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P S SN, Bezerra-Silva A, Gomes MTD, A C A F, M I U O, Voeks RA, E M CN, Funch LS. Biocultural heritage of the Caatinga: a systematic review of Myrtaceae and its multiple uses. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2024. [PMID: 38700131 DOI: 10.1111/brv.13092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
The Caatinga, an exclusively Brazilian biome, stands as a reservoir of remarkable biodiversity. Its significance transcends ecological dimensions, given the direct reliance of the local population on its resources for sustenance and healthcare. While Myrtaceae, a pivotal botanical family within the Brazilian flora, has been extensively explored for its medicinal and nutritional attributes, scant attention has been directed towards its contextual relevance within the Caatinga's local communities. Consequently, this inaugural systematic review addresses the ethnobotanical roles of Myrtaceae within the Caatinga, meticulously anchored in the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. We searched Scopus, MEDLINE/Pubmed, Scielo, and LILIACS. No date-range filter was applied. An initial pool of 203 articles was carefully scrutinized, ultimately yielding 31 pertinent ethnobotanical studies elucidating the utility of Myrtaceae amongst the Caatinga's indigenous populations. Collectively, they revealed seven distinct utilization categories spanning ~54 species and 11 genera. Psidium and Eugenia were the genera with the most applications. The most cited categories of use were food (27 species) and medicinal (22 species). The importance of accurate species identification was highlighted, as many studies did not provide enough information for reliable identification. Additionally, the potential contribution of Myrtaceae fruits to food security and human health was explored. The diversity of uses demonstrates how this family is a valuable resource for local communities, providing sources of food, medicine, energy, and construction materials. This systematic review also highlights the need for more ethnobotanical studies to understand fully the relevance of Myrtaceae species in the Caatinga, promoting biodiversity conservation, as well as support for local populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santos-Neves P S
- Department of Biological Sciences, State University of Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, Av. Transnordestina, s/n, Feira de Santana, Novo Horizonte, Bahia, 44036-900, Brazil
| | - Alexsandro Bezerra-Silva
- Department of Biological Sciences, State University of Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, Av. Transnordestina, s/n, Feira de Santana, Novo Horizonte, Bahia, 44036-900, Brazil
| | - Maria Thereza Dantas Gomes
- Department of Biological Sciences, State University of Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, Av. Transnordestina, s/n, Feira de Santana, Novo Horizonte, Bahia, 44036-900, Brazil
| | - Fagundes A C A
- Department of Biological Sciences, State University of Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, Av. Transnordestina, s/n, Feira de Santana, Novo Horizonte, Bahia, 44036-900, Brazil
| | - Oliveira M I U
- Department of Biology, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, Cidade Universitária Prof. José Aloísio de Campos, Av. Marcelo Deda Chagas, s/n, Rosa Elze, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, 49107-230, Brazil
| | - Robert A Voeks
- Department of Geography & the Environment, California State University, Fullerton 800 N. State College Blvd., Fullerton, CA, 92831-3599, USA
| | - Costa Neto E M
- Department of Biological Sciences, State University of Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, Av. Transnordestina, s/n, Feira de Santana, Novo Horizonte, Bahia, 44036-900, Brazil
| | - Ligia Silveira Funch
- Department of Biological Sciences, State University of Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, Av. Transnordestina, s/n, Feira de Santana, Novo Horizonte, Bahia, 44036-900, Brazil
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Leite ER, Conde Júnior AM, Fonseca CMB, de Almeida Monteiro HM, de Carvalho MAM, de Melo WGG, Teodoro AL, de Jesus Silva D, da Silva Oliveira LS, Ferraz JCB, de Oliveira Bezerra D. Impact of feeding native Caatinga pasture on the rumen histomorphometry of sheep raised in semi-extensive management. Anat Histol Embryol 2024; 53:e13029. [PMID: 38450842 DOI: 10.1111/ahe.13029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
In the northeastern region of Brazil, sheep and goat farming, encompassing around 20 million animals, is predominantly a subsistence activity. Forage quality plays a crucial role in animal productivity, posing a complex interplay between plant and animal aspects. The Caatinga biome, vital for livestock in the region, serves as a significant source for animal diet through pastures. This study aimed to conduct a histomorphometric evaluation of sheep rumens in a semi-extensive system, comparing those feeding on native Caatinga pastures to those on cultivated pastures. Histological processing followed standard protocols, with morphometry focusing on six viable rumen papillae and the submucosa and muscular layer thickness. Statistical correlation analysis revealed morphological differences in papillae across various rumen regions. Morphometric data indicated no significant difference in papillae area between the groups, with average values in Group A surpassing those in Group B, except for width. This study establishes a morphological and morphometric pattern for rumen regions linked to diet types-native or cultivated. The findings not only enhance understanding of the dietary foundation in the Caatinga's extensive system, but also contribute valuable insights for formulating nutritional strategies to enhance sheep production in the region. This research sheds light on the intricacies of forage-based animal nutrition, particularly in semi-extensive systems, offering a foundation for future studies and practices to optimise livestock management in the northeastern Brazilian context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eglésia Rodrigues Leite
- Post-Graduate Program of Technologies Applied to Animals of Regional Interest, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Piaui, Brazil
| | - Aírton Mendes Conde Júnior
- Post-Graduate Program of Technologies Applied to Animals of Regional Interest, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Piaui, Brazil
| | - Clarisse Maria Barbosa Fonseca
- Post-Graduate Program of Technologies Applied to Animals of Regional Interest, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Piaui, Brazil
| | - Hatawa Melo de Almeida Monteiro
- Post-Graduate Program of Technologies Applied to Animals of Regional Interest, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Piaui, Brazil
| | | | - Wanderson Gabriel Gomes de Melo
- Post-Graduate Program of Technologies Applied to Animals of Regional Interest, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Piaui, Brazil
| | - Ana Lúcia Teodoro
- Federal Institute of Education Science and Technology of Piaui, Paulistana Campus, Paulistana, Piaui, Brazil
| | - Daniel de Jesus Silva
- Federal Institute of Education Science and Technology of Piaui, Paulistana Campus, Paulistana, Piaui, Brazil
| | | | - José Cláudio Barros Ferraz
- Advanced Campus of José de Freitas, Federal Institute of Education Science and Technology of Piaui, José de Freitas, Piaui, Brazil
| | - Dayseanny de Oliveira Bezerra
- Post-Graduate Program of Technologies Applied to Animals of Regional Interest, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Piaui, Brazil
- Advanced Campus of José de Freitas, Federal Institute of Education Science and Technology of Piaui, José de Freitas, Piaui, Brazil
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Preisler Y, Grünzweig JM, Ahiman O, Amer M, Oz I, Feng X, Muller JD, Ruehr N, Rotenberg E, Birami B, Yakir D. Vapour pressure deficit was not a primary limiting factor for gas exchange in an irrigated, mature dryland Aleppo pine forest. Plant Cell Environ 2023; 46:3775-3790. [PMID: 37680062 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Climate change is often associated with increasing vapour pressure deficit (VPD) and changes in soil moisture (SM). While atmospheric and soil drying often co-occur, their differential effects on plant functioning and productivity remain uncertain. We investigated the divergent effects and underlying mechanisms of soil and atmospheric drought based on continuous, in situ measurements of branch gas exchange with automated chambers in a mature semiarid Aleppo pine forest. We investigated the response of control trees exposed to combined soil-atmospheric drought (low SM, high VPD) during the rainless Mediterranean summer and that of trees experimentally unconstrained by soil dryness (high SM; using supplementary dry season water supply) but subjected to atmospheric drought (high VPD). During the seasonal dry period, branch conductance (gbr ), transpiration rate (E) and net photosynthesis (Anet ) decreased in low-SM trees but greatly increased in high-SM trees. The response of E and gbr to the massive rise in VPD (to 7 kPa) was negative in low-SM trees and positive in high-SM trees. These observations were consistent with predictions based on a simple plant hydraulic model showing the importance of plant water potential in the gbr and E response to VPD. These results demonstrate that avoiding drought on the supply side (SM) and relying on plant hydraulic regulation constrains the effects of atmospheric drought (VPD) as a stressor on canopy gas exchange in mature pine trees under field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yakir Preisler
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - José M Grünzweig
- Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ori Ahiman
- Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
- Institute of Soil, Water and Environmental Sciences, ARO Volcani Center, Beit Dagan, Israel
| | - Madi Amer
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Itai Oz
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Xue Feng
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geo-Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Jonathan D Muller
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- School for Climate Studies, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Nadine Ruehr
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research-Atmospheric Environmental Research (IMK-IFU), KIT-Campus Alpin, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
| | - Eyal Rotenberg
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Benjamin Birami
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research-Atmospheric Environmental Research (IMK-IFU), KIT-Campus Alpin, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
| | - Dan Yakir
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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Ossanna LQR, Serrano K, Jennings LL, Dillon J, Maier RM, Neilson JW. Progressive belowground soil development associated with sustainable plant establishment during copper mine waste revegetation. Appl Soil Ecol 2023; 186:104813. [PMID: 36844191 PMCID: PMC9956965 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsoil.2023.104813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Critical to the environmental sustainability of hard rock mining is the reclamation of disturbed lands following mine closure through revegetation. Improved understanding of associations between above- and belowground processes that characterize successful plant establishment is critical to the implementation of more efficient revegetation strategies for nutrient-poor mine waste materials. The specific objective of this five-year temporal study was to identify progressive biotic and abiotic indicators of primary soil development on mine waste rock (WR) on a slope hydroseeded with native plant species and to quantify comparative effects of plant lifeform on soil development. Aboveground plant diversity and belowground substrate properties were measured annually at 67 m intervals along transects following the slope contour. Seeded WR was compared to unseeded WR and the adjacent native ecosystem. A temporal increase in WR microbial biomass was observed in seeded WR relative to unseeded areas. Microbial community analysis found the unseeded WR to be defined by oligotrophic microbes, whereas targeted grass and shrub root zones samples demonstrated significant increases in specific cellulose and lignin degrading and N-cycling phylotypes. More extensive chemical and biological fertility development was observed in shrub root zones relative to grass. Ten chemical and biological indicators increased significantly in shrub WR relative to unseeded WR, whereas grass WR was only enriched in bacterial 16S rRNA gene copy number/g substrate and bacterial/archaeal and fungal diversity. In addition, the shrub root zone had significantly higher nitrogen-cycling potential than grass root zones or unseeded WR. Thus, both grasses and shrubs improve belowground WR development; however, shrub establishment had greater fertility outcomes. Concurrent belowground fertility development is critical to sustainable plant establishment. Coupled evaluation of above- and belowground metrics provides an improved quantitative assessment of revegetation progress and a valuable tool to guide management decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lia Q. R. Ossanna
- Environmental Science Department, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Karen Serrano
- Environmental Science Department, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Lydia L. Jennings
- Environmental Science Department, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Jesse Dillon
- Cedar Creek Associates, Inc., Fort Collins, CO, 80527, USA
| | - Raina M. Maier
- Environmental Science Department, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Julia W. Neilson
- Environmental Science Department, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
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Aguirrebengoa M, Müller C, Hambäck PA, González-Megías A. Density-Dependent Effects of Simultaneous Root and Floral Herbivory on Plant Fitness and Defense. Plants (Basel) 2023; 12:283. [PMID: 36678999 PMCID: PMC9867048 DOI: 10.3390/plants12020283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Plants are attacked by multiple herbivores, and depend on a precise regulation of responses to cope with a wide range of antagonists. Simultaneous herbivory can occur in different plant compartments, which may pose a serious threat to plant growth and reproduction. In particular, plants often face co-occurring root and floral herbivory, but few studies have focused on such interactions. Here, we investigated in the field the combined density-dependent effects of root-chewing cebrionid beetle larvae and flower-chewing pierid caterpillars on the fitness and defense of a semiarid Brassicaceae herb. We found that the fitness impact of both herbivore groups was independent and density-dependent. Increasing root herbivore density non-significantly reduced plant fitness, while the relationship between increasing floral herbivore density and the reduction they caused in both seed number and seedling emergence was non-linear. The plant defensive response was non-additive with regard to the different densities of root and floral herbivores; high floral herbivore density provoked compensatory investment in reproduction, and this tolerance response was combined with aboveground chemical defense induction when also root herbivore density was high. Plants may thus prioritize specific trait combinations in response to varying combined below- and aboveground herbivore densities to minimize negative impacts on fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Caroline Müller
- Department of Chemical Ecology, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Peter A. Hambäck
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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Siqueira MCB, Chagas JCC, Monnerat JPIS, Monteiro CCF, Mora-Luna RE, Felix SB, Rabelo MN, Mesquita FLT, Ferreira JCS, Ferreira MA. Cactus Cladodes Opuntia or Nopalea and By-Product of Low Nutritional Value as Solutions to Forage Shortages in Semiarid Areas. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12223182. [PMID: 36428409 PMCID: PMC9686814 DOI: 10.3390/ani12223182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to evaluate the effect of the cactus cladodes Nopalea cochenillifera (L). Salm-Dyck. (NUB) and cactus cladodes Opuntia stricta (Haw.) Haw. (OUB), both combined with sugarcane bagasse (SB) plus urea, Tifton hay (TH), corn silage (CS), and sorghum silage (SS) plus urea on nutrient intake and digestibility, ruminal dynamics, and parameters. Five male sheep, fistulated in the rumen, were assigned in a 5 × 5 Latin square design. The NUB provided a higher intake of dry matter (DM) and any nutrients than SS. TH provided larger pools of DM and iNDF. The OUB and CS provided a higher DM degradation. CS provided a higher NDF degradation rate. OUB provided a lower ruminal pH. Depending on the collection time, the lowest pH value was estimated at 3.79 h after the morning feeding. There was an interaction between treatments and collection time on VFA concentrations. Due to the high degradation rate, greater energy intake, less change in rumen pH, greater volatile fatty acid production, and feasibility, we recommend using cactus associated with sugarcane bagasse plus urea in sheep diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle C. B. Siqueira
- Department of Animal Science, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Dom Manoel de Medeiros Street, Dois Irmãos, Recife 52171-900, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Juana C. C. Chagas
- Department of Agriculture Research for Northern Sweden, Swedish University of Agriculture Sciences (SLU), 901 83 SE Umeå, Sweden
- Correspondence: (J.C.C.C.); (M.A.F.)
| | - João Paulo I. S. Monnerat
- Department of Animal Science, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Dom Manoel de Medeiros Street, Dois Irmãos, Recife 52171-900, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Carolina C. F. Monteiro
- Department of Animal Science, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Dom Manoel de Medeiros Street, Dois Irmãos, Recife 52171-900, Pernambuco, Brazil
- Animal Science Department, State University of Alagoas, BR 316, km 87,5, Santana do Ipanema 57500-000, Alagoas, Brazil
| | - Robert E. Mora-Luna
- Department of Animal Science, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Dom Manoel de Medeiros Street, Dois Irmãos, Recife 52171-900, Pernambuco, Brazil
- Animal Science Department, Federal University of Norte of Tocantins, Araguaína 77804-970, Tocantins, Brazil
| | - Silas B. Felix
- Department of Animal Science, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Dom Manoel de Medeiros Street, Dois Irmãos, Recife 52171-900, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Milena N. Rabelo
- Department of Animal Science, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Dom Manoel de Medeiros Street, Dois Irmãos, Recife 52171-900, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Fernando L. T. Mesquita
- Agronomic Institute of Pernambuco, Experimental Station, Sertânia 56600-000, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Juliana C. S. Ferreira
- Department of Animal Science, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Dom Manoel de Medeiros Street, Dois Irmãos, Recife 52171-900, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Marcelo A. Ferreira
- Department of Animal Science, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Dom Manoel de Medeiros Street, Dois Irmãos, Recife 52171-900, Pernambuco, Brazil
- Correspondence: (J.C.C.C.); (M.A.F.)
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da Silva JT, Alvares FBV, de Lima EF, da Silva Filho GM, da Silva ALP, Lima BA, Feitosa TF, Vilela VLR. Prevalence and diversity of Eimeria spp. in free-range chickens in northeastern Brazil. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:1031330. [PMID: 36311673 PMCID: PMC9606332 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1031330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
In tropical regions, family farming is a form of production and work that is highly present in rural areas. Because the production system for free-range chickens has a low level of technification, it frequently presents massive infection by coccidia. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence and diversity of Eimeria species in free-range chickens in northeastern Brazil. Fecal analyses were carried out using materials collected from 100 farms, belonging to 10 different municipalities. The sample from each farm was composed of five stool samples collected from different animals. Coproparasitological analyses were performed and, in each positive sample, photomicrographs of 20 oocysts were used for morphological identification of coccidia. The presence of Eimeria spp. was detected in 59% (59/100) of the farms analyzed. Species identification was performed through morphometric analysis of 1,180 sporulated oocysts. The following eight species of Eimeria spp. were found, in decreasing order of prevalence: Eimeria necatrix (25%), Eimeria mitis (18.3%), Eimeria mivati (17.3%), Eimeria tenella (12.4%), Eimeria brunetti (9.9%), Eimeria acervulina (9.1%), Eimeria praecox (4.8%) and Eimeria maxima (3.2%). The prevalence and diversity of Eimeria spp. on farms producing backyard chickens in the semiarid region of Brazil were high, especially the diversity of species. Changing the management, with the adoption of sanitary measures, may be effective in reducing the high prevalence of coccidia on the farms studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Trajano da Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Animal, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande - UFCG, Campina Grande, Paraíba, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Brendo Andrade Lima
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Instituto Federal da Paraíba - IFPB, Sousa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Thais Ferreira Feitosa
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Instituto Federal da Paraíba - IFPB, Sousa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Vinícius Longo Ribeiro Vilela
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Animal, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande - UFCG, Campina Grande, Paraíba, Brazil,Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Instituto Federal da Paraíba - IFPB, Sousa, Paraíba, Brazil,*Correspondence: Vinícius Longo Ribeiro Vilela
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Pescador DS, Delgado-Baquerizo M, Fiore-Donno AM, Singh BK, Bonkowski M, Maestre FT. Ecological clusters of soil taxa within bipartite networks are highly sensitive to climatic conditions in global drylands. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2022; 377:20210387. [PMID: 35757878 PMCID: PMC9234812 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2021.0387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Determining the influence of climate in driving the global distribution of soil microbial communities is fundamental to help predict potential shifts in soil food webs and ecosystem functioning under global change scenarios. Herein, we used a global survey including 80 dryland ecosystems from six continents, and found that the relative abundance of ecological clusters formed by taxa involved in bacteria-fungi and bacteria-cercozoa bipartite networks was highly sensitive to changes in temperature and aridity. Importantly, such a result was maintained when controlling for soil, geographical location and vegetation attributes, being pH and soil organic carbon important determinants of the relative abundance of the ecological clusters. We also identified potential global associations between important soil microbial taxa, which can be useful to support the conservation of terrestrial ecosystems under global change scenarios. Our results suggest that increases in temperature and aridity such as those forecasted for the next decades in drylands could potentially lead to drastic changes in the community composition of functionally important bipartite networks within soil food webs. This could have important but unknown implications for the provision of key ecosystem functions and associated services driven by the organisms forming these networks if other taxa cannot cope with them. This article is part of the theme issue 'Ecological complexity and the biosphere: the next 30 years'.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S. Pescador
- Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacognosia y Botánica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Biología y Geología, Física y Química Inorgánica, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Delgado-Baquerizo
- Laboratorio de Biodiversidad y Funcionamiento Ecosistémico, Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla (IRNAS), CSIC, Av. Reina Mercedes 10, E-41012, Sevilla, Spain
- Unidad Asociada CSIC-UPO (BioFun), Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Anna Maria Fiore-Donno
- Department of Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany
| | - Brajesh K. Singh
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
- Global Centre for Land-Based Innovation, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Michael Bonkowski
- Department of Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany
| | - Fernando T. Maestre
- Instituto Multidisciplinar para el Estudio del Medio ‘Ramón Margalef’, Universidad de Alicante, San Vicente del Raspeig, Spain
- Departamento de Ecología, Universidad de Alicante, San Vicente del Raspeig, Spain
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Xu A, Liu J, Guo Z, Wang C, Pan K, Zhang F, Pan X. Distinct Assembly Processes and Determinants of Soil Microbial Communities between Farmland and Grassland in Arid and Semiarid Areas. Appl Environ Microbiol 2021; 87:e0101021. [PMID: 34524892 DOI: 10.1128/AEM.01010-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
It is critical to identify the assembly processes and determinants of soil microbial communities to better predict soil microbial responses to environmental change in arid and semiarid areas. Here, soils from 16 grassland-only, 9 paired grassland and farmland, and 16 farmland-only sites were collected across the central Inner Mongolia Plateau, covering a steep environmental gradient. Through analyzing the paired samples, we discovered that land uses had strong effects on soil microbial communities but weak effects on their assembly processes. For all samples, although no environmental variables were significantly correlated with the net relatedness index (NRI), both the nearest taxon index (NTI) and the β-nearest taxon index (βNTI) were most related to mean annual precipitation (MAP). With the increase of MAP, soil microbial taxa at the tips of the phylogenetic tree were more clustered, and the contribution of determinism increased. Determinism (48.6%), especially variable selection (46.3%), and stochasticity (51.4%) were almost equal in farmland, while stochasticity (75.0%) was dominant in grassland. Additionally, Mantel tests and redundancy analyses (RDA) revealed that the main determinants of soil microbial community structure were MAP in grassland but mean annual temperature (MAT) in farmland. MAP and MAT were also good predictors of the community composition (the top 200 dominant operational taxonomic units) in grassland and farmland, respectively. Collectively, in arid and semiarid areas, soil microbial communities were more sensitive to environmental change in farmland than in grassland, and unlike the major impact of MAP on grassland microbial communities, MAT was the primary driver of farmland microbial communities. IMPORTANCE As one of the most diverse organisms, soil microbes play indispensable roles in many ecological processes in arid and semiarid areas with limited macrofaunal and plant diversity, yet the mechanisms underpinning soil microbial community are not fully understood. In this study, soil microbial communities were investigated along a 500-km transect covering a steep environmental gradient across farmland and grassland in the areas. The results showed that precipitation was the main factor mediating the assembly processes. Determinism was more influential in farmland, and variable selection of farmland was twice that of grassland. Temperature mainly drove farmland microbial communities, while precipitation mainly affected grassland microbial communities. These findings provide new information about the assembly processes and determinants of soil microbial communities in arid and semiarid areas, consequently improving the predictability of the community dynamics, which have implications for sustaining soil microbial diversity and ecosystem functioning, particularly under global climate change conditions.
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Ramos TPA, Lustosa-Costa SY, Barros-Neto LDF, Barbosa JEL. Parotocinclus jacksoni, a new hypoptopomatine catfish (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) from the Rio Mamanguape basin, north-eastern Brazil. J Fish Biol 2021; 99:1467-1475. [PMID: 34270091 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.14855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A new species of Parotocinclus is described from the Rio Mamanguape basin, in the State of Paraíba, north-eastern Brazil. The new species can be distinguished from all of its congeners, except for P. bahiensis, P. cesarpintoi, P. jumbo, P. nandae and P. spilosoma, by the presence of an abdomen covered by a few small and dispersed platelets (vs. an abdomen entirely covered by large plates in adult individuals or the absence of plates in that region). The new species differs from those mentioned above with respect to several features, such as an exposed pectoral girdle and supporting odontodes medially and laterally, the number of premaxillary and dentary teeth, odontodes covering only the lateral portion of the cleithrum and the absence of irregular golden lines on the head and body (colour in vivo). The new species was collected only in the upper and middle portions of the Rio Mamanguape basin, suggesting a geographic distribution restricted to the Caatinga biome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Telton P A Ramos
- Laboratório de Ecologia Aquática, Departamento de Biologia/CCBS, Universidade Estadual da Paraíba, Campina Grande, Brazil
| | - Silvia Y Lustosa-Costa
- Laboratório de Ictiologia Sistemática e Evolutiva, Departamento de Botânica e Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Luciano de F Barros-Neto
- Laboratório de Ictiologia Sistemática e Evolutiva, Departamento de Botânica e Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - José E L Barbosa
- Laboratório de Ecologia Aquática, Departamento de Biologia/CCBS, Universidade Estadual da Paraíba, Campina Grande, Brazil
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Post AK, Davis KP, LaRoe J, Hoover DL, Knapp AK. Semiarid grasslands and extreme precipitation events: do experimental results scale to the landscape? Ecology 2021; 102:e03437. [PMID: 34133764 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The frequency and magnitude of deluges (extremely large rain events) are increasing globally as the atmosphere warms. Small-scale experiments suggest that semiarid grasslands are particularly sensitive to both the timing and size of deluge events. However, the assumption that plot-scale results can be extrapolated across landscapes with variable soil textures, plant communities, and grazing regimes has seldom been tested, despite being key to forecasting regional consequences of precipitation extremes. We used precipitation data from an extensive rain gauge network to identify natural deluges (mean size = 60 ± 31 mm, 1984-2012) that occurred across a ˜60-km2 heterogeneous native shortgrass steppe landscape in Colorado. We then related spatial variation in deluge precipitation to postdeluge responses in canopy greenness (normalized difference vegetation index, NDVI) via satellite imagery. Consistent with results from experiments, this semiarid grassland was most sensitive to mid-growing-season deluges, and postdeluge canopy greenness usually increased linearly (67% of the time) with increasing deluge size. This suggests that aboveground productivity in these semiarid systems will likely increase, rather than asymptote, with forecasted increases in deluge size. Importantly, differences in grazing regime did not significantly alter deluge responses, indicating that these patterns are robust to this widespread management practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison K Post
- Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, 80523, USA.,Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, 80523, USA
| | - Kristin P Davis
- Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, 80523, USA.,Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, 80523, USA
| | - Jillian LaRoe
- Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, 80523, USA.,Natural Resources Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, 80523, USA
| | - David L Hoover
- U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Rangeland Resources and Systems Research Unit, Crops Research Laboratory, Fort Collins, Colorado, 80526, USA
| | - Alan K Knapp
- Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, 80523, USA.,Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, 80523, USA
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Rocha Filho RR, Santos DC, Véras ASC, Siqueira MCB, Monteiro CCF, Mora-Luna RE, Farias LR, Santos VLF, Chagas JC, Ferreira MA. Miúda ( Nopalea cochenillifera (L.) Salm-Dyck)-The Best Forage Cactus Genotype for Feeding Lactating Dairy Cows in Semiarid Regions. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11061774. [PMID: 34198558 PMCID: PMC8231938 DOI: 10.3390/ani11061774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The usage of forage cactus is essential for the maintenance of livestock activity in semiarid regions as an alternative to conventional crops. Cactaceae have adaptive characteristics that ensure their development progress under drought conditions. Four genotypes of forage cactus (Gigante, Miúda, IPA Sertânia, and Orelha de Elefante Mexicana) were fed to lactating dairy cows and the diets were then evaluated based on animal performance, milk fatty acid profile, and microbial protein synthesis. Miúda forage cactus led to a higher nutrient intake and milk yield, as well as greater microbial protein synthesis. Higher saturated fatty acids were observed when the Gigante and IPA Sertânia forage cactus genotypes were fed to dairy cows. Orelha de Elefante Mexicana forage cactus caused lower milk yield along with protein yields and content; however, it improved the milk fatty acid profile by promoting a higher ratio of unsaturated to saturated fatty acids and desirable fatty acids. It is concluded that the Miúda forage cactus is the genotype most suitable for the diets of lactating dairy cows. Abstract This study aimed to investigate the effects on nutrient intake and digestibility, milk yield (MY) and composition, milk fatty acids profile, and microbial protein synthesis caused by feeding lactating dairy cows four different forage cactus genotypes. Eight Girolando cows (5/8 Holstein × 3/8 Gyr), weighing 490 ± 69.0 kg (means ± standard deviation), and producing 15.5 ± 1.0 kg/d of milk during pretrial were distributed to two contemporaneous 4 × 4 Latin squares. The cows were fed a total mixed ration composed of sorghum silage (385 g/kg of dry matter (DM)), concentrated mix (175 g/kg DM), and forage cactus (440 g/kg DM). The experimental treatments consisted of different cactus genotypes, such as Gigante cactus (GC), Miúda cactus (MC), IPA Sertânia cactus (SC), and Orelha de Elefante Mexicana cactus (OEMC). The feeding of MC provided a higher intake of DM, organic matter (OM), and total digestible nutrients, as well as higher MY, energy-corrected milk, and microbial protein synthesis in comparison with those resulting from the other genotypes tested. The GC promoted lower DM and OM, and the apparent digestibility of neutral detergent fiber. The cows fed with OEMC showed lower MY and milk protein yield and content, and higher unsaturated over saturated fatty acid ratio in milk. Miúda forage cactus increased nutrient intake, digestibility of DM and OM, and microbial synthesis without impairing the milk fatty acid profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubem R. Rocha Filho
- Department of Animal Science, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Recife 52171900, PE, Brazil; (R.R.R.F.); (A.S.C.V.); (M.C.B.S.); (L.R.F.); (M.A.F.)
- Federal Institute of Education Science and Technology of Alagoas, Satuba 57120000, AL, Brazil
| | - Djalma C. Santos
- Agronomic Institute of Pernambuco, Experimental Station of Arcoverde, Arcoverde 56500000, PE, Brazil;
| | - Antonia S. C. Véras
- Department of Animal Science, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Recife 52171900, PE, Brazil; (R.R.R.F.); (A.S.C.V.); (M.C.B.S.); (L.R.F.); (M.A.F.)
| | - Michelle C. B. Siqueira
- Department of Animal Science, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Recife 52171900, PE, Brazil; (R.R.R.F.); (A.S.C.V.); (M.C.B.S.); (L.R.F.); (M.A.F.)
| | | | - Robert E. Mora-Luna
- Táchira National Experimental University, San Cristóbal 5001, Táchira, Venezuela;
| | - Lucas R. Farias
- Department of Animal Science, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Recife 52171900, PE, Brazil; (R.R.R.F.); (A.S.C.V.); (M.C.B.S.); (L.R.F.); (M.A.F.)
| | - Viviany L. F. Santos
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Piauí, Bom Jesus 64900000, PI, Brazil;
| | - Juana C. Chagas
- Department of Agricultural Research for Northern Sweden, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), 90183 Umeå, Sweden
- Correspondence:
| | - Marcelo A. Ferreira
- Department of Animal Science, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Recife 52171900, PE, Brazil; (R.R.R.F.); (A.S.C.V.); (M.C.B.S.); (L.R.F.); (M.A.F.)
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Siqueira M, Chagas J, Monnerat JP, Monteiro C, Mora-Luna R, Dubeux J, DiLorenzo N, Ruiz-Moreno M, Ferreira M. Nutritive Value, In Vitro Fermentation, and Methane Production of Cactus Cladodes, Sugarcane Bagasse, and Urea. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11051266. [PMID: 33924747 PMCID: PMC8145917 DOI: 10.3390/ani11051266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Cyclical droughts affecting arid and semiarid regions promote direct negative impacts on agriculture, with deficits of water availability for the maintenance of crops destined for human supply and animal production, with direct and indirect socioeconomic effects. Although livestock rearing is one of the few viable economic activities for these regions, forage production in terms of quantity and quality is a critical obstacle to support the herd over the year. Research was developed to find a forage adapted to these climates. Cactus cladodes have been used as a traditional ingredient in ruminant diets in dry areas as a solution to forage scarcity. Many traditionally used sources of forage, fresh or conserved, can be added to diets with cactus. However, the limiting factor to their inclusion would be market availability and price. This study showed that cactus cladodes associated with sugarcane bagasse (a high available crop residue) present the same nutritive value of conserved crops as silages and hay. Cactus (Opuntia and Nopalea) are essential for ruminant production systems in arid and semiarid regions due to the limitation of forage production caused by the low precipitation. Abstract This study evaluated the effect of different roughages fed to sheep on nutrient and water intake, ingestive behavior, nitrogen balance, microbial protein synthesis, fermentation parameters, and methane production using an in vitro gas production system. The treatments consisted of five diets: cactus cladodes Nopalea (NUB) and Opuntia (OUB), both with the addition of sugarcane bagasse (SB) and urea/ammonium sulfate (urea/as); Tifton hay (TH); corn silage (CS); and sorghum silage (SS), also with added urea/as. The NUB provided greater (p ≤ 0.03) intakes of dry matter (1024 g/d), digestible organic matter (670 g/d), and crude protein (161 g/d) than those on the SS. The NUB provided greater (p < 0.01) dietary water intake (3023 g/d) than TH. The time spent on rumination was shorter (p < 0.01), and the idle time was longer in animals fed NUB and OUB than TH and CS. Microbial protein synthesis was not affected (p = 0.27). The final pH (6.4) of the incubation fluid and the concentration of NH3-N (39.05 mg/dL) were greater for NUB and OUB. Ruminal parameters and methane production were little or not affected by tested forages. We recommend using cactus cladodes in combination with sugarcane bagasse and urea/as in sheep diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Siqueira
- Department of Animal Science, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Dom Manoel de Medeiros Street, Dois Irmãos, Recife, Pernambuco 52171-900, Brazil; (M.S.); (J.P.M.); (R.M.-L.); (M.F.)
| | - Juana Chagas
- Department of Agricultural Research for Northern Sweden, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), 901 83 Umeå, Sweden;
| | - João Paulo Monnerat
- Department of Animal Science, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Dom Manoel de Medeiros Street, Dois Irmãos, Recife, Pernambuco 52171-900, Brazil; (M.S.); (J.P.M.); (R.M.-L.); (M.F.)
| | - Carolina Monteiro
- Department of Animal Science, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Dom Manoel de Medeiros Street, Dois Irmãos, Recife, Pernambuco 52171-900, Brazil; (M.S.); (J.P.M.); (R.M.-L.); (M.F.)
- Animal Science Department, State University of Alagoas, BR 316, km 87,5, Bebedouro, Santana do Ipanema 57500-000, Brazil
- Correspondence:
| | - Robert Mora-Luna
- Department of Animal Science, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Dom Manoel de Medeiros Street, Dois Irmãos, Recife, Pernambuco 52171-900, Brazil; (M.S.); (J.P.M.); (R.M.-L.); (M.F.)
- National Experimental University of Táchira, Sector 5001, San Cristóbal, Venezuela
| | - José Dubeux
- Department of Animal Science, North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 3925 Hwy 71, Marianna, FL 32446-8091, USA; (J.D.J.); (N.D.); (M.R.-M.)
| | - Nicolas DiLorenzo
- Department of Animal Science, North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 3925 Hwy 71, Marianna, FL 32446-8091, USA; (J.D.J.); (N.D.); (M.R.-M.)
| | - Martin Ruiz-Moreno
- Department of Animal Science, North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 3925 Hwy 71, Marianna, FL 32446-8091, USA; (J.D.J.); (N.D.); (M.R.-M.)
| | - Marcelo Ferreira
- Department of Animal Science, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Dom Manoel de Medeiros Street, Dois Irmãos, Recife, Pernambuco 52171-900, Brazil; (M.S.); (J.P.M.); (R.M.-L.); (M.F.)
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Bonatelli ML, Lacerda-Júnior GV, dos Reis Junior FB, Fernandes-Júnior PI, Melo IS, Quecine MC. Beneficial Plant-Associated Microorganisms From Semiarid Regions and Seasonally Dry Environments: A Review. Front Microbiol 2021; 11:553223. [PMID: 33519722 PMCID: PMC7845453 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.553223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Semiarid regions are apparently low biodiversity environments; however, these environments may host a phylogenetically diverse microbial community associated with plants. Their microbial inhabitants are often recruited to withstand stressful settings and improve plant growth under harsh conditions. Thus, plant-associated microorganisms isolated from semiarid and seasonally dry environments will be detailed in the present review, focusing on plant growth promotion potential and the microbial ability to alleviate plant abiotic stress. Initially, we explored the role of microbes from dry environments around the world, and then, we focused on seasonally dry Brazilian biomes, the Caatinga and the Cerrado. Cultivable bacteria from semiarid and seasonally dry environments have demonstrated great plant growth promotion traits such as plant hormone production, mobilization of insoluble nutrients, and mechanisms related to plant abiotic stress alleviation. Several of these isolates were able to improve plant growth under stressful conditions commonly present in typical semiarid regions, such as high salinity and drought. Additionally, we highlight the potential of plants highly adapted to seasonal climates from the Caatinga and Cerrado biomes as a suitable pool of microbial inoculants to maintain plant growth under abiotic stress conditions. In general, we point out the potential for the exploitation of new microbial inoculants from plants growing in dry environments to ensure a sustainable increase in agricultural productivity in a future climate change scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Leticia Bonatelli
- Department of Genetics, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Itamar Soares Melo
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, Embrapa Meio Ambiente, Jaguariúna, Brazil
| | - Maria Carolina Quecine
- Department of Genetics, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
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Andrade DC, Morais SA, Marteis LS, Gama RA, Freire RCDM, Rekowski BS, Ueno HM, La Corte R. Diversity of Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in the Caatinga Biome, Brazil, from the Widespread to the Endemic. Insects 2020; 11:insects11080468. [PMID: 32722308 PMCID: PMC7469145 DOI: 10.3390/insects11080468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mosquito fauna in the northeast semiarid region of Brazil, Caatinga biome, are poorly known. Studies on the diversity are scarce and the few surveys available focus on local fauna. In order to understand the ecological pattern of mosquito's distribution, information available from studies from 2008 to 2015 were gathered. A partitioning framework of the beta diversity, the turnover (βJTU) and nestedness (βJNE) components were used to determine dissimilarity among communities. Eighty-two morphospecies were recorded and 47 of the species were not shared between the areas. The most representative genera were Aedes, Anopheles, Psorophora, Haemagogus, Coquillettidia, and Mansonia, which all include species of medical interest. The communities had high rates of variation, and the mechanism of turnover accounted for the observed diversity pattern. Despite differences in collection methods, the observed dissimilarity may be related to the broad environmental heterogeneity of the biome, the intrinsic relationships of the species with their habitats, and the environmental degradation caused by different types of anthropogenic interference. Considering the mosquito species richness and endemicity, the hypothesis that the Caatinga harbor poor biodiversity is rejected. The spatial variation observed is of particular importance and should be taken into account for the knowledge of Caatinga biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Campos Andrade
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão 49100-000, SE, Brazil; (D.C.A.); (B.S.R.)
| | - Sirlei Antunes Morais
- Departamento de Morfologia, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Avenida Marechal Rondon, S/N, São Cristóvão 49100-000, SE, Brazil;
| | - Letícia Silva Marteis
- Colegiado de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco, Av. José de Sá Maniçoba, S/N, Centro, Petrolina 56304-917, PE, Brazil;
| | - Renata Antonaci Gama
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Avenida Senador Salgado Filho 3000, Natal 59078-970, RN, Brazil;
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Parasitária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59078-970, RN, Brazil;
| | - Renato Cesar de Melo Freire
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Parasitária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59078-970, RN, Brazil;
| | - Belgrano Santiago Rekowski
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão 49100-000, SE, Brazil; (D.C.A.); (B.S.R.)
| | - Helene Mariko Ueno
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Sustentabilidade—Escola de Artes, Ciências e Humanidades da Universidade de São Paulo. Av. Arlindo Béttio, 1000, São Paulo 03828-000, SP, Brazil;
| | - Roseli La Corte
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão 49100-000, SE, Brazil; (D.C.A.); (B.S.R.)
- Departamento de Morfologia, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Avenida Marechal Rondon, S/N, São Cristóvão 49100-000, SE, Brazil;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-79-3194-6626
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de la Torre-Hernández ME, Salinas-Virgen LI, Aguirre-Garrido JF, Fernández-González AJ, Martínez-Abarca F, Montiel-Lugo D, Ramírez-Saad HC. Composition, Structure, and PGPR Traits of the Rhizospheric Bacterial Communities Associated With Wild and Cultivated Echinocactus platyacanthus and Neobuxbaumia polylopha. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1424. [PMID: 32676064 PMCID: PMC7333311 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The Queretaro semi-desert in central Mexico is the most southern extension of the Chihuahua desert. This semi-arid zone shelters a vast cactus diversity with many endemic species. Currently, two cacti species from this semi-desert namely, Echinocactus platyacanthus and Neobuxbaumia polylopha are under a threat to their survival. So far, there are no reports on the bacterial communities associated with these plants. In this study, we assessed the structure and diversity of the rhizospheric bacterial communities associated with Echinocactus platyacanthus and Neobuxbaumia polylopha growing in wild and cultivated conditions. Samples of E. platyacanthus were also approached with culture-based methods in search of isolates with plant growth promoting abilities. Metagenomic DNA was extracted from rhizospheric samples and used for Illumina sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. α-diversity and amplicon sequence variant (ASV) richness were higher in both groups of E. platyacanthus samples. All samples accounted for 14 phyla, and the major 6 were common to all treatments. The dominant phyla in all four sample groups were Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria. Analysis at family and genus levels showed association patterns with the cultivated samples from both species grouping together, while the wild samples of each cactus species were grouping apart. High abundance values of Rubrobacteraceae (15.9-18.4%) were a characteristic feature of wild E. platyacanthus samples. In total, 2,227 ASVs were scored in all 12 rhizospheric samples where E. platyacanthus samples showed higher richness with 1,536 ASVs. Regarding the growing conditions, both groups of cultivated samples were also richer accounting for 743 and 615 ASVs for E. platyacanthus and N. polylopha, respectively. The isolates from E. platyacanthus rhizosphere were mainly assigned to Bacilli and Gammaproteobacteria. In total 35 strains were assayed for PGPR traits (IAA and siderophore production, phosphate solubilization, and fungal growth inhibition). Strains obtained from plants growing in the wild displayed better PGPR characteristics, stressing that naturally occurring wild plants are a source of bacteria with diverse metabolic activities, which can be very important players in the adaptation of cacti to their natural environments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Leilani I. Salinas-Virgen
- Maestría en Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Xochimilco, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - J. Félix Aguirre-Garrido
- Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Lerma, Estado de México Mexico
| | - Antonio J. Fernández-González
- Grupo de Ecología Genética, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco Martínez-Abarca
- Grupo de Ecología Genética, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Granada, Spain
| | - Daniel Montiel-Lugo
- Maestría en Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Xochimilco, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Hugo C. Ramírez-Saad
- Departamento Sistemas Biológicos, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Xochimilco, Mexico City, Mexico
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Valcarcel Rojas L, Santos Junior JA, Corcho-Alvarado JA, Santos Amaral R, Röllin S, Ortueta Milan M, Herrero Fernández Z, Francis K, Cavalcanti M, Santos JMN. Quality and management status of the drinking water supplies in a semiarid region of Northeastern Brazil. J Environ Sci Health A Tox Hazard Subst Environ Eng 2020; 55:1247-1256. [PMID: 32567990 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2020.1782668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Surface and groundwater resources in the Seridó Region (Brazilian semiarid) were investigated to evaluate their current quality conditions and suitability for domestic use. The water was characterized in terms of physical, chemical, and radiological parameters; including those required by the Brazilian Drinking Water Quality Standard (DWQS). Information about major and trace elements and radiological aspects of the water are reported for the first time. Salinization was confirmed as a key problem in the region, driven natural and anthropogenic. Overall, water has poor organoleptic characteristics. The concentration of most trace elements was below the recommended level, except for uranium and selenium in groundwater. Gross alpha and beta activities higher than the recommended levels were also recorded in several water samples, mostly from the investigated aquifers. In these samples, a detailed radionuclide analysis is required to estimate the effective dose received by the local population. Overall, the results show that water from the investigated region is not suitable for human consumption unless proper treatment is applied. Water requires proper treatment to decrease the content of dissolved salts, toxic elements, and radionuclides responsible for the high gross alpha and beta activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lino Valcarcel Rojas
- Radioecology Group, Nuclear Energy Department, Geoscience and Technology Center, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - José Araujo Santos Junior
- Radioecology Group, Nuclear Energy Department, Geoscience and Technology Center, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - José A Corcho-Alvarado
- Nuclear Chemistry Division, Spiez Laboratory, Federal Office for Civil Protection, Spiez, Switzerland
| | - Romilton Santos Amaral
- Radioecology Group, Nuclear Energy Department, Geoscience and Technology Center, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Stefan Röllin
- Nuclear Chemistry Division, Spiez Laboratory, Federal Office for Civil Protection, Spiez, Switzerland
| | - Marvic Ortueta Milan
- Radioecology Group, Nuclear Energy Department, Geoscience and Technology Center, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Zahily Herrero Fernández
- Radioecology Group, Nuclear Energy Department, Geoscience and Technology Center, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Kennedy Francis
- Radioecology Group, Nuclear Energy Department, Geoscience and Technology Center, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Marianna Cavalcanti
- Radioecology Group, Nuclear Energy Department, Geoscience and Technology Center, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Josineide M N Santos
- Radioecology Group, Nuclear Energy Department, Geoscience and Technology Center, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
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Luzuriaga AL, Ferrandis P, Flores J, Escudero A. Effect of aridity on species assembly in gypsum drylands: a response mediated by the soil affinity of species. AoB Plants 2020; 12:plaa020. [PMID: 32547722 PMCID: PMC7288742 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plaa020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies found that plant communities on infertile soils are relatively resistant to climatic variation due to stress tolerance adaptations. However, the species assemblies in gypsum soil habitats require further investigation. Thus, we considered the following questions. (1) Do harsher arid conditions determine the characteristics of the species that form plant assemblages? (2) Is the selection of the species that assemble in arid conditions mediated by their ability to grow on gypsum soils? (3) Is the selection of species that assemble in harsher conditions related to phylogenetically conserved functional traits? Perennial plant communities were analysed in 89 gypsum-soil sites along a 400 km climate gradient from the central to southeastern Iberian Peninsula. Each local assemblage was analysed in 30 × 30 m plots and described based on taxonomic, functional (soil plant affinity) and phylogenetic parameters. The mean maximum temperatures in the hottest month, mean annual precipitation and their interaction terms were used as surrogates for the aridity conditions in generalized linear models. In the hottest locations, the gypsophily range narrowed and the mean gypsophily increased at the community level, thereby suggesting the filtering of species and the dominance of soil specialists in the actual plant assemblies. Drier sites had higher taxonomic diversity. The species that formed the perennial communities were close in evolutionary terms at the two ends of the aridity gradient. The mean maximum temperatures in the hottest month had the main abiotic filtering effect on perennial plant communities, which was mediated by the ability of species to grow on gypsum soils, and thus gypsum specialists dominated the species assemblies in the hottest locations. In contrast, the perennial communities on gypsum soils were relatively resistant to changes in precipitation. Our findings suggest that the warmer environmental conditions predicted by global change models will favour gypsum specialists over generalists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arantzazu L Luzuriaga
- Department of Biology and Geology, Rey Juan Carlos University, Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Ferrandis
- Botanic Institute of UCLM, Botanic Garden of Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. de La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
| | - Joel Flores
- División de Ciencias Ambientales, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica, San Luis Potosí, México
| | - Adrián Escudero
- Department of Biology and Geology, Rey Juan Carlos University, Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
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Qubaja R, Grünzweig JM, Rotenberg E, Yakir D. Evidence for large carbon sink and long residence time in semiarid forests based on 15 year flux and inventory records. Glob Chang Biol 2020; 26:1626-1637. [PMID: 31736166 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The rate of change in atmospheric CO2 is significantly affected by the terrestrial carbon sink, but the size and spatial distribution of this sink, and the extent to which it can be enhanced to mitigate climate change are highly uncertain. We combined carbon stock (CS) and eddy covariance (EC) flux measurements that were collected over a period of 15 years (2001-2016) in a 55 year old 30 km2 pine forest growing at the semiarid timberline (with no irrigating or fertilization). The objective was to constrain estimates of the carbon (C) storage potential in forest plantations in such semiarid lands, which cover ~18% of the global land area. The forest accumulated 145-160 g C m-2 year-1 over the study period based on the EC and CS approaches, with a mean value of 152.5 ± 30.1 g C m-2 year-1 indicating 20% uncertainty in carbon uptake estimates. Current total stocks are estimated at 7,943 ± 323 g C/m2 and 372 g N/m2 . Carbon accumulated mostly in the soil (~71% and 29% for soil and standing biomass carbon, respectively) with long soil carbon turnover time (59 years). Regardless of unexpected disturbances beyond those already observed at the study site, the results support a considerable carbon sink potential in semiarid soils and forest plantations, and imply that afforestation of even 10% of semiarid land area under conditions similar to that of the study site, could sequester ~0.4 Pg C/year over several decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafat Qubaja
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - José M Grünzweig
- Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Eyal Rotenberg
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Dan Yakir
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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20
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Piao S, Wang X, Wang K, Li X, Bastos A, Canadell JG, Ciais P, Friedlingstein P, Sitch S. Interannual variation of terrestrial carbon cycle: Issues and perspectives. Glob Chang Biol 2020; 26:300-318. [PMID: 31670435 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
With accumulation of carbon cycle observations and model developments over the past decades, exploring interannual variation (IAV) of terrestrial carbon cycle offers the opportunity to better understand climate-carbon cycle relationships. However, despite growing research interest, uncertainties remain on some fundamental issues, such as the contributions of different regions, constituent fluxes and climatic factors to carbon cycle IAV. Here we overviewed the literature on carbon cycle IAV about current understanding of these issues. Observations and models of the carbon cycle unanimously show the dominance of tropical land ecosystems to the signal of global carbon cycle IAV, where tropical semiarid ecosystems contribute as much as the combination of all other tropical ecosystems. Vegetation photosynthesis contributes more than ecosystem respiration to IAV of the global net land carbon flux, but large uncertainties remain on the contribution of fires and other disturbance fluxes. Climatic variations are the major drivers to the IAV of net land carbon flux. Although debate remains on whether the dominant driver is temperature or moisture variability, their interaction,that is, the dependence of carbon cycle sensitivity to temperature on moisture conditions, is emerging as key regulators of the carbon cycle IAV. On timescales from the interannual to the centennial, global carbon cycle variability will be increasingly contributed by northern land ecosystems and oceans. Therefore, both improving Earth system models (ESMs) with the progressive understanding on the fast processes manifested at interannual timescale and expanding carbon cycle observations at broader spatial and longer temporal scales are critical to better prediction on evolution of the carbon-climate system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilong Piao
- Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Alpine Ecology and Biodiversity, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Center for Excellence in Tibetan Earth Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xuhui Wang
- Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangyi Li
- Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ana Bastos
- Department of Geography, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität, Munchen, Germany
| | - Josep G Canadell
- Global Carbon Project, CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Philippe Ciais
- Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, CEA CNRS UVSQ, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Pierre Friedlingstein
- College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Stephen Sitch
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
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Cunliffe AM, McIntire CD, Boschetti F, Sauer KJ, Litvak M, Anderson K, Brazier RE. Allometric Relationships for Predicting Aboveground Biomass and Sapwood Area of Oneseed Juniper ( Juniperus monosperma) Trees. Front Plant Sci 2020; 11:94. [PMID: 32174930 PMCID: PMC7054341 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Across the semiarid ecosystems of the southwestern USA, there has been widespread encroachment of woody shrubs and trees including Juniperus species into former grasslands. Quantifying vegetation biomass in such ecosystems is important because semiarid ecosystems are thought to play an important role in the global land carbon (C) sink, and changes in plant biomass also have implications for primary consumers and potential bioenergy feedstock. Oneseed juniper (Juniperus monosperma) is common in desert grasslands and pinyon-juniper rangelands across the intermountain region of southwestern North America; however, there is limited information about the aboveground biomass (AGB) and sapwood area (SWA) for this species, causing uncertainties in estimates of C stock and transpiration fluxes. In this study, we report on canopy area (CA), stem diameter, maximum height, and biomass measurements from J. monosperma trees sampled from central New Mexico. Dry biomass ranged between 0.4 kg and 625 kg, and cross-sectional SWA was measured on n = 200 stems using image analysis. We found a strong linear relationship between CA and AGB (r2 = 0.96), with a similar slope to that observed in other juniper species, suggesting that this readily measured attribute is well suited for upscaling studies. There was a 9% bias between different approaches to measuring CA, indicating care should be taken to account for these differences to avoid systematic biases. We found equivalent stem diameter (ESD) was a strong predictor of biomass, but that existing allometric models underpredicted biomass in larger trees. We found SWA could be predicted from individual stem diameter with a power relationship, and that tree-level SWA should be estimated by summing the SWA predictions from individual stems rather than ESD. Our improved allometric models for J. monosperma support more accurate and robust measurements of C storage and transpiration fluxes in Juniperus-dominated ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M. Cunliffe
- Department of Geography, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Andrew M. Cunliffe,
| | - Cameron D. McIntire
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Fabio Boschetti
- Department of Geography, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Katherine J. Sauer
- Department of Natural Resource Management, Sul Ross State University, Alpine, TX, United States
| | - Marcy Litvak
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Karen Anderson
- Environmental Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn, United Kingdom
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de la Torre-Hernández ME, Salinas-Virgen LI, Aguirre-Garrido JF, Fernández-González AJ, Martínez-Abarca F, Montiel-Lugo D, Ramírez-Saad HC. Composition, Structure, and PGPR Traits of the Rhizospheric Bacterial Communities Associated With Wild and Cultivated Echinocactus platyacanthus and Neobuxbaumia polylopha. Front Microbiol 2020. [PMID: 32676064 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01424/bibtex] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The Queretaro semi-desert in central Mexico is the most southern extension of the Chihuahua desert. This semi-arid zone shelters a vast cactus diversity with many endemic species. Currently, two cacti species from this semi-desert namely, Echinocactus platyacanthus and Neobuxbaumia polylopha are under a threat to their survival. So far, there are no reports on the bacterial communities associated with these plants. In this study, we assessed the structure and diversity of the rhizospheric bacterial communities associated with Echinocactus platyacanthus and Neobuxbaumia polylopha growing in wild and cultivated conditions. Samples of E. platyacanthus were also approached with culture-based methods in search of isolates with plant growth promoting abilities. Metagenomic DNA was extracted from rhizospheric samples and used for Illumina sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. α-diversity and amplicon sequence variant (ASV) richness were higher in both groups of E. platyacanthus samples. All samples accounted for 14 phyla, and the major 6 were common to all treatments. The dominant phyla in all four sample groups were Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria. Analysis at family and genus levels showed association patterns with the cultivated samples from both species grouping together, while the wild samples of each cactus species were grouping apart. High abundance values of Rubrobacteraceae (15.9-18.4%) were a characteristic feature of wild E. platyacanthus samples. In total, 2,227 ASVs were scored in all 12 rhizospheric samples where E. platyacanthus samples showed higher richness with 1,536 ASVs. Regarding the growing conditions, both groups of cultivated samples were also richer accounting for 743 and 615 ASVs for E. platyacanthus and N. polylopha, respectively. The isolates from E. platyacanthus rhizosphere were mainly assigned to Bacilli and Gammaproteobacteria. In total 35 strains were assayed for PGPR traits (IAA and siderophore production, phosphate solubilization, and fungal growth inhibition). Strains obtained from plants growing in the wild displayed better PGPR characteristics, stressing that naturally occurring wild plants are a source of bacteria with diverse metabolic activities, which can be very important players in the adaptation of cacti to their natural environments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Leilani I Salinas-Virgen
- Maestría en Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Xochimilco, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - J Félix Aguirre-Garrido
- Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Lerma, Estado de México Mexico
| | - Antonio J Fernández-González
- Grupo de Ecología Genética, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco Martínez-Abarca
- Grupo de Ecología Genética, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Granada, Spain
| | - Daniel Montiel-Lugo
- Maestría en Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Xochimilco, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Hugo C Ramírez-Saad
- Departamento Sistemas Biológicos, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Xochimilco, Mexico City, Mexico
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23
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Teixido AL, Valladares F. Heat and drought determine flower female allocation in a hermaphroditic Mediterranean plant family. Plant Biol (Stuttg) 2019; 21:1024-1030. [PMID: 31282088 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In animal-pollinated hermaphroditic species, larger and xenogamous flowers increase male-biased resource allocation, whereas smaller and selfing flowers invest disproportionally more resources to female function. In Cistaceae, an entomophilous and hermaphroditic Mediterranean family, this pattern generally follows a phylogenetic signal. However, resource allocation to carpels is independent of phylogeny, which suggests trait divergences among closely related species during the diversification into different environmental conditions. We tested this hypothesis across 37 species of Cistaceae along a temperature and precipitation gradient, including semiarid, dry, subhumid and humid sites. We quantified the proportions of dry mass and nutrient investment to carpels and tested the influence of the climatic gradient and site-specific precipitation on the interspecific variation in carpel resource allocation. Lowest and highest percentages of resource allocation to carpels ranged from 1.5-4.2% to 24.2-36.6%, respectively. The proportion of resources comprised in carpels significantly decreased with increasing precipitation/decreasing temperature. Thus, carpels comprised proportionally more resources under drier and hotter conditions, especially in semiarid sites. Our results demonstrate how the extent of climatic constraints is more important than phylogenetic relationships in determining stress-induced differences in carpel resource allocation across species of Cistaceae in a Mediterranean environment. We suggest that allocation of proportionally more resources to carpels in drier and hotter sites lies within a strategy to deal with the most stressful conditions by means of a high reproductive effort.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Teixido
- Área de Biodiversidad y Conservación, Escuela Superior de Ciencias Experimentales y Tecnología, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - F Valladares
- Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, MNCN-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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24
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Leal LDSG, Pessoa LGM, de Oliveira JP, Santos NA, Silva LFDS, Júnior GB, Freire MBGDS, de Souza ES. Do applications of soil conditioner mixtures improve the salt extraction ability of Atriplex nummularia at early growth stage? Int J Phytoremediation 2019; 22:482-489. [PMID: 31621372 DOI: 10.1080/15226514.2019.1678109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The reclamation of salt-affected soils is considered a slow process that urges the development of faster recovery strategies as a priority. The present article aimed at investigating the effect of mixing different chemical and organic conditioners on the growth of Atriplex and its salt extraction efficiency during its early growth stage. A pot experiment was conducted on saline-sodic Cambisol cultivated with Atriplex for 60 days and subjected to the following conditioner mixtures: Atriplex; Atriplex + gypsum + organic matter; Atriplex + elemental sulfur + organic matter; and Atriplex + gypsum + elemental sulfur + organic matter. The mixtures of conditioners did not affect the Atriplex growth, but caused significant increase in Na+ and Cl- contents in the dry matter of Atriplex plants. Additionally, there was an increase in the Atriplex's ability of extracting salt due to the application of the mixtures. Results suggest that the "gypsum + organic matter" mixture is preferable for a faster recovery of salts/sodium affected soils through phytoremediation by Atriplex plants, mainly due to a more significant increase in the efficiency of salt absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Natália Alves Santos
- Department of Agronomy, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Serra Talhada, Brazil
| | | | - Genival Barros Júnior
- Department of Agronomy, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Serra Talhada, Brazil
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Fensham RJ, Laffineur B, Rhodes JR, Silcock JL. Rare plant species do not occupy water-remote refuges in arid environments subject to livestock grazing. Ecol Appl 2019; 29:e01911. [PMID: 31017349 DOI: 10.1002/eap.1911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In many of the world's arid regions there has been a dramatic increase in grazing pressure with herds of livestock sustained by the provision of artificial water points. In these systems it has been suggested that grazing-sensitive plant species will have contracted to refuges distant from water points where grazing impacts are low. This association was tested using a large data set of presence/absence records for rare plant species throughout the northeastern Australian arid zone. The presence records of only one of 45 species were statistically associated with lower grazing activity, as a function of distance-to-water, than the absence records. The field observation that this species is rarely grazed suggests it is not susceptible to grazing pressure. In general, the study supports assertions that populations of short-lived plants in drylands are resilient in the face of exaggerated livestock grazing because herbivores are not in sufficient densities to have an impact during the sporadic periods of high rainfall when plants can complete their life cycles. However, long-lived palatable species may be extinction-prone in grazed landscapes over long time frames if recruitment is curtailed by grazing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roderick J Fensham
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, 4072, Queensland, Australia
- Queensland Herbarium, Department of Environment and Science, Information Technology and Innovation, Brisbane Botanic Gardens, Mt Coot-tha Road, Toowong, 4066, Queensland, Australia
| | - Boris Laffineur
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, 4072, Queensland, Australia
- Queensland Herbarium, Department of Environment and Science, Information Technology and Innovation, Brisbane Botanic Gardens, Mt Coot-tha Road, Toowong, 4066, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jonathan R Rhodes
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, 4072, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jennifer L Silcock
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, 4072, Queensland, Australia
- Queensland Herbarium, Department of Environment and Science, Information Technology and Innovation, Brisbane Botanic Gardens, Mt Coot-tha Road, Toowong, 4066, Queensland, Australia
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26
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Knupp LS, Carvalho FFR, Cannas A, Marcondes MI, Silva AL, Francesconi AHD, Beltrão da Cruz GR, Atzori AS, Gaspa G, Costa RG. Meta-analysis of spineless cactus feeding to meat lambs: performance and development of mathematical models to predict dry matter intake and average daily gain. Animal 2019; 13:2260-7. [PMID: 30838969 DOI: 10.1017/S1751731119000326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Spineless cactus is a useful feed for various animal species in arid and semiarid regions due to its adaptability to dry and harsh soil, high efficiency of water use and carbohydrates storage. This meta-analysis was carried out to assess the effect of spineless cactus on animal performance, and develop and evaluate equations to predict dry matter intake (DMI) and average daily gain (ADG) in meat lambs. Equations for predicting DMI and ADG as a function of animal and diet characteristics were developed using data from eight experiments. The dataset was comprised of 40 treatment means from 289 meat lambs, in which cactus was included from 0 to 75% of the diet dry matter (DM). Accuracy and precision were evaluated by cross-validation using the mean square error of prediction (MSEP), which was decomposed into mean bias, systematic bias and random error; concordance correlation coefficient, which was decomposed into accuracy (Cb) and precision (ρ); and coefficient of determination (R2). In addition, the data set was used to evaluate the predicting accuracy and precision of the main lamb feeding systems (Agricultural and Food Research Council, Small Ruminant Nutritional System, National Research Council and Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique) and also two Brazilian studies. The DMI, CP intake (CPI), metabolizable energy (ME) intake and ADG increased when cactus was included up to 499 g/kg DM (P<0.001). In contrast, animals fed high levels of cactus (>500 g/kg DM) had a decreased DMI, CPI and NDF intake, but increased feed efficiency (P<0.001) and similar ADG compared with those without cactus addition. The DMI was positively correlated with initial BW, final BW, concentrate and ADG, while it was negatively correlated with cactus inclusion and ME of the diet. On other hand, ADG was positively correlated with DMI, initial and mean BW and concentrate, and it was negatively correlated with cactus inclusion. The two developed equations had high accuracy (Cb of 0.95 for DMI and 0.94 for ADG) and the random error of MSEP was 99% for both equations. The precision of both equations was moderate, with R2 values of 0.53 and 0.50 and ρ values of 0.73 and 0.71 for DMI and ADG, respectively. In conclusion, the developed equation to predict DMI had moderate precision and high accuracy, nonetheless, it was more efficient than those reported in the literature. The proposed equations can be a useful alternative to estimate intake and performance of lambs fed cactus.
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Flake SW, Weisberg PJ. Fine-scale stand structure mediates drought-induced tree mortality in pinyon-juniper woodlands. Ecol Appl 2019; 29:e01831. [PMID: 30548934 DOI: 10.1002/eap.1831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 06/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Severe drought has resulted in widespread tree die-off events in forests and woodlands globally and is forecast to become more frequent in coming decades. Tree mortality is a complex process influenced by climate, soils, characteristics of individual trees, interactions between trees, and the dynamics of pests and pathogens. The role of stand structure and stand density in mediating the resistance of trees to drought remains poorly understood, especially in semiarid woodlands, which are expected to be highly susceptible to future severe drought. We sampled permanent plots in central Nevada woodlands dominated by single-leaf pinyon pine and Utah juniper before and after a severe multi-year drought (2013-2015) to investigate the importance of climate, tree attributes, and local-neighborhood stand structure on tree mortality and canopy dieback at the level of individual trees and 0.1-ha plots. We observed widespread tree mortality of pinyon at approximately eight times the reported background mortality rate, and substantial canopy dieback in both pinyon and juniper. Both species were more prone to mortality and dieback in hotter, drier sites. Canopy dieback was associated with both long-term average climate and the severity of recent drought, with elevated mortality on sites with higher water deficits, average summer temperatures, and vapor pressure deficits. Soils also played a role in tree dieback, with greater mortality on deeper soils. While mortality was driven largely by climate at coarse scales, fine-scale stand structure interacted with climate to mediate mortality and dieback. Neighborhood statistics showed that trees were susceptible to competitive influence, and pinyon trees were especially sensitive to neighborhood density on drier sites. Mortality and dieback were associated with diverse, co-occurring insect and parasitic plant mortality agents. Canopy dieback prior to the drought was strongly associated with tree mortality during the drought, implying that current widespread defoliation caused by these agents may foreshadow future elevated woodland decline. Fine-scale influences such as stand structure and soil characteristics play a key role in the long-term dynamics of semiarid woodlands, and these factors should be considered in predictive models of forest and woodland susceptibility to drought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel W Flake
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Science, University of Nevada Reno, Reno, Nevada, 89557, USA
| | - Peter J Weisberg
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Science, University of Nevada Reno, Reno, Nevada, 89557, USA
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Silva CDS, Ávila RW, Morais DH. Helminth Community Dynamics in a Population of Pseudopaludicola Pocoto (Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae) from Northeast-Brazilian. Helminthologia 2018; 55:292-305. [PMID: 31662661 PMCID: PMC6662005 DOI: 10.2478/helm-2018-0032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Climatic variation in low latitudes influences the dynamics and structure of parasite communities. Environmental changes caused by dry and rainy seasons alter prevalence and abundance of endoparasite communities. In addition to providing a list of the helminth species associated with the swamp frog Pseudopaludicola pocoto, this study aimed to investigate the effects of rainfall and temperature on parasitological descriptors of helminths associated with P. pocoto in an area of the semiarid zone. A total of 817 swamp frog specimens were collected between 2013 and 2017, with four sampling expeditions during the dry season and four during the rainy season. Environmental parameters of temperature and rainfall were compared to the parasitological descriptors of prevalence, abundance and mean infection intensity of the parasite community using a multivariate linear regression. A richness of eight parasite species was identified, including Nematoda (Rhabdias sp., Cosmocerca parva, Oxyascaris oxyascaris, Physaloptera sp., Brevimulticaecum sp., Spiroxys sp. and unidentified nematode) and Acanthocephala (cystacanths). Rainfall levels had a significant effect on the infection intensity of Rhabdias sp. being the presence of this species higher during the rainy season, whereas no influence of temperature was observed on the helminth community.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. De S. Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioprospecção Molecular, Departamento de Química Biológica, Universidade Regional do Cariri (URCA), Rua Cel. Antônio Luiz Pimenta 1161, Campus do Pimenta, CEP 63105-000, Crato, Ceará, Brazil
- Laboratório de Herpetologia, Universidade Regional do Cariri (URCA), Rua Cel. Antônio Luiz Pimenta 1161, Campus do Pimenta, CEP 63105-000, Crato, Ceará, Brazil
| | - R. W. Ávila
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioprospecção Molecular, Departamento de Química Biológica, Universidade Regional do Cariri (URCA), Rua Cel. Antônio Luiz Pimenta 1161, Campus do Pimenta, CEP 63105-000, Crato, Ceará, Brazil
- Laboratório de Herpetologia, Universidade Regional do Cariri (URCA), Rua Cel. Antônio Luiz Pimenta 1161, Campus do Pimenta, CEP 63105-000, Crato, Ceará, Brazil
| | - D. H. Morais
- Laboratório de Herpetologia, Universidade Regional do Cariri (URCA), Rua Cel. Antônio Luiz Pimenta 1161, Campus do Pimenta, CEP 63105-000, Crato, Ceará, Brazil
- Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia (UFRA), PA 275, km 13, zona Rural. CEP 68515-000, Parauapebas, Pará, Brazil
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Kulmatiski A, Beard KH, Norton JM, Heavilin JE, Forero LE, Grenzer J. Live long and prosper: plant-soil feedback, lifespan, and landscape abundance covary. Ecology 2018; 98:3063-3073. [PMID: 28880994 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Plant soil feedbacks (PSFs) are thought to be important to plant growth and species coexistence, but most support for these hypotheses is derived from short-term greenhouse experiments. Here we use a seven-year, common garden experiment to measure PSFs for seven native and six nonnative species common to the western United States. We use these long-term, field-based estimates to test correlations between PSF and plant landscape abundance, species origin, functional type, and lifespan. To assess potential PSF mechanisms, we also measured soil microbial community composition, root biomass, nitrogen cycling, bulk density, penetration resistance, and shear strength. Plant abundance on the landscape and plant lifespan were positively correlated with PSFs, though this effect was due to the relationships for native plants. PSFs were correlated with indices of soil microbial community composition. Soil nutrient and physical traits and root biomass differed among species but were not correlated with PSF. While results must be taken with caution because only 13 species were examined, these species represent most of the dominant plant species in the system. Results suggest that native plant abundance is associated with the ability of long-lived plants to create positive plant-soil microbe interactions, while short-lived nonnative plants maintain dominance by avoiding soil-borne antagonists, increasing nitrogen cycling and dedicating resources to aboveground growth and reproduction rather than to belowground growth. Broadly, results suggest that PSFs are correlated with a suite of traits that determine plant abundance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Kulmatiski
- Department of Wildland Resources and the Ecology Center, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322-5230, USA
| | - Karen H Beard
- Department of Wildland Resources and the Ecology Center, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322-5230, USA
| | - Jeanette M Norton
- Plants, Soils and Climate Department and the Ecology Center, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322-4820, USA
| | - Justin E Heavilin
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322, USA
| | - Leslie E Forero
- Department of Wildland Resources and the Ecology Center, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322-5230, USA
| | - Josephine Grenzer
- Department of Wildland Resources and the Ecology Center, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322-5230, USA
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de Melo HF, de Souza ER, de Almeida BG, Mulas M. Water potential in soil and Atriplex nummularia (phytoremediator halophyte) under drought and salt stresses. Int J Phytoremediation 2018; 20:249-255. [PMID: 29053341 DOI: 10.1080/15226514.2017.1374334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Atriplex nummularia is a halophyte widely employed to recover saline soils and was used as a model to evaluate the water potentials in the soil-plant system under drought and salt stresses. Potted plants grown under 70 and 37% of field capacity irrigated with solutions of NaCl and of a mixture of NaCl, KCl, MgCl2 and CaCl2 reproducing six electrical conductivity (EC): 0, 5, 10, 20, 30, and 40 dS m-1. After 100 days, total water (Ψw, plant) and osmotic (Ψo, plant) potentials at predawn and midday and Ψo, soil, matric potential (Ψm, soil) and Ψw, soil were determined. The type of ion in the irrigation water did not influence the soil potential, but was altered by EC. The soil Ψo component was the largest contributor to Ψw, soil. Atriplex is surviving ECs close to 40 dS m-1 due to the decrease in the Ψw. The plants reached a Ψw of approximately -8 MPa. The water potentials determined for different moisture levels, EC levels and salt types showed huge importance for the management of this species in semiarid regions and can be used to recover salt affected soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidelblandi Farias de Melo
- a Federal Rural University of Pernambuco - UFRPE, Department of Agronomy , Rua Dom Manuel de Medeiros , Recife , Pernambuco , Brazil
| | - Edivan Rodrigues de Souza
- a Federal Rural University of Pernambuco - UFRPE, Department of Agronomy , Rua Dom Manuel de Medeiros , Recife , Pernambuco , Brazil
| | - Brivaldo Gomes de Almeida
- a Federal Rural University of Pernambuco - UFRPE, Department of Agronomy , Rua Dom Manuel de Medeiros , Recife , Pernambuco , Brazil
| | - Maurizio Mulas
- b University of Sassari , Department of Sciences of Nature and of Land , Sassari , Italy
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Kulmatiski A. Community-level plant-soil feedbacks explain landscape distribution of native and non-native plants. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:2041-2049. [PMID: 29468023 PMCID: PMC5817120 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant-soil feedbacks (PSFs) have gained attention for their potential role in explaining plant growth and invasion. While promising, most PSF research has measured plant monoculture growth on different soils in short-term, greenhouse experiments. Here, five soil types were conditioned by growing one native species, three non-native species, or a mixed plant community in different plots in a common-garden experiment. After 4 years, plants were removed and one native and one non-native plant community were planted into replicate plots of each soil type. After three additional years, the percentage cover of each of the three target species in each community was measured. These data were used to parameterize a plant community growth model. Model predictions were compared to native and non-native abundance on the landscape. Native community cover was lowest on soil conditioned by the dominant non-native, Centaurea diffusa, and non-native community cover was lowest on soil cultivated by the dominant native, Pseudoroegneria spicata. Consistent with plant growth on the landscape, the plant growth model predicted that the positive PSFs observed in the common-garden experiment would result in two distinct communities on the landscape: a native plant community on native soils and a non-native plant community on non-native soils. In contrast, when PSF effects were removed, the model predicted that non-native plants would dominate all soils, which was not consistent with plant growth on the landscape. Results provide an example where PSF effects were large enough to change the rank-order abundance of native and non-native plant communities and to explain plant distributions on the landscape. The positive PSFs that contributed to this effect reflected the ability of the two dominant plant species to suppress each other's growth. Results suggest that plant dominance, at least in this system, reflects the ability of a species to suppress the growth of dominant competitors through soil-mediated effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Kulmatiski
- Department of Wildland Resources and the Ecology CenterUtah State UniversityLoganUTUSA
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Biederman JA, Scott RL, Bell TW, Bowling DR, Dore S, Garatuza-Payan J, Kolb TE, Krishnan P, Krofcheck DJ, Litvak ME, Maurer GE, Meyers TP, Oechel WC, Papuga SA, Ponce-Campos GE, Rodriguez JC, Smith WK, Vargas R, Watts CJ, Yepez EA, Goulden ML. CO 2 exchange and evapotranspiration across dryland ecosystems of southwestern North America. Glob Chang Biol 2017; 23:4204-4221. [PMID: 28295911 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Global-scale studies suggest that dryland ecosystems dominate an increasing trend in the magnitude and interannual variability of the land CO2 sink. However, such analyses are poorly constrained by measured CO2 exchange in drylands. Here we address this observation gap with eddy covariance data from 25 sites in the water-limited Southwest region of North America with observed ranges in annual precipitation of 100-1000 mm, annual temperatures of 2-25°C, and records of 3-10 years (150 site-years in total). Annual fluxes were integrated using site-specific ecohydrologic years to group precipitation with resulting ecosystem exchanges. We found a wide range of carbon sink/source function, with mean annual net ecosystem production (NEP) varying from -350 to +330 gCm-2 across sites with diverse vegetation types, contrasting with the more constant sink typically measured in mesic ecosystems. In this region, only forest-dominated sites were consistent carbon sinks. Interannual variability of NEP, gross ecosystem production (GEP), and ecosystem respiration (Reco ) was larger than for mesic regions, and half the sites switched between functioning as C sinks/C sources in wet/dry years. The sites demonstrated coherent responses of GEP and NEP to anomalies in annual evapotranspiration (ET), used here as a proxy for annually available water after hydrologic losses. Notably, GEP and Reco were negatively related to temperature, both interannually within site and spatially across sites, in contrast to positive temperature effects commonly reported for mesic ecosystems. Models based on MODIS satellite observations matched the cross-site spatial pattern in mean annual GEP but consistently underestimated mean annual ET by ~50%. Importantly, the MODIS-based models captured only 20-30% of interannual variation magnitude. These results suggest the contribution of this dryland region to variability of regional to global CO2 exchange may be up to 3-5 times larger than current estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel A Biederman
- Southwest Watershed Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Russell L Scott
- Southwest Watershed Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Tom W Bell
- Earth Research Institute, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - David R Bowling
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Sabina Dore
- School of Forestry, Merriam-Powell Center for Environmental Research, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Jaime Garatuza-Payan
- Departamento de Ciencias del Agua y Medio Ambiente, Instituto Tecnológico de Sonora, Ciudad Obregón, Sonora, Mexico
| | - Thomas E Kolb
- School of Forestry, Merriam-Powell Center for Environmental Research, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Praveena Krishnan
- Atmospheric Turbulence and Diffusion Division, Air Resources Laboratory, National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Dan J Krofcheck
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Marcy E Litvak
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Gregory E Maurer
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Tilden P Meyers
- Atmospheric Turbulence and Diffusion Division, Air Resources Laboratory, National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Walter C Oechel
- Global Change Research Group, Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Geography, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Exeter, UK
| | - Shirley A Papuga
- School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | | | - Julio C Rodriguez
- Departamento de Agricultura y Ganaderia, Universidad de Sonora, Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico
| | - William K Smith
- School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Rodrigo Vargas
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | | | - Enrico A Yepez
- Departamento de Ciencias del Agua y Medio Ambiente, Instituto Tecnológico de Sonora, Ciudad Obregón, Sonora, Mexico
| | - Michael L Goulden
- Department of Earth System Science, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
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Bastida F, Torres IF, Andrés-Abellán M, Baldrian P, López-Mondéjar R, Větrovský T, Richnow HH, Starke R, Ondoño S, García C, López-Serrano FR, Jehmlich N. Differential sensitivity of total and active soil microbial communities to drought and forest management. Glob Chang Biol 2017; 23:4185-4203. [PMID: 28614633 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Climate change will affect semiarid ecosystems through severe droughts that increase the competition for resources in plant and microbial communities. In these habitats, adaptations to climate change may consist of thinning-that reduces competition for resources through a decrease in tree density and the promotion of plant survival. We deciphered the functional and phylogenetic responses of the microbial community to 6 years of drought induced by rainfall exclusion and how forest management affects its resistance to drought, in a semiarid forest ecosystem dominated by Pinus halepensis Mill. A multiOMIC approach was applied to reveal novel, community-based strategies in the face of climate change. The diversity and the composition of the total and active soil microbiome were evaluated by 16S rRNA gene (bacteria) and ITS (fungal) sequencing, and by metaproteomics. The microbial biomass was analyzed by phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs), and the microbially mediated ecosystem multifunctionality was studied by the integration of soil enzyme activities related to the cycles of C, N, and P. The microbial biomass and ecosystem multifunctionality decreased in drought-plots, as a consequence of the lower soil moisture and poorer plant development, but this decrease was more notable in unthinned plots. The structure and diversity of the total bacterial community was unaffected by drought at phylum and order level, but did so at genus level, and was influenced by seasonality. However, the total fungal community and the active microbial community were more sensitive to drought and were related to ecosystem multifunctionality. Thinning in plots without drought increased the active diversity while the total diversity was not affected. Thinning promoted the resistance of ecosystem multifunctionality to drought through changes in the active microbial community. The integration of total and active microbiome analyses avoids misinterpretations of the links between the soil microbial community and climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Bastida
- Department of Soil and Water Conservation, CEBAS-CSIC, Murcia, Spain
| | - Irene F Torres
- Department of Soil and Water Conservation, CEBAS-CSIC, Murcia, Spain
| | - Manuela Andrés-Abellán
- Department of Science and Agroforestry Technology and Genetics, Higher Technical School of Agricultural and Forestry Engineering, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
| | - Petr Baldrian
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology of the CAS, Praha 4, Czech Republic
| | - Rubén López-Mondéjar
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology of the CAS, Praha 4, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Větrovský
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology of the CAS, Praha 4, Czech Republic
| | - Hans H Richnow
- Department of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Robert Starke
- Department of Molecular Systems Biology, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sara Ondoño
- Department of Soil and Water Conservation, CEBAS-CSIC, Murcia, Spain
| | - Carlos García
- Department of Soil and Water Conservation, CEBAS-CSIC, Murcia, Spain
| | - Francisco R López-Serrano
- Department of Science and Agroforestry Technology and Genetics, Higher Technical School of Agricultural and Forestry Engineering, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
| | - Nico Jehmlich
- Department of Molecular Systems Biology, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
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Oliveira MT, Souza GM, Pereira S, Oliveira DAS, Figueiredo-Lima KV, Arruda E, Santos MG. Seasonal variability in physiological and anatomical traits contributes to invasion success of Prosopis juliflora in tropical dry forest. Tree Physiol 2017; 37:326-337. [PMID: 28062726 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpw123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We investigated whether there were consistent differences in the physiological and anatomical traits and phenotypic variability of an invasive (Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) DC.) and native species (Anadenanthera colubrina (Vell.) Brenan) in response to seasonality in a tropical dry forest. The water potential, organic solutes, gas exchange, enzymes of the antioxidant system, products of oxidative stress and anatomical parameters were evaluated in both species in response to seasonality. An analysis of physiological responses indicated that the invasive P. juliflora exhibited higher response in net photosynthetic rate to that of the native species between seasons. Higher values of water potential of the invasive species than those of the native species in the dry season indicate a more efficient mechanism for water regulation in the invasive species. The invasive species exhibits a thicker cuticle and trichomes, which can reduce transpiration. In combination, the increased epidermal thickness and the decreased thickness of the parenchyma in the dry season may contribute to water saving. Our data suggest a higher variability in anatomical traits in the invasive species as a response to seasonality, whereas physiological traits did not present a clear pattern of response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marciel T Oliveira
- Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife/PE, Brazil
| | - Gustavo M Souza
- Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Capão do Leão/RS, Brazil
| | - Silvia Pereira
- Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife/PE, Brazil
| | | | | | - Emília Arruda
- Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife/PE, Brazil
| | - Mauro G Santos
- Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife/PE, Brazil
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Ren XL, Zhang P, Chen XL, Jia ZK. Impacts of ridge-furrow rainfall concentration systems and mulches on corn growth and yield in the semiarid region of China. J Sci Food Agric 2016; 96:3882-3889. [PMID: 26696532 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Revised: 12/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plastic-covered ridge-furrow farming systems for rainfall concentration (RC) improve the water availability for crops and increase the water use efficiency (WUE), thereby stabilizing high yields. In this study, we optimized the mulching patterns for RC planting to mitigate the risks of drought during crop production in semiarid agricultural areas. We conducted a 4-year field study to determine the RC effects on corn production of mulching in furrows with 8% biodegradable films (RCSB ), liquid film (RCSL ), bare furrow (RCSN ) and conventional flat (CF) farming. RESULTS We found that RC significantly (P > 0.05) increased the soil moisture in the top 0-100 cm layer and the topsoil temperature (0-20 cm) during the corn-growing period. Mulching with different materials in planting furrows further improved the rain-harvesting, moisture-retaining and yield-increasing effects of RC planting. Compared with CF, the 4-year average total dry matter amount per plant for RCSB , RCSL and RCSN treatments increased by 42.1%, 30.8% and 17.2%, respectively. The grain yield increased by 59.7%, 53.4% and 32.6%, respectively. CONCLUSION Plastic-covered ridge and furrow mulched with biodegradable film and liquid film is recommended for use in the semiarid Loess Plateau of China to alleviate the effects of drought on crop production. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Long Ren
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physi-ecology and Tillage Science in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physi-ecology and Tillage Science in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Xiao-Li Chen
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physi-ecology and Tillage Science in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Zhi-Kuan Jia
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physi-ecology and Tillage Science in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
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Almeida RM, Nóbrega GN, Junger PC, Figueiredo AV, Andrade AS, de Moura CGB, Tonetta D, Oliveira ES, Araújo F, Rust F, Piñeiro-Guerra JM, Mendonça JR, Medeiros LR, Pinheiro L, Miranda M, Costa MRA, Melo ML, Nobre RLG, Benevides T, Roland F, de Klein J, Barros NO, Mendonça R, Becker V, Huszar VLM, Kosten S. High Primary Production Contrasts with Intense Carbon Emission in a Eutrophic Tropical Reservoir. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:717. [PMID: 27242737 PMCID: PMC4870258 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies from temperate lakes indicate that eutrophic systems tend to emit less carbon dioxide (CO2) and bury more organic carbon (OC) than oligotrophic ones, rendering them CO2 sinks in some cases. However, the scarcity of data from tropical systems is critical for a complete understanding of the interplay between eutrophication and aquatic carbon (C) fluxes in warm waters. We test the hypothesis that a warm eutrophic system is a source of both CO2 and CH4 to the atmosphere, and that atmospheric emissions are larger than the burial of OC in sediments. This hypothesis was based on the following assumptions: (i) OC mineralization rates are high in warm water systems, so that water column CO2 production overrides the high C uptake by primary producers, and (ii) increasing trophic status creates favorable conditions for CH4 production. We measured water-air and sediment-water CO2 fluxes, CH4 diffusion, ebullition and oxidation, net ecosystem production (NEP) and sediment OC burial during the dry season in a eutrophic reservoir in the semiarid northeastern Brazil. The reservoir was stratified during daytime and mixed during nighttime. In spite of the high rates of primary production (4858 ± 934 mg C m-2 d-1), net heterotrophy was prevalent due to high ecosystem respiration (5209 ± 992 mg C m-2 d-1). Consequently, the reservoir was a source of atmospheric CO2 (518 ± 182 mg C m-2 d-1). In addition, the reservoir was a source of ebullitive (17 ± 10 mg C m-2 d-1) and diffusive CH4 (11 ± 6 mg C m-2 d-1). OC sedimentation was high (1162 mg C m-2 d-1), but our results suggest that the majority of it is mineralized to CO2 (722 ± 182 mg C m-2 d-1) rather than buried as OC (440 mg C m-2 d-1). Although temporally resolved data would render our findings more conclusive, our results suggest that despite being a primary production and OC burial hotspot, the tropical eutrophic system studied here was a stronger CO2 and CH4 source than a C sink, mainly because of high rates of OC mineralization in the water column and sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael M Almeida
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Department of Biology, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Federal University of Juiz de Fora Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Gabriel N Nóbrega
- Departamento de Ciência do Solo, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, University of São Paulo Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Pedro C Junger
- Laboratory of Limnology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Aline V Figueiredo
- Laboratory of Water Resources and Environmental Sanitation, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte Natal, Brazil
| | - Anízio S Andrade
- Laboratory of Limnology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte Natal, Brazil
| | | | - Denise Tonetta
- Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology, Federal University of Santa Catarina Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Ernandes S Oliveira
- Department of Aquatic Ecology and Environmental Biology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Fabiana Araújo
- Laboratory of Water Resources and Environmental Sanitation, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte Natal, Brazil
| | - Felipe Rust
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Department of Biology, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Federal University of Juiz de Fora Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Juan M Piñeiro-Guerra
- Departamento de Ecología Teórica y Aplicada, Centro Universitario Regional Este and Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Jurandir R Mendonça
- Laboratory of Water Resources and Environmental Sanitation, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte Natal, Brazil
| | - Leonardo R Medeiros
- Laboratory of Limnology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte Natal, Brazil
| | - Lorena Pinheiro
- Departamento de Ciências Naturais, Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcela Miranda
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Department of Biology, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Federal University of Juiz de Fora Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Mariana R A Costa
- Laboratory of Water Resources and Environmental Sanitation, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte Natal, Brazil
| | - Michaela L Melo
- Laboratory of Microbial Processes and Biodiversity, Federal University of São Carlos São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Regina L G Nobre
- Laboratory of Limnology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte Natal, Brazil
| | - Thiago Benevides
- Laboratory of Limnology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fábio Roland
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Department of Biology, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Federal University of Juiz de Fora Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Jeroen de Klein
- Aquatic Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Nathan O Barros
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Department of Biology, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Federal University of Juiz de Fora Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Raquel Mendonça
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Department of Biology, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Federal University of Juiz de ForaJuiz de Fora, Brazil; Department of Ecology and Genetics, Uppsala UniversityUppsala, Sweden
| | - Vanessa Becker
- Laboratory of Water Resources and Environmental Sanitation, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte Natal, Brazil
| | - Vera L M Huszar
- Laboratório de Ficologia, Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Sarian Kosten
- Department of Aquatic Ecology and Environmental Biology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University Nijmegen, Netherlands
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Biederman JA, Scott RL, Goulden ML, Vargas R, Litvak ME, Kolb TE, Yepez EA, Oechel WC, Blanken PD, Bell TW, Garatuza-Payan J, Maurer GE, Dore S, Burns SP. Terrestrial carbon balance in a drier world: the effects of water availability in southwestern North America. Glob Chang Biol 2016; 22:1867-1879. [PMID: 26780862 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Global modeling efforts indicate semiarid regions dominate the increasing trend and interannual variation of net CO2 exchange with the atmosphere, mainly driven by water availability. Many semiarid regions are expected to undergo climatic drying, but the impacts on net CO2 exchange are poorly understood due to limited semiarid flux observations. Here we evaluated 121 site-years of annual eddy covariance measurements of net and gross CO2 exchange (photosynthesis and respiration), precipitation, and evapotranspiration (ET) in 21 semiarid North American ecosystems with an observed range of 100 - 1000 mm in annual precipitation and records of 4-9 years each. In addition to evaluating spatial relationships among CO2 and water fluxes across sites, we separately quantified site-level temporal relationships, representing sensitivity to interannual variation. Across the climatic and ecological gradient, photosynthesis showed a saturating spatial relationship to precipitation, whereas the photosynthesis-ET relationship was linear, suggesting ET was a better proxy for water available to drive CO2 exchanges after hydrologic losses. Both photosynthesis and respiration showed similar site-level sensitivity to interannual changes in ET among the 21 ecosystems. Furthermore, these temporal relationships were not different from the spatial relationships of long-term mean CO2 exchanges with climatic ET. Consequently, a hypothetical 100-mm change in ET, whether short term or long term, was predicted to alter net ecosystem production (NEP) by 64 gCm(-2) yr(-1). Most of the unexplained NEP variability was related to persistent, site-specific function, suggesting prioritization of research on slow-changing controls. Common temporal and spatial sensitivity to water availability increases our confidence that site-level responses to interannual weather can be extrapolated for prediction of CO2 exchanges over decadal and longer timescales relevant to societal response to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel A Biederman
- Southwest Watershed Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, Tucson, AZ, 85719, USA
| | - Russell L Scott
- Southwest Watershed Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, Tucson, AZ, 85719, USA
| | - Michael L Goulden
- Department of Earth System Science, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Rodrigo Vargas
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Marcy E Litvak
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Thomas E Kolb
- School of Forestry, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011, USA
| | - Enrico A Yepez
- Departamento de Ciencias del Agua y Medio Ambiente, Instituto Tecnológico de Sonora, Cd. Obregón, Sonora, 85000, México
| | - Walter C Oechel
- Global Change Research Group and Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA
- Department of Environment, Earth and Ecosystems, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK
| | - Peter D Blanken
- Department of Geography, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Tom W Bell
- Earth Research Institute, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Jaime Garatuza-Payan
- Departamento de Ciencias del Agua y Medio Ambiente, Instituto Tecnológico de Sonora, Cd. Obregón, Sonora, 85000, México
| | - Gregory E Maurer
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Sabina Dore
- School of Forestry, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011, USA
| | - Sean P Burns
- Department of Geography, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, 80301, USA
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Maestre FT, Delgado-Baquerizo M, Jeffries TC, Eldridge DJ, Ochoa V, Gozalo B, Quero JL, García-Gómez M, Gallardo A, Ulrich W, Bowker MA, Arredondo T, Barraza-Zepeda C, Bran D, Florentino A, Gaitán J, Gutiérrez JR, Huber-Sannwald E, Jankju M, Mau RL, Miriti M, Naseri K, Ospina A, Stavi I, Wang D, Woods NN, Yuan X, Zaady E, Singh BK. Increasing aridity reduces soil microbial diversity and abundance in global drylands. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:15684-9. [PMID: 26647180 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1516684112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 343] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Soil bacteria and fungi play key roles in the functioning of terrestrial ecosystems, yet our understanding of their responses to climate change lags significantly behind that of other organisms. This gap in our understanding is particularly true for drylands, which occupy ∼41% of Earth´s surface, because no global, systematic assessments of the joint diversity of soil bacteria and fungi have been conducted in these environments to date. Here we present results from a study conducted across 80 dryland sites from all continents, except Antarctica, to assess how changes in aridity affect the composition, abundance, and diversity of soil bacteria and fungi. The diversity and abundance of soil bacteria and fungi was reduced as aridity increased. These results were largely driven by the negative impacts of aridity on soil organic carbon content, which positively affected the abundance and diversity of both bacteria and fungi. Aridity promoted shifts in the composition of soil bacteria, with increases in the relative abundance of Chloroflexi and α-Proteobacteria and decreases in Acidobacteria and Verrucomicrobia. Contrary to what has been reported by previous continental and global-scale studies, soil pH was not a major driver of bacterial diversity, and fungal communities were dominated by Ascomycota. Our results fill a critical gap in our understanding of soil microbial communities in terrestrial ecosystems. They suggest that changes in aridity, such as those predicted by climate-change models, may reduce microbial abundance and diversity, a response that will likely impact the provision of key ecosystem services by global drylands.
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Marteis LS, Sallum MAM, Natal D, Oliveira TMP, Gama RA, Dolabella SS, Santos RLC. First Record of Anopheles oryzalimnetes, Anopheles argyritarsis, and Anopheles sawyeri (Diptera: Culicidae) in the Caatinga Biome, Semiarid Scrubland of Sergipe State, Brazil. J Med Entomol 2015; 52:858-865. [PMID: 26336257 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjv118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Caatinga is one of the least known biomes of Brazil in relation to biodiversity. The dry condition of semiarid areas has been associated in the past with low richness of fauna and flora, not encouraging studies in this region. There is a lack of mosquito records including anophelines. Thus, to investigate the biodiversity of Anopheles mosquitoes in the Caatinga biome, we collected immature mosquitoes in aquatic habitats in a conservation reserve located in the northwestern portion of Sergipe state. The captured specimens were initially identified as Anopheles albitarsis l.s. and Anopheles argyritarsis l.s. To confirm the morphological identification, sequences were generated by cytochrome oxidase subunit I mitocondrial gene. The results showed that the specimens belong to the species Anopheles oryzalimnetes, An. argyritarsis, and Anopheles sawyeri. These are the first records of these species in this region. The presence of Anopheles in the Caatinga biome, which is characterized by arid and semiarid climatic conditions, encourages the interest in the study of biological, physiological, and behavioral adaptations, selected over time, which allow these mosquito populations to survive through the long periods of drought that is characteristic of this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- L S Marteis
- Departamento de Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Dr. Arnaldo, 715, 01246-904, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - M A M Sallum
- Departamento de Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Dr. Arnaldo, 715, 01246-904, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - D Natal
- Departamento de Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Dr. Arnaldo, 715, 01246-904, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - T M P Oliveira
- Departamento de Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Dr. Arnaldo, 715, 01246-904, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - R A Gama
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Avenida Salgado Filho, S/N, 59078-900, Natal, RN, Brasil
| | - S S Dolabella
- Departamento de Morfologia, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Avenida Marechal Rondon, S/N, 49100-000, São Cristóvão, SE, Brasil
| | - R L C Santos
- Departamento de Morfologia, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Avenida Marechal Rondon, S/N, 49100-000, São Cristóvão, SE, Brasil.
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40
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Campos JNB. Paradigms and public policies on drought in northeast Brazil: a historical perspective. Environ Manage 2015; 55:1052-63. [PMID: 25604214 PMCID: PMC4392109 DOI: 10.1007/s00267-015-0444-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/02/2015] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes the evolution of drought-related public policies in Northeast Brazil (NEB). Using a historical approach, we show that the evolution of public policy has not been characterized by abrupt shifts, but has instead been shaped through debates between renowned intellectuals. The resulting public policies formed a hydrological infrastructure that delivers clean water needed for robust economic activity. However, outcomes of the 2012-2013 drought show that populations that depend on rain fed agriculture are as vulnerable to drought as they were at the start of the 20th century. Although government, social, and emergency programs have aided drought victims, drought analysts agree that rain fed agriculture has remained vulnerable since drought policies were first formulated. Drought policies formulate integrated water resources management (IWRM) strategies that are geared toward supplying safe drinking water, and debates surrounding the IWRM paradigm have been affected by outcomes of major international events such as the World Water Forum.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Nilson B Campos
- Departamento de Engenharia Hidráulica e Ambiental, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici, Bloco 713, Fortaleza, Ceará, 60451.970, Brazil,
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Tornés E, Acuña V, Dahm CN, Sabater S. Flood disturbance effects on benthic diatom assemblage structure in a semiarid river network. J Phycol 2015; 51:133-143. [PMID: 26986264 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.12260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Disturbances such as floods and droughts play a central role in determining the structure of riverine benthic biological assemblages. Extreme disturbances from flash floods are often restricted to part of the river network and the magnitude of the flood disturbance may lessen as floods propagate downstream. The present study aimed to characterize the impact of summer monsoonal floods on the resistance and resilience of the benthic diatom assemblage structure in nine river reaches of increasing drainage size within the Gila River in the southwestern United States. Monsoonal floods had a profound effect on the diatom assemblage in the Gila River, but the effects were not related to drainage size except for the response of algal biomass. During monsoons, algal biomass was effectively reduced in smaller and larger systems, but minor changes were observed in medium systems. Resistance and resilience of the diatom assemblage to floods were related to specific species traits, mainly to growth forms. Tightly adhered, adnate and prostrate species (Achnanthidium spp., Cocconeis spp.) exhibited high resistance to repeated scour disturbance. Loosely attached diatoms, such as Nitzschia spp. and Navicula spp., were most susceptible to drift and scour. However, recovery of the diatom assemblage was very quick indicating a high resilience, especially in terms of biomass and diversity. Regional hydroclimatic models predict greater precipitation variability, which will select for diatoms resilient to bed-mobilizing disturbances. The results of this study may help anticipate future benthic diatom assemblage patterns in the southwestern United States resulting from a more variable climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabet Tornés
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Carrer Emili Grahit 101, Girona, E-17003, Spain
- Institute of Aquatic Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Girona, Campus Montilivi, Girona, E-17071, Spain
| | - Vicenç Acuña
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Carrer Emili Grahit 101, Girona, E-17003, Spain
| | - Clifford N Dahm
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, 87131, USA
| | - Sergi Sabater
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Carrer Emili Grahit 101, Girona, E-17003, Spain
- Institute of Aquatic Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Girona, Campus Montilivi, Girona, E-17071, Spain
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Soliveres S, Maestre FT, Eldridge DJ, Delgado-Baquerizo M, Quero JL, Bowker MA, Gallardo A. Plant diversity and ecosystem multifunctionality peak at intermediate levels of woody cover in global drylands. Glob Ecol Biogeogr 2014; 23:1408-1416. [PMID: 25914607 PMCID: PMC4407977 DOI: 10.1111/geb.12215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
AIM The global spread of woody plants into grasslands is predicted to increase over the coming century. While there is general agreement regarding the anthropogenic causes of this phenomenon, its ecological consequences are less certain. We analyzed how woody vegetation of differing cover affects plant diversity (richness and evenness) and multiple ecosystem functions (multifunctionality) in global drylands, and how this changes with aridity. LOCATION 224 dryland sites from all continents except Antarctica widely differing in their environmental conditions (from arid to dry-subhumid sites) and woody covers (from 0 to 100%). METHODS Using a standardized field survey, we measured the cover, richness and evenness of perennial vegetation. At each site, we measured 14 ecosystem functions related to soil fertility and the build-up of nutrient pools. These functions are critical for maintaining ecosystem function in drylands. RESULTS Species richness and ecosystem multifunctionality were strongly influenced by woody vegetation, with both variables peaking at relative woody covers (RWC) of 41-60%. This relationship shifted with aridity. We observed linear positive effects of RWC in dry-subhumid sites. These positive trends shifted to hump-shaped RWC-diversity and multifunctionality relationships under semiarid environments. Finally, hump-shaped (richness, evenness) or linear negative (multifunctionality) effects of RWC were found under the most arid conditions. MAIN CONCLUSIONS Plant diversity and multifunctionality peaked at intermediate levels of woody cover, although this relationship became increasingly positive under wetter environments. This comprehensive study accounts for multiple ecosystem attributes across a range of woody covers and environmental conditions. Our results help us to reconcile contrasting views of woody encroachment found in current literature and can be used to improve predictions of the likely effects of encroachment on biodiversity and ecosystem services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Soliveres
- Área de Biodiversidad y Conservación. Departamento de Biología y Geología, Escuela Superior de Ciencias Experimentales y Tecnología, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, 28933 Móstoles, Spain
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, 3013 Bern, Switzerland
- Corresponding author. . Phone: 914888517; Fax: 916647490
| | - Fernando T. Maestre
- Área de Biodiversidad y Conservación. Departamento de Biología y Geología, Escuela Superior de Ciencias Experimentales y Tecnología, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, 28933 Móstoles, Spain
| | - David J. Eldridge
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia. DJE:
| | - Manuel Delgado-Baquerizo
- Área de Biodiversidad y Conservación. Departamento de Biología y Geología, Escuela Superior de Ciencias Experimentales y Tecnología, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, 28933 Móstoles, Spain
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, University of Western Sydney, Penrith, 2751, New South Wales, Australia. MDB:
| | - José Luis Quero
- Departamento de Ingeniería Forestal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica y de Montes. Universidad de Córdoba. Edificio Leonardo da Vinci, 1 planta. Campus de Rabanales. Ctra N-IV km 396. C.P. 14071, Córdoba, Spain. JLQ:
| | - Matthew A. Bowker
- School of Forestry, Northern Arizona University, 200 East Pine Knoll Drive, AZ 86011, Flagstaff, USA. MAB:
| | - Antonio Gallardo
- Departamento de Sistemas Físicos, Químicos y Naturales, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Carretera de Utrera kilómetro 1, 41013 Sevilla, Spain. AG:
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Medina AM, Lopes PP. Seasonality in the dung beetle community in a Brazilian tropical dry forest: Do small changes make a difference? J Insect Sci 2014; 14:123. [PMID: 25368067 PMCID: PMC4222309 DOI: 10.1093/jis/14.1.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Dung beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea: Scarabaeinae) activity is influenced by rainfall seasonality. We hypothesized that rainfall might also play a major role in regulating the community structure of this group. In this study, we describe seasonal changes in the richness, composition, and structure of the Scarabaeinae community in a Brazilian tropical dry forest. A fragment of arboreal Caatinga was sampled using baited pitfall traps during the early dry season (EDS), late dry season (LDS), early wet season (EWS), and middle wet season (MWS). We compared the dung beetle community in each season in relationship to species richness, rank-dominance, curves, and composition. We collected 1352 Scarabaeinae individuals , belonging to 15 species. Dichotomius aff. laevicollis Felsche (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) was the dominant species, representing 73.89% of the individuals. There were no seasonal changes in the rank dominance curves; all had a single dominant species and a few species with low abundance, typical for arid areas. Estimated richness was highest in MWS, followed by EWS. Dry-season samples (EDS and LDS) had lower richness, with no significant difference between the dry seasons. Although species richness increased as the habitat became wetter, the difference between the wet and dry seasons was small, which differs completely from the findings of other studies in Neotropical dry forests, where almost all species cease activities in the dry season. Species composition changes were found in non-metric multidimensional scaling and sustained by analysis of similarity. All the seasons had pairwise differences in composition, with the exception of EDS and MWS, which indicates that the dung beetle community in this fragment requires more than three months of drought to trigger changes in species composition; this is probably due to small changes in the forest canopy. There was no difference in composition between EDS and MWS. As in other tropical dry forests, although to a lesser extent, the dung beetle community of this fragment responded to rainfall seasonality with changes in species composition and reduced species richness. Such responses, even to this lesser extent, may occur because of small changes in tree cover and minor microclimate changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anderson Matos Medina
- Postgraduate Program in Zoology (Programa de Pos-Graduacao em Zoologia), State University of Feira de Santana, (Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana: UEFS), Av. Transnordestina s/n, 44036-900, Feira de Santana, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Priscila Paixão Lopes
- Department of Biological Sciences, (Departamento de Ciencias Biologicas) State University of Feira de Santana, (Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana: UEFS), Av. Transnordestina s/n, 44036-900, Feira de Santana, Bahia, Brazil
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Soliveres S, Eldridge DJ. Do changes in grazing pressure and the degree of shrub encroachment alter the effects of individual shrubs on understorey plant communities and soil function? Funct Ecol 2013; 28:530-537. [PMID: 25914435 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Shrub canopies in semi-arid environments often produce positive effects on soil fertility, and on the richness and biomass of understorey plant communities. However, both positive and negative effects of shrub encroachment on plant and soil attributes have been reported at the landscape-level. The contrasting results between patch- and landscape-level effects in shrublands could be caused by differences in the degree of shrub encroachment or grazing pressure, both of which are likely to reduce the ability of individual shrubs to ameliorate their understorey environment.We examined how grazing and shrub encroachment (measured as landscape-level shrub cover) influence patch-level effects of shrubs on plant density, biomass and similarity in species composition between shrub understories and open areas, and on soil stability, nutrient cycling, and infiltration in two semi-arid Australian woodlands.Individual shrubs had consistently positive effects on all plant and soil variables (average increase of 23% for all variables). These positive patch-level effects persisted with increasing shrub cover up to our maximum of 50% cover. Heavy grazing negatively affected most of the variables studied (average decline of 11%). It also altered, for some variables, how individual shrubs affected their sub-canopy environment with increasing shrub cover. Thus for species density, biomass and soil infiltration, the positive effect of individual shrubs with increasing shrub cover diminished under heavy grazing. SYNTHESIS Our study refines predictions of the effects of woody encroachment on ecosystem structure and functioning by showing that heavy grazing, rather than differences in shrub cover, explains the contrasting effects on ecosystem structure and function between individual shrubs and those in dense aggregations. We also discuss how species-specific traits of the encroaching species, such as their height or its ability to fix N, might influence the relationship between their patch-level effects and their cover within the landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Soliveres
- Área de Biodiversidad y Conservación, Departamento de Biología y Geología, Escuela Superior de Ciencias Experimentales y Tecnología, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Calle Tulipán S/N, 28933 Móstoles, Spain
| | - David J Eldridge
- Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
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Mendez MO, Maier RM. Phytostabilization of mine tailings in arid and semiarid environments--an emerging remediation technology. Environ Health Perspect 2008; 116:278-83. [PMID: 18335091 PMCID: PMC2265025 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.10608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 376] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2007] [Accepted: 12/17/2007] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Unreclaimed mine tailings sites are a worldwide problem, with thousands of unvegetated, exposed tailings piles presenting a source of contamination for nearby communities. Tailings disposal sites in arid and semiarid environments are especially subject to eolian dispersion and water erosion. Phytostabilization, the use of plants for in situ stabilization of tailings and metal contaminants, is a feasible alternative to costly remediation practices. In this review we emphasize considerations for phytostabilization of mine tailings in arid and semiarid environments, as well as issues impeding its long-term success. DATA SOURCES We reviewed literature addressing mine closures and revegetation of mine tailings, along with publications evaluating plant ecology, microbial ecology, and soil properties of mine tailings. DATA EXTRACTION Data were extracted from peer-reviewed articles and books identified in Web of Science and Agricola databases, and publications available through the U.S. Department of Agriculture, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and the United Nations Environment Programme. DATA SYNTHESIS Harsh climatic conditions in arid and semiarid environments along with the innate properties of mine tailings require specific considerations. Plants suitable for phytostabilization must be native, be drought-, salt-, and metal-tolerant, and should limit shoot metal accumulation. Factors for evaluating metal accumulation and toxicity issues are presented. Also reviewed are aspects of implementing phytostabilization, including plant growth stage, amendments, irrigation, and evaluation. CONCLUSIONS Phytostabilization of mine tailings is a promising remedial technology but requires further research to identify factors affecting its long-term success by expanding knowledge of suitable plant species and mine tailings chemistry in ongoing field trials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Raina M. Maier
- Address correspondence to R.M. Maier, Department of Soil, Water, and Environmental Science, University of Arizona, 1177 E. Fourth St., Tucson, AZ 85721-0038 USA. Telephone: (520) 621-7231. Fax: (520) 626-6782. E-mail:
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Abstract
The mountains of southern California receive some of the highest rates of nitrogen (N) deposition in the world (approximately 40 kg ha(-1) year(-1)). These high rates of deposition have translated into consistently high levels of nitrate (NO3-) in some streams of the San Bernardino Mountains. However, not all streams are exhibiting these high levels of NO3-. Perennial streams have high NO3- concentrations (approximately 200 micromoles l(-1)) while ephemeral streams do not (approximately 20 micromoles l(-1)). This difference points to groundwater as the source of the NO3- observed in streams. Furthermore, the evidence indicates a differential impact of N deposition on terrestrial and aquatic systems in Mediterranean climates, with aquatic systems being impacted more quickly. The primary reason for this difference involves the asynchrony between the time that atmospheric deposition occurs (summer), the time period of maximum soil NO3- availability and leaching (winter), and the time of maximum plant N demand (spring). Our results indicate that semiarid Mediterranean climate systems behave differently from more humid systems in that, because of this asynchrony, aquatic systems may not be indicative of changes in terrestrial ecosystem response. These differences lead us to the conclusion that the extrapolation of impacts from humid to Mediterranean climates is problematic and the concept of N saturation may need to be revisited for semiarid and seasonally dry systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Meixner
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Unversity of California, Riverside 92521, USA.
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