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Kidyoo A, Kidyoo M, Ekkaphan P, Blatrix R, McKey D, Proffit M. Specialized pollination by cecidomyiid flies and associated floral traits in Vincetoxicum sangyojarniae (Apocynaceae, Asclepiadoideae). PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2024; 26:166-180. [PMID: 38196297 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Specialized pollination systems frequently match a particular set of floral characteristics. Vincetoxicum spp. (Apocynaceae, Asclepiadoideae) have disk-shaped flowers with open access to rewards and reproductive organs. Flowers with these traits are usually associated with generalized pollination. However, the highly modified androecium and gynoecium that characterize asclepiads are thought to be associated with specialized pollinators. In V. sangyojarniae, we investigated floral biology, pollination, and the degree of pollinator specialization in two localities in Thailand. We examined floral traits that target legitimate pollinators. Flowers of V. sangyojarniae opened only at night, emitted floral scents containing mainly (E)-β-ocimene, 1-octen-3-ol, (E)-4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene (E-DMNT) and N-(3-methylbutyl)acetamide, and provided sucrose-dominated nectar openly to insect visitors. Assessment of pollinator effectiveness indicated that V. sangyojarniae is functionally specialized for pollination by cecidomyiid flies. Although various insects, particularly cockroaches, frequently visited flowers, they did not carry pollinaria. Our results suggest that V. sangyojarniae attracts its fly pollinators by emitting floral volatiles bearing olfactory notes associated with the presence of fungi or, less likely, of prey captured by predatory arthropods (food sources of its pollinators) but offers a nectar reward upon insect arrival. Hence, there is a mismatch between the advertisement and the actual reward. Our results also suggest that the size of floral parts constitutes a mechanical filter where reciprocal fit between flower and insect structures ensures that only suitable pollinators can extract the pollinaria, a prerequisite for successful pollination.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kidyoo
- Plants of Thailand Research Unit, Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - M Kidyoo
- Plants of Thailand Research Unit, Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - P Ekkaphan
- Scientific and Technological Research Equipment Centre, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - R Blatrix
- CEFE, University of Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - D McKey
- CEFE, University of Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - M Proffit
- CEFE, University of Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
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Mochizuki K, Okamoto T, Chen KH, Wang CN, Evans M, Kramer AT, Kawakita A. Adaptation to pollination by fungus gnats underlies the evolution of pollination syndrome in the genus Euonymus. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2023; 132:319-333. [PMID: 37610846 PMCID: PMC10583214 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcad081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Dipteran insects are known pollinators of many angiosperms, but knowledge on how flies affect floral evolution is relatively scarce. Some plants pollinated by fungus gnats share a unique set of floral characters (dark red display, flat shape and short stamens), which differs from any known pollination syndromes. We tested whether this set of floral characters is a pollination syndrome associated with pollination by fungus gnats, using the genus Euonymus as a model. METHODS The pollinator and floral colour, morphology and scent profile were investigated for ten Euonymus species and Tripterygium regelii as an outgroup. The flower colour was evaluated using bee and fly colour vision models. The evolutionary association between fungus gnat pollination and each plant character was tested using a phylogenetically independent contrast. The ancestral state reconstruction was performed on flower colour, which is associated with fungus gnat pollination, to infer the evolution of pollination in the genus Euonymus. KEY RESULTS The red-flowered Euonymus species were pollinated predominantly by fungus gnats, whereas the white-flowered species were pollinated by bees, beetles and brachyceran flies. The colour vision analysis suggested that red and white flowers are perceived as different colours by both bees and flies. The floral scents of the fungus gnat-pollinated species were characterized by acetoin, which made up >90 % of the total scent in three species. Phylogenetically independent contrast showed that the evolution of fungus gnat pollination is associated with acquisition of red flowers, short stamens and acetoin emission. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that the observed combination of floral characters is a pollination syndrome associated with the parallel evolution of pollination by fungus gnats. Although the role of the red floral display and acetoin in pollinator attraction remains to be elucidated, our finding underscores the importance of fungus gnats as potential contributors to floral diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ko Mochizuki
- Botanical Gardens, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 3-7-1 Hakusan, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoko Okamoto
- Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Yanagido 1-1, Gifu, Japan
| | - Kai-Hsiu Chen
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Chun-Neng Wang
- Department of Life Science, Institute of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Matthew Evans
- Chicago Botanic Garden, 1000 Lake Cook Road, Glencoe, IL 60022, USA
| | - Andrea T Kramer
- Chicago Botanic Garden, 1000 Lake Cook Road, Glencoe, IL 60022, USA
| | - Atsushi Kawakita
- Botanical Gardens, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 3-7-1 Hakusan, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Rios-Carrasco S, Sánchez D, Ortega-González PF, Gutiérrez-Luna MF, Farfán-Beltrán ME, Mandujano MC, Vázquez-Santana S. The floral biology and the role of staminal connective appendages during pollination of the endoparasite Bdallophytum americanum (Cytinaceae). JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2023; 136:643-655. [PMID: 37311992 PMCID: PMC10421756 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-023-01466-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Bdallophytum americanum (Cytinaceae) is an endoparasitic plant species, meaning only the flowers emerge from the host during the reproductive season. Reports on the pollination biology of this species state that its primary pollinators are carrion flies attracted by the smell of the flowers and nectar as a reward. However, the functional role of one of the most outstanding attributes of B. americanum has been neglected. These are the staminal appendages formed by the apical overgrowth of connective tissue during anther development. To determine whether these staminal appendages play a role in pollination, we monitored a nectarless population of B. americanum. We described the inflorescence emergence, floral movements, and pollination and performed field experiments to test whether the absence of the staminal connective appendages affected the visitation frequency. Male inflorescences emerge early, and both male and female flowers open during the day and do not close. Hoverflies are the most frequent visitors to both floral sexes and carry the most pollen. Moreover, the movement of staminal appendages matching the pollen viability changes is reported for the first time. The staminal appendages are the structures where pollinators land before foraging. The field experiments showed that the visitation frequency decreased sharply without staminal appendages. As a landing platform, the staminal connective appendages in B. americanum are crucial for pollinator positioning and collecting viable pollen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Rios-Carrasco
- Laboratorio de Desarrollo en Plantas, Departamento de Biología Comparada, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Ciudad de Mexico, México
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Ciudad de Mexico, México
| | - Daniel Sánchez
- CONACYT-Laboratorio Nacional de Identificación y Caracterización Vegetal, Departamento de Botánica y Zoología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Guadalajara, 44171, Zapopan, Jalisco, México
| | - Pactli F Ortega-González
- Laboratorio de Desarrollo en Plantas, Departamento de Biología Comparada, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Ciudad de Mexico, México
| | - Morayna F Gutiérrez-Luna
- Laboratorio de Desarrollo en Plantas, Departamento de Biología Comparada, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Ciudad de Mexico, México
| | - Manuel Edday Farfán-Beltrán
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, 04510, Ciudad de Mexico, México
| | - María C Mandujano
- Laboratorio de Genética y Ecología, Departamento de Ecología de la Biodiversidad, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, UNAM, 04510, Ciudad de Mexico, México
| | - Sonia Vázquez-Santana
- Laboratorio de Desarrollo en Plantas, Departamento de Biología Comparada, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Ciudad de Mexico, México.
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Takahashi D, Sakaguchi S, Teramine T, Setoguchi H. Comparative reproductive ecology of two sister Asarum species (Aristolochiaceae) in relation to the evolution of elongated floral appendage. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2022; 24:987-997. [PMID: 35869650 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Genus Asarum (Aristolochiaceae) shows diverse floral morphology and is hypothesized to have diversified as a result of pollinator-mediated selection. Yet most aspects of their reproductive ecology, including pollinators, remain unclear. This study focuses on A. costatum and A. minamitanianum in Japan, a sister species pair having remarkable differences in calyx lobe length (10-20 mm and 70-180 mm, respectively). The objectives of this study are to elucidate multiple aspects of reproductive ecology of these two species and obtain evolutionary insights into floral organ elongation. We adopted combined approaches, including field observations, molecular analyses and cultivation experiments, such as pollinator observation for 3 years, fine-scale spatial genetic analysis of 769 individuals, paternity analysis based on 566 seeds over 4 years, and control pollination experiments. Both Asarum species had strong spatial genetic structures, indicating limited seed dispersal. Pollinator observation revealed that flies and ground-dwelling insects visited flowers of both species, but that the pollinator fauna differed between the species. The visitation rate of flies was extremely low but was more than twice as high in the species with an elongated floral appendage. Paternity analysis revealed A. minamitanianum was predominantly outcrossing, while A. costatum showed a wide range of selfing rates among fruits. These two Asarum species are likely adapted to fly pollination in the shady forest understorey, where available pollinator fauna is limited. In addition, although its function remains unclear, the elongated calyx lobe of A. minamitanianum could have evolved for effective pollen dispersal by attracting fly visitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Takahashi
- Kawatabi Field Science Centre, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Osaki, Japan
| | - S Sakaguchi
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - H Setoguchi
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Han ZD, Wu Y, Bernhardt P, Wang H, Ren ZX. Observations on the pollination and breeding systems of two Corybas species (Diurideae; Orchidaceae) by fungus gnats (Mycetophilidae) in southwestern Yunnan, China. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:426. [PMID: 36050636 PMCID: PMC9438300 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03816-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Modes of floral presentation in some angiosperms attract flies that eat and/or oviposit on seasonal fruiting bodies of fungi. Mushroom mimesis by orchid flowers has been speculated in the geoflorous, Indo-Malaysian-Australasian, genus Corybas s.l. for decades but most studies remain fragmentary and are often inconclusive. Here we report the roles of fungus gnats as pollinators of Corybas geminigibbus and C. shanlinshiensis in southwestern Yunnan, China, combining results of field observations, lab analyses, and manipulative experiments. Hand pollination experiments suggested both species were self-compatible but incapable of mechanical self-pollination, thereby requiring pollinators for fruit production. A female of a Phthinia sp. (Mycetophilidae) carried a pollinarium of C. geminigibbus dorsally on its thorax. Two females and one male of Exechia sp. (Mycetophilidae) visiting flowers of C. shanlinshiensis carried dorsal depositions of pollinaria on their thoraces. Mycetophilid eggs were not found in the flowers of either species. The comparative fragrance analyses of these flowers and three co-fruiting mushroom species did not suggest that either orchid species was a brood-site mimic. This is the first confirmation of the dispersal of pollinaria of Corybas species by fungus gnats in subtropical-temperate Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou-Dong Han
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - You Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | | | - Hong Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- Lijiang Forest Biodiversity National Observation and Research Station, Lijiang, China.
| | - Zong-Xin Ren
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- Lijiang Forest Biodiversity National Observation and Research Station, Lijiang, China.
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Suetsugu K, Nishigaki H, Fukushima S, Ishitani E, Kakishima S, Sueyoshi M. Thread-like appendix on Arisaema urashima (Araceae) attracts fungus gnat pollinators. Ecology 2022; 103:e3782. [PMID: 35757913 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Suetsugu
- Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroki Nishigaki
- Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Shigeki Fukushima
- Chiba Prefectural Agriculture and Forestry Research Center, 1887-1, Haniya, Sanbu, Chiba, 289-1223, Japan
| | - Eiji Ishitani
- Chiba Prefectural Agriculture and Forestry Research Center, 1887-1, Haniya, Sanbu, Chiba, 289-1223, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kakishima
- Center for Molecular Biodiversity Research, National Museum of Nature and Science, Amakubo 4-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305- 0005, Japan
| | - Masahiro Sueyoshi
- Center for Biodiversity and Climate Change, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Forest Research and Management Organization, 1 Matsunosato, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8687, Japan
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The Floral Signals of the Inconspicuous Orchid Malaxis monophyllos: How to Lure Small Pollinators in an Abundant Environment. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11050640. [PMID: 35625368 PMCID: PMC9137910 DOI: 10.3390/biology11050640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Malaxis monophyllos is an ephemeral orchid with very small, greenish flowers, whose pollination system remains vague. Therefore, the authors aimed to identify the flower’s features, including its anatomical micro and ultrastructure as well as scent biochemistry, which are involved in attracting pollinators. In this paper, the authors established the variety of emissions of M. monophyllos volatile compounds, with a high proportion of aldehydes and aliphatic alcohols, listed as chemicals that induce a pronounced reaction in Diptera. Second, the entire M. monophyllos labellum exhibits metabolic and secretory activity, which can be related to both emission of volatiles and visual attractants but also to the nutritional reward for pollinators. All these flower features indicated that its pollination system is dedicated to dipterans, with few signaling modalities corresponding to deceptive species (brood site and food decoy) but also referring to rewarding ones (nutritional secretion, fungus/microbe reward). This research reveals a few new issues in M. monophyllos pollination biology that provides new scientific areas for in-depth insights in the future. Abstract Many orchid species have evolved complex floral signals to ensure pollination efficiency. Here, the authors combined analyses of anatomical flower structure with analyses of the volatile composition and flower-visiting insects’ behaviour, as well as characterised features that can attract pollinators of the inconspicuous orchid Malaxis monophyllos. During field observations, the authors found that only small Diptera (e.g., mosquitos, drosophilids, fungus gnats) visit and are interested in the flowers of M. monophyllos, which was reflected in the characterised flower features that combine well with the pollination system, which engages dipterans. Analyses of the M. monophyllos floral scent revealed substantial concentrations of aliphatic compounds, e.g., 1-octen-3-ol and 1-octanol, which condition the mushroom-like scent and a substantial fraction of alkanes, some of which have been previously described as sex mimicry and aggregation pheromones in orchids’ deceptive systems. The labellum anatomical structure exhibits a highly diverse cell cuticle surface and pronounced metabolic and secretory activity of the epidermal and subepidermal cells from all parts of the labellum. Moreover, our study provides evidence for the subsequent decoys of M. monophyllos flowers, including visual signals, such as raphides located on the labellum margin and the rewarding ones connected with lipid secretion limited to the area behind the column. Taking an integrative approach to studying M. monophyllos pollination biology, the authors provide new insight into its previously vague pollination strategies and provide evidence for complex floral signal operation in luring potential pollinators. The synergistic effect of M. monophyllos flowers’ volatile and visual signals, together with additional rewarding for nectar/fungus/microbe-feeding pollinators, requires further detailed investigation that will be invaluable in explaining the evolution of Diptera-specific pollination systems in orchids.
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Lin W, Xu Y, Jiang Y, Ma Z. To cheat or to treat? Fungus gnat pollination in Aspidistra. Ecology 2022; 103:e3729. [PMID: 35419821 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Lin
- College of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Plant Science Education, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Yuanqing Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.,Kunming College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Yuhui Jiang
- College of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Plant Science Education, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Zhonghui Ma
- College of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Plant Science Education, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
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Henry SC, Kirkpatrick JB, McQuillan PB. The half century impact of fire on invertebrates in fire‐sensitive vegetation. AUSTRAL ECOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/aec.13141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shasta C. Henry
- School of Geography and Environmental Science University of Tasmania Private Bag 78, Sandy Bay Hobart Tasmania 7005 Australia
| | - Jamie B. Kirkpatrick
- School of Geography and Environmental Science University of Tasmania Private Bag 78, Sandy Bay Hobart Tasmania 7005 Australia
| | - Peter B. McQuillan
- School of Geography and Environmental Science University of Tasmania Private Bag 78, Sandy Bay Hobart Tasmania 7005 Australia
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In search of the spectral composition of an effective light trap for the mushroom pest Lycoriella ingenua (Diptera: Sciaridae). Sci Rep 2021; 11:12770. [PMID: 34140606 PMCID: PMC8211823 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92230-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Certain fungus gnats, like Lycoriella ingenua are notorious pests in agriculture, especially in mushroom production. While larvae cause mainly direct crop damage, adults are vectors of several dangerous fungal pathogens. To promote the development of pesticide-free management methods, such as light trapping, we measured the spectral sensitivity of L. ingenua compound eyes with electroretinography and performed two different behavioural experiments to reveal the wavelength dependence of phototaxis in this species. The spectral sensitivity of the compound eyes is bimodal with peaks at 370 nm (UV) and 526 nm (green). Behavioural experiments showed that attraction to light as a function of wavelength depends on light intensity. In our first experiment, where the minimal photon flux (105-109 photons/cm2/s) needed for eliciting a phototactic response was determined wavelength by wavelength, phototaxis was strongest in the green spectral range (~526 nm). In the other behavioural experiment, where wavelength preference was tested under a higher but constant light intensity (~1013 photons/cm2/s), the highest attraction was elicited by UV wavelengths (398 nm). Our results suggest that both UV and green are important spectral regions for L. ingenua thus we recommend to use both UV (~370-398 nm) and green (~526 nm) for trapping these insects.
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Matsumoto TK, Hirobe M, Sueyoshi M, Miyazaki Y. Selective pollination by fungus gnats potentially functions as an alternative reproductive isolation among five Arisaema species. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2021; 127:633-644. [PMID: 33263745 PMCID: PMC8052922 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcaa204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Interspecific difference in pollinators (pollinator isolation) is important for reproductive isolation in flowering plants. Species-specific pollination by fungus gnats has been discovered in several plant taxa, suggesting that they can contribute to reproductive isolation. Nevertheless, their contribution has not been studied in detail, partly because they are too small for field observations during flower visitation. To quantify their flower visitation, we used the genus Arisaema (Araceae) because the pitcher-like spathe of Arisaema can trap all floral visitors. METHODS We evaluated floral visitor assemblage in an altitudinal gradient including five Arisaema species. We also examined interspecific differences in altitudinal distribution (geographic isolation) and flowering phenology (phenological isolation). To exclude the effect of interspecific differences in altitudinal distribution on floral visitor assemblage, we established ten experimental plots including the five Arisaema species in high- and low-altitude areas and collected floral visitors. We also collected floral visitors in three additional sites. Finally, we estimated the strength and contribution of these three reproductive barriers using a unified formula for reproductive isolation. KEY RESULTS Each Arisaema species selectively attracted different fungus gnats in the altitudinal gradient, experimental plots and additional sites. Altitudinal distribution and flowering phenology differed among the five Arisaema species, whereas the strength of geographic and phenological isolations were distinctly weaker than those in pollinator isolation. Nevertheless, the absolute contribution of pollinator isolation to total reproductive isolation was weaker than geographic and phenological isolations, because pollinator isolation functions after the two early-acting barriers in plant life history. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that selective pollination by fungus gnats potentially contributes to reproductive isolation. Since geographic and phenological isolations can be disrupted by habitat disturbance and interannual climate change, the strong and stable pollinator isolation might compensate for the weakened early-acting barriers as an alternative reproductive isolation among the five Arisaema species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya K Matsumoto
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Kita-ku, Okayama, Japan
- For correspondence. E-mail
| | - Muneto Hirobe
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Kita-ku, Okayama, Japan
| | - Masahiro Sueyoshi
- Center for Biodiversity, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yuko Miyazaki
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Kita-ku, Okayama, Japan
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Nocturnal pollination: an overlooked ecosystem service vulnerable to environmental change. Emerg Top Life Sci 2020; 4:19-32. [PMID: 32478390 PMCID: PMC7326339 DOI: 10.1042/etls20190134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Existing assessments of the ecosystem service of pollination have been largely restricted to diurnal insects, with a particular focus on generalist foragers such as wild and honey bees. As knowledge of how these plant-pollinator systems function, their relevance to food security and biodiversity, and the fragility of these mutually beneficial interactions increases, attention is diverting to other, less well-studied pollinator groups. One such group are those that forage at night. In this review, we document evidence that nocturnal species are providers of pollination services (including pollination of economically valuable and culturally important crops, as well as wild plants of conservation concern), but highlight how little is known about the scale of such services. We discuss the primary mechanisms involved in night-time communication between plants and insect pollen-vectors, including floral scent, visual cues (and associated specialized visual systems), and thermogenic sensitivity (associated with thermogenic flowers). We highlight that these mechanisms are vulnerable to direct and indirect disruption by a range of anthropogenic drivers of environmental change, including air and soil pollution, artificial light at night, and climate change. Lastly, we highlight a number of directions for future research that will be important if nocturnal pollination services are to be fully understood and ultimately conserved.
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Wu T, Tang J, Huang SQ. Foraging behavior and pollination efficiency of generalist insects in an understory dioecious shrub Helwingia japonica. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2020; 107:1274-1282. [PMID: 32895943 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE It has been hypothesized that pollination success in animal-pollinated dioecious plants relies on opportunistic pollinators with no discrimination against female flowers. However, empirical studies of pollinator foraging behavior and pollination effectiveness in dioecious species are few. METHODS To investigate potential pollinators in Helwingia japonica, a dioecious shrub with small, inconspicuous flowers, we compared floral visitors and visit frequency to female and male plants for three flowering seasons in two field populations in subtropical forests in southwest China. Pollen placement on the insect bodies of four groups (solitary bees and other bees, fungus gnats, and other flies) was compared, and insect foraging behavior was observed. Pollen removal and conspecific and heterospecific pollen deposition per visit were measured to compare pollination effectiveness among the four groups. RESULTS Floral visitors usually did not discriminate between male and female flowers and did not gather pollen into collections. Our measurements of pollen transfer efficiency showed that solitary bees were the most effective pollinators with the highest conspecific pollen deposition. These insects seemed to be opportunistic visitors because pollen grains of H. japonica were distributed evenly over different regions of the visitor's body, and heterospecific pollen accounted for over 50% of total pollen loads on stigmas in the two populations. CONCLUSIONS Our investigations indicated that potential pollinators were generalists and did not discriminate against female flowers, as predicted for dioecious species pollinated by insects. A perspective of pollen removal by floral visitors offers insights into the evolution of plant sexual systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wu
- Institute of Evolution and Ecology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Ju Tang
- Institute of Evolution and Ecology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Shuang-Quan Huang
- Institute of Evolution and Ecology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
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Guo X, Zhao Z, Mar SS, Zhang D, Saunders RMK. A symbiotic balancing act: arbuscular mycorrhizal specificity and specialist fungus gnat pollination in the mycoheterotrophic genus Thismia (Thismiaceae). ANNALS OF BOTANY 2019; 124:331-342. [PMID: 31189014 PMCID: PMC6758588 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcz087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Mycorrhizal associations in mycoheterotrophic plants are generally more specialized than in autotrophs. Mycoheterotrophs typically bear small, inconspicuous flowers that often self-pollinate to maximize seed set, although some have structurally complex flowers indicative of xenogamy. A trade-off has previously been proposed between specialization in these above- and below-ground symbioses, although empirical data are lacking. METHODS We used next-generation DNA sequencing to compare the mycorrhizal communities from the roots of a mycoheterotrophic species, Thismia tentaculata (Thismiaceae), and its neighbouring autotrophs. We furthermore conducted detailed assessments of floral phenology and pollination ecology, and performed artificial pollination experiments to determine the breeding system. KEY RESULTS Thismia tentaculata maintains a symbiotic association with a single arbuscular mycorrhizal Rhizophagus species. The flowers are pollinated by a single species of fungus gnats (Corynoptera, Sciaridae), which are attracted by the yellow pigments and are temporarily restrained within the perianth chamber before departing via apertures between the anthers. The plants are self-compatible but predominantly xenogamous. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate that T. tentaculata maintains highly specialized associations with pollinators and mycorrhizal fungi, both of which are widely distributed. We suggest that specialization in multiple symbiotic interactions is possible in mycoheterotrophs if redundant selective pressures are not exerted to further restrict an already constrained suite of life-history traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Guo
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhongtao Zhao
- South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | | | - Dianxiang Zhang
- South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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Vlasáková B, Pinc J, Jůna F, Kotyková Varadínová Z. Pollination efficiency of cockroaches and other floral visitors of Clusia blattophila. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2019; 21:753-761. [PMID: 30620429 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Cockroaches have rarely been documented as pollinators. In this paper we examine whether this is because they might be inefficient at pollination compared to other pollinators. Clusia blattophila, a dioecious shrub growing on isolated rocky outcrops in French Guiana, is pollinated by Amazonina platystylata cockroaches and provides a valuable system for the study of cockroach pollination efficiency. We examined the species composition of the visitor guild and visitation rates by means of camcorder recordings and visitor sampling. Then, we investigated the capacity for pollen transfer of principal visitors and found correlations between visitation rates and pollen loads on stigmas. In an exclusion experiment we determined the contributions of individual species to pollination success. Amazonina platystylata, crickets and two species of Diptera transferred pollen, but the number of transferred pollen grains was only related to visitation rates in the case of cockroaches. Crickets visited and rarely carried pollen. Dipterans were as frequent as cockroaches, carried similar pollen loads, but transferred much less pollen. An estimated 41% and 17% of ovules were pollinated by cockroaches and dipterans, respectively. The remaining ovules were not pollinated. There was no spatial variation in pollinator guild composition, but cockroaches visited flowers less frequently at the smaller study site. We demonstrate that cockroaches pollinate a large proportion of ovules. Their pollination service is not confined to one study site and, unlike that provided by dipterans, is not limited to certain years. We suggest that cockroach pollination has been overlooked and that cockroach-pollinated plants, which share certain floral features, possess adaptations to pollination by cockroaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Vlasáková
- Department of Population Ecology, Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Průhonice, Czech Republic
| | - J Pinc
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - F Jůna
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Z Kotyková Varadínová
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Zoology, National Museum, Prague, Czech Republic
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16
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Ollerton J, Liede-Schumann S, Endress ME, Meve U, Rech AR, Shuttleworth A, Keller HA, Fishbein M, Alvarado-Cárdenas LO, Amorim FW, Bernhardt P, Celep F, Chirango Y, Chiriboga-Arroyo F, Civeyrel L, Cocucci A, Cranmer L, da Silva-Batista IC, de Jager L, Deprá MS, Domingos-Melo A, Dvorsky C, Agostini K, Freitas L, Gaglianone MC, Galetto L, Gilbert M, González-Ramírez I, Gorostiague P, Goyder D, Hachuy-Filho L, Heiduk A, Howard A, Ionta G, Islas-Hernández SC, Johnson SD, Joubert L, Kaiser-Bunbury CN, Kephart S, Kidyoo A, Koptur S, Koschnitzke C, Lamborn E, Livshultz T, Machado IC, Marino S, Mema L, Mochizuki K, Morellato LPC, Mrisha CK, Muiruri EW, Nakahama N, Nascimento VT, Nuttman C, Oliveira PE, Peter CI, Punekar S, Rafferty N, Rapini A, Ren ZX, Rodríguez-Flores CI, Rosero L, Sakai S, Sazima M, Steenhuisen SL, Tan CW, Torres C, Trøjelsgaard K, Ushimaru A, Vieira MF, Wiemer AP, Yamashiro T, Nadia T, Queiroz J, Quirino Z. The diversity and evolution of pollination systems in large plant clades: Apocynaceae as a case study. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2019; 123:311-325. [PMID: 30099492 PMCID: PMC6344220 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcy127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Large clades of angiosperms are often characterized by diverse interactions with pollinators, but how these pollination systems are structured phylogenetically and biogeographically is still uncertain for most families. Apocynaceae is a clade of >5300 species with a worldwide distribution. A database representing >10 % of species in the family was used to explore the diversity of pollinators and evolutionary shifts in pollination systems across major clades and regions. METHODS The database was compiled from published and unpublished reports. Plants were categorized into broad pollination systems and then subdivided to include bimodal systems. These were mapped against the five major divisions of the family, and against the smaller clades. Finally, pollination systems were mapped onto a phylogenetic reconstruction that included those species for which sequence data are available, and transition rates between pollination systems were calculated. KEY RESULTS Most Apocynaceae are insect pollinated with few records of bird pollination. Almost three-quarters of species are pollinated by a single higher taxon (e.g. flies or moths); 7 % have bimodal pollination systems, whilst the remaining approx. 20 % are insect generalists. The less phenotypically specialized flowers of the Rauvolfioids are pollinated by a more restricted set of pollinators than are more complex flowers within the Apocynoids + Periplocoideae + Secamonoideae + Asclepiadoideae (APSA) clade. Certain combinations of bimodal pollination systems are more common than others. Some pollination systems are missing from particular regions, whilst others are over-represented. CONCLUSIONS Within Apocynaceae, interactions with pollinators are highly structured both phylogenetically and biogeographically. Variation in transition rates between pollination systems suggest constraints on their evolution, whereas regional differences point to environmental effects such as filtering of certain pollinators from habitats. This is the most extensive analysis of its type so far attempted and gives important insights into the diversity and evolution of pollination systems in large clades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff Ollerton
- Faculty of Arts, Science and Technology, University of Northampton, Northampton, UK
- For correspondence. E-mail:
| | | | - Mary E Endress
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ulrich Meve
- Lehrstuhl für Pflanzensystematik, Universität Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - André Rodrigo Rech
- Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri (UFVJM), Curso de Licenciatura em Educação do Campo - LEC, Campus JK - Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Adam Shuttleworth
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
| | - Héctor A Keller
- Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste, UNNE-CONICET, Corrientes, Argentina
| | - Mark Fishbein
- Department of Plant Biology, Ecology, and Evolution, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | | | - Felipe W Amorim
- Laboratório de Ecologia da Polinização e Interações – LEPI, Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”- Unesp, Botucatu - SP, Brazil
| | - Peter Bernhardt
- Saint Louis University, Department of Biology, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ferhat Celep
- Mehmet Akif Ersoy Mah. 269. Cad. Urankent Prestij Konutları, Demetevler, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Yolanda Chirango
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Laure Civeyrel
- EDB, UMR 5174, Université de Toulouse, UPS, Toulouse cedex, France
| | - Andrea Cocucci
- Laboratorio de Ecología Evolutiva - Biología Floral, IMBIV (UNC-CONICET), Argentina
| | - Louise Cranmer
- Faculty of Arts, Science and Technology, University of Northampton, Northampton, UK
| | - Inara Carolina da Silva-Batista
- Departamento de Botânica, Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Quinta da Boa Vista, Rio de Janiero, RJ, Brazil
| | - Linde de Jager
- Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Mariana Scaramussa Deprá
- Laboratório de Ciências Ambientais, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes-RJ, Brazil
| | - Arthur Domingos-Melo
- Departamento de Botânica - CB, Laboratório de Biologia Floral e Reprodutiva - POLINIZAR, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife - PE, Brazil
| | - Courtney Dvorsky
- Saint Louis University, Department of Biology, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Kayna Agostini
- Universidade Federal de São Carlos - UFSCar, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Depto. Ciências da Natureza, Matemática e Educação, Araras, SP, Brazil
| | - Leandro Freitas
- Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro - RJ, Brazil
| | - Maria Cristina Gaglianone
- Laboratório de Ciências Ambientais, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes-RJ, Brazil
| | - Leo Galetto
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (UNC) and IMBIV (CONICET-UNC). CP, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Mike Gilbert
- Herbarium - Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, UK
| | - Ixchel González-Ramírez
- Laboratorio de Plantas Vasculares, Departamento de Biología Comparada, Facultad de Ciencias, UNAM, Mexico
| | - Pablo Gorostiague
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones Botánicas (LABIBO), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Salta-CONICET. Salta, Argentina
| | - David Goyder
- Herbarium - Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, UK
| | - Leandro Hachuy-Filho
- Laboratório de Ecologia da Polinização e Interações – LEPI, Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”- Unesp, Botucatu - SP, Brazil
| | - Annemarie Heiduk
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Aaron Howard
- Biology Department, Franklin and Marshall College, Lancaster, PA, USA
| | - Gretchen Ionta
- Natural History Museum, Georgia College, Milledgeville, GA, USA
| | - Sofia C Islas-Hernández
- Laboratorio de Plantas Vasculares, Departamento de Biología Comparada, Facultad de Ciencias, UNAM, Mexico
| | - Steven D Johnson
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
| | - Lize Joubert
- Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | | | - Susan Kephart
- Department of Biology, Willamette University Salem, OR, USA
| | - Aroonrat Kidyoo
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Suzanne Koptur
- Natural History Museum, Georgia College, Milledgeville, GA, USA
| | - Cristiana Koschnitzke
- Departamento de Botânica, Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Quinta da Boa Vista, Rio de Janiero, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ellen Lamborn
- Faculty of Arts, Science and Technology, University of Northampton, Northampton, UK
| | - Tatyana Livshultz
- Department of Biodiversity Earth and Environmental Sciences and Academy of Natural Sciences, Drexel University, Philadephia, PA, USA
| | - Isabel Cristina Machado
- Departamento de Botânica - CB, Laboratório de Biologia Floral e Reprodutiva - POLINIZAR, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife - PE, Brazil
| | - Salvador Marino
- Laboratorio de Ecología Evolutiva - Biología Floral, IMBIV (UNC-CONICET), Argentina
| | - Lumi Mema
- Department of Biodiversity Earth and Environmental Sciences and Academy of Natural Sciences, Drexel University, Philadephia, PA, USA
| | - Ko Mochizuki
- Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, Hirano, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Leonor Patrícia Cerdeira Morellato
- Universidade Estadual Paulista UNESP, Instituto de Biociências, Departamento de Botânica, Laboratório de Fenologia, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Evalyne W Muiruri
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey, UK
| | - Naoyuki Nakahama
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Craig I Peter
- Department of Botany, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa
| | - Sachin Punekar
- Biospheres, Eshwari, Nanasaheb Peshva Marg, Near Ramna Ganpati, Lakshminagar, Parvati, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Nicole Rafferty
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Alessandro Rapini
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Novo Horizonte, Feira de Santana, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Zong-Xin Ren
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, PR China
| | - Claudia I Rodríguez-Flores
- Laboratorio de Ecología, UBIPRO, FES-Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla de Baz, Estado de México, México
| | - Liliana Rosero
- Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, Tunja, Colombia
| | - Shoko Sakai
- Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, Hirano, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Marlies Sazima
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biologia, Caixa, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sandy-Lynn Steenhuisen
- Department of Plant Sciences, Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of the Free State, Qwaqwa campus, Phuthaditjhaba, Republic of South Africa
| | | | - Carolina Torres
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (UNC) and IMBIV (CONICET-UNC). CP, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Kristian Trøjelsgaard
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Atushi Ushimaru
- Graduate School of Human Development and Environment, Kobe University, Tsurukabuto, Kobe City, Japan
| | - Milene Faria Vieira
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ana Pía Wiemer
- Museo Botánico Córdoba y Cátedra de Morfología Vegetal (IMBIV-UNC-CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Tadashi Yamashiro
- Graduate School of Technology, Industrial and Social Science, Tokushima University, Minamijyosanjima, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Tarcila Nadia
- Centro Acadêmico de Vitória, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Joel Queiroz
- Departamento de Educação, Universidade Federal da Paraiba, Mamnguape, Paraiba, Brazil
| | - Zelma Quirino
- Departamento de Engenharia e Meio Ambiente, Universidade Federal da Paraiba, Rio Tinto, Paraíba, Brazil
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Okuyama Y, Okamoto T, Kjaerandsen J, Kato M. Bryophytes facilitate outcrossing of Mitella by functioning as larval food for pollinating fungus gnats. Ecology 2018; 99:1890-1893. [PMID: 29889299 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yudai Okuyama
- Tsukuba Botanical Garden, National Museum of Nature and Science, Amakubo 4-1-1, Tsukuba, 305-0005, Japan
| | - Tomoko Okamoto
- Laboratory of Insect Ecology, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Yanagido 1-1, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
| | - Jostein Kjaerandsen
- Tromsø University Museum, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, NO-9037, Norway
| | - Makoto Kato
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Yoshida Nihonmatsu-cho, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
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