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Hoang E, Stephenson P. Ascophyllum nodosum SWE enhances root anatomy, but not POD activity in both a salt-tolerant and salt-sensitive soybean ( Glycine max) variety exposed to salt stress. MICROPUBLICATION BIOLOGY 2024; 2024:10.17912/micropub.biology.001046. [PMID: 38585204 PMCID: PMC10998076 DOI: 10.17912/micropub.biology.001046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
There is growing evidence that seaweed extracts (SWE) may be a solution for mitigating the negative effects of salt stress on crop yield and quality, as they introduce bioactive ingredients able to regulate the expression of growth-inducing and stress-responsive genes. We demonstrate that SWE slightly ameliorated the negative physical growth effects of salt stress, especially in the root anatomy of the salt-sensitive (Clark) variety. The SWE did not stimulate or enhance peroxidase (POD) activity in either the salt-sensitive (Clark) or salt-tolerant variety (Manokin). However, a complete assessment of other antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, APX) involved in the ROS detoxification process is further required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Hoang
- Biology, Rollins College, Winter Park, Florida, United States
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2
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Zhou S, Xia P, Chen J, Xiong Q, Li G, Tian J, Wu B, Zhou F. Optimizing nitrogen application position to change root distribution in soil and regulate maize growth and yield formation in a wide-narrow row cropping system: pot and field experiments. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1298249. [PMID: 38328700 PMCID: PMC10847348 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1298249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
The wide-and narrow-row cropping technology used for maize has the advantages of protecting cultivated soil and improving the population structure in maize fields. However, the relationship between nitrogen application position and root interactions has not been determined. Through pot and field experiments, we evaluated the effects of two nitrogen application positions ((narrow row nitrogen application (RC) and wide row nitrogen application (RN)) and two nitrogen application regimens ((high nitrogen(HN) and low nitrogen(LN)) on root growth and yield composition of wide-narrow row maize during the flowering and harvest stages. In field experiments, RC increased the biomass, length and surface area of competing roots (narrow-row roots, CR) at the flowering stage. The yield and agronomic efficiency of N(AEN) and partial factor productivity of N(PFPN) were increased by RN compared to RC under HN, However, the AEN under LN was significantly lower; There was no significant effect on maize growth and biomass allocation at the same level of application of N. At the flowering stage, the results of CR and non-competing roots (wide-row roots, NCR) was consistent under pot experiments and the field experiments, and the yield under RN was also higher than that under RC, although the difference was not significant. Furthermore, according to the principal component analysis and correlation analysis, the competing roots were the main factor influencing yield and AEN. In conclusion, our study showed that RN is a useful fertilization method to improve overall productivity. All in all, how roots coordinate neighbors and nitrogen spatial heterogeneity is a complex ecological process, and its trophic behavior deserves further study.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Bozhi Wu
- Faculty of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Feng Zhou
- Faculty of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
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Sher J, Bibi F, Jan G, Tomlinson KW, Ayaz A, Zaman W. Kin and Non-Kin Connected Plants Benefit More Than Disconnected Kin and Non-Kin Plants under Nutrient-Competitive Environments. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:487. [PMID: 36771572 PMCID: PMC9920217 DOI: 10.3390/plants12030487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In the natural environment, plants grow and interact with both conspecific and heterospecific neighbours under different environmental conditions. In this study, we tested whether Chenopodium quinoa Willd genotypes differ in growth performance when grown with kin and non-kin under nutrient limitation in pot partitioning treatments. Biomass accumulation, allocation, organ efficiency, and specific leaf area were measured at the end of the experiment. Response variables were differentially impacted by kinship, fertility, and barrier. Total dry mass, shoot dry mass, and root and stem allocation were greater for plants grown with kin in connected pots than with non-kin in connected pots across the nutrient treatments. Kin connected and disconnected plants had a greater specific root length, specific stem length, and average leaf mass than non-kin connected and disconnected plants. Non-kin connected and disconnected plants had greater LAR and SLA than kin connected and disconnected plants under low- and high-nutrient treatments. Plants always grew better in the presence of their kin than non-kin. These results conclude that quinoa plant production benefits from planting closely related individuals under both high- and low-nutrient conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Sher
- Center for Integrative Conservation, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla 666303, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Farkhanda Bibi
- Department of Botany, Garden Campus, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan 23200, Pakistan
| | - Gul Jan
- Department of Botany, Garden Campus, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan 23200, Pakistan
| | - Kyle W. Tomlinson
- Center for Integrative Conservation, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla 666303, China
| | - Asma Ayaz
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Wajid Zaman
- Department of Life Sciences, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
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Zhang X, Yan J, Wu F. Response of Cucumis sativus to Neighbors in a Species-Specific Manner. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:139. [PMID: 36616268 PMCID: PMC9824612 DOI: 10.3390/plants12010139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Plants exhibit various behaviors of growth and allocation that play an important role in plant performance and social interaction as they grow together. However, it is unclear how Cucumis sativus plants respond to different neighbors. Here, we performed 5 neighbor combinations with C. sativus as the focal species. The selected materials of C. sativus responded to neighbors and exhibited different behavior strategies in a species-specific manner. All competition treatments reduced the growth of C. sativus seedlings to a certain extent, but only the Eruca sativa neighbor treatment reached a significant level in total root length and shoot biomass. Compared with growing under solitary conditions, focal plants avoided, tended to and did not change their allocation to their nearby plants. The larger the biomass of their neighbors, the stronger the inhibition of the focal plants. In addition, no significant correlations between growth and allocation variables were found, suggesting that growth and allocation are two important aspects of C. sativus behavioral strategies. Our findings provide reference and support for agricultural production of C. sativus, but further research and practice are still needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu Zhang
- Department of Horticulture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
- Key Laboratory of Cold Area Vegetable Biology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Jingfan Yan
- Department of Horticulture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
- Key Laboratory of Cold Area Vegetable Biology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Fengzhi Wu
- Department of Horticulture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
- Key Laboratory of Cold Area Vegetable Biology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
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Li H, Li L, Liu N, Liu Z, Lu Y, Shao L. Balanced below- and above-ground growth improved yield and water productivity by cultivar renewal for winter wheat. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1022023. [PMID: 36388545 PMCID: PMC9659963 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1022023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Breeding cultivars that can maintain high production and water productivity (WP) under various growing conditions would be important for mitigating freshwater shortage problems. Experiments were carried out to assess the changes in yield and WP of different cultivars by breeding and traits related to the changes using tubes with 1.05 m depth and 19.2 cm inner diameter buried in the field located in the North China Plain. Six winter wheat cultivars released from the 1970s to 2010s were assessed under three water levels for three seasons. The results indicated that yield was on average improved by 19.9% and WP by 21.5% under the three water levels for the three seasons for the cultivar released in the 2010s as compared with that released in the 1970s. The performance of the six cultivars was relatively stable across the experimental duration. The improvement in yield was mainly attributed to the maintenance of higher photosynthetic capacity during the reproductive growth stage and greater above-ground biomass accumulation. These improvements were larger under wet conditions than that under dry conditions, indicating that the yield potential was increased by cultivar renewal. Traits related to yield and WP improvements included the increased harvest index and reduced root: shoot ratio. New cultivars reduced the redundancy in root proliferation in the topsoil layer, which did not compromise the efficient utilization of soil moisture but reduced the metabolic input in root growth. Balanced above- and below-ground growth resulted in a significant improvement in root efficiency at grain yield level up to 40% from the cultivars released in the 1970s to those recently released. The results from this study indicated that the improved efficiency in both the above- and below-parts played important roles in enhancing crop production and resource use efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haotian Li
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Water Resources, The Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Li
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Water Resources, The Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Na Liu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Water Resources, The Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zimeng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Water Resources, The Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Lu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Water Resources, The Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Liwei Shao
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Water Resources, The Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
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Mobley ML, Kruse AS, McNickle GG. Pisum sativum has no competitive responses to neighbors: A case study in (non)reproducible plant biology. PLANT DIRECT 2022; 6:e411. [PMID: 36284734 PMCID: PMC9587407 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Plant-plant competition is ubiquitous in nature. However, studying below ground behavior of roots has always posed certain difficulties. Pea (Pisum sativum L.) has become a common study species for questions about how plant roots respond to neighboring plant roots and barriers in soil. However, published results point in several different directions. This has sometimes been interpreted as pea having sophisticated context dependent responses that can change in complex ways depending on its surroundings, but it could also just point to small statistical power resulting in type I or II statistical errors. To explore this further, here, we combine the result of five new experiments with published results to examine 18 unique experiments from 10 different studies and 6 cultivars of pea for a total of 254 replicate plants. We used a Bayesian hierarchical meta-analysis approach to estimating the likely effect size from the available data, as well as quantify heterogeneity among different experiments, studies and cultivars. The posterior distributions show that, at the coarsest possible scale of total root production, it is unlikely that P. sativum root growth is influenced by either neighbors or pot volume that varies primarily by depth. We find no evidence of publication bias and conclude that this is simply due to statistical sampling error and the scientific method combined with frequentist statistics operating as intended. We suggest that further work on pea should consider repeating experiments that reported finer scale root plasticity at the rhizosphere scale or consider exploring different pot geometries such as volume that varies by depth or width. We also suggest that more diversity in study species are needed to better understand the neighbor-volume response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariah L. Mobley
- Department of Botany and Plant PathologyPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndianaUSA
- Purdue Center for Plant BiologyPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndianaUSA
| | - Audrey S. Kruse
- Department of AgronomyPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndianaUSA
| | - Gordon G. McNickle
- Department of Botany and Plant PathologyPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndianaUSA
- Purdue Center for Plant BiologyPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndianaUSA
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Cabal C. Root tragedy of the commons: Revisiting the mechanisms of a misunderstood theory. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:960942. [PMID: 35991453 PMCID: PMC9386591 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.960942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Fine root density in the soil is a plant functional trait of paramount importance for plant ecology and agriculture. Fine root proliferation by plants involves complex plant strategies that may depend on various abiotic and biotic factors. Concretely, the root tragedy of the commons (RToC) is a behavioral strategy predicted by game theory models in which interacting plants forage for soil resources inefficiently. Generally, researchers assume that the RToC is a proactive competition strategy directly induced by the non-self roots. In this opinion, I recall Hardin's original definition of the tragedy of the commons to challenge this notion. I argue that the RToC is a suboptimal phenotypically plastic response of the plants based on the soil resource information exclusively, and I discuss how this alternative perspective carries important implications for the design of experiments investigating the physiological mechanisms underlying observable plant root responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciro Cabal
- High Meadows Environmental Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, United States
- Department of Biogeography and Global Change, National Museum of Natural Sciences, MNCN, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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Zhu YH, Weiner J, Jin Y, Yu MX, Li FM. Biomass Allocation Responses to Root Interactions in Wheat Cultivars Support Predictions of Crop Evolutionary Ecology Theory. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:858636. [PMID: 35401614 PMCID: PMC8984106 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.858636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The goal of agriculture is to optimize the population yield, but natural selection has produced active competition among plants, which decreases population performance. Therefore, cultivar breeding should be based on group selection, increasing yield by weakening individual competitive responses. We hypothesize that this has occurred inadvertently to some degree, so modern cultivars have weakened competitive traits and responses, such as reduced root proliferation in response to neighboring roots. We conducted a field experiment with eight cultivars of spring wheat that have been released over the last hundred years, which we grew at two densities. Two contrasting wheat cultivars, a landrace and a modern cultivar, were used in a second field experiment on competition within and between the two cultivars to quantify their competitiveness. Finally, a greenhouse experiment was conducted with these two cultivars gown (a) in mixture and monoculture, (b) at four densities, (c) two watering levels, and (d) with permeable vs. non-permeable soil dividers, to study root proliferation responses to competition. Results of field experiment 1 showed that the population aboveground biomass (AGB) had increased, while belowground biomass had decreased over the course of breeding, so that the root to shoot ratio (R/S) was negatively correlated with the release year of the cultivar. The landrace had stronger competitiveness than the modern cultivar in the field experiment 2. There was clear evidence of root proliferation and a resultant reduction in AGB in response to neighboring roots in the greenhouse experiment, and the modern variety showed less root proliferation in response to neighbors. We conclude that the newer cultivar was a weaker competitor but higher-yielding in two ways: (1) it had higher reproductive effort and therefore less allocation to structures that increase competitive ability, and (2) it had reduced root proliferation in response to the roots of neighboring plants. Our results show that wheat plants change their biomass allocation in response to resource levels and the presence of neighboring roots. The presence of root proliferation in the modern cultivar, albeit less than in the landrace, suggests that further increases in yield via group selection are possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-He Zhu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jacob Weiner
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Yi Jin
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ming-Xi Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agroecosystems, Institute of Arid Agroecology, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Feng-Min Li
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agroecosystems, Institute of Arid Agroecology, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
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Li Y, Xu H, Chen J, Xiao Y, Ni Y, Zhang R, Ye W, Lian J. Effects of soil resource availability on patterns of plant functional traits across spatial scales. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e8587. [PMID: 35222961 PMCID: PMC8844114 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Identifying patterns and drivers of plant community assembly has long been a central issue in ecology. Many studies have explored the above questions using a trait‐based approach; however, there are still unknowns around how patterns of plant functional traits vary with environmental gradients. In this study, the responses of individual and multivariate trait dispersions of 134 species to soil resource availability were examined based on correlational analysis and torus‐translation tests across four spatial scales in a subtropical forest, China. Results indicated that different degrees of soil resource availability had different effects on trait dispersions. Specifically, limited resource (available phosphorus) showed negative relationships with trait dispersions, non‐limited resource (available potassium) showed positive relationships with trait dispersions, and saturated resource (available nitrogen) had no effect on trait dispersions. Moreover, compared with the stem (wood density) and architectural trait (maximum height), we found that leaf functional traits can well reflect the response of plants to nutrient gradients. Lastly, the spatial scale only affected the magnitude but not the direction of the correlations between trait dispersions and environmental gradients. Overall, the results highlight the importance of soil resource availability and spatial scale in understanding how plant functional traits respond to environmental gradients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanpeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden Center for Plant Ecology, Core Botanical Gardens Chinese Academy of Sciences GuangzhouChina
- Forest Ecology Research Center Research Institute of Tropical Forestry Chinese Academy of Forestry GuangzhouChina
| | - Han Xu
- Forest Ecology Research Center Research Institute of Tropical Forestry Chinese Academy of Forestry GuangzhouChina
| | - Jie Chen
- Forest Ecology Research Center Research Institute of Tropical Forestry Chinese Academy of Forestry GuangzhouChina
| | - Yihua Xiao
- Forest Ecology Research Center Research Institute of Tropical Forestry Chinese Academy of Forestry GuangzhouChina
| | - Yunlong Ni
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden Center for Plant Ecology, Core Botanical Gardens Chinese Academy of Sciences GuangzhouChina
| | - Ruyun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden Center for Plant Ecology, Core Botanical Gardens Chinese Academy of Sciences GuangzhouChina
| | - Wanhui Ye
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden Center for Plant Ecology, Core Botanical Gardens Chinese Academy of Sciences GuangzhouChina
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou) GuangzhouChina
| | - Juyu Lian
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden Center for Plant Ecology, Core Botanical Gardens Chinese Academy of Sciences GuangzhouChina
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou) GuangzhouChina
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Chen BJW, Xu J, Wang X. Trophic Transfer without Biomagnification of Cadmium in a Soybean-Dodder Parasitic System. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10122690. [PMID: 34961161 PMCID: PMC8703755 DOI: 10.3390/plants10122690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is among the most available and most toxic heavy metals taken up by plants from soil. Compared to the classic plant-animal food chains, the host-parasitic plant food chains have, thus far, been largely overlooked in the studies of Cd trophic transfer. To investigate the pattern of Cd transfer during the infection of parasitic plants on Cd-contaminated hosts, we conducted a controlled experiment that grew soybeans parasitized by Chinese dodders (Cuscuta chinensis) in soil with different levels of Cd treatment, and examined the concentration, accumulation, allocation and transfer coefficients of Cd within this parasitic system. Results showed that among all components, dodders accounted for more than 40% biomass of the whole system but had the lowest Cd concentration and accumulated the least amount of Cd. The transfer coefficient of Cd between soybean stems and dodders was much lower than 1, and was also significantly lower than that between soybean stems and soybean leaves. All these features were continuously strengthened with the increase of Cd treatment levels. The results suggested no evidence of Cd biomagnification in dodders parasitizing Cd-contaminated hosts, and implied that the Cd transfer from hosts to dodders may be a selective process.
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