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Mazaheri-Tirani M, Parsa Motlagh B, Ahmadzadeh M, Seyedi A. Mitigating pb toxicity in Sesbania sesban L. through activated charcoal supplementation: a hydroponic study on enhanced phytoremediation. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:744. [PMID: 39098900 PMCID: PMC11299308 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-05478-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Soil contamination by heavy metals is a critical environmental challenge, with Pb being of particular concern due to its propensity to be readily absorbed and accumulated by plants, despite its lack of essential biological functions or beneficial roles in cellular metabolism. Within the scope of phytoremediation, the use of plants for the decontamination of various environmental matrices, the present study investigated the potential of activated charcoal (AC) to enhance the tolerance and mitigation capacity of S. sesban seedlings when exposed to Pb. The experiment was conducted as a factorial arrangement in a completely randomized design in hydroponic conditions. The S. sesban seedlings were subjected to a gradient of Pb concentrations (0, 0.02, 0.2, 2, and 10 mg/L) within the nutrient solution, alongside two distinct AC treatments (0 and 1% inclusion in the culture media). The study reached its conclusion after 60 days. RESULTS The seedlings exposed to Pb without AC supplementation indicated an escalation in peroxidase (POX) activity, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, signaling an increase in oxidative stress. Conversely, the incorporation of AC into the treatment regime markedly bolstered the antioxidative defense system, as evidenced by the significant elevation in antioxidant capacity and a concomitant reduction in the biomarkers of oxidative stress (POX, ROS, and MDA). CONCLUSIONS With AC application, a notable improvement was observed in the chlorophyll a, total chlorophyll, and plant fresh and dry biomass. These findings illuminate the role of activated charcoal as a viable adjunct in phytoremediation strategies aimed at ameliorating heavy metal stress in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bahareh Parsa Motlagh
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Jiroft, Jiroft, Iran.
| | - Maryam Ahmadzadeh
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Jiroft, Jiroft, Iran
| | - Azam Seyedi
- Department of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Jiroft, Jiroft, Iran.
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Aaronson JK, Kulmatiski A, Forero LE, Grenzer J, Norton JM. Are Plant-Soil Feedbacks Caused by Many Weak Microbial Interactions? BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1374. [PMID: 37997973 PMCID: PMC10669423 DOI: 10.3390/biology12111374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
We used high-throughput sequencing and multivariate analyses to describe soil microbial community composition in two four-year field plant-soil feedback (PSF) experiments in Minnesota, USA and Jena, Germany. In descending order of variation explained, microbial community composition differed between the two study sites, among years, between bulk and rhizosphere soils, and among rhizosphere soils cultivated by different plant species. To try to identify soil organisms or communities that may cause PSF, we correlated plant growth responses with the microbial community composition associated with different plants. We found that plant biomass was correlated with values on two multivariate axes. These multivariate axes weighted dozens of soil organisms, suggesting that PSF was not caused by individual pathogens or symbionts but instead was caused by 'many weak' plant-microbe interactions. Taken together, the results suggest that PSFs result from complex interactions that occur within the context of a much larger soil microbial community whose composition is determined by factors associated with 'site' or year, such as soil pH, soil type, and weather. The results suggest that PSFs may be highly variable and difficult to reproduce because they result from complex interactions that occur in the context of a larger soil microbial community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia K. Aaronson
- Wildland Resources and the Ecology Center, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA; (J.K.A.); (L.E.F.); (J.G.)
| | - Andrew Kulmatiski
- Wildland Resources and the Ecology Center, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA; (J.K.A.); (L.E.F.); (J.G.)
| | - Leslie E. Forero
- Wildland Resources and the Ecology Center, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA; (J.K.A.); (L.E.F.); (J.G.)
| | - Josephine Grenzer
- Wildland Resources and the Ecology Center, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA; (J.K.A.); (L.E.F.); (J.G.)
| | - Jeanette M. Norton
- Plants, Soils and Climate Department and the Ecology Center, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA;
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Singh M, Daehler CC. Meta-analytic evidence that allelopathy may increase the success and impact of invasive grasses. PeerJ 2023; 11:e14858. [PMID: 36846446 PMCID: PMC9951799 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In the grass family, a disproportionate number of species have been designated as being invasive. Various growth traits have been proposed to explain the invasiveness of grasses; however, the possibility that allelopathy gives invasive grasses a competitive advantage has attracted relatively little attention. Recent research has isolated plant allelochemicals that are mostly specific to the grass family that can breakdown into relatively stable, toxic byproducts. Methods We conducted a meta-analysis of studies on grass allelopathy to test three prominent hypotheses from invasion biology and competition theory: (1) on native recipients, non-native grasses will have a significantly more negative effect compared to native grasses (Novel Weapons Hypothesis); (2) among native grasses, their effect on non-native recipients will be significantly more negative compared to their effect on native recipients (Biotic Resistance Hypothesis); and (3) allelopathic impacts will increase with phylogenetic distance (Phylogenetic Distance Hypothesis). From 23 studies, we gathered a dataset of 524 observed effect sizes (delta log response ratios) measuring the allelopathic impact of grasses on growth and germination of recipient species, and we used non-linear mixed-effects Bayesian modeling to test the hypotheses. Results We found support for the Novel Weapons Hypothesis: on native recipients, non-native grasses were twice as suppressive as native grasses (22% vs 11%, respectively). The Phylogenetic Distance Hypothesis was supported by our finding of a significant correlation between phylogenetic distance and allelopathic impact. The Biotic Resistance Hypothesis was not supported. Overall, this meta-analysis adds to the evidence that allelochemicals may commonly contribute to successful or high impact invasions in the grass family. Increased awareness of the role of allelopathy in soil legacy effects associated with grass invasions may improve restoration outcomes through implementation of allelopathy-informed restoration practices. Examples of allelopathy-informed practices, and the knowledge needed to utilize them effectively, are discussed, including the use of activated carbon to neutralize allelochemicals and modify the soil microbial community.
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Biochars and Activated Biocarbons Prepared via Conventional Pyrolysis and Chemical or Physical Activation of Mugwort Herb as Potential Adsorbents and Renewable Fuels. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27238597. [PMID: 36500692 PMCID: PMC9740808 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The main objective of this study was to prepare a series of biochars and activated biocarbons via conventional pyrolysis as well as chemical or physical activation of solid residue after solvent extraction of wild growing plant (popular weed)-mugwort. The influence of the variant of the thermochemical treatment of the precursor on such parameters as elemental composition, textural parameters, acidic-basic character of the surface as well as adsorption abilities of the prepared carbonaceous materials was checked. Moreover, the suitability of the biochars prepared as renewable fuels was also investigated. It has been shown that the products obtained from the mugwort stems differ in many respects from the analogous materials obtained from mugwort leaves. The products were micro/mesoporous materials with surface area reaching 974.4 m2/g and total pore volume-1.190 cm3/g. Surface characterization showed that chemical activation with H3PO4 results in the acidic character of the adsorbents surface, whereas products of pyrolysis and especially physical activation show strongly alkaline surface properties. All the adsorbents were used for methylene blue and iodine adsorption from the aquatic environment. To understand the nature of the sorption process, the Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin isotherm models were employed. The Langmuir model best described the experimental results, and the maximum sorption capacity calculated for this model reached 164.14 mg of methylene blue per gram of adsorbent. In case of iodine removal, the maximum capacity reached 948.00 mg/g. The research carried out for the biochars prepared via conventional pyrolysis showed that the value of their heat of combustion varies in the range from 21.74 to 30.27 MJ/kg, so they can be applied as the renewable fuels.
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Zhang Z, Bhowmik PC, Suseela V. Effect of soil carbon amendments in reversing the legacy effect of plant invasion. J Appl Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ziliang Zhang
- Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences Clemson University Clemson SC USA
| | - Prasanta C. Bhowmik
- Stockbridge School of Agriculture University of Massachusetts Amherst MA USA
| | - Vidya Suseela
- Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences Clemson University Clemson SC USA
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Kulmatiski A, Beard KH, Grenzer J, Forero L, Heavilin J. Using plant-soil feedbacks to predict plant biomass in diverse communities. Ecology 2018; 97:2064-2073. [PMID: 27859209 DOI: 10.1890/15-2037.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Revised: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
It has become clear that plants can create soils that affect subsequent plant growth. However, because plant-soil feedbacks (PSFs) are typically measured in monoculture experiments, it remains unclear to what extent PSFs affect plant growth in communities. Here we used data from a factorial PSF experiment to predict the biomass of 12 species grown in 162 plant community combinations. Five different plant growth models were parameterized with either monoculture biomass data (Null) or with PSF data (PSF) and model predictions were compared to plant growth observed in communities. For each of the five models, PSF model predictions were closer to observed species biomass in communities than Null model predictions. PSFs, which were associated with a 28% difference in plant biomass across soil types, explained 10% more variance than Null models. Results provided strong support for a small role for PSFs in predicting plant growth in communities and suggest several reasons that PSFs, as traditionally measured in monoculture experiments, may overestimate PSF effects in communities. First, monoculture data used in Null models inherently includes "self " PSF effects. Second, PSFs must be large relative to differences in intrinsic growth rates among species to change competitive outcomes. Third, PSFs must vary among species to change species relative abundances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Kulmatiski
- Department of Wildland Resources and the Ecology Center, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, 84322, USA
| | - Karen H Beard
- Department of Wildland Resources and the Ecology Center, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, 84322, USA
| | - Josephine Grenzer
- Department of Wildland Resources and the Ecology Center, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, 84322, USA
| | - Leslie Forero
- Department of Wildland Resources and the Ecology Center, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, 84322, USA
| | - Justin Heavilin
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, 84322, USA
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Charcoal Increases Microbial Activity in Eastern Sierra Nevada Forest Soils. FORESTS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/f9020093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Kulmatiski A. Community-level plant-soil feedbacks explain landscape distribution of native and non-native plants. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:2041-2049. [PMID: 29468023 PMCID: PMC5817120 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant-soil feedbacks (PSFs) have gained attention for their potential role in explaining plant growth and invasion. While promising, most PSF research has measured plant monoculture growth on different soils in short-term, greenhouse experiments. Here, five soil types were conditioned by growing one native species, three non-native species, or a mixed plant community in different plots in a common-garden experiment. After 4 years, plants were removed and one native and one non-native plant community were planted into replicate plots of each soil type. After three additional years, the percentage cover of each of the three target species in each community was measured. These data were used to parameterize a plant community growth model. Model predictions were compared to native and non-native abundance on the landscape. Native community cover was lowest on soil conditioned by the dominant non-native, Centaurea diffusa, and non-native community cover was lowest on soil cultivated by the dominant native, Pseudoroegneria spicata. Consistent with plant growth on the landscape, the plant growth model predicted that the positive PSFs observed in the common-garden experiment would result in two distinct communities on the landscape: a native plant community on native soils and a non-native plant community on non-native soils. In contrast, when PSF effects were removed, the model predicted that non-native plants would dominate all soils, which was not consistent with plant growth on the landscape. Results provide an example where PSF effects were large enough to change the rank-order abundance of native and non-native plant communities and to explain plant distributions on the landscape. The positive PSFs that contributed to this effect reflected the ability of the two dominant plant species to suppress each other's growth. Results suggest that plant dominance, at least in this system, reflects the ability of a species to suppress the growth of dominant competitors through soil-mediated effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Kulmatiski
- Department of Wildland Resources and the Ecology CenterUtah State UniversityLoganUTUSA
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Positive responses of coastal dune plants to soil conditioning by the invasive Lupinus nootkatensis. ACTA OECOLOGICA 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.actao.2016.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Ning L, Yu FH, van Kleunen M. Allelopathy of a native grassland community as a potential mechanism of resistance against invasion by introduced plants. Biol Invasions 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-016-1239-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Dawson W. Release from belowground enemies and shifts in root traits as interrelated drivers of alien plant invasion success: a hypothesis. Ecol Evol 2015; 5:4505-16. [PMID: 26668717 PMCID: PMC4670063 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of the interrelated mechanisms driving plant invasions, such as the interplay between enemy release and resource‐acquisition traits, is biased by an aboveground perspective. To address this bias, I hypothesize that plant release from belowground enemies (especially fungal pathogens) will give invasive plant species a fitness advantage in the alien range, via shifts in root traits (e.g., increased specific root length and branching intensity) that increase resource uptake and competitive ability compared to native species in the alien range, and compared to plants of the invader in its native range. Such root‐trait changes could be ecological or evolutionary in nature. I explain how shifts in root traits could occur as a consequence of enemy release and contribute to invasion success of alien plants, and how they could be interrelated with other potential belowground drivers of invasion success (allelopathy, mutualist enhancement). Finally, I outline the approaches that could be taken to test whether belowground enemy release results in increased competitive ability and nutrient uptake by invasive alien plants, via changes in root traits in the alien range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wayne Dawson
- Department of Biology, Ecology University of Konstanz Konstanz Germany
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