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Yang Y, Chi Y, Liu D, Zhang M, Jin L, Zeng A, Long X, Pan B, Yu N, Wang X. The Ideal Chinese Lip: Impact of Lip Contours and Proportions. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2024; 48:4229-4238. [PMID: 38898240 DOI: 10.1007/s00266-024-04183-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The lips are one crucial determinant of facial attractiveness. Current studies investigating lip attractiveness were mostly conducted in Caucasians, and the results could not directly apply to Asians. Aside from lip proportions, lip contours play an important role in attractiveness but it is unclear how people perceive different lip contours. The aim of this study was to investigate the aesthetic perception of various lip shapes by Chinese to identify the most attractive lip morphology for women and men, respectively. METHODS 303 Chinese participants were invited to rate the attractiveness of identical lip images with different contours and proportions in a young female and a young male. Stratified analyses were performed to assess the effect of gender, age and occupation on the preference of lip shapes. RESULTS The lips that were rated to be most attractive had a flat upper vermilion border, an M-shaped oral fissure and a U-shaped lower vermilion border in both genders. Most respondents considered an upper-to-lower vermilion proportion of 1:1 to be more attractive, regardless of the gender of the lip models, and the lip thickness-to-width proportions of 1:2 and 1:2.5 were perceived most attractive for female and male, respectively. CONCLUSIONS This study adds to our understanding of how lip contours contribute to attractiveness and that Chinese have distinctive aesthetic preferences for lip morphology, which possibly stem from racial characteristics and cultural differences. With such knowledge, practitioners may better tailor the treatment strategy when performing lip rejuvenation procedures. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE III This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyan Yang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, People's Republic of China
| | - Yarong Chi
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Liu
- Department of International Medical Service, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengyuan Zhang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Jin
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, People's Republic of China
| | - Ang Zeng
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Long
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, People's Republic of China
| | - Bailin Pan
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100730, People's Republic of China
| | - Nanze Yu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, People's Republic of China.
- Department of International Medical Service, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaojun Wang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, People's Republic of China.
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Winiarska N, Roszkowski B, Paskal W, Majak M, Pietruski P. The Concept of Ideal Lips of Caucasian Female: An Anthropometric Analysis of the Lower Third of the Face. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2024:10.1007/s00266-024-04299-1. [PMID: 39198279 DOI: 10.1007/s00266-024-04299-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The demand for lip-redefining procedures has been rising in recent years, thus creating the need for reliable and detailed reference sources on aesthetic female lips. This study investigates the morphology of the lower third of the face, including the lips and jawline, of attractive young Caucasian females. METHODS A semi-automatic photogrammetric analysis of the faces of professional female photograph models (n=400) of the Caucasian race aged 18-39 was performed. Angular, linear, and surface area parameters were evaluated. A graphical summarization of the average facial shape of all analyzed attractive females was generated as an average body contours (ABC) image. RESULTS The height of the lower third of the face equaled 0.32 ± 0.02 of the total facial height. The average lip width was 48.06 ± 3.34 mm. The upper vermilion height was found to be significantly lower than the lower vermilion height (6.47 ± 1.36 vs. 11.64 ± 1.46 mm, p < 0.01). The lip obliquity angle was found to be 1.05° ± 0.79°. The area surface of the upper lip vermilion was considerably smaller than the vermilion of the lower lip (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS This is one of the largest studies on attractive Caucasian females' lips and lower face morphology. The data it provides, including the graphical presentation of the aesthetic lower face as an ABC image, may provide physicians with valuable guidelines for lips rejuvenation and reconstruction procedures. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE III This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Wiktor Paskal
- Center for Preclinical Research, Department of Methodology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Majak
- Department of Systems and Computer Networks, Faculty of Electronics, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Pietruski
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Center of Oncology of the Lublin Region, St. Jana z Dukli, Jaczewskiego 7 Street, 20-090, Lublin, Lubelskie, Poland
- Ambroziak Clinic, Warsaw, Poland
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Cheong JM, A Halim NA, Mohammad N, Sivagnanam M, Mohd Ibrahim MS. Establishing H Angle Hard Tissue and H Angle Soft Tissue Norms in Skeletal Class I Malay Adult Females and the Correlation between the H Angles and Visual Perception of Laypersons. Eur J Dent 2024. [PMID: 39013444 DOI: 10.1055/s-0044-1787005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to establish the cephalometric norms of H angle soft tissue and H angle hard tissue of Malaysian Malay adult females, and to evaluate the correlation between H angles and visual perception in skeletal Class I Malay adult females. MATERIALS AND METHODS Eighty-five lateral cephalograms of skeletal Class I (mean ANB value = 3.15 ± 0.77) Malaysian Malay female patients aged 20 to 40 years (mean age = 28.6 ± 5.86 degrees) taken from October 2017 to December 2021 were measured for H angle soft tissue and H angle hard tissue. Twenty silhouettes were then converted from cephalometric films and were rated according to facial convexity/concavity by 20 laypersons, with re-evaluation after 2 weeks for intra- and interexaminer reliabilities. RESULTS The means of the H angle soft tissue and H angle hard tissue were 15.75 ± 4.16 degrees and 11.64 ± 4.71 degrees, respectively. The intraexaminer reliability test for visual perception ranged from -0.89 to 0.99 indicating poor to excellent reliability, whereas the interexaminer reliability test was 0.82 indicating good reliability. A highly statistically significant association between the H angle soft tissue and H angle hard tissue (r = 0.938; p < 0.01) was found. There was no correlation between H angles and visual perception. CONCLUSION The cephalometric norms of H angle hard tissue and H angle soft tissue in the Malaysian Malay female population were established: 11.64 degrees (±4.71 degrees) and 15.75 degrees (±4.16 degrees), respectively. There was a strong correlation between H angle soft tissue and H angle hard tissue among skeletal Class I Malay adult females. There was no correlation between H angles and the visual perception of laypersons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo Ming Cheong
- Department of Orthodontics, Kulliyyah of Dentistry, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Nur Adlina A Halim
- Dental Polyclinic, Kulliyyah of Dentistry, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Norsyamimi Mohammad
- Dental Polyclinic, Kulliyyah of Dentistry, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Mangaiyarkarasi Sivagnanam
- Department of Orthodontics, Kulliyyah of Dentistry, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Mohamad Shafiq Mohd Ibrahim
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry and Dental Public Health, Kulliyyah of Dentistry, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
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Winiarska N, Stachura A, Roszkowski B, Pietruski P, Włodarski P, Paskal W. Anthropometry and Current Aesthetic Concept of the Lower Third of the Face and Lips in Caucasian Adult Population: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2024; 48:2353-2364. [PMID: 38467850 DOI: 10.1007/s00266-024-03930-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The lack of standardization of the norms and aesthetic concept of the lower third of the face and lips creates challenges in reconstructive surgery and aesthetic procedures. A large-scale, anthropometric measurements summary poses an alternative for establishing universal patterns. METHODS A systematic review was conducted by searching PubMed, Embase, Google Scholar and Web of Science using keywords: lip, face, aesthetics, beauty, anthropometry and Caucasian. Seventy records were included in the review and checked in detail in terms of available data. RESULTS The study contains a meta-analysis of twelve parameters with sufficient quantitative data-lip width, nose width, facial width, lower third of the face height, midline mandible height, total height of the upper and lower lip, upper and lower vermilion height, cutaneous upper lip height and nasolabial and mentolabial angle. CONCLUSIONS The review provides a detailed database of primary anthropometric studies of lips and perioral regions of the healthy Caucasian population. The attractiveness of the region is focused on uniformity of proportions. Notably, results acquired with different methods of measurement are not interchangeable. Despite many published anthropometric studies, systems for conducting the measurements and reporting the results are not sufficiently unified to quantitatively assess meticulous key aesthetic clinical parameters. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE I This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine Ratings, please refer to Table of Contents or online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Winiarska
- Department of Methodology, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1B St, 02-091, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Albert Stachura
- Department of Methodology, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1B St, 02-091, Warsaw, Poland
- Doctoral School, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Bartłomiej Roszkowski
- Department of Methodology, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1B St, 02-091, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Pietruski
- Private Practice, Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Center of Oncology of the Lublin Region St. Jana z Dukli, Lublin, Poland
| | - Paweł Włodarski
- Department of Methodology, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1B St, 02-091, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wiktor Paskal
- Department of Methodology, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1B St, 02-091, Warsaw, Poland.
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Lambros V. Commentary on: The Concept of Ideal Caucasian Male Lips: An Anthropometric Analysis of the Lower Third of the Face. Aesthet Surg J 2022; 42:1142-1144. [PMID: 35439820 DOI: 10.1093/asj/sjac096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Val Lambros
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
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