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Numazawa R, Tanaka Y, Nishioka S, Tsuji R, Maeda H, Tanaka M, Takeuchi M, Yamagata Y. Aspergillus oryzae PrtR alters transcription of individual peptidase genes in response to the growth environment. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:90. [PMID: 38204127 PMCID: PMC10781853 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12833-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Aspergillus oryzae PrtR is an ortholog of the transcription factor PrtT, which positively regulates the transcription of extracellular peptidase genes in Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus fumigatus. To identify the genes under the control of PrtR and elucidate its regulatory mechanism in A. oryzae, prtR gene disruption mutants were generated. The control strain clearly showed a halo on media containing skim milk as the nitrogen source, whereas the ΔprtR strain formed a smaller halo. Measurement of acid peptidase activity revealed that approximately 84% of acidic endopeptidase and 86% of carboxypeptidase activities are positively regulated by PrtR. As the transcription of the prtR gene varied depending on culture conditions, especially with or without a protein substrate, it was considered that its transcription would be regulated in response to a nitrogen source. In addition, contrary to previous expectations, PrtR was found to act both in promoting and repressing the transcription of extracellular peptidase genes. The mode of regulation varied from gene to gene. Some genes were regulated in the same manner in both liquid and solid cultures, whereas others were regulated in different ways depending on the culture conditions. Furthermore, PrtR has been suggested to regulate the transcription of peptidase genes that are closely associated with other transcription factors. KEY POINTS: • Almost all peptidase genes in Aspergillus oryzae are positively regulated by PrtR • However, several genes are regulated negatively by PrtR • PrtR optimizes transcription of peptidase genes in response to culture conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rika Numazawa
- Department of Applied Biological Science, United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-Cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 1838509, Japan
| | - Yukako Tanaka
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-Cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 1838509, Japan
| | - Sawako Nishioka
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-Cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 1838509, Japan
| | - Ryotaro Tsuji
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-Cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 1838509, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Maeda
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-Cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 1838509, Japan
| | - Mizuki Tanaka
- Department of Applied Biological Science, United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-Cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 1838509, Japan
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-Cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 1838509, Japan
| | - Michio Takeuchi
- Department of Applied Biological Science, United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-Cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 1838509, Japan
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-Cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 1838509, Japan
| | - Youhei Yamagata
- Department of Applied Biological Science, United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-Cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 1838509, Japan.
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-Cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 1838509, Japan.
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Chen X, Luo N, Guo C, Luo J, Wei J, Zhang N, Yin X, Feng X, Wang X, Cao J. Current trends and perspectives on salty and salt taste-enhancing peptides: A focus on preparation, evaluation and perception mechanisms of salt taste. Food Res Int 2024; 190:114593. [PMID: 38945609 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2024.114593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Long-term excessive intake of sodium negatively impacts human health. Effective strategies to reduce sodium content in foods include the use of salty and salt taste-enhancing peptides, which can reduce sodium intake without compromising the flavor or salt taste. Salty and salt taste-enhancing peptides naturally exist in various foods and predominantly manifest as short-chain peptides consisting of < 10 amino acids. These peptides are primarily produced through chemical or enzymatic hydrolysis methods, purified, and identified using ultrafiltration + gel filtration chromatography + liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. This study reviews the latest developments in these purification and identification technologies, and discusses methods to evaluate their effectiveness in saltiness perception. Additionally, the study explores four biological channels potentially involved in saltiness perception (epithelial sodium channel, transient receptor potential vanilloid 1, calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR), and transmembrane channel-like 4 (TMC4)), with the latter three primarily functioning under high sodium levels. Among the channels, salty taste-enhancing peptides, such as γ-glutamyl peptides, may co-activate the CaSR channel with calcium ions to participate in saltiness perception. Salty taste-enhancing peptides with negatively charged amino acid side chains or terminal groups may replace chloride ions and activate the TMC4 channel, contributing to saltiness perception. Finally, the study discusses the feasibility of using these peptides from the perspectives of food material constraints, processing adaptability, multifunctional application, and cross-modal interaction while emphasizing the importance of utilizing computational technology. This review provides a reference for advancing the development and application of salty and salt-enhancing peptides as sodium substitutes in low-sodium food formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Chen
- Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, PR China; Yunnan International Joint Laboratory of Green Food Processing, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, PR China
| | - Na Luo
- Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, PR China; Yunnan International Joint Laboratory of Green Food Processing, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, PR China
| | - Chaofan Guo
- Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, PR China; Yunnan International Joint Laboratory of Green Food Processing, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, PR China
| | - Junhua Luo
- Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, PR China; Yunnan International Joint Laboratory of Green Food Processing, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, PR China
| | - Jianping Wei
- College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710000, PR China
| | - Nianwen Zhang
- Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, PR China; Yunnan International Joint Laboratory of Green Food Processing, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, PR China
| | - Xiaoyu Yin
- Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, PR China; Yunnan International Joint Laboratory of Green Food Processing, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, PR China
| | - Xianchao Feng
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Xuejiao Wang
- Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, PR China; Yunnan International Joint Laboratory of Green Food Processing, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, PR China.
| | - Jianxin Cao
- Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, PR China; Yunnan International Joint Laboratory of Green Food Processing, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, PR China.
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Tanaka M. Transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of genes encoding secretory proteins in Aspergillus oryzae. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2024; 88:381-388. [PMID: 38211972 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbae004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Aspergillus oryzae, also known as the yellow koji mold, produces various hydrolytic enzymes that are widely used in different industries. Its high capacity to produce secretory proteins makes this filamentous fungus a suitable host for heterologous protein production. Amylolytic gene promoter is widely used to express heterologous genes in A. oryzae. The expression of this promoter is strictly regulated by several transcription factors, whose activation involves various factors. Furthermore, the expression levels of amylolytic and heterologous genes are post-transcriptionally regulated by mRNA degradation mechanisms in response to aberrant transcriptional termination or endoplasmic reticulum stress. This review discusses the transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulatory mechanisms controlling the expression of genes encoding secretory proteins in A. oryzae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mizuki Tanaka
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
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Tanaka M, Zhang S, Sato S, Yokota JI, Sugiyama Y, Kawarasaki Y, Yamagata Y, Gomi K, Shintani T. Physiological ER stress caused by amylase production induces regulated Ire1-dependent mRNA decay in Aspergillus oryzae. Commun Biol 2023; 6:1009. [PMID: 37794162 PMCID: PMC10551036 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05386-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulated Ire1-dependent decay (RIDD) is a feedback mechanism in which the endoribonuclease Ire1 cleaves endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-localized mRNAs encoding secretory and membrane proteins in eukaryotic cells under ER stress. RIDD is artificially induced by chemicals that generate ER stress; however, its importance under physiological conditions remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate the occurrence of RIDD in filamentous fungus using Aspergillus oryzae as a model, which secretes copious amounts of amylases. α-Amylase mRNA was rapidly degraded by IreA, an Ire1 ortholog, depending on its ER-associated translation when mycelia were treated with dithiothreitol, an ER-stress inducer. The mRNA encoding maltose permease MalP, a prerequisite for the induction of amylolytic genes, was also identified as an RIDD target. Importantly, RIDD of malP mRNA is triggered by inducing amylase production without any artificial ER stress inducer. Our data provide the evidence that RIDD occurs in eukaryotic microorganisms under physiological ER stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mizuki Tanaka
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan.
| | - Silai Zhang
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8572, Japan
| | - Shun Sato
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8572, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Yokota
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8572, Japan
| | - Yuko Sugiyama
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8572, Japan
| | - Yasuaki Kawarasaki
- Biomolecular Engineering Laboratory, School of Food and Nutritional Science, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
| | - Youhei Yamagata
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Katsuya Gomi
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8572, Japan.
- Laboratory of Fermentation Microbiology, Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8572, Japan.
| | - Takahiro Shintani
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8572, Japan.
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Kerkaert JD, Huberman LB. Regulation of nutrient utilization in filamentous fungi. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 107:5873-5898. [PMID: 37540250 PMCID: PMC10983054 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12680-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Organisms must accurately sense and respond to nutrients to survive. In filamentous fungi, accurate nutrient sensing is important in the establishment of fungal colonies and in continued, rapid growth for the exploitation of environmental resources. To ensure efficient nutrient utilization, fungi have evolved a combination of activating and repressing genetic networks to tightly regulate metabolic pathways and distinguish between preferred nutrients, which require minimal energy and resources to utilize, and nonpreferred nutrients, which have more energy-intensive catabolic requirements. Genes necessary for the utilization of nonpreferred carbon sources are activated by transcription factors that respond to the presence of the specific nutrient and repressed by transcription factors that respond to the presence of preferred carbohydrates. Utilization of nonpreferred nitrogen sources generally requires two transcription factors. Pathway-specific transcription factors respond to the presence of a specific nonpreferred nitrogen source, while another transcription factor activates genes in the absence of preferred nitrogen sources. In this review, we discuss the roles of transcription factors and upstream regulatory genes that respond to preferred and nonpreferred carbon and nitrogen sources and their roles in regulating carbon and nitrogen catabolism. KEY POINTS: • Interplay of activating and repressing transcriptional networks regulates catabolism. • Nutrient-specific activating transcriptional pathways provide metabolic specificity. • Repressing regulatory systems differentiate nutrients in mixed nutrient environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua D Kerkaert
- Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Lori B Huberman
- Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
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Feng L, Wang Y, Yang J, Sun YF, Li YW, Ye ZH, Lin HB, Yang K. Overview of the preparation method, structure and function, and application of natural peptides and polypeptides. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 153:113493. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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Ichikawa T, Tanaka M, Watanabe T, Zhan S, Watanabe A, Shintani T, Gomi K. Crucial role of the intracellular α-glucosidase MalT in the activation of the transcription factor AmyR essential for amylolytic gene expression in Aspergillus oryzae. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2021; 85:2076-2083. [PMID: 34245563 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbab125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
We examined the role of the intracellular α-glucosidase gene malT, which is part of the maltose-utilizing cluster (MAL cluster) together with malR and malP, in amylolytic gene expression in Aspergillus oryzae. malT disruption severely affected fungal growth on medium containing maltose or starch. Furthermore, the transcription level of the α-amylase gene was significantly reduced by malT disruption. Given that the transcription factor AmyR responsible for amylolytic gene expression is activated by isomaltose converted from maltose incorporated into the cells, MalT may have transglycosylation activity that converts maltose to isomaltose. Indeed, transglycosylated products such as isomaltose/maltotriose and panose were generated from the substrate maltose by MalT purified from a malT-overexpressing strain. The results of this study, taken together, suggests that MalT plays a pivotal role in AmyR activation via its transglycosylation activity that converts maltose to the physiological inducer isomaltose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanori Ichikawa
- Laboratory of Bioindustrial Genomics, Department of Bioindustrial Informatics and Genomics, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8572, Japan
| | - Mizuki Tanaka
- Laboratory of Bioindustrial Genomics, Department of Bioindustrial Informatics and Genomics, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8572, Japan
| | - Takayasu Watanabe
- Laboratory of Bioindustrial Genomics, Department of Bioindustrial Informatics and Genomics, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8572, Japan
| | - Sitong Zhan
- Laboratory of Bioindustrial Genomics, Department of Bioindustrial Informatics and Genomics, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8572, Japan
| | - Akira Watanabe
- Laboratory of Bioindustrial Genomics, Department of Bioindustrial Informatics and Genomics, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8572, Japan
| | - Takahiro Shintani
- Laboratory of Bioindustrial Genomics, Department of Bioindustrial Informatics and Genomics, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8572, Japan
| | - Katsuya Gomi
- Laboratory of Bioindustrial Genomics, Department of Bioindustrial Informatics and Genomics, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8572, Japan.,Laboratory of Fermentation Microbiology, Department of Bioindustrial Informatics and Genomics, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8572, Japan
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Tanaka M, Gomi K. Induction and Repression of Hydrolase Genes in Aspergillus oryzae. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:677603. [PMID: 34108952 PMCID: PMC8180590 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.677603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The filamentous fungus Aspergillus oryzae, also known as yellow koji mold, produces high levels of hydrolases such as amylolytic and proteolytic enzymes. This property of producing large amounts of hydrolases is one of the reasons why A. oryzae has been used in the production of traditional Japanese fermented foods and beverages. A wide variety of hydrolases produced by A. oryzae have been used in the food industry. The expression of hydrolase genes is induced by the presence of certain substrates, and various transcription factors that regulate such expression have been identified. In contrast, in the presence of glucose, the expression of the glycosyl hydrolase gene is generally repressed by carbon catabolite repression (CCR), which is mediated by the transcription factor CreA and ubiquitination/deubiquitination factors. In this review, we present the current knowledge on the regulation of hydrolase gene expression, including CCR, in A. oryzae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mizuki Tanaka
- Biomolecular Engineering Laboratory, School of Food and Nutritional Science, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Katsuya Gomi
- Laboratory of Fermentation Microbiology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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Wei L, Li M, Xia F, Wang J, Ran S, Huang Z, Liang J. Phosphate transport system mediates the resistance of Enterococcus faecalis to multidrug. Microbiol Res 2021; 249:126772. [PMID: 33930841 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2021.126772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Enterococcus faecalis, a severe nosocomial and community opportunistic pathogen, is difficult to control due to its multidrug resistance. Through heredity and the recombination of intrinsic resistance genes and horizontally acquired resistance genes, E. faecalis can rapidly evolve drug resistance. Nisin, an important antimicrobial peptide, is extensively employed in the healthcare and food industries to inhibit Gram-positive bacteria and may induce the emergence of nisin-resistant bacteria worldwide. However, the mechanism governing nisin resistance in E. faecalis has not been fully elucidated. This study utilizes transposon insertion sequencing (TIS) to comprehensively explore novel genes related to nisin resistance. According to the analysis of TIS results, hundreds of genes appear to be essential for nisin resistance in E. faecalis. The phosphate transport system (OG1RF_10018-10021, named PTS), which is screened by TIS results, enhances the resistance of E. faecalis to nisin, the mechanism of which may be involved in potA and/or OG1RF_10526 (hypothetical gene). Meanwhile, PTS also strongly represses the biosynthesis of ribosomes to increase the sensitivity of E. faecalis to gentamycin. In addition, the overexpression of PTS increases the sensitivity of E. faecalis to daptomycin, the mechanism of which is independent of the LiaFSR system. This study first demonstrated that E. faecalis utilizes PTS to mediate the resistance to multidrug, which may help to elucidate the mechanism governing drug resistance and to establish guidelines for the treatment of infectious diseases caused by E. faecalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifan Wei
- Department of Endodontics and Operative Dentistry, Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingwei Li
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, 30 Zhongyang Road, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Feng Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Jia Wang
- Department of Endodontics and Operative Dentistry, Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Shujun Ran
- Department of Endodontics and Operative Dentistry, Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhengwei Huang
- Department of Endodontics and Operative Dentistry, Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingping Liang
- Department of Endodontics and Operative Dentistry, Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China.
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