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Mishra A, Maiti R, Mohan P, Gupta P. Antigen loss following CAR-T cell therapy: Mechanisms, implications, and potential solutions. Eur J Haematol 2024; 112:211-222. [PMID: 37705357 DOI: 10.1111/ejh.14101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-cell (CAR-T cell) therapy has emerged as a groundbreaking immunotherapeutic approach for treating various hematological malignancies. CAR-T cells are engineered to express synthetic receptors that target specific antigens on cancer cells, leading to their eradication. While the therapy has shown remarkable efficacy, a significant challenge that has been observed in 30%-70% of patients showing recurrent disease is antigen loss or downregulation. We searched PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Google scholar for articles on antigen loss/escape following Chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy in malignancies. Antigen loss refers to the loss or reduction in the expression of the target antigen on cancer cells, rendering CAR-T cells ineffective. This phenomenon poses a significant clinical concern, as it can lead to disease relapse and limited treatment options. This review explores the mechanisms underlying antigen loss following CAR-T cell therapy, its implications on treatment outcomes, and potential strategies to overcome the problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archana Mishra
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Rituparna Maiti
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Prafull Mohan
- Clinical Pharmacologist, Armed Forces Medical Services, Guwahati, India
| | - Pooja Gupta
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Delhi, India
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Alburquerque-González B, López-Abellán MD, Luengo-Gil G, Montoro-García S, Conesa-Zamora P. Design of Personalized Neoantigen RNA Vaccines Against Cancer Based on Next-Generation Sequencing Data. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2547:165-185. [PMID: 36068464 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2573-6_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The good clinical results of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in recent cancer therapy and the success of RNA vaccines against SARS-nCoV2 have provided important lessons to the scientific community. On the one hand, the efficacy of ICI depends on the number and immunogenicity of tumor neoantigens (TNAs) which unfortunately are not abundantly expressed in many cancer subtypes. On the other hand, novel RNA vaccines have significantly improved both the stability and immunogenicity of mRNA and its efficient delivery, this way overcoming past technique limitations and also allowing a quick vaccine development at the same time. These two facts together have triggered a resurgence of therapeutic cancer vaccines which can be designed to include individual TNAs and be synthesized in a timeframe short enough to be suitable for the tailored treatment of a given cancer patient.In this chapter, we explain the pipeline for the synthesis of TNA-carrying RNA vaccines which encompasses several steps such as individual tumor next-generation sequencing (NGS), selection of immunogenic TNAs, nucleic acid synthesis, drug delivery systems, and immunogenicity assessment, all of each step comprising different alternatives and variations which will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Begoña Alburquerque-González
- Pathology and Histology Department Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, UCAM Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - María Dolores López-Abellán
- Laboratory Medicine Department, Group of Molecular Pathology and Pharmacogenetics, Biomedical Research Institute from Murcia (IMIB), Hospital Universitario Santa Lucía, Cartagena, Spain
| | - Ginés Luengo-Gil
- Laboratory Medicine Department, Group of Molecular Pathology and Pharmacogenetics, Biomedical Research Institute from Murcia (IMIB), Hospital Universitario Santa Lucía, Cartagena, Spain
| | - Silvia Montoro-García
- Cell Culture Lab, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, UCAM Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Pablo Conesa-Zamora
- Pathology and Histology Department Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, UCAM Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, Murcia, Spain.
- Laboratory Medicine Department, Group of Molecular Pathology and Pharmacogenetics, Biomedical Research Institute from Murcia (IMIB), Hospital Universitario Santa Lucía, Cartagena, Spain.
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Sun J, Zhang J, Hu H, Qin H, Liao X, Wang F, Zhang W, Yin Q, Su X, He Y, Li W, Wang K, Li Q. Anti-tumour effect of neo-antigen-reactive T cells induced by RNA mutanome vaccine in mouse lung cancer. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2021; 147:3255-3268. [PMID: 34291357 PMCID: PMC8484245 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-021-03735-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Mutation-specific T-cell response to epithelial cancers and T-cell-based immunotherapy has been successfully used to treat several human solid cancers. We aimed to investigate the anti-tumour effect of neo-antigen-reactive T(NRT) cells induced by RNA mutanome vaccine, which may serve as a feasible and effective therapeutic approach for lung cancer. METHODS We predicted candidate neo-antigens according to the mutant gene analysis by sequencing the mouse Lewis cells and C57BL/6 mouse tail tissue. RNA vaccine was prepared with the neo-antigens as the template. We assessed antitumor efficacy, cytokine secretion and pathological changes after adoptive transfer of NRT cells in vitro and vivo experiments. RESULTS We identified 10 non-synonymous somatic mutations and successfully generated NRT cells. The percentage of T-cell activation proportion was increased from 0.072% in conventional T cells to 9.96% in NRT cells. Interferon-γ secretion augmented from 17.8 to 24.2% as well. As an in vivo model, adoptive NRT cell infusion could promote active T-cell infiltration into the tumour tissue and could delay tumour progression. CONCLUSION NRT cells induced by RNA mutanome vaccine exert a significant anti-tumour effect in mouse lung cancer, and adoptive NRT cell therapy might be considered a feasible, effective therapeutic approach for lung cancer.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Neoplasm/genetics
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- Cancer Vaccines/immunology
- Cancer Vaccines/pharmacology
- Carcinoma, Lewis Lung/genetics
- Carcinoma, Lewis Lung/immunology
- Carcinoma, Lewis Lung/therapy
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Female
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive/methods
- Interferon-gamma/immunology
- Lung Neoplasms/genetics
- Lung Neoplasms/immunology
- Lung Neoplasms/therapy
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Point Mutation
- Random Allocation
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/transplantation
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/immunology
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
- Vaccines, Synthetic/pharmacology
- mRNA Vaccines
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxing Sun
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Haiyan Hu
- Center of Diagnosis and Treatment of Breast Disease, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Huan Qin
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ximing Liao
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Feilong Wang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Yin
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoping Su
- School of Basic Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou Tea Mountain Higher Education Park, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yanan He
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenfeng Li
- Department of Chemoradiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Kun Wang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Qiang Li
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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Xia AL, Xu Y, Lu XJ. Functional genomics in the era of cancer immunotherapy: challenges and clinical implications. Brief Funct Genomics 2019; 18:83-85. [PMID: 30901384 DOI: 10.1093/bfgp/elz003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- An-Liang Xia
- Department of General Surgery, Liver Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yong Xu
- Department of Nephrology, Huai'an Second People's Hospital and The Affiliated Huai'an Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Huai'an, China
| | - Xiao-Jie Lu
- Department of General Surgery, Liver Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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