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Gates CA, Backos DS, Reigan P, Natale NR. The Lateral Metalation of Isoxazolo[3,4- d]pyridazinones towards Hit-to-Lead Development of Selective Positive Modulators of Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors. Molecules 2023; 28:6800. [PMID: 37836643 PMCID: PMC10574779 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28196800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Isoxazolo[3,4-d] pyridazinones ([3,4-d]s) were previously shown to have selective positive modulation at the metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) Subtypes 2 and 4, with no functional cross-reactivity at mGluR1a, mGluR5, or mGluR8. Additional analogs were prepared to access more of the allosteric pocket and achieve higher binding affinity, as suggested by homology modeling. Two different sets of analogs were generated. One uses the fully formed [3,4-d] with an N6-aryl with and without halogens. These underwent successful selective lateral metalation and electrophilic quenching (LM&EQ) at the C3 of the isoxazole. In a second set of analogs, a phenyl group was introduced at the C4 position of the [3,4-d] ring via a condensation of 4-phenylacetyl-3-ethoxcarbonyl-5-methyl isoxazole with the corresponding hydrazine to generate the 3,4-ds 2b and 2j to 2n.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina A Gates
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana, 32 Campus Drive, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
| | - Donald S Backos
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Philip Reigan
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Nicholas R Natale
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana, 32 Campus Drive, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
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2
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Kindt KS, Akturk A, Jarysta A, Day M, Beirl A, Flonard M, Tarchini B. EMX2-GPR156-Gαi reverses hair cell orientation in mechanosensory epithelia. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2861. [PMID: 34001891 PMCID: PMC8129141 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22997-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hair cells detect sound, head position or water movements when their mechanosensory hair bundle is deflected. Each hair bundle has an asymmetric architecture that restricts stimulus detection to a single axis. Coordinated hair cell orientations within sensory epithelia further tune stimulus detection at the organ level. Here, we identify GPR156, an orphan GPCR of unknown function, as a critical regulator of hair cell orientation. We demonstrate that the transcription factor EMX2 polarizes GPR156 distribution, enabling it to signal through Gαi and trigger a 180° reversal in hair cell orientation. GPR156-Gαi mediated reversal is essential to establish hair cells with mirror-image orientations in mouse otolith organs in the vestibular system and in zebrafish lateral line. Remarkably, GPR156-Gαi also instructs hair cell reversal in the auditory epithelium, despite a lack of mirror-image organization. Overall, our work demonstrates that conserved GPR156-Gαi signaling is integral to the framework that builds directional responses into mechanosensory epithelia.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Polarity/genetics
- Epithelium/metabolism
- Female
- GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gi-Go/genetics
- GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gi-Go/metabolism
- Hair Cells, Auditory/cytology
- Hair Cells, Auditory/metabolism
- Homeodomain Proteins/genetics
- Homeodomain Proteins/metabolism
- Male
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Microscopy, Confocal/methods
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/genetics
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/metabolism
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Zebrafish/metabolism
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie S Kindt
- Section on Sensory Cell Development and Function, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | - Alisha Beirl
- Section on Sensory Cell Development and Function, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Basile Tarchini
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA.
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering (GSBSE), University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA.
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3
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Orgován Z, Ferenczy GG, Keserű GM. Allosteric Molecular Switches in Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors. ChemMedChem 2021; 16:81-93. [PMID: 32686363 PMCID: PMC7818470 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202000444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGlu) are class C G protein-coupled receptors of eight subtypes that are omnipresently expressed in the central nervous system. mGlus have relevance in several psychiatric and neurological disorders, therefore they raise considerable interest as drug targets. Allosteric modulators of mGlus offer advantages over orthosteric ligands owing to their increased potential to achieve subtype selectivity, and this has prompted discovery programs that have produced a large number of reported allosteric mGlu ligands. However, the optimization of allosteric ligands into drug candidates has proved to be challenging owing to induced-fit effects, flat or steep structure-activity relationships and unexpected changes in theirpharmacology. Subtle structural changes identified as molecular switches might modulate the functional activity of allosteric ligands. Here we review these switches discovered in the metabotropic glutamate receptor family..
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltán Orgován
- Medicinal Chemistry Research GroupResearch Centre for Natural SciencesMagyar tudósok krt. 2Budapest1117Hungary
| | - György G. Ferenczy
- Medicinal Chemistry Research GroupResearch Centre for Natural SciencesMagyar tudósok krt. 2Budapest1117Hungary
| | - György M. Keserű
- Medicinal Chemistry Research GroupResearch Centre for Natural SciencesMagyar tudósok krt. 2Budapest1117Hungary
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4
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Frangaj A, Fan QR. Structural biology of GABA B receptor. Neuropharmacology 2018; 136:68-79. [PMID: 29031577 PMCID: PMC5897222 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Metabotropic GABAB receptor is a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that mediates slow and prolonged inhibitory neurotransmission in the brain. It functions as a constitutive heterodimer composed of the GABAB1 and GABAB2 subunits. Each subunit contains three domains; the extracellular Venus flytrap module, seven-helix transmembrane region and cytoplasmic tail. In recent years, the three-dimensional structures of GABAB receptor extracellular and intracellular domains have been elucidated. These structures reveal the molecular basis of ligand recognition, receptor heterodimerization and receptor activation. Here we provide a brief review of the GABAB receptor structures, with an emphasis on describing the different ligand-bound states of the receptor. We will also compare these with the known structures of related GPCRs to shed light on the molecular mechanisms of activation and regulation in the GABAB system, as well as GPCR dimers in general. This article is part of the "Special Issue Dedicated to Norman G. Bowery".
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurel Frangaj
- Department of Pharmacology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Qing R Fan
- Department of Pharmacology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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5
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Doornbos MLJ, Wang X, Vermond SC, Peeters L, Pérez-Benito L, Trabanco AA, Lavreysen H, Cid JM, Heitman LH, Tresadern G, IJzerman AP. Covalent Allosteric Probe for the Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor 2: Design, Synthesis, and Pharmacological Characterization. J Med Chem 2018; 62:223-233. [PMID: 29494768 PMCID: PMC6331142 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Covalent labeling
of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) by small
molecules is a powerful approach to understand binding modes, mechanism
of action, pharmacology, and even facilitate structure elucidation.
We report the first covalent positive allosteric modulator (PAM) for
a class C GPCR, the mGlu2 receptor. Three putatively covalent
mGlu2 PAMs were designed and synthesized. Pharmacological
characterization identified 2 to bind the receptor covalently.
Computational modeling combined with receptor mutagenesis revealed
T7917.29×30 as the likely position of covalent interaction.
We show how this covalent ligand can be used to characterize the PAM
binding mode and that it is a valuable tool compound in studying receptor
function and binding kinetics. Our findings advance the understanding
of the mGlu2 PAM interaction and suggest that 2 is a valuable probe for further structural and chemical biology
approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten L J Doornbos
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR) , Leiden University , P.O. Box 9502, 2300RA Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Xuesong Wang
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR) , Leiden University , P.O. Box 9502, 2300RA Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Sophie C Vermond
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR) , Leiden University , P.O. Box 9502, 2300RA Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Luc Peeters
- Janssen Research and Development , Turnhoutseweg 30 , 2340 Beerse , Belgium
| | - Laura Pérez-Benito
- Janssen Research and Development , Calle Jarama 75A , 45007 Toledo , Spain.,Laboratori de Medicina Computacional Unitat de Bioestadistica, Facultat de Medicina , Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona , 08193 Bellaterra , Spain
| | - Andrés A Trabanco
- Janssen Research and Development , Calle Jarama 75A , 45007 Toledo , Spain
| | - Hilde Lavreysen
- Janssen Research and Development , Turnhoutseweg 30 , 2340 Beerse , Belgium
| | - José María Cid
- Janssen Research and Development , Calle Jarama 75A , 45007 Toledo , Spain
| | - Laura H Heitman
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR) , Leiden University , P.O. Box 9502, 2300RA Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Gary Tresadern
- Janssen Research and Development , Calle Jarama 75A , 45007 Toledo , Spain
| | - Adriaan P IJzerman
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR) , Leiden University , P.O. Box 9502, 2300RA Leiden , The Netherlands
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6
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Vass M, Kooistra AJ, Verhoeven S, Gloriam D, de Esch IJP, de Graaf C. A Structural Framework for GPCR Chemogenomics: What's In a Residue Number? Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1705:73-113. [PMID: 29188559 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7465-8_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The recent surge of crystal structures of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), as well as comprehensive collections of sequence, structural, ligand bioactivity, and mutation data, has enabled the development of integrated chemogenomics workflows for this important target family. This chapter will focus on cross-family and cross-class studies of GPCRs that have pinpointed the need for, and the implementation of, a generic numbering scheme for referring to specific structural elements of GPCRs. Sequence- and structure-based numbering schemes for different receptor classes will be introduced and the remaining caveats will be discussed. The use of these numbering schemes has facilitated many chemogenomics studies such as consensus binding site definition, binding site comparison, ligand repurposing (e.g. for orphan receptors), sequence-based pharmacophore generation for homology modeling or virtual screening, and class-wide chemogenomics studies of GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márton Vass
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules Medicines and Systems, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Albert J Kooistra
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules Medicines and Systems, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Centre for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics (CMBI), Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan Verhoeven
- Netherlands eScience Center, 1098 XG, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - David Gloriam
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Iwan J P de Esch
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules Medicines and Systems, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Chris de Graaf
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules Medicines and Systems, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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