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Marroquin A, Holmes K, Salazar D. Soil salinization and chemically mediated plant-insect interactions in a changing climate. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2023; 60:101130. [PMID: 37839579 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2023.101130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Increase in soil salinization due to climate change is a global phenomenon that can induce significant changes in plant growth, physiology, and chemistry, exacerbating growing threats to insect biodiversity. Insects that rely on plants are likely to be indirectly impacted by changes in soil salt content through changes in plant chemistry, yet few studies link changes in plant metabolism to impacts on higher trophic levels. Some salinity-mediated changes in specialized metabolites may be predictable due to highly conserved metabolic pathways shared between herbivore defense and stress resistance, but recent studies also suggest substantial variation across plant species and habitats. To date, most of the research on salinity and chemically mediated plant-insect interactions has focused on herbivores, particularly in agricultural systems. Published effects of salinity on pollinators and parasitoids are scarce. Future research will need to focus more on the role of plant chemistry to bridge the divide between studies of plant and insect responses to salinization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Marroquin
- Florida International University, International Center of Tropical Botany, Institute of Environment, Department of Biological Sciences, Miami, FL, USA.
| | - Katherine Holmes
- Florida International University, International Center of Tropical Botany, Institute of Environment, Department of Biological Sciences, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Diego Salazar
- Binghamton University, Department of Integrative Biology, Binghamton, NY, USA
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Wang Y, Li J, Chai X, Hu X, Li X, Kong W, Ma R. Development and Fecundity of Oriental Fruit Moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) Reared on Various Concentrations of Amygdalin. INSECTS 2022; 13:974. [PMID: 36354798 PMCID: PMC9694010 DOI: 10.3390/insects13110974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Grapholita molesta (Busck) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), Oriental fruit moth (OFM), attacks fruits and shoots of the economically important trees in Rosaceae. Amygdalin is a cyanogenic glucoside of rosaceous plants that may be related to the seasonal patterns of infestation in many pests. The amygdalin concentration of fruits and shoots of peach, pear, and apple varies over the growing season. However, the relationship between the amygdalin concentration and G. molesta performance has not been reported. Here, we measured the performance (feeding, growth, development, and fecundity) of G. molesta larvae (as subsequent adults) reared on artificial diets with six amygdalin concentrations (0, 3, 6, 12, 24, and 48 mg/g), and we then calculated the population parameters. We found that these different concentrations of amygdalin affected the developmental time and fecundity, except for the proportion of larvae feeding on the diet and the survival rates of larvae and pupae. When compared with the control diet without amygdalin, diets with 3 or 6 mg/g (low and moderate concentrations) of amygdalin shortened developmental times and increased the number of eggs laid by females; however, a diet with 12 mg/g (moderate concentration) of amygdalin only increased the number of eggs laid by females and did not affect the larval and pupal developmental rate. A diet with 48 mg/g (high concentration) of amygdalin prolonged developmental times and reduced the number of eggs laid by females when compared with the control diet without amygdalin. Furthermore, the intrinsic rate of increase (rm) for insects reared on diets with 3 or 6 mg/g (low and moderate concentrations) of amygdalin versus the control diet without amygdalin showed a slightly improved population growth. However, this increase in the rm value did not persist over ten successive generations of rearing on the same diet. We concluded that the diet with 6 mg of amygdalin per g of diet can enhance the performance and population growth of G. molesta, but the effects of amygdalin are concentration-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Agriculture, College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
| | - Jie Li
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
| | - Xiaohan Chai
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Agriculture, College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
| | - Xuefeng Hu
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Agriculture, College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
| | - Xianwei Li
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Agriculture, College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
| | - Weina Kong
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Agriculture, College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
| | - Ruiyan Ma
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Agriculture, College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
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Dwivedi K, Roy AK, Kaushal P, Pathak S, Malaviya DR. Improving Salt Tolerance in Trifolium alexandrinum L. through Interspecific Hybridization, Polyploidization and Induced Variations. CYTOL GENET+ 2022. [DOI: 10.3103/s0095452722030021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Li HP, Gan YN, Yue LJ, Han QQ, Chen J, Liu QM, Zhao Q, Zhang JL. Newly Isolated Paenibacillus monticola sp. nov., a Novel Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria Strain From High-Altitude Spruce Forests in the Qilian Mountains, China. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:833313. [PMID: 35250949 PMCID: PMC8895201 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.833313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Species in the genus Paenibacillus from special habitats have attracted great attention due to their plant growth-promoting traits. A novel plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) species in the genus Paenibacillus was isolated from spruce forest at the height of 3,150 m in the Qilian Mountains, Gansu province, China. The phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA, rpoB, and nifH gene sequences demonstrated that strain LC-T2T was affiliated in the genus Paenibacillus and exhibited the highest sequence similarity with Paenibacillus donghaensis KCTC 13049T (97.4%). Average nucleotide identity (ANIb and ANIm) and digital DNA–DNA hybridization (dDDH) between strain LC-T2T and P. donghaensis KCTC 13049T were 72.6, 83.3, and 21.2%, respectively, indicating their genetic differences at the species level. These differences were further verified by polar lipids profiles, major fatty acid contents, and several distinct physiological characteristics. Meanwhile, the draft genome analysis provided insight into the genetic features to support its plant-associated lifestyle and habitat adaptation. Subsequently, the effects of volatile organic compound (VOC) emitted from strain LC-T2T on the growth of Arabidopsis were evaluated. Application of strain LC-T2T significantly improved root surface area, root projection area, and root fork numbers by 158.3, 158.3, and 241.2%, respectively, compared to control. Also, the effects of LC-T2T on the growth of white clover (Trifolium repens L.) were further assessed by pot experiment. Application of LC-T2T also significantly improved the growth of white clover with root fresh weight increased over three-folds compared to control. Furthermore, the viable bacterial genera of rhizosphere soil were detected in each treatment. The number of genera from LC-T2T-inoculated rhizosphere soil was 1.7-fold higher than that of control, and some isolates were similar to strain LC-T2T, indicating that LC-T2T inoculation was effective in the rhizosphere soil of white clover. Overall, strain LC-T2T should be attributed to a novel PGPR species within the genus Paenibacillus based on phylogenetic relatedness, genotypic features, and phenotypic and inoculation experiment, for which the name Paenibacillus monticola sp. nov. is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Ping Li
- Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Center for Grassland Microbiome, State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ya-Nan Gan
- Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Center for Grassland Microbiome, State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Li-Jun Yue
- Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Center for Grassland Microbiome, State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Qing-Qing Han
- Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Center for Grassland Microbiome, State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jia Chen
- Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Center for Grassland Microbiome, State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Qiong-Mei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Center for Grassland Microbiome, State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Qi Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Center for Grassland Microbiome, State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Qi Zhao,
| | - Jin-Lin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Center for Grassland Microbiome, State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Jin-Lin Zhang,
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Lloyd GR, Uesugi A, Gleadow RM. Effects of Salinity on the Growth and Nutrition of Taro (Colocasia esculenta): Implications for Food Security. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10112319. [PMID: 34834682 PMCID: PMC8621212 DOI: 10.3390/plants10112319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Taro (Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott) is a staple food crop in the Asia-Pacific region in areas where rising sea levels are threatening agricultural production. However, little is known about its response to salinity. In this study, we investigated the effects of salinity on the growth, morphology, physiology, and chemical traits of taro to predict the impacts of rising sea levels on taro production and nutritional value in the Pacific. We grew taro (approximately 4 months old) with a range of NaCl treatments (0–200 mM) for 12 weeks. Full nutrient, micronutrient, and secondary metabolite analyses were conducted, including measures of calcium oxalate (CaOx), an irritant that reduces palatability. Significant reductions in growth and biomass were observed at and above 100 mM NaCl. Concentrations of macro- and micronutrients, including sodium, were higher on a per mass basis in corms of plants experiencing salt stress. Foliar sodium concentrations remained stable, indicating that taro may utilize a salt exclusion mechanism. There was a large amount of individual variation in the concentrations of oxalate and phenolics, but overall, the concentrations were similar in the plants grown with different levels of salt. The total contents of CaOx and phenolics decreased in plants experiencing salt stress. Taro’s ability to survive and produce corms when watered with a 200 mM NaCl solution places it among the salt-tolerant non-halophytes. The nutritional quality of the crop is only marginally affected by salt stress. Taro is, therefore, likely to remain a useful staple in the Pacific region in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia R. Lloyd
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia; (G.R.L.); (A.U.)
| | - Akane Uesugi
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia; (G.R.L.); (A.U.)
- School of Biosciences and Food Technology, RMIT, Bundoora Campus, 264 Plenty Road, Mill Park, VIC 3082, Australia
| | - Roslyn M. Gleadow
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia; (G.R.L.); (A.U.)
- Correspondence:
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Quais MK, Ansari NA, Wang GY, Zhou WW, Zhu ZR. Host Plant Salinity Stress Affects the Development and Population Parameters of Nilaparvata lugens (Hemiptera: Delphacidae). ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2019; 48:1149-1161. [PMID: 31283820 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvz084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Salinization is one of the most critical abiotic stress factors for crops and a rising setback in agro-ecosystems. Changes in weather, land usage, and the salinization of irrigation water are increasing soil salinity of many farmlands. Increased soil salinity alters the plant quality, which subsequently may trigger bottom-up effects on herbivorous insect. We examined the bottom-up effect of salinity stress on population parameters of the brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens through rice (Oryza sativa L.) plant. The results revealed that salinity interfered with egg hatching of BPH. The nymphal development period, adult longevity, and oviposition were also influenced by salinity. Notable differences appeared in the intrinsic growth rate (r), the finite increase rate (λ) and the net reproduction rate (R0) of BPH, and a concentration-dependent effect was detected. Although salinity adversely affected BPH development, population projection predicted a successful growth of the BPH population in a relatively short time under the treatment of low and medium levels of salinity (6, 8, and 10 dS/m of NaCl), whereas higher salt concentrations (12 and 14 dS/m) lead to significant fitness costs in BPH populations. Our study predicts that BPH could become a problem in areas with lower and medium salinity and that those planthoppers may exacerbate the negative effects of salinity for rice production. This study will provide valuable information for understanding the field abundance and distribution of BPH on saline rice field, thus contributing to the development of eco-friendly strategies to manage this pest in saline ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Khairul Quais
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology; Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects; Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Senior Scientific Officer, Rice Farming Systems Division, Bangladesh Rice Research Institute, Gazipur, Bangladesh
| | - Naved Ahmad Ansari
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology; Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects; Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Gui-Yao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology; Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects; Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wen-Wu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology; Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects; Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zeng-Rong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology; Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects; Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Zagrobelny M, de Castro ÉCP, Møller BL, Bak S. Cyanogenesis in Arthropods: From Chemical Warfare to Nuptial Gifts. INSECTS 2018; 9:E51. [PMID: 29751568 PMCID: PMC6023451 DOI: 10.3390/insects9020051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Chemical defences are key components in insect⁻plant interactions, as insects continuously learn to overcome plant defence systems by, e.g., detoxification, excretion or sequestration. Cyanogenic glucosides are natural products widespread in the plant kingdom, and also known to be present in arthropods. They are stabilised by a glucoside linkage, which is hydrolysed by the action of β-glucosidase enzymes, resulting in the release of toxic hydrogen cyanide and deterrent aldehydes or ketones. Such a binary system of components that are chemically inert when spatially separated provides an immediate defence against predators that cause tissue damage. Further roles in nitrogen metabolism and inter- and intraspecific communication has also been suggested for cyanogenic glucosides. In arthropods, cyanogenic glucosides are found in millipedes, centipedes, mites, beetles and bugs, and particularly within butterflies and moths. Cyanogenic glucosides may be even more widespread since many arthropod taxa have not yet been analysed for the presence of this class of natural products. In many instances, arthropods sequester cyanogenic glucosides or their precursors from food plants, thereby avoiding the demand for de novo biosynthesis and minimising the energy spent for defence. Nevertheless, several species of butterflies, moths and millipedes have been shown to biosynthesise cyanogenic glucosides de novo, and even more species have been hypothesised to do so. As for higher plant species, the specific steps in the pathway is catalysed by three enzymes, two cytochromes P450, a glycosyl transferase, and a general P450 oxidoreductase providing electrons to the P450s. The pathway for biosynthesis of cyanogenic glucosides in arthropods has most likely been assembled by recruitment of enzymes, which could most easily be adapted to acquire the required catalytic properties for manufacturing these compounds. The scattered phylogenetic distribution of cyanogenic glucosides in arthropods indicates that the ability to biosynthesise this class of natural products has evolved independently several times. This is corroborated by the characterised enzymes from the pathway in moths and millipedes. Since the biosynthetic pathway is hypothesised to have evolved convergently in plants as well, this would suggest that there is only one universal series of unique intermediates by which amino acids are efficiently converted into CNglcs in different Kingdoms of Life. For arthropods to handle ingestion of cyanogenic glucosides, an effective detoxification system is required. In butterflies and moths, hydrogen cyanide released from hydrolysis of cyanogenic glucosides is mainly detoxified by β-cyanoalanine synthase, while other arthropods use the enzyme rhodanese. The storage of cyanogenic glucosides and spatially separated hydrolytic enzymes (β-glucosidases and α-hydroxynitrile lyases) are important for an effective hydrogen cyanide release for defensive purposes. Accordingly, such hydrolytic enzymes are also present in many cyanogenic arthropods, and spatial separation has been shown in a few species. Although much knowledge regarding presence, biosynthesis, hydrolysis and detoxification of cyanogenic glucosides in arthropods has emerged in recent years, many exciting unanswered questions remain regarding the distribution, roles apart from defence, and convergent evolution of the metabolic pathways involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mika Zagrobelny
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | | | - Birger Lindberg Møller
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
- VILLUM Center for Plant Plasticity, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Søren Bak
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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Attempting to predict the plant-mediated trophic effects of soil salinity: A mechanistic approach to supplementing insufficient information. FOOD WEBS 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fooweb.2017.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Nam KH, Kim YJ, Moon YS, Pack IS, Kim CG. Salinity affects metabolomic profiles of different trophic levels in a food chain. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 599-600:198-206. [PMID: 28475913 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Salinization is one of the most important abiotic stressors in an ecosystem. To examine how exposing a host plant to excess salt affects the consequent performance and metabolism of insects in a food chain, we determined the life history traits and the metabolite profiles in rice (Oryza sativa), the herbivore Sitobion avenae, and its predator Harmonia axyridis. When compared with performance under normal (non-stressed) conditions, exposing plants to 50mM NaCl significantly delayed the timing of development for S. avenae fed on rice and H. axyridis and also reduced the body mass of the latter. Our GC-MS-based analysis revealed clear differences in metabolite profiles between trophic levels or treatment conditions. Salinity apparently increased the levels of main components in rice, but decreased levels of major components in S. avenae and H. axyridis. In addition, 16 metabolites showed salinity-related contrasts in this trophic interaction for our rice-S. avenae-H. axyridis system. Salinity impeded the accumulation of metabolites, especially several sugars, amino acids, organic acids, and fatty acids in both insects, a response that was possibly associated with the negative impacts on their growth and reproduction under stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyong-Hee Nam
- Bio-Evaluation Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology, Cheongju 28116, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Joong Kim
- Bio-Evaluation Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology, Cheongju 28116, Republic of Korea; Entomology Program, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ye Seul Moon
- Bio-Evaluation Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology, Cheongju 28116, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Soon Pack
- Bio-Evaluation Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology, Cheongju 28116, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Gi Kim
- Bio-Evaluation Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology, Cheongju 28116, Republic of Korea.
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Biosynthesis and regulation of cyanogenic glycoside production in forage plants. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 102:9-16. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8559-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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11
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Kautz S, Williams T, Ballhorn DJ. Ecological Importance of Cyanogenesis and Extrafloral Nectar in Invasive English Laurel,Prunus laurocerasus. NORTHWEST SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.3955/046.091.0210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Kautz
- Stefanie Kautz, Trevor Williams, and Daniel J. Ballhorn, Portland State University, Department of Biology, 1719 SW 10th Ave, Portland, Oregon 97201
| | - Trevor Williams
- Stefanie Kautz, Trevor Williams, and Daniel J. Ballhorn, Portland State University, Department of Biology, 1719 SW 10th Ave, Portland, Oregon 97201
| | - Daniel J. Ballhorn
- Stefanie Kautz, Trevor Williams, and Daniel J. Ballhorn, Portland State University, Department of Biology, 1719 SW 10th Ave, Portland, Oregon 97201
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Effects of Soil Salinity on the Expression of Bt Toxin (Cry1Ac) and the Control Efficiency of Helicoverpa armigera in Field-Grown Transgenic Bt Cotton. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170379. [PMID: 28099508 PMCID: PMC5242435 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
An increasing area of transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) cotton is being planted in saline-alkaline soil in China. The Bt protein level in transgenic cotton plants and its control efficiency can be affected by abiotic stress, including high temperature, water deficiency and other factors. However, how soil salinity affects the expression of Bt protein, thus influencing the control efficiency of Bt cotton against the cotton bollworm (CBW) Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) in the field, is poorly understood. Our objective in the present study was to investigate the effects of soil salinity on the expression of Bt toxin (Cry1Ac) and the control efficiency of Helicoverpa armigera in field-grown transgenic Bt cotton using three natural saline levels (1.15 dS m-1 [low soil-salinity], 6.00 dS m-1 [medium soil-salinity] and 11.46 dS m-1 [high soil-salinity]). We found that the Bt protein content in the transgenic Bt cotton leaves and the insecticidal activity of Bt cotton against CBW decreased with the increasing soil salinity in laboratory experiments during the growing season. The Bt protein content of Bt cotton leaves in the laboratory were negatively correlated with the salinity level. The CBW populations were highest on the Bt cotton grown in medium-salinity soil instead of the high-salinity soil in field conditions. A possible mechanism may be that the relatively high-salinity soil changed the plant nutritional quality or other plant defensive traits. The results from this study may help to identify more appropriate practices to control CBW in Bt cotton fields with different soil salinity levels.
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Gleadow R, Pegg A, Blomstedt CK. Resilience of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) to salinity: implications for food security in low-lying regions. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:5403-5413. [PMID: 27506218 PMCID: PMC5049390 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Rising sea levels are threatening agricultural production in coastal regions due to inundation and contamination of groundwater. The development of more salt-tolerant crops is essential. Cassava is an important staple, particularly among poor subsistence farmers. Its tolerance to drought and elevated temperatures make it highly suitable for meeting global food demands in the face of climate change, but its ability to tolerate salt is unknown. Cassava stores nitrogen in the form of cyanogenic glucosides and can cause cyanide poisoning unless correctly processed. Previous research demonstrated that cyanide levels are higher in droughted plants, possibly as a mechanism for increasing resilience to oxidative stress. We determined the tolerance of cassava to salt at two different stages of development, and tested the hypothesis that cyanide toxicity would be higher in salt-stressed plants. Cassava was grown at a range of concentrations of sodium chloride (NaCl) at two growth stages: tuber initiation and tuber expansion. Established plants were able to tolerate 100mM NaCl but in younger plants 40mM was sufficient to retard plant growth severely. Nutrient analysis showed that plants were only able to exclude sodium at low concentrations. The foliar cyanogenic glucoside concentration in young plants increased under moderate salinity stress but was lower in plants grown at high salt. Importantly, there was no significant change in the cyanogenic glucoside concentration in the tubers. We propose that the mechanisms for salinity tolerance are age dependent, and that this can be traced to the relative cost of leaves in young and old plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ros Gleadow
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Amelia Pegg
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Cecilia K Blomstedt
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
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Han P, Wang ZJ, Lavoir AV, Michel T, Seassau A, Zheng WY, Niu CY, Desneux N. Increased water salinity applied to tomato plants accelerates the development of the leaf miner Tuta absoluta through bottom-up effects. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32403. [PMID: 27619473 PMCID: PMC5020321 DOI: 10.1038/srep32403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Variation in resource inputs to plants may trigger bottom-up effects on herbivorous insects. We examined the effects of water input: optimal water vs. limited water; water salinity: with vs. without addition of 100 mM NaCl; and their interactions on tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum), and consequently, the bottom-up effects on the tomato leaf miner, Tuta absoluta (Meytick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). Plant growth was significantly impeded by limited water input and NaCl addition. In terms of leaf chemical defense, the production of tomatidine significantly increased with limited water and NaCl addition, and a similar but non-significant trend was observed for the other glycoalkaloids. Tuta absoluta survival did not vary with the water and salinity treatments, but the treatment “optimal water-high salinity” increased the development rate without lowering pupal mass. Our results suggest that caution should be used in the IPM program against T. absoluta when irrigating tomato crops with saline water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Han
- College of Plant Science &Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.,INRA (French National Institute for Agricultural Research) Univ. Nice Sophia Antipolis, CNRS, UMR 1355-7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 06903 Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | - Zhi-Jian Wang
- College of Plant Science &Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Anne-Violette Lavoir
- INRA (French National Institute for Agricultural Research) Univ. Nice Sophia Antipolis, CNRS, UMR 1355-7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 06903 Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | - Thomas Michel
- Institut de Chimie de Nice, Université Nice Sophia-Antipolis, UMR CNRS 7272, Parc Valrose, F-06108 Nice, France
| | - Aurélie Seassau
- INRA (French National Institute for Agricultural Research) Univ. Nice Sophia Antipolis, CNRS, UMR 1355-7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 06903 Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | - Wen-Yan Zheng
- College of Plant Science &Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Chang-Ying Niu
- College of Plant Science &Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Nicolas Desneux
- INRA (French National Institute for Agricultural Research) Univ. Nice Sophia Antipolis, CNRS, UMR 1355-7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 06903 Sophia-Antipolis, France
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Mikkelsen BL, Olsen CE, Lyngkjær MF. Accumulation of secondary metabolites in healthy and diseased barley, grown under future climate levels of CO2, ozone and temperature. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2015; 118:162-73. [PMID: 26343414 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2015.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Revised: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Plants produce secondary metabolites promoting adaptation to changes in the environment and challenges by pathogenic microorganisms. A future climate with increased temperature and CO2 and ozone levels will likely alter the chemical composition of plants and thereby plant-pathogen interactions. To investigate this, barley was grown at elevated CO2, temperature and ozone levels as single factors or in combination resembling future climatic conditions. Increased basal resistance to the powdery mildew fungus was observed when barley was grown under elevated CO2, temperature and ozone as single factors. However, this effect was neutralized in the combination treatments. Twenty-five secondary metabolites were putatively identified in healthy and diseased barley leaves, including phenylpropanoids, phenolamides and hydroxynitrile glucosides. Accumulation of the compounds was affected by the climatic growth conditions. Especially elevated temperature, but also ozone, showed a strong impact on accumulation of many compounds, suggesting that these metabolites play a role in adaptation to unfavorable growth conditions. Many compounds were found to increase in powdery mildew diseased leaves, in correlation with a strong and specific influence of the climatic growth conditions. The observed disease phenotypes could not be explained by accumulation of single compounds. However, decreased accumulation of the powdery mildew associated defense compound p-coumaroylhydroxyagmatine could be implicated in the increased disease susceptibility observed when barley was grown under combination of elevated CO2, temperature and ozone. The accumulation pattern of the compounds in both healthy and diseased leaves from barley grown in the combination treatments could not be deduced from the individual single factor treatments. This highlights the complex role and regulation of secondary metabolites in plants' adaptation to unfavorable growth conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- B L Mikkelsen
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; VILLUM research center for "Plant Plasticity", University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - C E Olsen
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; VILLUM research center for "Plant Plasticity", University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - M F Lyngkjær
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; VILLUM research center for "Plant Plasticity", University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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16
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Kautz S, Trisel JA, Ballhorn DJ. Jasmonic Acid Enhances Plant Cyanogenesis and Resistance to Herbivory in Lima Bean. J Chem Ecol 2014; 40:1186-96. [DOI: 10.1007/s10886-014-0524-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Revised: 10/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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