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Vanrell MA, Novaes LR, Afonso A, Arroyo J, Simón-Porcar V. Ecological correlates of population genetics in Linum suffruticosum, an heterostylous polyploid and taxonomic complex endemic to the Western Mediterranean Basin. AOB PLANTS 2024; 16:plae027. [PMID: 39005727 PMCID: PMC11244263 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plae027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Linum suffruticosum s.l. is a taxonomic complex widespread in the Western Mediterranean basin. The complex is characterized by a high phenotypic and cytogenetic diversity, and by a unique three-dimensional heterostyly system that makes it an obligate outcrosser. We studied the patterns of genetic diversity and structure of populations throughout the entire distribution of L. suffruticosum s.l. with microsatellite markers. We analysed their relationships with various biological and ecological variables, including the morph ratio and sex organ reciprocity of populations measured with a novel multi-dimensional method. Populations consistently showed an approximate 1:1 morph ratio with high sex organ reciprocity and high genetic diversity. We found high genetic differentiation of populations, showing a pattern of isolation by distance. The Rif mountains in NW Africa were the most important genetic barrier. The taxonomic treatment within the group was not related to the genetic differentiation of populations, but to their environmental differentiation. Genetic diversity was unrelated to latitude, elevation, population size, niche suitability or breeding system. However, there was a clear influence of ploidy level on the genetic diversity of populations, and a seeming centre-periphery pattern in its distribution. Our results suggest that polyploidization events, high outcrossing rates, isolation by distance and important geographical barriers to gene flow have played major roles in the microevolutionary history of this species complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Antònia Vanrell
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Letícia R Novaes
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Ana Afonso
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Associate Laboratory TERRA, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Juan Arroyo
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Violeta Simón-Porcar
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain
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2
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Sun HY, Zhang WP, Zhou W, Wu ZK, Zheng LP. Development of polymorphic microsatellite markers for distylous-homostylous Primula secundiflora (Primulaceae) using HiSeq sequencing. Genes Genet Syst 2024; 99:n/a. [PMID: 38556272 DOI: 10.1266/ggs.23-00340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Primula secundiflora is an insect-pollinated, perennial herb belonging to the section Proliferae (Primulaceae) that exhibits considerable variation in its mating system, with predominantly outcrossing populations comprising long-styled and short-styled floral morphs and selfing populations comprising only homostyles. To facilitate future investigations of the population genetics and mating patterns of this species, we developed 25 microsatellite markers from P. secundiflora using next-generation sequencing and measured polymorphism and genetic diversity in a sample of 30 individuals from three natural populations. The markers displayed high polymorphism, with the number of observed alleles per locus ranging from three to 16 (mean = 8.36). The observed and expected heterozygosities ranged from 0.100 to 1.000 and 0.145 to 0.843, respectively. Twenty-one of the loci were also successfully amplified in P. denticulata. These microsatellite markers should provide powerful tools for investigating patterns of population genetic diversity and the evolutionary relationships between distyly and homostyly in P. secundiflora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Ying Sun
- College of Chinese Materia Medica, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Crop Wild Relatives Omics, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Key Laboratory of Yunnan Provincial Department of Education for Processing Research on Characteristic Prepared Drug in Pieces
| | - Wen-Ping Zhang
- College of Chinese Materia Medica, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine
| | - Wei Zhou
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Crop Wild Relatives Omics, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Zhi-Kun Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
| | - Lan-Ping Zheng
- College of Chinese Materia Medica, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine
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3
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Gutiérrez-Valencia J, Zervakis PI, Postel Z, Fracassetti M, Losvik A, Mehrabi S, Bunikis I, Soler L, Hughes PW, Désamoré A, Laenen B, Abdelaziz M, Pettersson OV, Arroyo J, Slotte T. Genetic Causes and Genomic Consequences of Breakdown of Distyly in Linum trigynum. Mol Biol Evol 2024; 41:msae087. [PMID: 38709782 PMCID: PMC11114476 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msae087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Distyly is an iconic floral polymorphism governed by a supergene, which promotes efficient pollen transfer and outcrossing through reciprocal differences in the position of sexual organs in flowers, often coupled with heteromorphic self-incompatibility. Distyly has evolved convergently in multiple flowering plant lineages, but has also broken down repeatedly, often resulting in homostylous, self-compatible populations with elevated rates of self-fertilization. Here, we aimed to study the genetic causes and genomic consequences of the shift to homostyly in Linum trigynum, which is closely related to distylous Linum tenue. Building on a high-quality genome assembly, we show that L. trigynum harbors a genomic region homologous to the dominant haplotype of the distyly supergene conferring long stamens and short styles in L. tenue, suggesting that loss of distyly first occurred in a short-styled individual. In contrast to homostylous Primula and Fagopyrum, L. trigynum harbors no fixed loss-of-function mutations in coding sequences of S-linked distyly candidate genes. Instead, floral gene expression analyses and controlled crosses suggest that mutations downregulating the S-linked LtWDR-44 candidate gene for male self-incompatibility and/or anther height could underlie homostyly and self-compatibility in L. trigynum. Population genomic analyses of 224 whole-genome sequences further demonstrate that L. trigynum is highly self-fertilizing, exhibits significantly lower genetic diversity genome-wide, and is experiencing relaxed purifying selection and less frequent positive selection on nonsynonymous mutations relative to L. tenue. Our analyses shed light on the loss of distyly in L. trigynum, and advance our understanding of a common evolutionary transition in flowering plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanita Gutiérrez-Valencia
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Panagiotis-Ioannis Zervakis
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Zoé Postel
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marco Fracassetti
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Aleksandra Losvik
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sara Mehrabi
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ignas Bunikis
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala Genome Center, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lucile Soler
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, National Bioinformatics Infrastructure Sweden (NBIS), Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - P William Hughes
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Aurélie Désamoré
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Benjamin Laenen
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Olga Vinnere Pettersson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala Genome Center, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Juan Arroyo
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Tanja Slotte
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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4
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Jiao F, Wang X, Zhang A. Asymmetrical disassortative pollination mediated by long-/short-tongued pollinators in a distylous Limonium myrianthum (Plumbaginaceae) with a short corolla tubular small flower. Ecol Evol 2024; 14:e11284. [PMID: 38651164 PMCID: PMC11033550 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.11284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
In heterostylous plants, short-tongued pollinators are often ineffective/inefficient owing to the limitations imposed by a long corolla tube. However, it is unclear how disassortative pollen transfer is achieved in small flowers. We investigated the pollination pattern and floral morph variation by analyzing heterostylous syndrome, pollinator groups, and pollen deposition after a single visitation in two Limonium myrianthum populations with short-corolla-tubular small flowers. The predominant pollinators in the Hutubi population were pollen-seeking short-tongued syrphids, which can only transfer pollen between high-level sexual organs. In the Xishan population, nectar-seeking short-tongued insects were efficient pollinators with symmetrical disassortative pollen transfer between high- and low-level sexual organs, whereas long-tongued pollinators had a low efficiency between high-level sexual organs due to the low contact probability with the stigma of long-styled flowers (L-morph), which no longer offered the same advantage observed in tubular flowers. Asymmetrical disassortative pollination may cause the female fitness of short-styled (S-morph) individuals in the Hutubi and L-morph individuals in the Xishan population to suffer greater selection pressure and exhibit a higher degree of floral morph variation. Limonium myrianthum exhibits an unusual pollination pattern in which the small flowers with short corolla tubes make it possible for short-tongued insects to become effective pollinators. However, factors such as the position of stigma-anther within the flower, pollinator species and their preference further caused asymmetrical disassortative pollen transfer. Therefore, more factors should be considered when evaluating the effectiveness of short- and long-tongued insects in pollination service.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Jiao
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, School of Life Science and TechnologyXinjiang UniversityUrumqiChina
| | - Xiaowei Wang
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, School of Life Science and TechnologyXinjiang UniversityUrumqiChina
| | - Aiqin Zhang
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, School of Life Science and TechnologyXinjiang UniversityUrumqiChina
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Zeng ZH, Zhong L, Sun HY, Wu ZK, Wang X, Wang H, Li DZ, Barrett SCH, Zhou W. Parallel evolution of morphological and genomic selfing syndromes accompany the breakdown of heterostyly. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 242:302-316. [PMID: 38214455 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Evolutionary transitions from outcrossing to selfing in flowering plants have convergent morphological and genomic signatures and can involve parallel evolution within related lineages. Adaptive evolution of morphological traits is often assumed to evolve faster than nonadaptive features of the genomic selfing syndrome. We investigated phenotypic and genomic changes associated with transitions from distyly to homostyly in the Primula oreodoxa complex. We determined whether the transition to selfing occurred more than once and investigated stages in the evolution of morphological and genomic selfing syndromes using 22 floral traits and both nuclear and plastid genomic data from 25 populations. Two independent transitions were detected representing an earlier and a more recently derived selfing lineage. The older lineage exhibited classic features of the morphological and genomic selfing syndrome. Although features of both selfing syndromes were less developed in the younger selfing lineage, they exhibited parallel development with the older selfing lineage. This finding contrasts with the prediction that some genomic changes should lag behind adaptive changes to morphological traits. Our findings highlight the value of comparative studies on the timing and extent of transitions from outcrossing to selfing between related lineages for investigating the tempo of morphological and molecular evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Hua Zeng
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Crop Wild Relatives Omics, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Li Zhong
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Crop Wild Relatives Omics, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Hua-Ying Sun
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan, 650500, China
| | - Zhi-Kun Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550002, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Crop Wild Relatives Omics, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, China
| | - Hong Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, China
| | - De-Zhu Li
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Crop Wild Relatives Omics, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, China
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, China
| | - Spencer C H Barrett
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Wei Zhou
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Crop Wild Relatives Omics, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, China
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, China
- Lijiang Forest Biodiversity National Observation and Research Station, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lijiang, Yunnan, 674100, China
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6
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Mora‐Carrera E, Stubbs RL, Potente G, Yousefi N, Keller B, de Vos JM, Szövényi P, Conti E. Genomic analyses elucidate S-locus evolution in response to intra-specific losses of distyly in Primula vulgaris. Ecol Evol 2024; 14:e10940. [PMID: 38516570 PMCID: PMC10955462 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.10940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Distyly, a floral dimorphism that promotes outcrossing, is controlled by a hemizygous genomic region known as the S-locus. Disruptions of genes within the S-locus are responsible for the loss of distyly and the emergence of homostyly, a floral monomorphism that favors selfing. Using whole-genome resequencing data of distylous and homostylous individuals from populations of Primula vulgaris and leveraging high-quality reference genomes of Primula we tested, for the first time, predictions about the evolutionary consequences of transitions to selfing on S-genes. Our results reveal a previously undetected structural rearrangement in CYPᵀ associated with the shift to homostyly and confirm previously reported, homostyle-specific, loss-of-function mutations in the exons of the S-gene CYPᵀ. We also discovered that the promoter and intronic regions of CYPᵀ in distylous and homostylous individuals are conserved, suggesting that down-regulation of CYPᵀ via mutations in its promoter and intronic regions is not a cause of the shift to homostyly. Furthermore, we found that hemizygosity is associated with reduced genetic diversity in S-genes compared with their paralogs outside the S-locus. Additionally, the shift to homostyly lowers genetic diversity in both the S-genes and their paralogs, as expected in primarily selfing plants. Finally, we tested, for the first time, long-standing theoretical models of changes in S-locus genotypes during early stages of the transition to homostyly, supporting the assumption that two copies of the S-locus might reduce homostyle fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Mora‐Carrera
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary BotanyUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - R. L. Stubbs
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary BotanyUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - G. Potente
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary BotanyUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - N. Yousefi
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary BotanyUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - B. Keller
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary BotanyUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - J. M. de Vos
- Department of Environmental Sciences – BotanyUniversity of BaselBaselSwitzerland
| | - P. Szövényi
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary BotanyUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - E. Conti
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary BotanyUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
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7
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Ren D, Jiao F, Zhang A, Zhao J, Zhang J. Floral morph variation mediated by clonal growth and pollinator functional groups of Limonium otolepis in a heterostylous fragmented population. AOB PLANTS 2024; 16:plae020. [PMID: 38660050 PMCID: PMC11041057 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plae020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Abstract. Heterostyly, a genetic style polymorphism, is linked to symmetric pollen transfer, vital for its maintenance. Clonal growth typically impacts sexual reproduction by influencing pollen transfer. However, the floral morph variation remains poorly understood under the combined effects of pollinators and clonal growth in heterostyly characterized by negative frequency-dependent selection and disassortative mating. We estimated morph ratios, ramets per genet and heterostylous syndrome and quantified legitimate pollen transfer via clonal growth, pollinators and reciprocal herkogamy between floral morphs in Limonium otolepis, a fragmented population composed of five subpopulations in the desert environment of northwestern China, with small flower and large floral morph variation. All subpopulations but one exhibited pollen-stigma morphology dimorphism. The compatibility between mating types with different pollen-stigma morphologies remained consistent regardless of reciprocal herkogamy. Biased ratios and ramets per genet of the two mating types with distinct pollen-stigma morphologies caused asymmetric pollen flow and varying fruit sets in all subpopulations. Short-tongued insects were the primary pollinators due to small flower sizes. However, pollen-feeding Syrphidae sp. triggered asymmetry in pollen flow between high and low sex organs, with short-styled morphs having lower stigma pollen depositions and greater variation. Clonal growth amplified this variation by reducing intermorph pollen transfer. All in all, pollinators and clonal growth jointly drive floral morph variation. H-morphs with the same stigma-anther position and self-incompatibility, which mitigate the disadvantages of sunken low sex organs with differing from the classical homostyly, might arise from long- and short-styled morphs through a 'relaxed selection'. This study is the first to uncover the occurrence of the H-morph and its associated influencing factors in a distylous plant featuring clonal growth, small flowers and a fragmented population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dengfu Ren
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, P.R China
| | - Fangfang Jiao
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, P.R China
| | - Aiqin Zhang
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, P.R China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, P.R China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, P.R China
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8
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Zhang L, Li P, Zhang X, Li J. Two floral forms in the same species-distyly. PLANTA 2023; 258:72. [PMID: 37656285 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-023-04229-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION This paper reviews the progress of research on the morphology, physiology and molecular biology of distyly in plants. It will help to elucidate the mysteries of distyly in plants. Distyly is a unique representative type of heterostyly in plants, primarily characterized by the presence of long style and short style within the flowers of the same species. This interesting trait has always fascinated researchers. With the rapid development of molecular biology, the molecular mechanism for the production of dimorphic styles in plants is also gaining ground. Researchers have been studying plant dimorphic styles from various perspectives. The researchers are gradually unravelling the mechanisms by which plants produce distyly traits. This paper reviews advances in the study of plant dimorphic style characteristics, mainly in terms of the morphology, physiology and molecular biology of plants with dimorphic styles. The aim is to provide a theoretical basis for the study of the mechanism of distyly formation in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhang
- College of Landscape and Tourism, Hebei Agricultural University, No. 289 Lingyusi Street, P. O. Box 28, Baoding, 071000, Hebei, China
| | - Ping Li
- College of Landscape and Tourism, Hebei Agricultural University, No. 289 Lingyusi Street, P. O. Box 28, Baoding, 071000, Hebei, China.
| | - Xiaoman Zhang
- College of Landscape and Tourism, Hebei Agricultural University, No. 289 Lingyusi Street, P. O. Box 28, Baoding, 071000, Hebei, China.
| | - Jinfeng Li
- College of Landscape and Tourism, Hebei Agricultural University, No. 289 Lingyusi Street, P. O. Box 28, Baoding, 071000, Hebei, China
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Zhang W, Hu Y, Zhang S, Shao J. Integrative taxonomy in a rapid speciation group associated with mating system transition: A case study in the Primula cicutariifolia complex. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2023:107840. [PMID: 37279815 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2023.107840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Accurate species delimitation is the key to biodiversity conservation and is fundamental to most branches of biology. However, species delimitation remains challenging in those evolutionary radiations associated with mating system transition from outcrossing to self-fertilization, which have frequently occurred in angiosperms and are usually accompanied by rapid speciation. Here, using the Primula cicutariifolia complex as a case, we integrated molecular, morphological and reproductive isolation evidence to test and verify whether its outcrossing (distylous) and selfing (homostylous) populations have developed into independent evolutionary lineages. Phylogenetic trees based on whole plastomes and SNPs of the nuclear genome both indicated that the distylous and homostylous populations grouped into two different clades. Multispecies coalescent, gene flow and genetic structure analyses all supported such two clades as two different genetic entities. In morphology, as expected changes in selfing syndrome, homostylous populations have significantly fewer umbel layers and smaller flower and leaf sizes compared to distylous populations, and the variation range of some floral traits, such as corolla diameter and umbel layers, show obvious discontinuity. Furthermore, hand-pollinated hybridization between the two clades produced almost no seeds, indicating that well post-pollination reproductive isolation has been established between them. Therefore, the distylous and homostylous populations in this studied complex are two independent evolutionary lineages, and thus these distylous populations should be treated as a distinct species, here named Primula qiandaoensis W. Zhang & J.W. Shao sp. nov.. Our empirical study of the P. cicutariifolia complex highlights the importance of applying multiple lines of evidence, in particular genomic data, to delimit species in pervasive evolutionary plant radiations associated with mating system transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, Anhui, China; College of Life Sciences, Anqing Normal University, Anqing 246011, Anhui, China
| | - Yingfeng Hu
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, Anhui, China
| | - Siyu Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, Anhui, China
| | - Jianwen Shao
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, Anhui, China; Provincial Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Biological Resources, Wuhu 241000, Anhui, China.
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10
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Jia Y, Liu C, Li Y, Xiang Y, Pan Y, Liu Q, Gao S, Yin X, Wang Z. Inheritance of distyly and homostyly in self-incompatible Primula forbesii. Heredity (Edinb) 2023; 130:259-268. [PMID: 36788365 PMCID: PMC10076296 DOI: 10.1038/s41437-023-00598-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The evolutionary transition from self-incompatible distyly to self-compatible homostyly frequently occurs in heterostylous taxa. Although the inheritance of distyly and homostyly has been deeply studied, our understanding on modifications of the classical simple Mendelian model is still lacking. Primula forbesii, a biennial herb native to southwest China, is a typical distylous species, but after about 20 years of cultivation with open pollination, self-compatible homostyly appeared, providing ideal material for the study of the inheritance of distyly and homostyly. In this study, exogenous homobrassinolide was used to break the heteromorphic incompatibility of P. forbesii. Furthermore, we performed artificial pollination and open-pollination experiments to observe the distribution of floral morphs in progeny produced by different crosses. The viability of seeds from self-pollination was always the lowest among all crosses, and the homozygous S-morph plants (S/S) occurred in artificial pollination experiments but may experience viability selection. The distyly of P. forbesii is governed by a single S-locus, with S-morph dominant hemizygotes (S/-) and L-morph recessive homozygotes (-/-). Homostylous plants have a genotype similar to L-morph plants, and homostyly may be caused by one or more unlinked modifier genes outside the S-locus. Open pollinations confirm that autonomous self-pollination occurs frequently in L-morphs and homostylous plants. This study deepens the understanding of the inheritance of distyly and details a case of homostyly that likely originated from one or more modifier genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Jia
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Cailei Liu
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yifeng Li
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuanfen Xiang
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuanzhi Pan
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qinglin Liu
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Suping Gao
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiancai Yin
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zexun Wang
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
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11
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Diverse mating consequences of the evolutionary breakdown of the sexual polymorphism heterostyly. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2214492120. [PMID: 36595698 PMCID: PMC9926269 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2214492120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Reproductive systems of flowering plants are evolutionarily fluid, with mating patterns changing in response to shifts in abiotic conditions, pollination systems, and population characteristics. Changes in mating should be particularly evident in species with sexual polymorphisms that become ecologically destabilized, promoting transitions to alternative reproductive systems. Here, we decompose female mating portfolios (incidence of selfing, outcross mate number, and intermorph mating) in eight populations of Primula oreodoxa, a self-compatible insect-pollinated herb. This species is ancestrally distylous, with populations subdivided into two floral morphs that usually mate with each other (disassortative mating). Stages in the breakdown of polymorphism also occur, including "mixed" populations of distylous and homostylous (self-pollinating) morphs and purely homostylous populations. Population morph ratios vary with elevation in association with differences in pollinator availability, providing an unusual opportunity to investigate changes in mating patterns accompanying transitions in reproductive systems. Unexpectedly, individuals mostly outcrossed randomly, with substantial disassortative mating in at most two distylous populations. As predicted, mixed populations had higher selfing rates than distylous populations, within mixed populations, homostyles selfed almost twice as much as the distylous morphs, and homostylous populations exhibited the highest selfing rates. Populations with homostyles outcrossed with fewer mates and mate number varied negatively with population selfing rates. These differences indicate maintenance of distyly at low elevation, transition to monomorphic selfing at high elevation, and uncertain, possibly variable fates at intermediate elevation. By quantifying the earliest changes in mating that initiate reproductive transitions, our study highlights the key role of mating in promoting evolutionary divergence.
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12
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Zhao Z, Zhang Y, Shi M, Liu Z, Xu Y, Luo Z, Yuan S, Tu T, Sun Z, Zhang D, Barrett SCH. Genomic evidence supports the genetic convergence of a supergene controlling the distylous floral syndrome. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 237:601-614. [PMID: 36239093 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Heterostyly, a plant sexual polymorphism controlled by the S-locus supergene, has evolved numerous times among angiosperm lineages and represents a classic example of convergent evolution in form and function. Determining whether underlying molecular convergence occurs could provide insights on constraints to floral evolution. Here, we investigated S-locus genes in distylous Gelsemium (Gelsemiaceae) to determine whether there is evidence of molecular convergence with unrelated distylous species. We used several approaches, including anatomical measurements of sex-organ development and transcriptome and whole-genome sequencing, to identify components of the S-locus supergene. We also performed evolutionary analysis with candidate S-locus genes and compared them with those reported in Primula and Turnera. The candidate S-locus supergene of Gelsemium contained four genes, of which three appear to have originated from gene duplication events within Gelsemiaceae. The style-length genes GeCYP in Gelsemium and CYP734A50 in Primula likely arose from duplication of the same gene, CYP734A1. Three out of four S-locus genes in Gelsemium elegans were hemizygous, as previously reported in Primula and Turnera. We provide genomic evidence on the genetic convergence of the supergene underlying distyly among distantly related angiosperm lineages and help to illuminate the genetic architecture involved in the evolution of heterostyly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongtao Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
- College of Life Sciences, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, 34100, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Miaomiao Shi
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
| | - Zhaoying Liu
- Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center of Veterinary Drugs, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Yuanqing Xu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
| | - Zhonglai Luo
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
| | - Shuai Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
| | - Tieyao Tu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
| | - Zhiliang Sun
- Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center of Veterinary Drugs, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Dianxiang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
- College of Life Sciences, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, 34100, China
| | - Spencer C H Barrett
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks St., Toronto, ON, M5S 3B2, Canada
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13
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Mora‐Carrera E, Stubbs RL, Keller B, Léveillé‐Bourret É, de Vos JM, Szövényi P, Conti E. Different molecular changes underlie the same phenotypic transition: Origins and consequences of independent shifts to homostyly within species. Mol Ecol 2023; 32:61-78. [PMID: 34761469 PMCID: PMC10078681 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The repeated transition from outcrossing to selfing is a key topic in evolutionary biology. However, the molecular basis of such shifts has been rarely examined due to lack of knowledge of the genes controlling these transitions. A classic example of mating system transition is the repeated shift from heterostyly to homostyly. Occurring in 28 angiosperm families, heterostyly is characterized by the reciprocal position of male and female sexual organs in two (or three) distinct, usually self-incompatible floral morphs. Conversely, homostyly is characterized by a single, self-compatible floral morph with reduced separation of male and female organs, facilitating selfing. Here, we investigate the origins of homostyly in Primula vulgaris and its microevolutionary consequences by integrating surveys of the frequency of homostyles in natural populations, DNA sequence analyses of the gene controlling the position of female sexual organs (CYPᵀ), and microsatellite genotyping of both progeny arrays and natural populations characterized by varying frequencies of homostyles. As expected, we found that homostyles displace short-styled individuals, but long-style morphs are maintained at low frequencies within populations. We also demonstrated that homostyles repeatedly evolved from short-styled individuals in association with different types of loss-of-function mutations in CYPᵀ. Additionally, homostyly triggers a shift to selfing, promoting increased inbreeding within and genetic differentiation among populations. Our results elucidate the causes and consequences of repeated transitions to homostyly within species, and the putative mechanisms precluding its fixation in P. vulgaris. This study represents a benchmark for future analyses of losses of heterostyly in other angiosperms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiliano Mora‐Carrera
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary BotanyUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Rebecca L. Stubbs
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary BotanyUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Barbara Keller
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary BotanyUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Étienne Léveillé‐Bourret
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary BotanyUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
- Département de Sciences BiologiquesInstitut de Recherche en Biologie VégétaleUniversité de MontréalMontréalQuébecCanada
| | - Jurriaan M. de Vos
- Department of Environmental Sciences – BotanyUniversity of BaselBaselSwitzerland
| | - Peter Szövényi
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary BotanyUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Elena Conti
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary BotanyUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
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14
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Liu C, Jia Y, Li Y, Xiang Y, Pan Y, Liu Q, Ma K, Yin X. The rapid appearance of homostyly in a cultivated distylous population of Primula forbesii. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e9515. [PMID: 36415874 PMCID: PMC9674475 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Evolutionary breakdown from rigorous outbreeding to self-fertilization frequently occurs in angiosperms. Since the pollinators are not necessary, self-compatible populations often reduce investment in floral display characteristics and pollination reward. Primula forbesii is a biennial herb with distribution restricted to southwest China; it was initially a self-incompatible distylous species, but after 20 years of artificial domestication, homostyly appeared. This change in style provides an ideal material to explore the time required for plant mating systems to adapt to new environmental changes and test whether flower attraction has reduced following transitions to selfing. We did a survey in wild populations of P. forbesii where its seeds were originally collected 20 years ago and recorded the floral morph frequencies and morphologies. The floral morphologies, self-incompatibility, floral scent, and pollinator visitation between distyly and homostyly were compared in greenhouse. Floral morph frequencies of wild populations did not change, while the cultivated population was inclined to L-morph and produced homostyly. Evidence from stigma papillae and pollen size supports the hypothesis that the homostyly possibly originated from mutations of large effect genes in distylous linkage region. Transitions to self-compatible homostyly are accompanied by smaller corolla size, lower amounts of terpenoids, especially linalool and higher amounts of fatty acid derivatives. The main pollinators in the greenhouse were short-tongued Apis cerana. However, homostyly had reduced visiting frequency. The mating system of P. forbesii changed rapidly in just about 20 years of domestication, and our findings confirm the hypothesis that the transition to selfing is accompanied by decreased flower attraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cai‐Lei Liu
- College of Landscape ArchitectureSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Yin Jia
- College of Landscape ArchitectureSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Yi‐Feng Li
- College of Landscape ArchitectureSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Yuan‐Fen Xiang
- College of Landscape ArchitectureSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Yuan‐Zhi Pan
- College of Landscape ArchitectureSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Qing‐Lin Liu
- College of Landscape ArchitectureSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Ke‐Hang Ma
- College of Landscape ArchitectureSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Xian‐Cai Yin
- College of Landscape ArchitectureSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
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15
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Henning PM, Shore JS, McCubbin AG. The S-Gene YUC6 Pleiotropically Determines Male Mating Type and Pollen Size in Heterostylous Turnera (Passifloraceae): A Novel Neofunctionalization of the YUCCA Gene Family. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:2640. [PMID: 36235506 PMCID: PMC9572539 DOI: 10.3390/plants11192640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In heterostylous, self-incompatible Turnera species, a member of the YUCCA gene family, YUC6, resides at the S-locus and has been hypothesized to determine the male mating type. YUCCA gene family members synthesize the auxin, indole-3-acetic acid, via a two-step process involving the TAA gene family. Consequently, it has been speculated that differences in auxin concentration in developing anthers are the biochemical basis underlying the male mating type. Here, we provide empirical evidence that supports this hypothesis. Using a transgenic knockdown approach, we show that YUC6 acts pleiotropically to control both the male physiological mating type and pollen size, but not the filament length dimorphism associated with heterostyly in Turnera. Using qPCR to assess YUC6 expression in different transgenic lines, we demonstrate that the level of YUC6 knockdown correlates with the degree of change observed in the male mating type. Further assessment of YUC6 expression through anther development, in the knockdown lines, suggests that the male mating type is irreversibly determined during a specific developmental window prior to microsporogenesis, which is consistent with the genetically sporophytic nature of this self-incompatibility system. These results represent the first gene controlling male mating type to be characterized in any species with heterostyly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paige M. Henning
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-4236, USA
| | - Joel S. Shore
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Andrew G. McCubbin
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-4236, USA
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16
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Simón‐Porcar VI, Muñoz‐Pajares AJ, de Castro A, Arroyo J. Direct evidence supporting Darwin's hypothesis of cross-pollination promoted by sex organ reciprocity. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 235:2099-2110. [PMID: 35596603 PMCID: PMC9546006 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The floral phenotype plays a main role in the attraction and fit of pollinators. Both perianth traits and the positioning of sex organs can be subjected to natural selection and determine nonrandom mating patterns in populations. In stylar-polymorphic species, the Darwinian hypothesis predicts increased mating success between individuals with sex organs at equivalent heights (i.e. with higher reciprocity). We used paternity analyses in experimental populations of a stylar-dimorphic species. By comparing the observed mating patterns with those expected under random mating, we tested the effects of sex organ reciprocity and perianth traits on mating success. We also analysed phenotypic selection on perianth traits through female and male functions. The (dis)similarity of parental perianth traits had no direct effects on the mating patterns. Sex organ reciprocity had a positive effect on mating success. Narrow floral tubes increased this effect in upper sex organs. Perianth traits showed little signs of phenotypic selection. Female and absolute fitness measures resulted in different patterns of phenotypic selection. We provide precise empirical evidence of the Darwinian hypothesis about the functioning of stylar polymorphisms, demonstrating that mating patterns are determined by sex organ reciprocity and only those perianth traits which are critical to pollinator fit.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - A. Jesús Muñoz‐Pajares
- Department of GeneticsUniversity of GranadaE‐18071GranadaSpain
- Research Centre in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources (CIBIO)Campus Agrário de Vairão4485‐661VairãoPortugal
| | - Alejandra de Castro
- Department of Plant Biology and EcologyUniversity of SevilleE‐41080SevilleSpain
| | - Juan Arroyo
- Department of Plant Biology and EcologyUniversity of SevilleE‐41080SevilleSpain
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17
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Li Q. The Complete Chloroplast Genomes of Primula obconica Provide Insight That Neither Species nor Natural Section Represent Monophyletic Taxa in Primula (Primulaceae). Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13040567. [PMID: 35456373 PMCID: PMC9030805 DOI: 10.3390/genes13040567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Primula (Primulaceae) comprises more than 500 species, with 300 species distributed in China. The contradictory results between systematic analyses and morphology-based taxonomy make taxonomy studies difficult. Furthermore, frequent introgression between closely related species of Primula can result in non-monophyletic species. In this study, the complete chloroplast genome of sixteen Primula obconica subsp. obconica individuals were assembled and compared with 84 accessions of 74 species from 21 sections of the 24 sections of the genus in China. The plastome sizes of P. obconica subsp. obconica range from 153,584 bp to 154,028 bp. Genome-wide variations were detected, and 1915 high-quality SNPs and 346 InDels were found. Most SNPs were detected in downstream and upstream gene regions (45.549% and 41.91%). Two cultivated accessions, ZP1 and ZP2, were abundant with SSRs. Moreover, 12 SSRs shared by 9 accessions showed variations that may be used as molecular markers for population genetic studies. The phylogenetic tree showed that P. obconica subsp. obconica cluster into two independent clades. Two subspecies have highly recognizable morphological characteristics, isolated geographical distribution areas, and distinct phylogenetic relationships compared with P. obconica subsp. obconica. We elevate the two subspecies of P. obconica to separate species. Our phylogenetic tree is largely inconsistent with morphology-based taxonomy. Twenty-one sections of Primula were mainly divided into three clades. The monophyly of Sect. Auganthus, Sect. Minutissimae, Sect. Sikkimensis, Sect. Petiolares, and Sect. Ranunculoides are well supported in the phylogenetic tree. The Sect. Obconicolisteri, Sect. Monocarpicae, Sect. Carolinella, Sect. Cortusoides, Sect. Aleuritia, Sect. Denticulata, Sect. Proliferae Pax, and Sect. Crystallophlomis are not a monophyletic group. The possible explanations for non-monophyly may be hybridization, polyploidization, recent introgression, incorrect taxonomy, or chloroplast capture. Multiple genomic data and population genetic studies are therefore needed to reveal the evolutionary history of Primula. Our results provided valuable information for intraspecific variation and phylogenetic relationships within Primula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, China
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18
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Rarity up in the mountain: Ecological niche modeling, phenology, and reproductive biology of the most commercialized Masdevallia species. J Nat Conserv 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnc.2021.126120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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19
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Zhang W, Hu YF, He X, Zhou W, Shao JW. Evolution of Autonomous Selfing in Marginal Habitats: Spatiotemporal Variation in the Floral Traits of the Distylous Primula wannanensis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:781281. [PMID: 34975966 PMCID: PMC8716950 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.781281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Outcrossing plant species are more likely to exhibit autonomous selfing in marginal habitats to ensure reproduction under conditions of limited pollinator and/or mate availability. Distyly is a classical paradigm that promotes outcrossing; however, little is known about the variation in floral traits associated with distylous syndrome in marginal populations. In this study, we compared the variation in floral traits including stigma and anther height, corolla tube length, herkogamy, and corolla diameter between the central and peripheral populations of the distylous Primula wannanensis, and assessed the variation of floral traits at early and late florescence stages for each population. To evaluate the potential consequences of the variation in floral traits on the mating system, we investigated seed set in each population under both open-pollinated and pollinator-excluded conditions. The flower size of both short- and long-styled morphs was significantly reduced in late-opening flowers compared with early opening flowers in both central and peripheral populations. Sex-organ reciprocity was perfect in early opening flowers; however, it was largely weakened in the late-opening flowers of peripheral populations compared with central populations. Of these flowers, disproportionate change in stigma height (elongated in S-morph and shortened in L-morph) was the main cause of reduced herkogamy, and seed set was fairly high under pollinator-excluded condition. Our results provide empirical support for the hypothesis on the evolution of delayed autonomous selfing in marginal populations of distylous species. Unsatisfactory pollinator service is likely to have promoted reproductive assurance of distylous plants with largely reduced herkogamy mimicking "homostyles."
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Biological Resources, Wuhu, China
| | - Ying Feng Hu
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China
| | - Xiao He
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- Lijiang Forest Biodiversity National Observation and Research Station, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lijiang, China
| | - Jian Wen Shao
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Biological Resources, Wuhu, China
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20
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Development of the first microsatellite markers using high-throughput sequencing for a hexaploid coastal species, Tournefortia argentea L. f. (Boraginaceae). Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:7049-7055. [PMID: 34462831 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06668-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUD Tournefortia argentea L. f. is a hexaploid shrub or tree species with ecological and evolutionary significances, which forms the fringe of vegetation closest to the sea on tropical coral islands. Previous studies have never addressed on genetic information, and thus genomic resources remain scarce. METHODS AND RESULTS We used nine individuals from different islands to identify polymorphic microsatellites of T. argentea by Illumina high-throughput sequencing. Thirty-five polymorphic microsatellite markers were developed. Characteristics of each locus were tested using 48 individuals collected from three populations of T. argentea. A total of 320 alleles were found across the 35 microsatellite loci. The number of alleles per locus ranged from 5 to 15, with an average of 9.1. Observed and expected heterozygosities in each locus per population varied from 0.000 to 1.000 and from 0.000 to 0.893, respectively. CONCLUSIONS In this study, we report the development of 35 polymorphic microsatellite markers based on Illumina high-throughput sequencing. These markers will facilitate the investigations of genetic diversity, population structures and evolutionary history of T. argentea.
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21
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López-Goldar X, Agrawal AA. Ecological Interactions, Environmental Gradients, and Gene Flow in Local Adaptation. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 26:796-809. [PMID: 33865704 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2021.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Despite long-standing interest in local adaptation of plants to their biotic and abiotic environment, existing theory, and many case studies, little work to date has addressed within-species evolution of concerted strategies and how these might contrast with patterns across species. Here we consider the interactions between pollinators, herbivores, and resource availability in shaping plant local adaptation, how these interactions impact plant phenotypes and gene flow, and the conditions where multiple traits align along major environmental gradients such as latitude and elevation. Continued work in emerging model systems will benefit from the melding of classic experimental approaches with novel population genetic analyses to reveal patterns and processes in plant local adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xosé López-Goldar
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - Anurag A Agrawal
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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22
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Karron JD, Christopher DA, Semski WR. Pollen transport: Illuminating a key mechanism of disassortative pollination. Curr Biol 2021; 31:R893-R895. [PMID: 34314713 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.05.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Floral sexual polymorphisms have evolved repeatedly in angiosperms and are thought to reduce self-pollination and increase pollen export. Using a powerful pollen-labeling technique, quantum dots, a new study shows that pollen placement on pollinator bodies plays a critical role in disassortative pollination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey D Karron
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, PO Box 413, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA.
| | - Dorothy A Christopher
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, PO Box 413, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA
| | - Wendy R Semski
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, PO Box 413, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA
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23
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Wang XJ, Barrett SCH, Zhong L, Wu ZK, Li DZ, Wang H, Zhou W. The Genomic Selfing Syndrome Accompanies the Evolutionary Breakdown of Heterostyly. Mol Biol Evol 2021; 38:168-180. [PMID: 32761213 PMCID: PMC7782863 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msaa199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolutionary transition from outcrossing to selfing can have important genomic consequences. Decreased effective population size and the reduced efficacy of selection are predicted to play an important role in the molecular evolution of the genomes of selfing species. We investigated evidence for molecular signatures of the genomic selfing syndrome using 66 species of Primula including distylous (outcrossing) and derived homostylous (selfing) taxa. We complemented our comparative analysis with a microevolutionary study of P. chungensis, which is polymorphic for mating system and consists of both distylous and homostylous populations. We generated chloroplast and nuclear genomic data sets for distylous, homostylous, and distylous–homostylous species and identified patterns of nonsynonymous to synonymous divergence (dN/dS) and polymorphism (πN/πS) in species or lineages with contrasting mating systems. Our analysis of coding sequence divergence and polymorphism detected strongly reduced genetic diversity and heterozygosity, decreased efficacy of purifying selection, purging of large-effect deleterious mutations, and lower rates of adaptive evolution in samples from homostylous compared with distylous populations, consistent with theoretical expectations of the genomic selfing syndrome. Our results demonstrate that self-fertilization is a major driver of molecular evolutionary processes with genomic signatures of selfing evident in both old and relatively young homostylous populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Jia Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China.,Plant Germplasm and Genomics Center, Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Spencer C H Barrett
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Li Zhong
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhi-Kun Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - De-Zhu Li
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China.,Plant Germplasm and Genomics Center, Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Hong Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China.,Plant Germplasm and Genomics Center, Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
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Wang H, Barrett SCH, Li XY, Niu Y, Duan YW, Zhang ZQ, Li QJ. Sexual conflict in protandrous flowers and the evolution of gynodioecy. Evolution 2020; 75:278-293. [PMID: 33080057 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Sexual interference between male and female function in hermaphrodite plants is reduced by protandry. In environments with insufficient pollinator service, prolongation of male function owing to limited pollen removal could restrict the duration of female function and lower seed production. We provide evidence that this form of sexual conflict has played a role in the spread of females in gynodioecious populations of Cyananthus delavayi in the pollen-limited environments in which this subalpine species occurs. Using field experiments involving artificial pollen removal from the strongly protandrous flowers of hermaphrodites, we demonstrated a trade-off between male- and female-phase duration with no influence on overall floral longevity. Pollen removal at the beginning of anthesis resulted in hermaphrodite seed production matching that of females. In contrast, restricted pollen removal increased the duration of male function at the expense of female function lowering maternal fertility compared to females. This pattern was evident in five populations with females experiencing a twofold average seed fertility advantage compared to hermaphrodites. Gynodioecy often appears to evolve from protandrous ancestors and pollen limitation is widespread in flowering plants suggesting that sexual conflict may play an unappreciated role in the evolution of this form of sexual dimorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Plant Reproductive Adaptation and Evolutionary Ecology, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650500, China.,Laboratory of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China
| | - Spencer C H Barrett
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Xue-Yan Li
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Plant Reproductive Adaptation and Evolutionary Ecology, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650500, China.,Laboratory of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China
| | - Yang Niu
- Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Yuan-Wen Duan
- Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Zhang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Plant Reproductive Adaptation and Evolutionary Ecology, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650500, China.,Laboratory of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China
| | - Qing-Jun Li
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Plant Reproductive Adaptation and Evolutionary Ecology, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650500, China.,Laboratory of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China
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25
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Zheng Y, Dai Q, Guo X, Zeng X. Dynamics behind disjunct distribution, hotspot-edge refugia, and discordant RADseq/mtDNA variability: insights from the Emei mustache toad. BMC Evol Biol 2020; 20:111. [PMID: 32859147 PMCID: PMC7456009 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-020-01675-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The distribution of genetic diversity and the underlying processes are important for conservation planning but are unknown for most species and have not been well studied in many regions. In East Asia, the Sichuan Basin and surrounding mountains constitute an understudied region that exhibits a “ring” of high species richness overlapping the eastern edge of the global biodiversity hotspot Mountains of Southwest China. We examine the distributional history and genetic diversification of the Emei mustache toad Leptobrachium boringii, a typical “ring” element characterized by disjunct ranges in the mountains, by integrating time-calibrated gene tree, genetic variability, individual-level clustering, inference of population splitting and mixing from allele frequencies, and paleoclimatic suitability modeling. Results The results reveal extensive range dynamics, including secondary contact after long-term isolation via westward dispersal accompanied by variability loss. They allow the proposal of a model that combines recurrent contractions caused by Quaternary climatic changes and some failed expansions under suitable conditions for explaining the shared disjunct distribution pattern. Providing exceptional low-elevation habitats in the hotspot area, the eastern edge harbors both long-term refugial and young immigrant populations. This finding and a synthesis of evidence from other taxa demonstrate that a certain contributor to biodiversity, one that preserves and receives low-elevation elements of the east in this case, can be significant for only a particular part of a hotspot. By clarifying the low variability of these refugial populations, we show that discordant mitochondrial estimates of diversity can be obtained for populations that experienced admixture, which would have unlikely left proportional immigrant alleles for each locus. Conclusions Dispersal after long-term isolation can explain much of the spatial distribution of genetic diversity in this species, while secondary contact and long-term persistence do not guarantee a large variation. The model for the formation of disjunct ranges may apply to many other taxa isolated in the mountains surrounding the Sichuan Basin. Furthermore, this study provides insights into the heterogeneous nature of hotspots and discordant variability obtained from genome-wide and mitochondrial data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchi Zheng
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, #9 of Section 4, Ren-Min-Nan Road, Wuhou District, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan Province, China. .,Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (Ministry of Education), China West Normal University, Nanchong, 637009, Sichuan Province, China.
| | - Qiang Dai
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, #9 of Section 4, Ren-Min-Nan Road, Wuhou District, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Xianguang Guo
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, #9 of Section 4, Ren-Min-Nan Road, Wuhou District, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Xiaomao Zeng
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, #9 of Section 4, Ren-Min-Nan Road, Wuhou District, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan Province, China
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Cutter AD. Reproductive transitions in plants and animals: selfing syndrome, sexual selection and speciation. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 224:1080-1094. [PMID: 31336389 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The evolution of predominant self-fertilisation frequently coincides with the evolution of a collection of phenotypes that comprise the 'selfing syndrome', in both plants and animals. Genomic features also display a selfing syndrome. Selfing syndrome traits often involve changes to male and female reproductive characters that were subject to sexual selection and sexual conflict in the obligatorily outcrossing ancestor, including the gametic phase for both plants and animals. Rapid evolution of reproductive traits, due to both relaxed selection and directional selection under the new status of predominant selfing, lays the genetic groundwork for reproductive isolation. Consequently, shifts in sexual selection pressures coupled to transitions to selfing provide a powerful paradigm for investigating the speciation process. Plant and animal studies, however, emphasise distinct selective forces influencing reproductive-mode transitions: genetic transmission advantage to selfing or reproductive assurance outweighing the costs of inbreeding depression vs the costs of males and meiosis. Here, I synthesise links between sexual selection, evolution of selfing and speciation, with particular focus on identifying commonalities and differences between plant and animal systems and pointing to areas warranting further synergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asher D Cutter
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3B2, Canada
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Barrett SCH. 'A most complex marriage arrangement': recent advances on heterostyly and unresolved questions. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 224:1051-1067. [PMID: 31631362 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Heterostylous genetic polymorphisms provide paradigmatic systems for investigating adaptation and natural selection. Populations are usually comprised of two (distyly) or three (tristyly) mating types, maintained by negative frequency-dependent selection resulting from disassortative mating. Theory predicts this mating system should result in equal style-morph ratios (isoplethy) at equilibrium. Here, I review recent advances on heterostyly, focusing on examples challenging stereotypical depictions of the polymorphism and unresolved questions. Comparative analyses indicate multiple origins of heterostyly, often within lineages. Ecological studies demonstrate that structural components of heterostyly are adaptations improving the proficiency of animal-mediated cross-pollination and reducing pollen wastage. Both neutral and selective processes cause deviations from isoplethy in heterostylous populations, and, under some ecological and demographic conditions, cause breakdown of the polymorphism, resulting in either the evolution of autogamy and mixed mating, or transitions to alternative outcrossing systems, including dioecy. Earlier ideas on the genetic architecture of the S-locus supergene governing distyly have recently been overturned by discovery that the dominant S-haplotype is a hemizygous region absent from the s-haplotype. Ecological, phylogenetic and molecular genetic data have validated some features of theoretical models on the selection of the polymorphism. Although heterostyly is the best-understood floral polymorphism in angiosperms, many unanswered questions remain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spencer C H Barrett
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, M5S 3B2, Canada
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Zhong L, Barrett SCH, Wang XJ, Wu ZK, Sun HY, Li DZ, Wang H, Zhou W. Phylogenomic analysis reveals multiple evolutionary origins of selfing from outcrossing in a lineage of heterostylous plants. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 224:1290-1303. [PMID: 31077611 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Evolutionary transitions from outcrossing to selfing often occur in heterostylous plants. Selfing homostyles originate within distylous populations and frequently evolve to become reproductively isolated species. We investigated this process in 10 species of Primula section Obconicolisteri using phylogenomic approaches and inferred how often homostyly originated from distyly and its consequences for population genetic diversity and floral trait evolution. We estimated phylogenetic relationships and reconstructed character evolution using the whole plastome comprised of 76 protein-coding genes. To investigate mating patterns and genetic diversity we screened 15 microsatellite loci in 40 populations. We compared floral traits among distylous and homostylous populations to determine how phenotypically differentiated homostyles were from their distylous ancestors. Section Obconicolisteri was monophyletic and we estimated multiple independent transitions from distyly to homostyly. High selfing rates characterised homostylous populations and this was associated with reduced genetic diversity. Flower size and pollen production were reduced in homostylous populations, but pollen size was significantly larger in some homostyles than in distylous morphs. Repeated transitions to selfing in section Obconicolisteri are likely to have been fostered by the complex montane environments that species occupy. Unsatisfactory pollinator service is likely to have promoted reproductive assurance in homostyles leading to subsequent population divergence through isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhong
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 132 Lanhei Road, Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Spencer C H Barrett
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Xin-Jia Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 132 Lanhei Road, Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhi-Kun Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, Guiyang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550002, China
| | - Hua-Ying Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 132 Lanhei Road, Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, China
| | - De-Zhu Li
- Plant Germplasm and Genomics Centre, Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 132 Lanhei Road, Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, China
| | - Hong Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 132 Lanhei Road, Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Plant Germplasm and Genomics Centre, Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 132 Lanhei Road, Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, China
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Global transcriptome and gene co-expression network analyses on the development of distyly in Primula oreodoxa. Heredity (Edinb) 2019; 123:784-794. [PMID: 31308492 DOI: 10.1038/s41437-019-0250-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Distyly is a genetically controlled flower polymorphism that has intrigued both botanists and evolutionary biologists ever since Darwin's time. Despite extensive reports on the pollination and evolution of distylous systems, the genetic basis and mechanism of molecular regulation remain unclear. In the present study, comparative transcriptome profiling was conducted in primrose (Primula oreodoxa), the prime research model for heterostyly. Thirty-six transcriptomes were sequenced for styles at different stages and corolla tube in the three morphs of P. oreodoxa. Large numbers of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were detected in the transcriptomes of styles across different morphs. Several transcription factors (TFs) and phytohormone metabolism-related genes were highlighted in S-morphs. A growing number of genes showed differential expression patterns along with the development of styles, suggesting that the genetic control of distyly may be more complicated than ever expected. Analysis of co-expression networks and module-trait relationships identified modules significantly associated with style development. CYP734A50, a key S-locus gene whose products degrade brassinosteroids, was co-expressed with many genes in the module and showed significant negative association with style length. In addition, crucial TFs involved in phytohormone signaling pathways were found to be connected with CYP734A50 in the co-expression module. Our global transcriptomic analysis has identified DEGs that are potentially involved in regulation of style length in P. oreodoxa, and may shed light on the evolution and broad biological processes of heterostyly.
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Shao JW, Wang HF, Fang SP, Conti E, Chen YJ, Zhu HM. Intraspecific variation of self-incompatibility in the distylous plant Primula merrilliana. AOB PLANTS 2019; 11:plz030. [PMID: 32489575 PMCID: PMC6557196 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plz030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Heteromorphic self-incompatibility can prevent self- and intramorph fertilization while favouring intermorph mating and the maintenance of morph-ratio stability in heterostylous populations. However, variation in the expression of self-incompatibility intraspecies has seldom been assessed. Through hand pollinations and microsatellite markers, the variation in the expression of self-incompatibility and genetic diversity were studied in distylous plant Primula merrilliana. We discovered that the strength of self-incompatibility varied extensively among individuals and populations, from pronounced to weaker self-incompatibility in distylous populations, all the way to strong self-compatibility in homostylous populations. Each distylous population included self-incompatible (SI), partly self-compatible (PSC) and self-compatible (SC) individuals, with the index of self-compatibility (ISC) ranging from 0.07 to 0.68 across populations. Self-compatible populations (ISC > 0.25) were not genetically clustered but were more closely related to populations with high SI and SC individuals were mixed with SI individuals within populations. The ISC and the proportions of SC and PSC individuals were higher in peripheral than in central populations, but no decrease of genetic diversity and no deviations of floral morph ratio from isoplethy were detected in peripheral populations. Additionally, the expression of self-incompatibility was stronger in long-styled flowers than in short-styled flowers. The variation in the strength of self-incompatibility documented in P. merrilliana cautions against the estimation of ISC from a few individuals or populations in distylous species and provides a more complex and nuanced understanding of the role of self-incompatibility in heterostyly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Wen Shao
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, P.R. China
- The Key Laboratory of Conservation and Employment of Biological Resources of Anhui, Wuhu, P.R. China
| | - Hui-Feng Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, P.R. China
| | - Su-Ping Fang
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, P.R. China
| | - Elena Conti
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany and Botanic Garden, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ya-Jing Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, P.R. China
| | - Hu-Ming Zhu
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, P.R. China
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Wang X, Zhong L, Wu Z, Sun H, Wang H, Li D, Barrett SCH, Zhou W. Characterization of 30 microsatellite markers in distylous Primula sinolisteri (Primulaceae) using HiSeq sequencing. APPLICATIONS IN PLANT SCIENCES 2019; 7:e01208. [PMID: 30693154 PMCID: PMC6342175 DOI: 10.1002/aps3.1208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Microsatellite markers were developed for Primula sinolisteri, a perennial distylous herb belonging to section Obconicolisteri (Primulaceae), to facilitate future investigations of the population genetics and mating patterns of populations in this species. METHODS AND RESULTS We developed 30 microsatellite markers for P. sinolisteri using HiSeq X-Ten sequencing and measured polymorphism and genetic diversity in a sample of 36 individuals from three natural populations. The markers displayed relatively high polymorphism, with the number of observed alleles per locus ranging from one to 19 (mean = 4.42). The observed and expected heterozygosity ranged from 0-1.000 and 0.083-0.882, respectively. Twenty-nine of the loci were also successfully amplified in homostylous P. sinolisteri var. aspera. CONCLUSIONS The microsatellite markers we have identified in P. sinolisteri provide powerful tools for investigating patterns of population genetic diversity and the evolutionary relationships between heterostyly and homostyly in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinjia Wang
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East AsiaKunming Institute of BotanyChinese Academy of SciencesKunming650201YunnanPeople's Republic of China
- University of the Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049People's Republic of China
| | - Li Zhong
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East AsiaKunming Institute of BotanyChinese Academy of SciencesKunming650201YunnanPeople's Republic of China
- University of the Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049People's Republic of China
| | - Zhikun Wu
- Department of PharmacyGuiyang University of Traditional Chinese MedicineGuiyang550002GuizhouPeople's Republic of China
| | - Huaying Sun
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East AsiaKunming Institute of BotanyChinese Academy of SciencesKunming650201YunnanPeople's Republic of China
| | - Hong Wang
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East AsiaKunming Institute of BotanyChinese Academy of SciencesKunming650201YunnanPeople's Republic of China
| | - Dezhu Li
- Plant Germplasm and Genomics CenterGermplasm Bank of Wild SpeciesKunming Institute of BotanyChinese Academy of SciencesKunming650201YunnanPeople's Republic of China
| | - Spencer C. H. Barrett
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioM5S 3B2Canada
| | - Wei Zhou
- Plant Germplasm and Genomics CenterGermplasm Bank of Wild SpeciesKunming Institute of BotanyChinese Academy of SciencesKunming650201YunnanPeople's Republic of China
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Wu Y, Zhong T, Liu GL, Tan LW, Li QJ. The relative strength of different floral visitors driving floral evolution within a Primula secundiflora population. Evol Ecol 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-018-9962-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Wu Y, Zhong T, Zhang ZQ, Li QJ. Pollinator-mediated selection on floral traits varies in space and between morphs in Primula secundiflora. AOB PLANTS 2018; 10:ply059. [PMID: 30393517 PMCID: PMC6205359 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/ply059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Elucidating how variation in selection shapes the evolution of flowers is key to understanding adaptive differentiation processes. We estimated pollinator-mediated selection through female function in L-morph (long-style and short-anther phenotype) and S-morph (short-style and long-anther phenotype) flowers among four Primula secundiflora populations with different pollinator assemblages. Variation in pollinator assemblage strongly contributed to differences in reproductive success among populations and between morphs of the primrose species. A wider corolla tube width was selected in the bumblebee-dominated populations, whereas shorter corolla tube length and wider corolla tube width were selected in the syrphid fly-dominated populations. Morph-specific variation in pollinator-mediated selection on corolla tube length was detected in the syrphid fly-dominated populations. A shorter corolla tube was selected in the L-morph flowers. However, similar selective pressure on this trait was not observed in the S-morph flowers. These results show that variation in pollinator assemblage leads to variation in selection in space and between morphs. The findings highlight the potential forces of different pollinator agents in driving floral evolution in this primrose species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Wu
- School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Environment, Xihua University, Chengdu, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Zhong
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Laboratory of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Qing-Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Laboratory of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
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Yuan S, Barrett SCH, Li C, Li X, Xie K, Zhang D. Genetics of distyly and homostyly in a self-compatible Primula. Heredity (Edinb) 2018; 122:110-119. [PMID: 29728676 DOI: 10.1038/s41437-018-0081-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The transition from outcrossing to selfing through the breakdown of distyly to homostyly has occurred repeatedly among families of flowering plants. Homostyles can originate by major gene changes at the S-locus linkage group, or by unlinked polygenic modifiers. Here, we investigate the inheritance of distyly and homostyly in Primula oreodoxa, a subalpine herb endemic to Sichuan, China. Controlled self- and cross-pollinations confirmed that P. oreodoxa unlike most heterostylous species is fully self-compatible. Segregation patterns indicated that the inheritance of distyly is governed by a single Mendelian locus with the short-styled morph carrying at least one dominant S-allele (S-) and long-styled plants homozygous recessive (ss). Crossing data were consistent with a model in which homostyly results from genetic changes at the distylous linkage group, with the homostylous allele (Sh) dominant to the long-styled allele (s), but recessive to the short-styled allele (S). Progeny tests of open-pollinated seed families revealed high rates of intermorph mating in the L-morph but considerable selfing and possibly intramorph mating in the S-morph and in homostyles. S-morph plants homozygous at the S-locus (SS) occurred in several populations but may experience viability selection. The crossing data from distylous and homostylous plants are consistent with either recombination at the S-locus governing distyly, or mutation at gene(s) controlling sex-organ height; both models predict the same patterns of segregation. Recent studies on the molecular genetics of distyly in Primula demonstrating the hemizygous nature of genes at the S-locus make it more likely that homostyles have resulted from mutation rather than recombination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 10049, China
| | - Spencer C H Barrett
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks St., Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Cehong Li
- Biological Resources Research Station at E'mei Mountain, Sichuan, Leshan, 614201, China
| | - Xiaojie Li
- Biological Resources Research Station at E'mei Mountain, Sichuan, Leshan, 614201, China
| | - Kongping Xie
- Biological Resources Research Station at E'mei Mountain, Sichuan, Leshan, 614201, China
| | - Dianxiang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China.
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Yuan S, Zeng G, Zhang D. Development of microsatellite markers for Primula oreodoxa (Primulaceae), a distylous-homostylous species. APPLICATIONS IN PLANT SCIENCES 2018; 6:e01150. [PMID: 30131892 PMCID: PMC5991559 DOI: 10.1002/aps3.1150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Microsatellite markers were developed for a distylous-homostylous species, Primula oreodoxa (Primulaceae), to investigate the mating patterns and gene flow in the species. METHODS AND RESULTS Using RAD sequencing, 42,777 contigs were generated. A total of 1566 putative simple sequence repeat (SSR) loci were identified by MISA, and 1433 primer sets were designed. After initial screening of 107 SSR loci, 24 loci displayed polymorphism. The number of alleles per locus detected ranged from one to 11 in the sampled populations of P. oreodoxa. Levels of observed and expected heterozygosity for each locus ranged from 0 to 0.917 and 0 to 0.816, respectively. Fifteen and 13 of these loci could be successfully amplified in the two congeneric species P. obconica and P. heucherifolia, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The SSR markers developed here will be valuable for genetic analysis and elucidation of mating patterns in P. oreodoxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable UtilizationSouth China Botanical GardenChinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou510650People’s Republic of China
- University of the Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing10049People’s Republic of China
| | - Gui Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable UtilizationSouth China Botanical GardenChinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou510650People’s Republic of China
- University of the Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing10049People’s Republic of China
| | - Dianxiang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable UtilizationSouth China Botanical GardenChinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou510650People’s Republic of China
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Heslop-Harrison JS(P. Morphology, adaptation and speciation. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2017; 120:621-624. [PMCID: PMC5691378 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcx130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The study of plant evolution and development in a phylogenetic context has accelerated research advances in both areas over the last decade. The addition of a robust phylogeny for plant taxa based on DNA as well as morphology has given a strong context for this research. Genetics and genomics, including sequencing of many genes, and a better understanding of non-genetic, responsive changes, by plants have increased knowledge of how the different body forms of plants have arisen. Here, I overview the papers in this Special Issue of Annals of Botany on Morphological Adaptation, bringing together a range of papers that link phylogeny and morphology. These lead to models of development and functional adaptation across a range of plant systems, with implications for ecology and ecosystems, as well as development and evolution.
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