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Robledo-Ospina LE, Morehouse N, Escobar F, Tapia-McClung H, Narendra A, Rao D. Visual antipredator effects of web flexing in an orb web spider, with special reference to web decorations. THE SCIENCE OF NATURE - NATURWISSENSCHAFTEN 2023; 110:23. [PMID: 37219696 DOI: 10.1007/s00114-023-01849-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Some visual antipredator strategies involve the rapid movement of highly contrasting body patterns to frighten or confuse the predator. Bright body colouration, however, can also be detected by potential predators and used as a cue. Among spiders, Argiope spp. are usually brightly coloured but they are not a common item in the diet of araneophagic wasps. When disturbed, Argiope executes a web-flexing behaviour in which they move rapidly and may be perceived as if they move backwards and towards an observer in front of the web. We studied the mechanisms underlying web-flexing behaviour as a defensive strategy. Using multispectral images and high-speed videos with deep-learning-based tracking techniques, we evaluated body colouration, body pattern, and spider kinematics from the perspective of a potential wasp predator. We show that the spider's abdomen is conspicuous, with a disruptive colouration pattern. We found that the body outline of spiders with web decorations was harder to detect when compared to spiders without decorations. The abdomen was also the body part that moved fastest, and its motion was composed mainly of translational (vertical) vectors in the potential predator's optical flow. In addition, with high contrast colouration, the spider's movement might be perceived as a sudden change in body size (looming effect) as perceived by the predator. These effects alongside the other visual cues may confuse potential wasp predators by breaking the spider body outline and affecting the wasp's flight manoeuvre, thereby deterring the wasp from executing the final attack.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis E Robledo-Ospina
- Red de Ecoetología, Instituto de Ecología, A.C., Xalapa, Veracruz, México
- Instituto de Biotecnología y Ecología Aplicada, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Veracruz, México
| | - Nathan Morehouse
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Federico Escobar
- Red de Ecoetología, Instituto de Ecología, A.C., Xalapa, Veracruz, México
| | - Horacio Tapia-McClung
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Inteligencia Artificial, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Veracruz, México
| | - Ajay Narendra
- School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Dinesh Rao
- Instituto de Biotecnología y Ecología Aplicada, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Veracruz, México.
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Zhang S, Leu YC, Chou HH, Liao CP, Piorkowski D, Tso IM. Two coinhabitants visually lure prey to host territory through a shared conspicuous trait. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-022-03249-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Kerr AM, Sablan JD, Williams MK, Galsim F, Guerrero PC, Townsend AL, Davis JK, Borja GC, Oleksy RZ, Furey JF, Benavente DL, Derrington EM, Gawel AM. Long-term, low incidence of web-decorating by spiders in the Mariana Islands, Micronesia. Ecology 2021; 102:e03433. [PMID: 34105775 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M Kerr
- The Marine Laboratory, University of Guam, Mangilao, Guam, 96923, USA
| | - Joanne D Sablan
- Division of Natural Sciences, College of Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Guam, Mangilao, Guam, 96923, USA
| | - Michelle K Williams
- Division of Natural Sciences, College of Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Guam, Mangilao, Guam, 96923, USA
| | - Ferdinand Galsim
- Division of Natural Sciences, College of Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Guam, Mangilao, Guam, 96923, USA
| | - Philip C Guerrero
- Division of Natural Sciences, College of Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Guam, Mangilao, Guam, 96923, USA
| | - Abram L Townsend
- The Marine Laboratory, University of Guam, Mangilao, Guam, 96923, USA
| | - J Kawika Davis
- Division of Natural Sciences, College of Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Guam, Mangilao, Guam, 96923, USA
| | - Gregorio C Borja
- Division of Natural Sciences, College of Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Guam, Mangilao, Guam, 96923, USA
| | - Ryszard Z Oleksy
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 50011, USA
| | - John F Furey
- Asia Pacific Academy of Sciences, Science Education, and Environmental Management, Saipan, MP 96950, Northern Mariana Islands
| | - David L Benavente
- Division of Coastal Resources Management, Bureau of Environmental & Coastal Quality, Saipan, MP 96950, Northern Mariana Islands
| | - Erin M Derrington
- Asia Pacific Academy of Sciences, Science Education, and Environmental Management, Saipan, MP 96950, Northern Mariana Islands
| | - Ann Marie Gawel
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 50011, USA
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Gálvez D, Añino Y, De la O JM. Age variation in the body coloration of the orb-weaver spider Alpaida tuonabo and its implications on foraging. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3599. [PMID: 29483535 PMCID: PMC5827658 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21971-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Spiders show a repertoire of strategies to increase their foraging success. In particular, some orb-weaver spiders use attractive body colorations to lure prey. Interestingly, coloration varies with age in many species, which may result in ontogenetic variation of foraging success. By using field observations, laboratory experiments and spectrophotometric analysis, we investigated whether pale juveniles and bright adults of the orb-weaver Alpaida tuonabo use different foraging strategies due to ontogenetic variation in coloration. Field observations revealed that foraging success of juveniles and adults was influenced by web properties. However, foraging success increased with body size only in adults, supporting the idea that larger individuals produce a stronger visual signal for prey. The attractiveness of the adult coloration for prey was confirmed in the laboratory with frame-web-choice experiments, in which webs bearing a spider intercepted more bees than empty webs. Our spectrophotometric analysis suggests that the yellow coloration may produce the deceiving signal for prey. Moreover, we identified potential alternative foraging strategies: cryptic juveniles at higher heights and 'attractive' adults at lower heights. This study reveals how ontogenetic colour variation may favour the use of alternative foraging strategies in orb-weaver spiders and reduces intraspecific competition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dumas Gálvez
- INDICASAT AIP Building 219, City of Knowledge, Clayton, Panama, POBox 0843-01103, Ciudad del Saber, Panama. .,Programa Centroamericano de Maestría en Entomología, Vicerrectoría de Investigación y Postgrado, Universidad de Panamá, Avenida Simón Bolívar, 0824, Panama. .,Sistema Nacional de Investigación, Senacyt, Panama.
| | - Yostin Añino
- Museo de Invertebrados G. B. Fairchild, Universidad de Panamá, Balboa, Panama
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Walter A. Tracing the evolutionary origin of a visual signal: the coincidence of wrap attack and web decorating behaviours in orb web spiders (Araneidae). Evol Ecol 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-018-9930-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Abstract
The view that orb webs are imperceptible traps has changed since it was discovered that some spiders possess body colorations or web designs that are attractive to prey. Spiders of the genera Argiope and Nephila exemplify both cases and are able to adjust their webs to increase foraging success. In this study, I compared the foraging strategies of A. submanorica and N. clavipes as they foraged on the same natural prey (stingless bees). Argiope submanorica adds UV-reflective decorations while N. clavipes builds non-UV-reflective golden webs. Based on studies that suggest a lack of niche separation between these two species, the objective of this study was to test whether this hypothesis holds when the spiders are competing for a limited resource. In addition, I investigated whether the colorations of the spiders influence their foraging success. The golden webs of N. clavipes intercepted more bees than the decorated webs of A. submanorica, suggesting that some type of niche separation must occur in nature, as otherwise competition would lead to the local extinction of A. submanorica. These differences in foraging success, leading to its ability to outcompete other spider species exploiting the same resource, could explain in part the abundance and distribution of the N. clavipes on the American continent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dumas Gálvez
- INDICASAT-AIP, Building 219, City of Knowledge, Clayton, Panama, Rep. of Panama, P.O. Box 0843-01103, Panama 5
- Programa Centroamericano de Maestría en Entomología, Vicerrectoría de Investigación y Postgrado, Universidad de Panamá, Avenida Simón Bolívar, 0824 Panama
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Corcobado G, Herberstein ME, Pekár S. The role of ultraviolet colour in the assessment of mimetic accuracy between Batesian mimics and their models: a case study using ant-mimicking spiders. Naturwissenschaften 2016; 103:90. [PMID: 27722878 DOI: 10.1007/s00114-016-1410-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Revised: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The use of ultraviolet (UV) cues for intra- and inter-specific communication is common in many animal species. Still, the role of UV signals under some predator-prey contexts, such as Batesian mimicry, is not clear. Batesian mimicry is a defensive strategy by which a palatable species (the mimic) resembles an unpalatable or noxious species (the model) to avoid predation. This strategy has evolved independently in many different taxa that are predated by species capable of UV perception. Moreover, there is considerable variation in how accurately Batesian mimics resemble their models across species. Our aim was to investigate how UV colour contributed to mimetic accuracy using several ant-mimicking spider species as a case study. We measured the reflectance spectrum (300-700 nm) for several species of mimics and models, and we tested whether they differ in visible and UV colour. We modelled whether two different predators could discriminate between mimics and models using colour information. We found that generally, ant-mimicking spiders differed significantly from their ant models in UV colour and that information from the visible range of light cannot be extrapolated into the UV. Our modelling suggested that wasps should be able to discriminate between mimics and models combining information from visible and the UV light, whereas birds may not discriminate between them. Thus, we show that UV colour can influence mimic accuracy and we discuss its potential role in Batesian mimicry. We conclude that colour, especially in the UV range, should be taken into account when measuring mimetic accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guadalupe Corcobado
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Sciences, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 61137, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Marie E Herberstein
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Stano Pekár
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Sciences, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 61137, Brno, Czech Republic
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Wu H, Quan DN, Tsao C, Liu Y, Terrell JL, Luo X, Yang J, Payne GF, Bentley WE. Conferring biological activity to native spider silk: A biofunctionalized protein‐based microfiber. Biotechnol Bioeng 2016; 114:83-95. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.26065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Revised: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hsuan‐Chen Wu
- Department of Biochemical Science and TechnologyNational Taiwan UniversityTaipei CityTaiwan
| | - David N. Quan
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology ResearchUniversity of MarylandCollege Park 20742Maryland
| | - Chen‐Yu Tsao
- Fischell Department of BioengineeringUniversity of MarylandCollege ParkMaryland
| | - Yi Liu
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology ResearchUniversity of MarylandCollege Park 20742Maryland
| | | | - Xiaolong Luo
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringCatholic University of AmericaWashingtonDistrict of Columbia
| | - Jen‐Chang Yang
- School of Dental TechnologyTaipei Medical UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Gregory F. Payne
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology ResearchUniversity of MarylandCollege Park 20742Maryland
- Fischell Department of BioengineeringUniversity of MarylandCollege ParkMaryland
| | - William E. Bentley
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology ResearchUniversity of MarylandCollege Park 20742Maryland
- Fischell Department of BioengineeringUniversity of MarylandCollege ParkMaryland
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Nakata K, Shigemiya Y. Body-colour variation in an orb-web spider and its effect on predation success. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kensuke Nakata
- Tokyo Keizai University; Minami-cho, 1-7-34 Kokubunji Tokyo 185-8502 Japan
- Kyoto Women's University; Kitahiyoshi-cho 35 Higashiyama-ku Kyoto 605-8501 Japan
| | - Yusuke Shigemiya
- Faculty of Environment and Architecture; Nagasaki Institute for Applied Science; Abamachi 536 Nagasaki 851-0193 Japan
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Top down and bottom up selection drives variations in frequency and form of a visual signal. Sci Rep 2015; 5:9543. [PMID: 25828030 PMCID: PMC4406052 DOI: 10.1038/srep09543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The frequency and form of visual signals can be shaped by selection from predators, prey or both. When a signal simultaneously attracts predators and prey, selection may favour a strategy that minimizes risks while attracting prey. Accordingly, varying the frequency and form of the silken decorations added to their web may be a way that Argiope spiders minimize predation while attracting prey. Nonetheless, the role of extraneous factors renders the influences of top down and bottom up selection on decoration frequency and form variation difficult to discern. Here we used dummy spiders and decorations to simulate four possible strategies that the spider Argiope aemula may choose and measured the prey and predator attraction consequences for each in the field. The strategy of decorating at a high frequency with a variable form attracted the most prey, while that of decorating at a high frequency with a fixed form attracted the most predators. These results suggest that mitigating the cost of attracting predators while maintaining prey attraction drives the use of variation in decoration form by many Argiope spp. when decorating frequently. Our study highlights the importance of considering top-down and bottom up selection pressure when devising evolutionary ecology experiments.
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Liu MH, Blamires SJ, Liao CP, Tso IM. Evidence of bird dropping masquerading by a spider to avoid predators. Sci Rep 2014; 4:5058. [PMID: 24875182 PMCID: PMC4038025 DOI: 10.1038/srep05058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Masquerading comes at various costs and benefits. The principal benefit being the avoidance of predators. The orb-web spider Cyclosa ginnaga has a silver body and adds a white discoid-shaped silk decoration to its web. The size, shape and colour of C. ginnaga's body resemble, when viewed by the human eye against its decoration, a bird dropping. We therefore hypothesized that their body colouration might combine with its web decoration to form a bird dropping masquerade to protect it from predators. We measured the spectral reflectance of: (i) the spider's body, (ii) the web decoration, and (iii) bird droppings, in the field against a natural background and found that the colour of the spider bodies and decorations were indistinguishable from each other and from bird droppings when viewed by hymentopteran predators. We monitored the predatory attacks on C. ginnaga when the spider's body and/or its decorations were blackened and found that predator attack probabilities were greater when only the decorations were blackened. Accordingly, we concluded that C. ginnaga's decoration and body colouration forms a bird dropping masquerade, which reduces its probability of predation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Hui Liu
- 1] Department of Life Science, National Chung-Hsin University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan [2] Taiwan Endemic Species Research Institute, Nantou 55244, Taiwan
| | - Sean J Blamires
- 1] Department of Life Science, Tunghai University, Taichung 40704, Taiwan [2]
| | - Chen-Pan Liao
- Department of Life Science, Tunghai University, Taichung 40704, Taiwan
| | - I-Min Tso
- 1] Department of Life Science, National Chung-Hsin University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan [2] Department of Life Science, Tunghai University, Taichung 40704, Taiwan
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Kemp DJ, Holmes C, Congdon BC, Edwards W. Color Polymorphism in Spiny Spiders (Gasteracantha fornicata): Testing the Adaptive Significance of a Geographically Clinal Lure. Ethology 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/eth.12172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Darrell J. Kemp
- Centre for Tropical Environmental Sustainability Science and School of Marine and Tropical Biology; James Cook University; Cairns Qld Australia
- Department of Biological Sciences; Macquarie University; North Ryde NSW Australia
| | - Claire Holmes
- Centre for Tropical Environmental Sustainability Science and School of Marine and Tropical Biology; James Cook University; Cairns Qld Australia
| | - Bradley C. Congdon
- Centre for Tropical Environmental Sustainability Science and School of Marine and Tropical Biology; James Cook University; Cairns Qld Australia
| | - Will Edwards
- Centre for Tropical Environmental Sustainability Science and School of Marine and Tropical Biology; James Cook University; Cairns Qld Australia
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Bateman PW, Fleming PA. The influence of web silk decorations on fleeing behaviour of Florida orb weaver spiders, Argiope florida (Aranaeidae). CAN J ZOOL 2013. [DOI: 10.1139/cjz-2012-0312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Spider web silk decorations may (i) act to attract prey, (ii) be decoys for predators, and (iii) make the web visible to prevent larger animals from destroying them. To disentangle the last two hypotheses, we examined the fleeing response and flight initiation distance (FID) of the Florida orb weaver spider (Argiope florida Chamberlin and Ivie, 1944). Spiders were approached in one of two manners: (1) a “predatory” one mimicking a bird and (2) a “looming” approach mimicking the approach of a large animal. We predicted that if silk decorations had an antipredator function, then the extent of silk decoration would influence whether spiders fled from the predatory approach. However, if the function was primarily a signal to large animals, then all spiders would flee the looming approach, but FID would be influenced by the extent of silk decoration. We found no influence of silk decorations on fleeing behaviour and FID of spiders. Spider fleeing behaviour was, however, influenced by height of the web from the ground. The effects of web height might reflect an adaptive response to a more exposed position and therefore could support either of the two hypotheses tested; however, we have no evidence supporting the role of silk decorations on antipredator responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip W. Bateman
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa
| | - Patricia A. Fleming
- Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Perth, WA 6150, Australia
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Nutrient-mediated architectural plasticity of a predatory trap. PLoS One 2013; 8:e54558. [PMID: 23349928 PMCID: PMC3551802 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2012] [Accepted: 12/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nutrients such as protein may be actively sought by foraging animals. Many predators exhibit foraging plasticity, but how their foraging strategies are affected when faced with nutrient deprivation is largely unknown. In spiders, the assimilation of protein into silk may be in conflict with somatic processes so we predicted web building to be affected under protein depletion. Methodology/Principal Findings To assess the influence of protein intake on foraging plasticity we fed the orb-web spiders Argiope aemula and Cyclosa mulmeinensis high, low or no protein solutions over 10 days and allowed them to build webs. We compared post-feeding web architectural components and major ampullate (MA) silk amino acid compositions. We found that the number of radii in webs increased in both species when fed high protein solutions. Mesh size increased in A. aemula when fed a high protein solution. MA silk proline and alanine compositions varied in each species with contrasting variations in alanine between the two species. Glycine compositions only varied in C. mulmeinensis silk. No spiders significantly lost or gained mass on any feeding treatment, so they did not sacrifice somatic maintenance for amino acid investment in silk. Conclusions/Significance Our results show that the amount of protein taken in significantly affects the foraging decisions of trap-building predators, such as orb web spiders. Nevertheless, the subtle differences found between species in the association between protein intake, the amino acids invested in silk and web architectural plasticity show that the influence of protein deprivation on specific foraging strategies differs among different spiders.
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Walter A, Elgar MA. The evolution of novel animal signals: silk decorations as a model system. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2012; 87:686-700. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-185x.2012.00219.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Gawryszewski F, Motta P. Colouration of the orb-web spiderGasteracantha cancriformisdoes not increase its foraging success. ETHOL ECOL EVOL 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/03949370.2011.582044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Ultraviolet is a more important cue than reflection in other wavelengths for a jumping spider to locate its spider prey. Anim Behav 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2011.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Trap barricading and decorating by a well-armored sit-and-wait predator: extra protection or prey attraction? Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-011-1245-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Gan W, Liu FX, Ren Y, Chen J, Li D. The effects of abiotic and biotic factors on web-decorating behaviour of an orb-weaving spider,Cyclosa octotuberculataKarsch (Araneae: Araneidae). J NAT HIST 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2010.512398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Blamires SJ. Plasticity in extended phenotypes: orb web architectural responses to variations in prey parameters. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 213:3207-12. [PMID: 20802123 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.045583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
A spider orb web is an extended phenotype; it modifies and interacts with the environment, influencing spider physiology. Orb webs are plastic, responding to variations in prey parameters. Studies attempting to understand how nutrients influence spider orb-web plasticity have been hampered by the inability to decouple prey nutrients from other, highly correlated, prey factors and the intrinsic link between prey protein and prey energy concentration. I analyzed the nutrient concentrations of cockroaches, and adult and juvenile crickets to devise experiments that controlled prey protein concentration while varying prey size, ingested mass, energy concentration and feeding frequency of the orb web spider Argiope keyserlingi. I found that A. keyserlingi alters overall architecture according to feeding frequency. Decoration length was inversely related to ingested prey mass and/or energy density in one experiment but directly related to ingested prey mass in another. These contradictory results suggest that factors not examined in this study have a confounding influence on decoration plasticity. As decorations attract prey as well as predators decreasing decoration investment may, in some instances, be attributable to benefits no longer outweighing the risks. Web area was altered according to feeding frequency, and mesh size altered according to feeding frequency and prey length. The number of radii in orb webs was unaffected by prey parameters. A finite amount of silk can be invested in the orb web, so spiders trade-off smaller mesh size with larger web capture area, explaining why feeding frequency influenced both web area and mesh size. Mesh size is additionally responsive to prey size via sensory cues, with spiders constructing webs suitable for catching the most common or most profitable prey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean J Blamires
- School of Biological Science, University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia.
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Cheng RC, Yang EC, Lin CP, Herberstein ME, Tso IM. Insect form vision as one potential shaping force of spider web decoration design. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 213:759-68. [PMID: 20154191 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.037291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Properties of prey sensory systems are important factors shaping the design of signals generated by organisms exploiting them. In this study we assessed how prey sensory preference affected the exploiter signal design by investigating the evolutionary relationship and relative attractiveness of linear and cruciate form web decorations built by Argiope spiders. Because insects have an innate preference for bilaterally symmetrical patterns, we hypothesized that cruciate form decorations were evolved from linear form due to their higher visual attractiveness to insects. We first reconstructed a molecular phylogeny of the Asian members of the genus Argiope using mitochondrial markers to infer the evolutionary relationship of two decoration forms. Results of ancestral character state reconstruction showed that the linear form was ancestral and the cruciate form derived. To evaluate the luring effectiveness of two decoration forms, we performed field experiments in which the number and orientation of decoration bands were manipulated. Decoration bands arranged in a cruciate form were significantly more attractive to insects than those arranged in a linear form, no matter whether they were composed of silks or dummies. Moreover, dummy decoration bands arranged in a cruciate form attracted significantly more insects than those arranged in a vertical/horizontal form. Such results suggest that pollinator insects' innate preference for certain bilateral or radial symmetrical patterns might be one of the driving forces shaping the arrangement pattern of spider web decorations.
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Affiliation(s)
- R-C Cheng
- Department of Life Science, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Why do orb-weaving spiders (Cyclosa ginnaga) decorate their webs with silk spirals and plant detritus? Anim Behav 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2009.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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To be or not to be conspicuous: the effects of prey availability and predator risk on spider's web decoration building. Anim Behav 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2009.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Tan EJ, Li D. Detritus decorations of an orb-weaving spider, Cyclosa mulmeinensis (Thorell): for food or camouflage? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 212:1832-9. [PMID: 19483001 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.030502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Many species of the orb-web spider genus Cyclosa often adorn their webs with decorations of prey remains, egg sacs and/or plant detritus, termed ;detritus decorations'. These detritus decorations have been hypothesised to camouflage the spider from predators or prey and thus reduce predation risk or increase foraging success. In the present study, we tested these two alternative hypotheses simultaneously using two types of detritus decorations (prey remain and egg sac) built by Cyclosa mulmeinensis (Thorell). By monitoring the possible responses of predators to spiders on their webs with and without decorations in the field, we tested whether web decorations would reduce the mortality of spiders. Wasp predators were observed to fly in the vicinity of webs with decorations slightly more often than in the vicinity of webs without decorations but there were very few attacks on spiders by wasps. By comparing the insect interception rates of webs with and without decorations in the field, we tested whether web decorations would increase the foraging success. Webs decorated with prey remains or egg sacs intercepted more insects than those without in the field. By calculating colour contrasts of both prey-remain and egg-sac decorations against spiders viewed by bird (blue tits) and hymenopteran (e.g. wasps) predators as well as hymenopteran (bees) prey, we showed that C. mulmeinensis spiders on webs with egg-sac decorations were invisible to both hymenopteran prey and predators and bird predators over short and long distances. While spiders on webs with prey-remain decorations were invisible to both hymenopterans and birds over short distances, spiders on webs with prey-remain decorations were visible to both predators and prey over long distances. Our results thus suggest that decorating webs with prey remains and egg sacs in C. mulmeinensis may primarily function as camouflage to conceal the spider from insects rather than as prey attractants, possibly contributing to the interception of more insect prey. However, the detritus decorations exhibit varying success as camouflage against predators, depending on whether predators are jumping spiders, wasps or birds, as well as on the decoration type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunice J Tan
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543
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Fan CM, Yang EC, Tso IM. Hunting efficiency and predation risk shapes the color-associated foraging traits of a predator. Behav Ecol 2009. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arp064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Théry M, Casas J. The multiple disguises of spiders: web colour and decorations, body colour and movement. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2009; 364:471-80. [PMID: 18990672 PMCID: PMC2674075 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2008.0212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Diverse functions have been assigned to the visual appearance of webs, spiders and web decorations, including prey attraction, predator deterrence and camouflage. Here, we review the pertinent literature, focusing on potential camouflage and mimicry. Webs are often difficult to detect in a heterogeneous visual environment. Static and dynamic web distortions are used to escape visual detection by prey, although particular silk may also attract prey. Recent work using physiological models of vision taking into account visual environments rarely supports the hypothesis of spider camouflage by decorations, but most often the prey attraction and predator confusion hypotheses. Similarly, visual modelling shows that spider coloration is effective in attracting prey but not in conveying camouflage. Camouflage through colour change might be used by particular crab spiders to hide from predator or prey on flowers of different coloration. However, results obtained on a non-cryptic crab spider suggest that an alternative function of pigmentation may be to avoid UV photodamage through the transparent cuticle. Numerous species are clearly efficient locomotory mimics of ants, particularly in the eyes of their predators. We close our paper by highlighting gaps in our knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Théry
- UMR 7179, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 1 avenue du Petit Château, 91800 Brunoy, France.
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Walter A, Elgar MA, Bliss P, Moritz RFA. Wrap attack activates web-decorating behavior in Argiope spiders. Behav Ecol 2008. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arn030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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