed production benefited from denser neighborhood displays and larger individual floral displays, respectively. The removal of ray florets did not appear to enable resource reallocation to fruit production. CONCLUSIONS Rayless heads compensated their lower visitation rate by means of a higher number of flowers per head achieving similar fecundity levels to rayed plants. The larger size of rayless heads might thus indicate an inflorescence-level trade-off between attraction and fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Cerca
- Centre for Functional Ecology and Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Frontiers in Evolutionary Zoology research group, Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Alicia B Agudo
- Departamento de Biodiversidad y Conservación, Real Jardín Botánico (RJB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sílvia Castro
- Centre for Functional Ecology and Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Afonso
- Centre for Functional Ecology and Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Inés Alvarez
- Departamento de Biodiversidad y Conservación, Real Jardín Botánico (RJB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Rubén Torices
- Centre for Functional Ecology and Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, Estación Experimental de Zonas Áridas (EEZA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Almería, Spain
- Área de Biodiversidad y Conservación, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, E-28933, Móstoles-Madrid, Spain
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16
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Park B, Sinnott-Armstrong M, Schlutius C, Zuluaga JCP, Spriggs EL, Simpson RG, Benavides E, Landis MJ, Sweeney PW, Eaton DAR, Donoghue MJ. Sterile marginal flowers increase visitation and fruit set in the hobblebush (Viburnum lantanoides, Adoxaceae) at multiple spatial scales. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2019; 123:381-390. [PMID: 29982369 PMCID: PMC6344212 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcy117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Enlarged sterile flowers on the periphery of inflorescences increase the attractiveness of floral displays, and previous studies have generally demonstrated that these have positive effects on insect visitation and/or reproductive success. However, experiments have not specifically been designed to examine the benefits of sterile flowers under conditions that reflect the early stages in their evolution, i.e. when plants that produce sterile flowers are at low frequency. METHODS Over three years, three experiments were performed in natural populations of Viburnum lantanoides, which produces sterile marginal flowers (SMFs). The first experiment established that fruit production in V. lantanoides increases with the receipt of outcross pollen. The second tested the role of SMFs under extant conditions, comparing fruit production in two populations composed entirely of intact plants or entirely of plants with the SMFs removed. The third was designed to mimic the presumed context in which SMFs first evolved; here, SMFs were removed from all but a few plants in a population, and rates of insect visitation and fruit set were compared between plants with intact and denuded SMFs. KEY RESULTS In comparing whole populations, the presence of SMFs nearly doubled fruit set. Under simulated 'ancestral' conditions within a population, plants with intact SMFs received double the insect visits and produced significantly more fruits than denuded plants. There was no significant effect of the number of inflorescences or fertile flowers on insect visitation or fruit set, indicating that the presence of SMFs accounted for these differences. CONCLUSIONS The presence of SMFs significantly increased pollinator attraction and female reproductive success both in contemporary and simulated ancestral contexts, indicating that stabilizing selection is responsible for their maintenance, and directional selection likely drove their evolution when they first appeared. This study demonstrates a novel approach to incorporating historically relevant scenarios into experimental studies of floral evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Park
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- For correspondence. E-mail
| | | | - Caroline Schlutius
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | | | - Raymond G Simpson
- Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Edgar Benavides
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Michael J Landis
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Patrick W Sweeney
- Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Deren A R Eaton
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Environment, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michael J Donoghue
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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17
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Fambrini M, Bellanca M, Costa Muñoz M, Usai G, Cavallini A, Pugliesi C. Ligulate inflorescence of Helianthus × multiflorus, cv. Soleil d'Or, correlates with a mis-regulation of a CYCLOIDEA gene characterised by insertion of a transposable element. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2018; 20:956-967. [PMID: 30022587 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Members of CYCLOIDEA (CYC)/TEOSINTE BRANCHED1 (TB1) transcription factor family are essential to control flower symmetry and inflorescence architecture. In the Helianthus annuus genome, ten CYC/TB1 genes have been identified. Studies performed on mutants recognised HaCYC2c as one of the key players controlling zygomorphism in sunflower. We identified CYC2c genes in the diploid Helianthus decapetalus (HdCYC2c) and in the interspecific hybrid Helianthus × multiflorus (H × mCYC2cA and H × mCYC2cB), a triploid (2n = 3× = 51), originated from unreduced eggs of H. decapetalus fertilised by reduced H. annuus male gametes. Phylogenetic analysis showed that HdCYC2c and H × mCYC2c were placed within a CYC2 subclade together with HaCYC2c but distinct from it. The present data showed that in H. × multiflorus the allele derived from H. annuus is deleted or highly modified. The H. × multiflorus taxon exists as radiate and ligulate inflorescence types. We analysed CYC2c expression in H. decapetalus and in the cultivar 'Soleil d'Or' of H. × multiflorus, a ligulate inflorescence type with actinomorphic corolla of disk flowers transformed into a zygomorphic ray-like corolla. In H. decapetalus, the HdCYC2c gene showed differential expression between developing flower types, being up-regulated in the corolla of ray flowers in comparison to the disk flower corolla. In H. × multiflorus, an insertion of 865 bp, which is part of a CACTA transposable element, was found in the 5'-untranslated region (5'-UTR) of H × mCYC2cB. This insertion could promote, even with epigenetic mechanisms, ectopic expression of the gene throughout the inflorescence, resulting in the observed loss of actinomorphy and originating a ligulate head.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Fambrini
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - M Bellanca
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - M Costa Muñoz
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - G Usai
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - A Cavallini
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - C Pugliesi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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18
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Sauquet H, Magallón S. Key questions and challenges in angiosperm macroevolution. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 219:1170-1187. [PMID: 29577323 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Contents Summary 1170 I. Introduction 1170 II. Six key questions 1172 III. Three key challenges 1177 IV. Conclusions 1181 Acknowledgements 1182 References 1183 SUMMARY: The origin and rapid diversification of angiosperms (flowering plants) represent one of the most intriguing topics in evolutionary biology. Despite considerable progress made in complementary fields over the last two decades (paleobotany, phylogenetics, ecology, evo-devo, genomics), many important questions remain. For instance, what has been the impact of mass extinctions on angiosperm diversification? Are the angiosperms an adaptive radiation? Has morphological evolution in angiosperms been gradual or pulsed? We propose that the recent and ongoing revolution in macroevolutionary methods provides an unprecedented opportunity to explore long-standing questions that probably hold important clues to understand present-day biodiversity. We present six key questions that explore the origin and diversification of angiosperms. We also identify three key challenges to address these questions: (1) the development of new integrative models that include diversification, multiple intrinsic and environmental traits, biogeography and the fossil record all at once, whilst accounting for sampling bias and heterogeneity of macroevolutionary processes through time and among lineages; (2) the need for large and standardized synthetic databases of morphological variation; and (3) continuous effort on sampling the fossil record, but with a revolution in current paleobotanical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hervé Sauquet
- National Herbarium of New South Wales (NSW), Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain Trust, Sydney, NSW, 2000, Australia
- Laboratoire Écologie, Systématique, Évolution, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS, UMR 8079, Orsay, 91405, France
| | - Susana Magallón
- Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, México City, 04510, México
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Chen QB, Gao J, Zou GA, Xin XL, Aisa HA. Piperidine Alkaloids with Diverse Skeletons from Anacyclus pyrethrum. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2018; 81:1474-1482. [PMID: 29775308 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.8b00239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Fifteen new piperidine derivatives, pyracyclumines A-J (1-10), including five pairs of enantiomers, (+)-1/(-)-1 to (+)-5/(-)-5, together with three known compounds, agrocybenine (11), 4,6,6-trimethyl-5,6-dihydro-2(1 H)-pyridone (12), and 3,5,5-trimethyl-1,5-dihydro-2 H-pyrrol-2-one (13), were isolated from the roots of Anacyclus pyrethrum. Pyracyclumines A, B, and H (1, 2, and 8) possess a novel 6/5/6/6 dimeric piperidine skeleton, a unique 6/5/6 dimeric piperidine skeleton, and a 1,4,6-triazaindan skeleton, respectively. Pyracyclumine C (3) is based on a rare cyclopentane-piperidine framework. The structures of the isolated compounds were established by analysis of their NMR and HRESIMS data. The racemic pyracyclumines A-E (1-5) were further separated by chiral HPLC to give the enantiomers (+)-1/(-)-1 to (+)-5/(-)-5, for which the absolute configurations were determined by comparison of their experimental and calculated ECD spectra. The plausible biogenetic pathways of these piperidine alkaloids were proposed starting from the basic units of compounds 12 and 13. All of the isolated compounds were tested for their inhibitory effects on menin-mixed lineage leukemia 1 protein-protein interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Bin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Chemistry in Arid Zone and State Key Laboratory Basis of Xinjiang Indigenous Medicinal Plants Resource Utilization, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Urumqi 830011 , People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Gao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Chemistry in Arid Zone and State Key Laboratory Basis of Xinjiang Indigenous Medicinal Plants Resource Utilization, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Urumqi 830011 , People's Republic of China
| | - Guo-An Zou
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Chemistry in Arid Zone and State Key Laboratory Basis of Xinjiang Indigenous Medicinal Plants Resource Utilization, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Urumqi 830011 , People's Republic of China
| | - Xue-Lei Xin
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Chemistry in Arid Zone and State Key Laboratory Basis of Xinjiang Indigenous Medicinal Plants Resource Utilization, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Urumqi 830011 , People's Republic of China
| | - Haji Akber Aisa
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Chemistry in Arid Zone and State Key Laboratory Basis of Xinjiang Indigenous Medicinal Plants Resource Utilization, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Urumqi 830011 , People's Republic of China
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20
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Claßen-Bockhoff R, Arndt M. Flower-like heads from flower-like meristems: pseudanthium development in Davidia involucrata (Nyssaceae). JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2018; 131:443-458. [PMID: 29569169 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-018-1029-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Flower-like inflorescences (pseudanthia) have fascinated botanists for a long time. They are explained as condensed inflorescences implying that the pseudanthium develops from an inflorescence meristem (IM). However, recent developmental studies identified a new form of reproductive meristem, the floral unit meristem (FUM). It differs from IMs by lacking acropetal growth and shares fractionation, expansion and autonomous space filling with flower meristems (FM). The similarity among FUMs and FMs raises the question how far flower-like heads originate from flower-like meristems. In the present paper, pseudanthium development in Davidia involucrata is investigated using scanning electron microscopy. D. involucrata has pincushion-shaped heads composed of densely aggregated, perianthless flowers and associated with two large showy bracts. Early developmental stages show a huge naked FUM. The FMs appear almost simultaneously and lack subtending bracts. With ongoing FUM expansion new space is generated which is immediately used by further FM fractionation. The heads have only staminate flowers or are andromonoecious with staminate and a single perfect flower in oblique position. All FMs lack perianth structures and fractionate a variable number of stamen primordia. The perfect FM is much larger than the staminate FMs and forms a syncarpous gynoecium with inferior ovary. Pseudanthium development in D. involucrata confirms the morphogenetic similarity to FMs as to acropetal growth limitation, meristem expansion and fractionation. It thus should not be interpreted as a condensed inflorescence, but as a flower equivalent. Furthermore as the FUM develops inside a bud, its development is considered to be influenced by mechanical pressure. The oblique position of the perfect flower, the developmental delay of the proximal flowers, and the variable number of stamens which were observed in the pseudanthium development, can be caused by mechanical pressure. Next to the Asteraceae, D. involucrata offers a further example of a pseudanthium originating from a FUM. More knowledge on FUMs is still needed to understand diversification and evolution of flower-like inflorescences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regine Claßen-Bockhoff
- Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution (iomE), Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Anselm Franz von Bentzel-Weg 2, 55099, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Melanie Arndt
- Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution (iomE), Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Anselm Franz von Bentzel-Weg 2, 55099, Mainz, Germany
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Naghiloo S, Claßen-Bockhoff R. Understanding the unique flowering sequence in Dipsacus fullonum: Evidence from geometrical changes during head development. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0174091. [PMID: 28328952 PMCID: PMC5362205 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Dipsacus is characterized by a remarkable bidirectional flowering sequence and a rare phyllotactic pattern. Considering that flower initiation and flowering sequence may be interconnected, we document the development of the head meristem in Dipsacus fullonum. Our results indicate a gradual change in the geometry of the head meristem beginning with a dome shaped stage, continuing with a remarkable widening in the middle part of the head meristem and ending in a spindle-like form. Quantitative data confirm that meristem expansion is higher in the middle part than at the base of the meristem. Likewise, the size of the flower primordia in the middle part of the young head is significantly larger than at the base soon after initiation. We conclude that the change in the geometry of the meristem and the availability of newly generated space result in the promotion of the middle flowers and the bidirectional flowering sequence at anthesis. Our investigation on phyllotactic patterns reveals a high tendency (30%) of the head meristem to insert or lose parastichies. This finding can also be attributed to changes in the expansion rate of the meristem. Dependent on the spatio-temporal relation between meristem expansion and primordia initiation, either flower primordia are promoted or additional parastichies appear. Our results emphasize the important role of geometry in flower development and phyllotactic pattern formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somayeh Naghiloo
- Instituts für Organismische und Molekulare Evolutionsbiologie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Mainz, Germany
| | - Regine Claßen-Bockhoff
- Instituts für Organismische und Molekulare Evolutionsbiologie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Mainz, Germany
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Ibañez MS, Mercado MI, Coll Aráoz MV, Zannier ML, Grau A, Ponessa GI. Flower structure and developmental stages of the capitulum of Smallanthus sonchifolius (Asteraceae): reproductive implications. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2017; 130:327-337. [PMID: 28083783 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-017-0904-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius, Asteraceae) is an ancient andean crop that has numerous dietary and medicinal properties. Morphological and anatomical features and developmental changes of the capitulum were studied. A ray floret is a pistillate, female flower, while a disc floret is a staminate male flower, and the former opens before the latter, being pseudanthium protogynous. The capitulum presents interesting attributes for pollinators such as flower structure, nectaries and pollenkitt. Gynoecial nectaries were found on undeveloped ovary in the disc floret, but not in the ray floret. Glandular trichomes were observed on the abaxial epidermis of corolla in the ray floret, but not in the disc floret. Capitulum development was divided into eight stages. Stigma receptivity varied with these stages. Pollen viability was low (15%). In accordance with low viability, pollen grains exhibit diverse sizes and shapes, reduction in length of spines, and abnormal protoplasm. Examination of ovary development in the ray floret showed that a mature ovule was formed, but fertilization did not occur. In advanced developmental stages, the capitulum showed proliferation of the endothelium, degeneration of the embryo sac, and all harvested cypselae had aborted seeds. Problems found in pollen viability and aborted cypselae could be the result of a history of vegetative propagation in the domestication process.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Ibañez
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Instituto de Ecología Regional (IER), Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, C.C. 34, 4107, Yerba Buena, Tucumán, Argentina.
- Inta Balcarce, Ruta 226Km 73.5, ZIP 7620, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - M I Mercado
- Instituto de Morfología Vegetal, Fundación Miguel Lillo, Miguel Lillo 251, T4000INI, San Miguel de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - M V Coll Aráoz
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- PROIMI-Biotecnología CONICET, Av. Belgrano y Pasaje Caseros, T4001MBV, San Miguel de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina
- Cátedra de Biología Vegetal, Facultad Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo, UNT, Miguel Lillo 251, T4000INI, San Miguel de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - M L Zannier
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Instituto de Ecología Regional (IER), Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, C.C. 34, 4107, Yerba Buena, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - A Grau
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Instituto de Ecología Regional (IER), Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, C.C. 34, 4107, Yerba Buena, Tucumán, Argentina
- Cátedra de Biología Vegetal, Facultad Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo, UNT, Miguel Lillo 251, T4000INI, San Miguel de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - G I Ponessa
- Instituto de Morfología Vegetal, Fundación Miguel Lillo, Miguel Lillo 251, T4000INI, San Miguel de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina
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Bello MA, Ruiz-León Y, Sandoval-Sierra JV, Rezinciuc S, Diéguez-Uribeondo J. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) Protocols for Problematic Plant, Oomycete, and Fungal Samples. J Vis Exp 2017. [PMID: 28190042 DOI: 10.3791/55031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Common problems in the processing of biological samples for observations with the scanning electron microscope (SEM) include cell collapse, treatment of samples from wet microenvironments and cell destruction. Using young floral tissues, oomycete cysts, and fungi spores (Agaricales) as examples, specific protocols to process delicate samples are described here that overcome some of the main challenges in sample treatment for image capture under the SEM. Floral meristems fixed with FAA (Formalin-Acetic-Alcohol) and processed with the Critical Point Dryer (CPD) did not display collapsed cellular walls or distorted organs. These results are crucial for the reconstruction of floral development. A similar CPD-based treatment of samples from wet microenvironments, such as the glutaraldehyde-fixed oomycete cysts, is optimal to test the differential growth of diagnostic characteristics (e.g., the cyst spines) on different types of substrates. Destruction of nurse cells attached to fungi spores was avoided after rehydration, dehydration, and the CPD treatment, an important step for further functional studies of these cells. The protocols detailed here represent low-cost and rapid alternatives for the acquisition of good-quality images to reconstruct growth processes and to study diagnostic characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Angélica Bello
- Biodiversity and Conservation Department, Real Jardín Botánico, CSIC;
| | | | | | - Svetlana Rezinciuc
- Division of Glycoscience, AlbaNova University Center, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH)
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24
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Gruenstaeudl M, Carstens BC, Santos-Guerra A, Jansen RK. Statistical hybrid detection and the inference of ancestral distribution areas in Tolpis (Asteraceae). Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blw014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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25
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Bello MA, Cubas P, Álvarez I, Sanjuanbenito G, Fuertes-Aguilar J. Evolution and Expression Patterns of CYC/TB1 Genes in Anacyclus: Phylogenetic Insights for Floral Symmetry Genes in Asteraceae. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:589. [PMID: 28487706 PMCID: PMC5403951 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Homologs of the CYC/TB1 gene family have been independently recruited many times across the eudicots to control aspects of floral symmetry The family Asteraceae exhibits the largest known diversification in this gene paralog family accompanied by a parallel morphological floral richness in its specialized head-like inflorescence. In Asteraceae, whether or not CYC/TB1 gene floral symmetry function is preserved along organismic and gene lineages is unknown. In this study, we used phylogenetic, structural and expression analyses focused on the highly derived genus Anacyclus (tribe Anthemidae) to address this question. Phylogenetic reconstruction recovered eight main gene lineages present in Asteraceae: two from CYC1, four from CYC2 and two from CYC3-like genes. The species phylogeny was recovered in most of the gene lineages, allowing the delimitation of orthologous sets of CYC/TB1 genes in Asteraceae. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis indicated that in Anacyclus three of the four isolated CYC2 genes are more highly expressed in ray flowers. The expression of the four AcCYC2 genes overlaps in several organs including the ligule of ray flowers, as well as in anthers and ovules throughout development.
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Affiliation(s)
- María A. Bello
- Plant Evolutionary Biology Group, Real Jardín Botánico (CSIC)Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Cubas
- Department of Plant Molecular Genetics, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, CSIC-Universidad Autónoma de MadridMadrid, Spain
| | - Inés Álvarez
- Plant Evolutionary Biology Group, Real Jardín Botánico (CSIC)Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Javier Fuertes-Aguilar
- Plant Evolutionary Biology Group, Real Jardín Botánico (CSIC)Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Javier Fuertes-Aguilar
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26
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Katinas L, Hernández MP, Arambarri AM, Funk VA. The origin of the bifurcating style in Asteraceae (Compositae). ANNALS OF BOTANY 2016; 117:1009-21. [PMID: 27098086 PMCID: PMC4866318 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcw033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The plant family Asteraceae (Compositae) exhibits remarkable morphological variation in the styles of its members. Lack of studies on the styles of the sister families to Asteraceae, Goodeniaceae and Calyceraceae, obscures our understanding of the origin and evolution of this reproductive feature in these groups. The aim of this work was to perform a comparative study of style morphology and to discuss the relevance of important features in the evolution of Asteraceae and its sister families. METHODS The histochemistry, venation and general morphology of the styles of members of Goodeniaceae, Calyceraceae and early branching lineages of Asteraceae were analysed and put in a phylogenetic framework to discuss the relevance of style features in the evolution of these families. KEY RESULTS The location of lipophilic substances allowed differentiation of receptive from non-receptive style papillae, and the style venation in Goodeniaceae and Calyceraceae proved to be distinctive. There were several stages of style evolution from Goodeniaceae to Asteraceae involving connation and elongation of veins, development of bilobation from an initially cup-shaped style, and a redistribution of the receptive and non-receptive papillae. CONCLUSIONS These developments resulted in bifurcation in the styles of Asteraceae, with each branch face having a different function, and it is suggested here as a mechanism that promoted outcrossing, which in turn led to the great diversification in the family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Katinas
- División Plantas Vasculares, Museo de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina Laboratorio de Morfología Comparada de Espermatófitas (LAMCE), Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Marcelo P Hernández
- Laboratorio de Morfología Comparada de Espermatófitas (LAMCE), Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Ana M Arambarri
- Laboratorio de Morfología Comparada de Espermatófitas (LAMCE), Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Vicki A Funk
- Department of Botany, NMNH, Smithsonian Institution, Washington D.C., USA
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Jerominek M, Bull-Hereñu K, Arndt M, Claßen-Bockhoff R. Live imaging of developmental processes in a living meristem of Davidia involucrata (Nyssaceae). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:613. [PMID: 25431576 PMCID: PMC4230046 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Morphogenesis in plants is usually reconstructed by scanning electron microscopy and histology of meristematic structures. These techniques are destructive and require many samples to obtain a consecutive series of states. Unfortunately, using this methodology the absolute timing of growth and complete relative initiation of organs remain obscure. To overcome this limitation, an in vivo observational method based on Epi-Illumination Light Microscopy (ELM) was developed and tested with a male inflorescence meristem (floral unit) of the handkerchief tree Davidia involucrata Baill. (Nyssaceae). We asked whether the most basal flowers of this floral unit arise in a basipetal sequence or, alternatively, are delayed in their development. The growing meristem was observed for 30 days, the longest live observation of a meristem achieved to date. The sequence of primordium initiation indicates a later initiation of the most basal flowers and not earlier or simultaneously as SEM images could suggest. D. involucrata exemplarily shows that live-ELM gives new insights into developmental processes of plants. In addition to morphogenetic questions such as the transition from vegetative to reproductive meristems or the absolute timing of ontogenetic processes, this method may also help to quantify cellular growth processes in the context of molecular physiology and developmental genetics studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Jerominek
- Institut für Spezielle Botanik, Johannes Gutenberg-UniversitätMainz, Germany
| | - Kester Bull-Hereñu
- Escuela de Pedagogía en Biología y Ciencias, Universidad Central de ChileSantiago de Chile, Chile
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Melanie Arndt
- Institut für Spezielle Botanik, Johannes Gutenberg-UniversitätMainz, Germany
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Afonso A, Castro S, Loureiro J, Mota L, Cerca de Oliveira J, Torices R. The effects of achene type and germination time on plant performance in the heterocarpic Anacyclus clavatus (Asteraceae). AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2014; 101:892-898. [PMID: 24808542 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1400030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED • PREMISE OF THE STUDY In heterocarpy, fruits with different morphologies have been associated with alternative strategies of dispersal, germination, dormancy, and seedling competitive ability. In heterocarpic species, it is common to find fruits with competitive or dispersal syndromes. The competitive advantage of nondispersing fruits has been frequently attributed to their larger size, but recent studies have suggested that this could also be mediated by germination time. The main objective of our study was to investigate which factor, fruit type or germination time, most affects plant performance and, consequently, competitive ability, using the heterocarpic species Anacyclus clavatus• METHODS To explore the effects of achene type and germination time on plant performance, we followed an innovative experimental approach including two experiments: one allowing for differences in germination time, and the other evaluating the effect of achene type alone by synchronizing germination time.• KEY RESULTS A significant effect of germination time on several postdispersal life-history traits was observed: Achenes that germinated earlier produced plants with higher biomass and reproductive effort. When germination time was controlled, no significant differences were observed in any of the traits.• CONCLUSIONS The competitive advantage of achenes with different morphologies was mainly mediated by germination time and not by differences in size or other intrinsic traits. The consequences of these results are discussed in light of the dispersal-competition trade-off. Our experimental approach (i.e., the synchronization of germination time) revealed the importance of manipulative experiments for testing the effects of germination time on plant survival and performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Afonso
- Centre for Functional Ecology and Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3001-401 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sílvia Castro
- Centre for Functional Ecology and Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3001-401 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João Loureiro
- Centre for Functional Ecology and Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3001-401 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Lucie Mota
- Centre for Functional Ecology and Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3001-401 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - José Cerca de Oliveira
- Centre for Functional Ecology and Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3001-401 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rubén Torices
- Centre for Functional Ecology and Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3001-401 Coimbra, Portugal
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29
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Agudo A, Picó FX, Álvarez I. Microsatellite primers in the weedy annual herb Anacyclus clavatus (Asteraceae) and four closely related species. APPLICATIONS IN PLANT SCIENCES 2013; 1:apps1300043. [PMID: 25202498 PMCID: PMC4103460 DOI: 10.3732/apps.1300043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Nuclear microsatellite primers were developed for the weedy herb Anacyclus clavatus to study the genetic structure of hybrid zones with closely related taxa in the western Mediterranean Basin, where different floral phenotypes are present. • METHODS AND RESULTS We obtained two microsatellite libraries using next-generation sequencing and Sanger sequencing of cloned restriction fragments. A total of 13 polymorphic and 11 monomorphic loci were identified in three Iberian populations of A. clavatus. The primers amplified di- and trinucleotide repeats with 1-8 alleles per locus. Most primers also amplified in A. homogamos, A. monanthos, A. radiatus, and A. valentinus. • CONCLUSIONS These results indicate the utility of these markers in A. clavatus for population genetic and hybridization studies as well as their applicability across the genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Agudo
- Departamento de Biodiversidad y Conservación, Real Jardín Botánico (RJB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Plaza de Murillo 2, 28014 Madrid, Spain
| | - F. Xavier Picó
- Departamento de Ecología Integrativa, Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avenida Américo Vespucio s/n, 41092 Seville, Spain
| | - Inés Álvarez
- Departamento de Biodiversidad y Conservación, Real Jardín Botánico (RJB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Plaza de Murillo 2, 28014 Madrid, Spain
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30
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Kirchoff BK, Claßen-Bockhoff R. Inflorescences: concepts, function, development and evolution. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2013; 112:1471-6. [PMID: 24383103 PMCID: PMC3828949 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mct267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflorescences are complex structures with many functions. At anthesis they present the flowers in ways that allow for the transfer of pollen and optimization of the plant's reproductive success. During flower and fruit development they provide nutrients to the developing flowers and fruits. At fruit maturity they support the fruits prior to dispersal, and facilitate effective fruit and seed dispersal. From a structural point of view, inflorescences have played important roles in systematic and phylogenetic studies. As functional units they facilitate reproduction, and are largely shaped by natural selection. SCOPE The papers in this Special Issue bridge the gap between structural and functional approaches to inflorescence evolution. They include a literature review of inflorescence function, an experimental study of inflorescences as essential contributors to the display of flowers, and two papers that present new methods and concepts for understanding inflorescence diversity and for dealing with terminological problems. The transient model of inflorescence development is evaluated in an ontogenetic study, and partially supported. Four papers present morphological and ontogenetic studies of inflorescence development in monophyletic groups, and two of these evaluate the usefulness of Hofmeister's Rule and inhibitory fields to predict inflorescence structure. In the final two papers, Bayesian and Monte-Carlo methods are used to elucidate inflorescence evolution in the Panicoid grasses, and a candidate gene approach is used in an attempt to understand the evolutionary genetics of inflorescence evolution in the genus Cornus (Cornaceae). Taken as a whole, the papers in this issue provide a glimpse of contemporary approaches to the study of the structure, development, and evolution of inflorescences, and suggest fruitful new directions for research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce K. Kirchoff
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27402-6170, USA
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