1
|
Melton AE, Novak SJ, Buerki S. Utilizing a comparative approach to assess genome evolution during diploidization in Artemisia tridentata, a keystone species of western North America. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2024:e16353. [PMID: 38826031 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.16353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
PREMISE Polyploidization is often followed by diploidization. Diploidization is generally studied using synthetic polyploid lines and/or crop plants, but rarely using extant diploids or nonmodel plants such as Artemisia tridentata. This threatened western North American keystone species has a large genome compared to congeneric Artemisia species; dominated by diploid and tetraploid cytotypes, with multiple origins of tetraploids with genome size reduction. METHODS The genome of an A. tridentata sample was resequenced to study genome evolution and compared to that of A. annua, a diploid congener. Three diploid genomes of A. tridentata were compared to test for multiple diploidization events. RESULTS The A. tridentata genome had many chromosomal rearrangements relative to that of A. annua, while large-scale synteny of A. tridentata chromosome 3 and A. annua chromosome 4 was conserved. The three A. tridentata genomes had similar sizes (4.19-4.2 Gbp), heterozygosity (2.24-2.25%), and sequence (98.73-99.15% similarity) across scaffolds, and in k-mer analyses, similar patterns of diploid heterozygous k-mers (AB = 41%, 47%, and 47%), triploid heterozygous k-mers (AAB = 18-21%), and tetraploid k-mers (AABB = 13-17%). Biallelic SNPs were evenly distributed across scaffolds for all individuals. Comparisons of transposable element (TE) content revealed differential enrichment of TE clades. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest population-level TE differentiation after a shared polyploidization-to-diploidization event(s) and exemplify the complex processes of genome evolution. This research approached provides new resources for exploration of abiotic stress response, especially the roles of TEs in response pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony E Melton
- Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University, Boise, 83725, ID, USA
| | - Stephen J Novak
- Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University, Boise, 83725, ID, USA
| | - Sven Buerki
- Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University, Boise, 83725, ID, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hrabovský M, Kubalová S, Mičieta K, Ščevková J. Environmental impacts on intraspecific variation in Ambrosia artemisiifolia genome size in Slovakia, Central Europe. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:33960-33974. [PMID: 38693457 PMCID: PMC11136817 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33410-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
The quantity of DNA in angiosperms exhibits variation attributed to many external influences, such as environmental factors, geographical features, or stress factors, which exert constant selection pressure on organisms. Since invasive species possess adaptive capabilities to acclimate to novel environmental conditions, ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.) was chosen as a subject for investigating their influence on genome size variation. Slovakia has diverse climatic conditions, suitable for testing the hypothesis that air temperature and precipitation, the main limiting factors of ragweed occurrence, would also have an impact on its genome size. Our results using flow cytometry confirmed this hypothesis and also found a significant association with geographical features such as latitude, altitude, and longitude. We can conclude that plants growing in colder environments farther from oceanic influences exhibit smaller DNA amounts, while optimal growth conditions result in a greater variability in genome size, reflecting the diminished effect of selection pressure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michal Hrabovský
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Révová 39, 811 02, Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Silvia Kubalová
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Révová 39, 811 02, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Karol Mičieta
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Révová 39, 811 02, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jana Ščevková
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Révová 39, 811 02, Bratislava, Slovakia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Konečná V, Šustr M, Požárová D, Čertner M, Krejčová A, Tylová E, Kolář F. Genomic basis and phenotypic manifestation of (non-)parallel serpentine adaptation in Arabidopsis arenosa. Evolution 2022; 76:2315-2331. [PMID: 35950324 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Parallel evolution is common in nature and provides one of the most compelling examples of rapid environmental adaptation. In contrast to the recent burst of studies addressing genomic basis of parallel evolution, integrative studies linking genomic and phenotypic parallelism are scarce. Edaphic islands of toxic serpentine soils provide ideal systems for studying rapid parallel adaptation in plants, imposing strong, spatially replicated selection on recently diverged populations. We leveraged threefold independent serpentine adaptation of Arabidopsis arenosa and combined reciprocal transplants, ion uptake phenotyping, and available genome-wide polymorphisms to test if parallelism is manifested to a similar extent at both genomic and phenotypic levels. We found pervasive phenotypic parallelism in functional traits yet with varying magnitude of fitness differences that was congruent with neutral genetic differentiation between populations. Limited costs of serpentine adaptation suggest absence of soil-driven trade-offs. On the other hand, the genomic parallelism at the gene level was significant, although relatively minor. Therefore, the similarly modified phenotypes, for example, of ion uptake arose possibly by selection on different loci in similar functional pathways. In summary, we bring evidence for the important role of genetic redundancy in rapid adaptation involving traits with polygenic architecture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Konečná
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, 128 00, Czech Republic.,Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Průhonice, 252 43, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Šustr
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, 128 00, Czech Republic
| | - Doubravka Požárová
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, 128 00, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Čertner
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, 128 00, Czech Republic.,Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Průhonice, 252 43, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Krejčová
- Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Pardubice, 532 10, Czech Republic
| | - Edita Tylová
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, 128 00, Czech Republic
| | - Filip Kolář
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, 128 00, Czech Republic.,Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Průhonice, 252 43, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Terlević A, Bogdanović S, Frajman B, Rešetnik I. Genome Size Variation in Dianthus sylvestris Wulfen sensu lato (Caryophyllaceae). PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:1481. [PMID: 35684254 PMCID: PMC9183063 DOI: 10.3390/plants11111481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Genome size (GS) is an important characteristic that may be helpful in delimitation of taxa, and multiple studies have shown correlations between intraspecific GS variation and morphological or environmental factors, as well as its geographical segregation. We estimated a relative GS (RGS) of 707 individuals from 162 populations of Dianthus sylvestris with a geographic focus on the Balkan Peninsula, but also including several populations from the European Alps. Dianthus sylvestris is morphologically variable species thriving in various habitats and six subspecies have been recognized from the Balkan Peninsula. Our RGS data backed-up with chromosome counts revealed that the majority of populations were diploid (2n = 30), but ten tetraploid populations have been recorded in D. sylvestris subsp. sylvestris from Istria (Croatia, Italy). Their monoploid RGS is significantly lower than that of the diploids, indicating genome downsizing. In addition, the tetraploids significantly differ from their diploid counterparts in an array of morphological and environmental characteristics. Within the diploid populations, the RGS is geographically and only partly taxonomically correlated, with the highest RGS inferred in the southern Balkan Peninsula and the Alps. We demonstrate greater RGS variation among the Balkan populations compared to the Alps, which is likely a result of more pronounced evolutionary differentiation within the Balkan Peninsula. In addition, a deep RGS divergence within the Alps likely points to persistence of the alpine populations in different Pleistocene refugia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Terlević
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Trg Marka Marulića 20/II, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Sandro Bogdanović
- Department of Agricultural Botany, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb Svetošimunska cesta 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
- Centre of Excellence for Biodiversity and Molecular Plant Breeding, Svetošimunska cesta 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Božo Frajman
- Department of Botany, Institute of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestraße 15, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria;
| | - Ivana Rešetnik
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Trg Marka Marulića 20/II, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Huang S, Stoof-Leichsenring KR, Liu S, Courtin J, Andreev AA, Pestryakova LA, Herzschuh U. Plant Sedimentary Ancient DNA From Far East Russia Covering the Last 28,000 Years Reveals Different Assembly Rules in Cold and Warm Climates. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.763747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Woody plants are expanding into the Arctic in response to the warming climate. The impact on arctic plant communities is not well understood due to the limited knowledge about plant assembly rules. Records of past plant diversity over long time series are rare. Here, we applied sedimentary ancient DNA metabarcoding targeting the P6 loop of the chloroplast trnL gene to a sediment record from Lake Ilirney (central Chukotka, Far Eastern Russia) covering the last 28 thousand years. Our results show that forb-rich steppe-tundra and dwarf-shrub tundra dominated during the cold climate before 14 ka, while deciduous erect-shrub tundra was abundant during the warm period since 14 ka. Larix invasion during the late Holocene substantially lagged behind the likely warmest period between 10 and 6 ka, where the vegetation biomass could be highest. We reveal highest richness during 28–23 ka and a second richness peak during 13–9 ka, with both periods being accompanied by low relative abundance of shrubs. During the cold period before 14 ka, rich plant assemblages were phylogenetically clustered, suggesting low genetic divergence in the assemblages despite the great number of species. This probably originates from environmental filtering along with niche differentiation due to limited resources under harsh environmental conditions. In contrast, during the warmer period after 14 ka, rich plant assemblages were phylogenetically overdispersed. This results from a high number of species which were found to harbor high genetic divergence, likely originating from an erratic recruitment process in the course of warming. Some of our evidence may be of relevance for inferring future arctic plant assembly rules and diversity changes. By analogy to the past, we expect a lagged response of tree invasion. Plant richness might overshoot in the short term; in the long-term, however, the ongoing expansion of deciduous shrubs will eventually result in a phylogenetically more diverse community.
Collapse
|
6
|
Koch MA, Möbus J, Klöcker CA, Lippert S, Ruppert L, Kiefer C. The Quaternary evolutionary history of Bristol rock cress (Arabis scabra, Brassicaceae), a Mediterranean element with an outpost in the north-western Atlantic region. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2020; 126:103-118. [PMID: 32211750 PMCID: PMC7304472 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcaa053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Bristol rock cress is among the few plant species in the British Isles considered to have a Mediterranean-montane element. Spatiotemporal patterns of colonization of the British Isles since the last interglacial and after the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) from mainland Europe are underexplored and have not yet included such floristic elements. Here we shed light on the evolutionary history of a relic and outpost metapopulation of Bristol rock cress in the south-western UK. METHODS Amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs) were used to identify distinct gene pools. Plastome assembly and respective phylogenetic analysis revealed the temporal context. Herbarium material was largely used to exemplify the value of collections to obtain a representative sampling covering the entire distribution range. KEY RESULTS The AFLPs recognized two distinct gene pools, with the Iberian Peninsula as the primary centre of genetic diversity and the origin of lineages expanding before and after the LGM towards mountain areas in France and Switzerland. No present-day lineages are older than 51 ky, which is in sharp contrast to the species stem group age of nearly 2 My, indicating severe extinction and bottlenecks throughout the Pleistocene. The British Isles were colonized after the LGM and feature high genetic diversity. CONCLUSIONS The short-lived perennial herb Arabis scabra, which is restricted to limestone, has expanded its distribution range after the LGM, following corridors within an open landscape, and may have reached the British Isles via the desiccated Celtic Sea at about 16 kya. This study may shed light on the origin of other rare and peculiar species co-occurring in limestone regions in the south-western British Isles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcus A Koch
- Department of Biodiversity and Plant Systematics, Centre for Organismal Studies (COS) Heidelberg, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 345, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Johanna Möbus
- Department of Biodiversity and Plant Systematics, Centre for Organismal Studies (COS) Heidelberg, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 345, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Clara A Klöcker
- Department of Biodiversity and Plant Systematics, Centre for Organismal Studies (COS) Heidelberg, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 345, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stephanie Lippert
- Department of Biodiversity and Plant Systematics, Centre for Organismal Studies (COS) Heidelberg, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 345, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Laura Ruppert
- Department of Biodiversity and Plant Systematics, Centre for Organismal Studies (COS) Heidelberg, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 345, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christiane Kiefer
- Department of Biodiversity and Plant Systematics, Centre for Organismal Studies (COS) Heidelberg, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 345, Heidelberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Sadílek D, Urfus T, Vilímová J. Genome Size and Sex Chromosome Variability of Bed Bugs Feeding on Animal Hosts Compared to Cimex lectularius Parasitizing Human (Heteroptera: Cimicidae). Cytometry A 2019; 95:1158-1166. [PMID: 31603621 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.23905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Genome size and chromosome number of five Cimicidae species were compared with the similar data recently received from Cimex lectularius parasitizing human. The average nuclear DNA content (males) was 2C = 1.47 pg in C. hemipterus, 2C = 1.61 pg in C. hirundinis, 2C = 1.80 pg in C. lectularius from bats, 2C = 1.68 pg in C. pipistrelli, and 2C = 1.22 pg in Paracimex cf. chaeturus. In the genomes of all cimicid species analyzed, the average GC content ranged from 32.74% in C. pipistrelli to 35.87% in P. cf. chaeturus. Chromosome variability with two male cytotypes, 2n = 28 + X1 X2 Y and 28 + X1 X2 X3 Y, was confirmed in C. pipistrelli. In addition, intraspecific variability in chromosome number was revealed in C. lectularius from bats with 2n = 26 + X1 X2 Y and 26 + X1 X2 X3 Y. We suggest that the origin of intraspecific variability in chromosome number of C. lectularius from bats and C. pipistrelli is not only the result of simple fragmentation, but additive rearrangements like duplications are probably also involved. © 2019 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Sadílek
- Faculty of Science, Department of Zoology, Charles University, Viničná 7, CZ-12844, Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Urfus
- Faculty of Science, Department of Botany, Charles University, Benátská 2, CZ-12844, Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Jitka Vilímová
- Faculty of Science, Department of Zoology, Charles University, Viničná 7, CZ-12844, Praha, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Pan D, Schönswetter P, Moser T, Vitek E, Schneeweiss GM. Ancestral remnants or peripheral segregates? Phylogenetic relationships of two narrowly endemic Euphrasia species (Orobanchaceae) from the eastern European Alps. AOB PLANTS 2019; 11:plz007. [PMID: 30937158 PMCID: PMC6435497 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plz007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Endemism in mountain ranges is considered to be the result of a number of factors, including restriction to refugia during Pleistocene climate fluctuations. However, isolation in glacial refugia cannot explain the origin of narrowly endemic taxa restricted to formerly heavily glaciated areas. Here, we investigate the phylogeny of two narrowly endemic species, Euphrasia inopinata and E. sinuata (Orobanchaceae), found exclusively in formerly heavily glaciated areas of the eastern European Alps. As both species are diploid and very similar to the widespread (allo)polyploid E. minima, we test whether the restricted distributions of E. inopinata and E. sinuata are relictual, i.e. the two species are ancestral diploid remnants of a polyploid complex, or whether they are derived, i.e. the two species are peripheral segregates of a more widespread diploid. Based on internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequence and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) fingerprint data it is shown that E. inopinata and E. sinuata, whose diploid ploidy level is confirmed for all analysed individuals via flow cytometry, are phylogenetically closely related to diploid E. alpina s. l. (series Alpinae) instead of E. minima (series Parviflorae). In addition, there is no evidence that these two diploid species participated in the formation of allotetraploid E. minima. Thus, E. inopinata and E. sinuata are interpreted as peripheral segregates of the widespread E. alpina s. l. Shifts in pollination system from allogamy in E. alpina s. l. to autogamy in E. inopinata and E. sinuata, genetic drift in small populations and geographic isolation at the periphery of the range of E. alpina s. str. probably contributed to the morphological and ecological differentiation of E. inopinata and E. sinuata.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Da Pan
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Tim Moser
- Institute of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ernst Vitek
- Department of Botany, Natural History Museum, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerald M Schneeweiss
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Sadílek D, Urfus T, Vilímová J, Hadrava J, Suda J. Nuclear Genome Size in Contrast to Sex Chromosome Number Variability in the Human Bed Bug, Cimex lectularius (Heteroptera: Cimicidae). Cytometry A 2019; 95:746-756. [PMID: 30729668 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.23729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The human bed bug Cimex lectularius is one of the most prevalent human ectoparasites in temperate climate zones. The cytogenetic features of this resilient pest include holokinetic chromosomes, special chromosome behavior in meiosis, and numerical variation of chromosomes, where the diploid number ranges from 26 + X1 X2 Y to 26 + X1-20 Y. It is desirable to assess the nuclear DNA content of various cytotypes for a further detailed study of the C. lectularius genome. Detailed knowledge of the DNA content of this parasite could also clarify the origin of additional chromosomes. The average nuclear genome size C. lectularius with 2n = 26 + X1 X2 Y is 2C = 1.94 pg for males and 1.95 pg for females. There is a significant correlation between genome size and the number of chromosomes, but in some specimens with additional chromosomes, nuclear genome size decreases or remains average. Several species used as the internal reference standard were tested for further investigations of genome size in C. lectularius, and the plant Solanum pseudocaspicum turned out to be the most suitable. © 2019 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Sadílek
- Faculty of Science, Department of Zoology, Charles University, Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Urfus
- Faculty of Science, Department of Botany, Charles University, Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Jitka Vilímová
- Faculty of Science, Department of Zoology, Charles University, Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Hadrava
- Faculty of Science, Department of Zoology, Charles University, Praha, Czech Republic.,Institute of Entomology, Biological Centre, Czech Academy of Science, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Suda
- Faculty of Science, Department of Botany, Charles University, Praha, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Knotek A, Kolář F. Different low-competition island habitats in Central Europe harbour similar levels of genetic diversity in relict populations of Galium pusillum agg. (Rubiaceae). Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/bly126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adam Knotek
- Department of Botany, Charles University, Benátská, CZ Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Filip Kolář
- Department of Botany, Charles University, Benátská, CZ Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestrasse, AT Innsbruck, Austria
- Institute of Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Zámek, CZ Průhonice, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Garmendia A, Merle H, Ruiz P, Ferriol M. Distribution and ecological segregation on regional and microgeographic scales of the diploid Centaurea aspera L., the tetraploid C. seridis L., and their triploid hybrids (Compositae). PeerJ 2018; 6:e5209. [PMID: 30002989 PMCID: PMC6034602 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although polyploidy is considered a ubiquitous process in plants, the establishment of new polyploid species may be hindered by ecological competition with parental diploid taxa. In such cases, the adaptive processes that result in the ecological divergence of diploids and polyploids can lead to their co-existence. In contrast, non-adaptive processes can lead to the co-existence of diploids and polyploids or to differentiated distributions, particularly when the minority cytotype disadvantage effect comes into play. Although large-scale studies of cytotype distributions have been widely conducted, the segregation of sympatric cytotypes on fine scales has been poorly studied. We analysed the spatial distribution and ecological requirements of the tetraploid Centaurea seridis and the diploid Centaurea aspera in east Spain on a large scale, and also microspatially in contact zones where both species hybridise and give rise to sterile triploid hybrids. On the fine scale, the position of each Centaurea individual was recorded along with soil parameters, accompanying species cover and plant richness. On the east Spanish coast, a slight latitudinal gradient was found. Tetraploid C. seridis individuals were located northerly and diploid C. aspera individuals southerly. Tetraploids were found only in the habitats with strong anthropogenic disturbance. In disturbed locations with well-developed semi-fixed or fixed dunes, diploids and tetraploids could co-exist and hybridise. However, on a fine scale, although taxa were spatially segregated in contact zones, they were not ecologically differentiated. This finding suggests the existence of non-adaptive processes that have led to their co-existence. Triploid hybrids were closer to diploid allogamous mothers (C. aspera) than to tetraploid autogamous fathers (C. seridis). This may result in a better ability to compete for space in the tetraploid minor cytotype, which might facilitate its long-term persistence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Garmendia
- Instituto Agroforestal Mediterráneo, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Hugo Merle
- Departamento de Ecosistemas Agroforestales, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Pablo Ruiz
- Departamento de Ecosistemas Agroforestales, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Maria Ferriol
- Instituto Agroforestal Mediterráneo, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
|
13
|
Čertner M, Fenclová E, Kúr P, Kolář F, Koutecký P, Krahulcová A, Suda J. Evolutionary dynamics of mixed-ploidy populations in an annual herb: dispersal, local persistence and recurrent origins of polyploids. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2017; 120:303-315. [PMID: 28398545 PMCID: PMC5737363 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcx032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Background and Aims Despite the recent wealth of studies targeted at contact zones of cytotypes in various species, some aspects of polyploid evolution are still poorly understood. This is especially the case for the frequency and success rate of spontaneous neopolyploidization or the temporal dynamics of ploidy coexistence, requiring massive ploidy screening and repeated observations, respectively. To fill this gap, an extensive study of spatio-temporal patterns of ploidy coexistence was initiated in the widespread annual weed Tripleurospermum inodorum (Asteraceae). Methods DNA flow cytometry along with confirmatory chromosome counts was employed to assess ploidy levels of 11 018 adult individuals and 1263 ex situ germinated seedlings from 1209 Central European populations. The ploidy screening was conducted across three spatial scales and supplemented with observations of temporal development of 37 mixed-ploidy populations. Key Results The contact zone between the diploid and tetraploid cytotypes has a diffuse, mosaic-like structure enabling common cytotype coexistence from the within-population to the landscape level. A marked difference in monoploid genome size between the two cytotypes enabled the easy distinction of neotetraploid mutants from long-established tetraploids. Neotetraploids were extremely rare (0·03 %) and occurred solitarily. Altogether five ploidy levels (2 x -6 x ) and several aneuploids were discovered; the diversity in nuclear DNA content was highest in early ontogenetic stages (seedlings) and among individuals from mixed-ploidy populations. In spite of profound temporal oscillations in cytotype frequencies in mixed-ploidy populations, both diploids and tetraploids usually persisted up to the last census. Conclusions Diploids and tetraploids commonly coexist at all spatial scales and exhibit considerable temporal stability in local ploidy mixtures. Mixed-ploidy populations containing fertile triploid hybrids probaby act as effective generators of cytogenetic novelty and may facilitate inter-ploidy gene flow. Neopolyploid mutants were incapable of local establishment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Čertner
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benátská 2, CZ-128 00 Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Zámek 1, CZ-252 43 Průhonice, Czech Republic
| | - Eliška Fenclová
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benátská 2, CZ-128 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Kúr
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benátská 2, CZ-128 00 Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1760, CZ-370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Filip Kolář
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benátská 2, CZ-128 00 Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Zámek 1, CZ-252 43 Průhonice, Czech Republic
- National Centre for Biosystematics, Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, NO-0318 Oslo, Norway
| | - Petr Koutecký
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1760, CZ-370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Krahulcová
- Institute of Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Zámek 1, CZ-252 43 Průhonice, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Suda
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benátská 2, CZ-128 00 Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Zámek 1, CZ-252 43 Průhonice, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
de Carvalho RF, Amaral-Silva PM, Spadeto MS, Nunes ACP, Carrijo TT, Carvalho CR, Clarindo WR. First karyotype description and nuclear 2C value for Myrsine (Primulaceae): comparing three species. COMPARATIVE CYTOGENETICS 2017; 11:163-177. [PMID: 28919956 PMCID: PMC5599700 DOI: 10.3897/compcytogen] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Cytogenetic studies in Primulaceae are mostly available for herbaceous species, and are focused on the chromosome number determination. An accurate karyotype characterization represents a starting point to know the morphometry and class of the chromosomes. Comparison among species within Myrsine, associating these data with the nuclear 2C value, can show changes that led the karyotype evolution. Here, we studied three Myrsine species [Myrsine coriacea (Swartz, 1788) Brown ex Roemer et Schultes, 1819, Myrsine umbellata Martius, 1841 and Myrsine parvifolia Candolle, 1841] that show different abilities to occupy the varied types of vegetation within the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Cytogenetic characterization showed some individuals with 2n = 45 chromosomes for Myrsine parvifolia and Myrsine coriacea, with most individuals of the three species having 2n = 46. The first karyograms for Myrsine were assembled and presented morphologically identical and distinct chromosome pairs. In addition, differences in the mean 2C nuclear value and chromosome morphometry were found. Therefore, the first description of the Myrsine karyotype has been presented, as well as the nuclear 2C value. The procedures can be applied to other Myrsine species for future investigations in order to better understand its effects on the differential spatial occupation abilities shown by the species in Brazilian Atlantic Forest.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Renata Flávia de Carvalho
- Laboratório de Citogenética, Departamento de Biologia, Centro de Ciências
Agrárias, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 29.500-000 Alegre (ES),
Brazil
| | - Paulo Marcos Amaral-Silva
- Laboratório de Citogenética, Departamento de Biologia, Centro de Ciências
Agrárias, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 29.500-000 Alegre (ES),
Brazil
| | - Micheli Sossai Spadeto
- Laboratório de Citogenética, Departamento de Biologia, Centro de Ciências
Agrárias, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 29.500-000 Alegre (ES),
Brazil
| | - Andrei Caíque Pires Nunes
- Laboratório de Biometria, Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de
Viçosa, 36.570-000 Viçosa (MG), Brazil
| | - Tatiana Tavares Carrijo
- Laboratório de Botânica, Departamento de Biologia, Centro de Ciências Agrárias,
Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 29.500-000 Alegre (ES), Brazil
| | - Carlos Roberto Carvalho
- Laboratório de Citogenética e Citometria, Departamento de Biologia Geral, Centro
de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36.570-000 Viçosa (MG),
Brazil
| | - Wellington Ronildo Clarindo
- Laboratório de Citogenética, Departamento de Biologia, Centro de Ciências
Agrárias, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 29.500-000 Alegre (ES),
Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Casazza G, Boucher FC, Minuto L, Randin CF, Conti E. Do floral and niche shifts favour the establishment and persistence of newly arisen polyploids? A case study in an Alpine primrose. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2017; 119:81-93. [PMID: 28025287 PMCID: PMC5218380 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcw221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/10/2016] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Polyploidization plays a key role in plant evolution. Despite the generally accepted 'minority-cytotype exclusion' theory, the specific mechanisms leading to successful establishment and persistence of new polyploids remain controversial. The majority of newly formed polyploids do not become established, because they are less common, have fewer potential mates or may not be able to compete successfully with co-occurring progenitors at lower ploidy levels. Changes in floral traits and ecological niches have been proposed as important mechanisms to overcome this initial frequency-dependent disadvantage. The aim of this study was to determine whether dodecaploids of the heterostylous P. marginata differ from their hexaploid progenitors in P. marginata and P. allionii for selected floral traits and ecological preferences that might be involved in establishment and persistence, providing a possible explanation for the origin of polyploidized populations. METHODS Floral morphological traits and ecological niche preferences among dodecaploids and their hexaploid progenitors in P. marginata and P. allionii ,: all restricted to the south-western Alps, were quantified and compared KEY RESULTS: Differences in floral traits were detected between dodecaploids and their closest relatives, but such differences might be too weak to counter the strength of minority cytotype disadvantage and are unlikely to enable the coexistence of different cytotypes. Furthermore, the results suggest the preservation of full distyly and no transition to selfing in dodecaploids. Finally, dodecaploids occur almost exclusively in environments that are predicted to be suitable also for their closest hexaploid relatives. CONCLUSIONS In light of the results, P. marginata dodecaploids have probably been able to establish and persist by occupying geographical areas not yet filled by their closest relatives without significant evolution in their climatic and pollination niches. Dispersal limitation and minority-cytotype exclusion probably maintain their current range disjunct from those of its close relatives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Casazza
- DISTAV, University of Genoa, Corso Europa 26, I-16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Florian C Boucher
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany and Botanic Garden, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, CH-8008 Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Botany and Zoology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa
| | - Luigi Minuto
- DISTAV, University of Genoa, Corso Europa 26, I-16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Christophe F Randin
- Department of Ecology & Evolution, University of Lausanne, Biophore, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Elena Conti
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany and Botanic Garden, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, CH-8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Frajman B, Rešetnik I, Weiss-Schneeweiss H, Ehrendorfer F, Schönswetter P. Cytotype diversity and genome size variation in Knautia (Caprifoliaceae, Dipsacoideae). BMC Evol Biol 2015; 15:140. [PMID: 26182989 PMCID: PMC4504173 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-015-0425-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polyploidisation is one of the most important mechanisms in the evolution of angiosperms. As in many other genera, formation of polyploids has significantly contributed to diversification and radiation of Knautia (Caprifoliaceae, Dipsacoideae). Comprehensive studies of fine- and broad-scale patterns of ploidy and genome size (GS) variation are, however, still limited to relatively few genera and little is known about the geographic distribution of ploidy levels within these genera. Here, we explore ploidy and GS variation in Knautia based on a near-complete taxonomic and comprehensive geographic sampling. RESULTS Genome size is a reliable indicator of ploidy level in Knautia, even if monoploid genome downsizing is observed in the polyploid cytotypes. Twenty-four species studied are diploid, 16 tetraploid and two hexaploid, whereas ten species possess two, and two species possess three ploidy levels. Di- and tetraploids are distributed across most of the distribution area of Knautia, while hexaploids were sampled in the Balkan and Iberian Peninsulas and the Alps. CONCLUSIONS We show that the frequency of polyploidisation is unevenly distributed in Knautia both in a geographic and phylogenetic context. Monoploid GS varies considerably among three evolutionary lineages (sections) of Knautia, but also within sections Trichera and Tricheroides, as well as within some of the species. Although the exact causes of this variation remain elusive, we demonstrate that monoploid GS increases significantly towards the limits of the genus' distribution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Božo Frajman
- Institute of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestraße 15, A-6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ivana Rešetnik
- Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 20/II, HR-10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Hanna Weiss-Schneeweiss
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, A-1030, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Friedrich Ehrendorfer
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, A-1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Schönswetter
- Institute of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestraße 15, A-6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Kolář F, Píšová S, Záveská E, Fér T, Weiser M, Ehrendorfer F, Suda J. The origin of unique diversity in deglaciated areas: traces of Pleistocene processes in north-European endemics from theGalium pusillumpolyploid complex (Rubiaceae). Mol Ecol 2015; 24:1311-34. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.13110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2014] [Revised: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Filip Kolář
- National Centre for Biosystematics, Natural History Museum; University of Oslo; Oslo NO-0318 Norway
- Department of Botany; Faculty of Science; Charles University in Prague; Benátská 2 Prague CZ-128 01 Czech Republic
- Institute of Botany; The Czech Academy of Sciences; Průhonice 1 CZ-252 43 Czech Republic
| | - Soňa Píšová
- Department of Botany; Faculty of Science; Charles University in Prague; Benátská 2 Prague CZ-128 01 Czech Republic
- Institute of Botany; The Czech Academy of Sciences; Průhonice 1 CZ-252 43 Czech Republic
| | - Eliška Záveská
- Institute of Botany; University of Innsbruck; Sternwartestraße 15 Innsbruck A-6020 Austria
| | - Tomáš Fér
- Department of Botany; Faculty of Science; Charles University in Prague; Benátská 2 Prague CZ-128 01 Czech Republic
| | - Martin Weiser
- Department of Botany; Faculty of Science; Charles University in Prague; Benátská 2 Prague CZ-128 01 Czech Republic
| | - Friedrich Ehrendorfer
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany; Faculty Centre for Biodiversity; University of Vienna; Rennweg 14 Vienna A-1030 Austria
| | - Jan Suda
- Department of Botany; Faculty of Science; Charles University in Prague; Benátská 2 Prague CZ-128 01 Czech Republic
- Institute of Botany; The Czech Academy of Sciences; Průhonice 1 CZ-252 43 Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Pachschwöll C, Escobar García P, Winkler M, Schneeweiss GM, Schönswetter P. Polyploidisation and geographic differentiation drive diversification in a European High Mountain Plant Group (Doronicum clusii Aggregate, Asteraceae). PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118197. [PMID: 25749621 PMCID: PMC4352020 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Range shifts (especially during the Pleistocene), polyploidisation and hybridization are major factors affecting high-mountain biodiversity. A good system to study their role in the European high mountains is the Doronicum clusii aggregate (Asteraceae), whose four taxa (D. clusii s.s., D. stiriacum, D. glaciale subsp. glaciale and D. glaciale subsp. calcareum) are differentiated geographically, ecologically (basiphilous versus silicicolous) and/or via their ploidy levels (diploid versus tetraploid). Here, we use DNA sequences (three plastid and one nuclear spacer) and AFLP fingerprinting data generated for 58 populations to infer phylogenetic relationships, origin of polyploids-whose ploidy level was confirmed by chromosomally calibrated DNA ploidy level estimates-and phylogeographic history. Taxonomic conclusions were informed, among others, by a Gaussian clustering method for species delimitation using dominant multilocus data. Based on molecular data we identified three lineages: (i) silicicolous diploid D. clusii s.s. in the Alps, (ii) silicicolous tetraploid D. stiriacum in the eastern Alps (outside the range of D. clusii s.s.) and the Carpathians and (iii) the basiphilous diploids D. glaciale subsp. glaciale (eastern Alps) and D. glaciale subsp. calcareum (northeastern Alps); each taxon was identified as distinct by the Gaussian clustering, but the separation of D. glaciale subsp. calcareum and D. glaciale subsp. glaciale was not stable, supporting their taxonomic treatment as subspecies. Carpathian and Alpine populations of D. stiriacum were genetically differentiated suggesting phases of vicariance, probably during the Pleistocene. The origin (autopolyploid versus allopolyploid) of D. stiriacum remained unclear. Doronicum glaciale subsp. calcareum was genetically and morphologically weakly separated from D. glaciale subsp. glaciale but exhibited significantly higher genetic diversity and rarity. This suggests that the more widespread D. glaciale subsp. glaciale originated from D. glaciale subsp. calcareum, which is restricted to a prominent Pleistocene refugium previously identified in other alpine plant species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clemens Pachschwöll
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Pedro Escobar García
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
- Department of Botany, Natural History Museum, Burgring 7, A-1010 Vienna, Austria
| | - Manuela Winkler
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
- GLORIA co-ordination, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Center for Global Change and Sustainability & Austrian Academy of Sciences, Institute for Interdisciplinary Mountain Research, Silbergasse 30, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerald M. Schneeweiss
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
- * E-mail:
| | - Peter Schönswetter
- Institute of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestrasse 15, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Prančl J, Kaplan Z, Trávníček P, Jarolímová V. Genome size as a key to evolutionary complex aquatic plants: polyploidy and hybridization in Callitriche (Plantaginaceae). PLoS One 2014; 9:e105997. [PMID: 25211149 PMCID: PMC4161354 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite their complex evolutionary histories, aquatic plants are highly underrepresented in contemporary biosystematic studies. Of them, the genus Callitriche is particularly interesting because of such evolutionary features as wide variation in chromosome numbers and pollination systems. However, taxonomic difficulties have prevented broader investigation of this genus. In this study we applied flow cytometry to Callitriche for the first time in order to gain an insight into evolutionary processes and genome size differentiation in the genus. Flow cytometry complemented by confirmation of chromosome counts was applied to an extensive dataset of 1077 Callitriche individuals from 495 localities in 11 European countries and the USA. Genome size was determined for 12 taxa. The results suggest that many important processes have interacted in the evolution of the genus, including polyploidization and hybridization. Incongruence between genome size and ploidy level, intraspecific variation in genome size, formation of autotriploid and hybridization between species with different pollination systems were also detected. Hybridization takes place particularly in the diploid-tetraploid complex C. cophocarpa-C. platycarpa, for which the triploid hybrids were frequently recorded in the area of co-occurrence of its parents. A hitherto unknown hybrid (probably C. hamulata × C. cophocarpa) with a unique chromosome number was discovered in the Czech Republic. However, hybridization occurs very rarely among most of the studied species. The main ecological preferences were also compared among the taxa collected. Although Callitriche taxa often grow in mixed populations, the ecological preferences of individual species are distinctly different in some cases. Anyway, flow cytometry is a very efficient method for taxonomic delimitation, determination and investigation of Callitriche species, and is even able to distinguish homoploid taxa and identify introduced species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Prančl
- Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Průhonice, Czech Republic
- Department of Botany, Charles University, Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Kaplan
- Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Průhonice, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Trávníček
- Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Průhonice, Czech Republic
- Department of Botany, Charles University, Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Vlasta Jarolímová
- Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Průhonice, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|