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Sudasinghe H, Ranasinghe T, Wijesooriya K, Rüber L, Meegaskumbura M. Phylogenetic and phylogeographic insights into Sri Lankan killifishes (Teleostei: Aplocheilidae). JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2024; 105:340-357. [PMID: 38769734 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.15792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Three nominal species of the killifish genus Aplocheilus are reported from the lowlands of Sri Lanka. Two of these, Aplocheilus dayi and Aplocheilus werneri, are considered endemic to the island, whereas Aplocheilus parvus is reported from both Sri Lanka and Peninsular India. Here, based on a collection from 28 locations in Sri Lanka, also including a dataset of Asian Aplocheilus downloaded from GenBank, we present a phylogeny constructed from the mitochondrial cytochrome b (cytb), mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1), and nuclear recombination activating protein 1 (rag1), and investigate the interrelationships of the species of Aplocheilus in Sri Lanka. The endemic Sri Lankan aplocheilid clade comprising A. dayi and A. werneri is recovered as the sister group to the clade comprising A. parvus from Sri Lanka and Aplocheilus blockii from Peninsular India. The reciprocal monophyly of A. dayi and A. werneri is not supported in our molecular phylogeny. A. dayi and A. werneri display strong sexual dimorphism, but species-level differences are subtle, explained mostly by pigmentation patterns. Their phenotypes exhibit a parapatric distribution and may represent locally adapted forms of a single species. Alternatively, the present study does not rule out the possibility that A. dayi and A. werneri may represent an incipient species pair or that they have undergone introgression or hybridization in their contact zones. We provide evidence that the Nilwala-Gin region of southwestern Sri Lanka may have acted as a drought refugium for these fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiranya Sudasinghe
- Evolutionary Ecology and Systematics Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
- Postgraduate Institute of Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
- Division of Evolutionary Ecology, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Naturhistorisches Museum Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Kumudu Wijesooriya
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Lukas Rüber
- Naturhistorisches Museum Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Division of Aquatic Ecology and Evolution, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Madhava Meegaskumbura
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Forest Ecology and Conservation, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning, People's Republic of China
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Massip-Veloso Y, Hoagstrom CW, McMahan CD, Matamoros WA. Biogeography of Greater Antillean freshwater fishes, with a review of competing hypotheses. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2024; 99:901-927. [PMID: 38205676 DOI: 10.1111/brv.13050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
In biogeography, vicariance and long-distance dispersal are often characterised as competing scenarios. However, they are related concepts, both relying on collective geological, ecological, and phylogenetic evidence. This is illustrated by freshwater fishes, which may immigrate to islands either when freshwater connections are temporarily present and later severed (vicariance), or by unusual means when ocean gaps are crossed (long-distance dispersal). Marine barriers have a strong filtering effect on freshwater fishes, limiting immigrants to those most capable of oceanic dispersal. The roles of vicariance and dispersal are debated for freshwater fishes of the Greater Antilles. We review three active hypotheses [Cretaceous vicariance, Greater Antilles-Aves Ridge (GAARlandia), long-distance dispersal] and propose long-distance dispersal to be an appropriate model due to limited support for freshwater fish use of landspans. Greater Antillean freshwater fishes have six potential source bioregions (defined from faunal similarity): Northern Gulf of México, Western Gulf of México, Maya Terrane, Chortís Block, Eastern Panamá, and Northern South America. Faunas of the Greater Antilles are composed of taxa immigrating from many of these bioregions, but there is strong compositional disharmony between island and mainland fish faunas (>90% of Antillean species are cyprinodontiforms, compared to <10% in Northern Gulf of México and Northern South America, and ≤50% elsewhere), consistent with a hypothesis of long-distance dispersal. Ancestral-area reconstruction analysis indicates there were 16 or 17 immigration events over the last 51 million years, 14 or 15 of these by cyprinodontiforms. Published divergence estimates and evidence available for each immigration event suggests they occurred at different times and by different pathways, possibly with rafts of vegetation discharged from rivers or washed to sea during storms. If so, ocean currents likely provide critical pathways for immigration when flowing from one landmass to another. On the other hand, currents create dispersal barriers when flowing perpendicularly between landmasses. In addition to high salinity tolerance, cyprinodontiforms collectively display a variety of adaptations that could enhance their ability to live with rafts (small body size, viviparity, low metabolism, amphibiousness, diapause, self-fertilisation). These adaptations likely also helped immigrants establish island populations after arrival and to persist long term thereafter. Cichlids may have used a pseudo bridge (Nicaragua Rise) to reach the Greater Antilles. Gars (Lepisosteidae) may have crossed the Straits of Florida to Cuba, a relatively short crossing that is not a barrier to gene flow for several cyprinodontiform immigrants. Indeed, widespread distributions of Quaternary migrants (Cyprinodon, Gambusia, Kryptolebias), within the Greater Antilles and among neighbouring bioregions, imply that long-distance dispersal is not necessarily inhibitory for well-adapted species, even though it appears to be virtually impossible for all other freshwater fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibril Massip-Veloso
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias en Biodiversidad y Conservación de Ecosistemas Tropicales, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Ciencias y Artes de Chiapas, Libramiento Norte Poniente 1150, C.P. 29039, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, Mexico
| | | | | | - Wilfredo A Matamoros
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias en Biodiversidad y Conservación de Ecosistemas Tropicales, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Ciencias y Artes de Chiapas, Libramiento Norte Poniente 1150, C.P. 29039, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, Mexico
- Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL, 60605, USA
- Laboratorio de Diversidad Acuática y Biogeografía, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Ciencias y Artes de Chiapas, Libramiento Norte Poniente 1150, C.P. 29039, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, Mexico
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Sudasinghe H, Ranasinghe T, Dahanukar N, Raghavan R, Rüber L, Pethiyagoda R, Meegaskumbura M. Biogeography and evolutionary history of Puntius sensu lato (Teleostei: Cyprinidae) in Sri Lanka. Sci Rep 2023; 13:18724. [PMID: 37907560 PMCID: PMC10618540 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-45377-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Sri Lanka's biota is derived largely from Southeast Asian lineages which immigrated via India following its early-Eocene contact with Laurasia. The island is now separated from southeastern India by the 30 km wide Palk Strait which, during sea-level low-stands, was bridged by the 140 km-wide Palk Isthmus. Consequently, biotic ingress and egress were mediated largely by the climate of the isthmus. Because of their dependence on perennial aquatic habitats, freshwater fish are useful models for biogeographic studies. Here we investigate the timing and dynamics of the colonization of-and diversification on-Sri Lanka by a group of four closely-related genera of cyprinid fishes (Puntius sensu lato). We construct a molecular phylogeny based on two mitochondrial and two nuclear gene markers, conduct divergence timing analyses and ancestral-range estimations to infer historical biogeography, and use haplotype networks to discern phylogeographic patterns. The origin of Puntius s.l. is dated to ~ 20 Ma. The source of diversification of Puntius s.l. is Sri Lanka-Peninsular India. Species confined to perhumid rainforests show strong phylogeographic structure, while habitat generalists show little or no such structure. Ancestral range estimations for Plesiopuntius bimaculatus and Puntius dorsalis support an 'Out of Sri Lanka' scenario. Sri Lankan Puntius s.l. derive from multiple migrations across the Palk Isthmus between the early Miocene and the late Pleistocene. Species dependent on an aseasonal climate survived aridification in rainforest refugia in the island's perhumid southwest and went on to recolonize the island and even southern India when pluvial conditions resumed. Our results support an historical extinction of Sri Lanka's montane aquatic fauna, followed by a recent partial recolonization of the highlands, showing also that headwater stream capture facilitated dispersal across basin boundaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiranya Sudasinghe
- Evolutionary Ecology and Systematics Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, 20400, Sri Lanka
- Postgraduate Institute of Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, 20400, Sri Lanka
- Evolutionary Ecology, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
- Naturhistorisches Museum Bern, Bernastrasse, 15, 3005, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Neelesh Dahanukar
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar Institution of Eminence, Delhi, India
| | - Rajeev Raghavan
- Department of Fisheries Resource Management, Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies (KUFOS), Kochi, India
| | - Lukas Rüber
- Naturhistorisches Museum Bern, Bernastrasse, 15, 3005, Bern, Switzerland
- Aquatic Ecology and Evolution, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Rohan Pethiyagoda
- Ichthyology Section, Australian Museum, 1 William Street, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia
| | - Madhava Meegaskumbura
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Forest Ecology and Conservation, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, People's Republic of China.
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Sudasinghe H, Ranasinghe T, Wijesooriya K, Pethiyagoda R, Rüber L, Meegaskumbura M. Molecular phylogeny and phylogeography of ricefishes (Teleostei: Adrianichthyidae: Oryzias) in Sri Lanka. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e9043. [PMID: 35784081 PMCID: PMC9219105 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Ricefishes of the genus Oryzias occur commonly in the fresh and brackish waters in coastal lowlands ranging from India across Southeast Asia and on to Japan. Among the three species of Oryzias recorded from peninsular India, two widespread species, O. carnaticus and O. dancena, have previously been reported from Sri Lanka based on museum specimens derived from a few scattered localities. However, members of the genus are widespread in the coastal lowlands of Sri Lanka, a continental island separated from India by the shallow Palk Strait. Although recent molecular phylogenies of Adrianichthyidae represent near-complete taxon representation, they lack samples from Sri Lanka. Here, based on sampling at 13 locations representative of the entire geographic and climatic regions of the island's coastal lowlands, we investigate for the first time the molecular phylogenetic relationships and phylogeography of Sri Lankan Oryzias based on one nuclear and two mitochondrial markers. Sri Lankan Oryzias comprise two distinct non-sister lineages within the javanicus species group. One of these is represented by samples exclusively from the northern parts of the island; it is recognized as O. dancena. This lineage is recovered as the sister group to the remaining species in the javanicus group. The second lineage represents a species that is widespread across the island's coastal lowlands. It is recovered as the sister group of O. javanicus and is identified as O. cf. carnaticus. Ancestral-range estimates suggest two independent colonizations of Indian subcontinent and Sri Lanka by widespread ancestral species of Oryzias during two discrete temporal windows: late Miocene and Plio-Pleistocene. No phylogeographic structure is apparent in Sri Lankan Oryzias, suggesting that there are no strong barriers to gene flow and dispersal along the coastal floodplains, as is the case also for other generalist freshwater fishes in the island.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiranya Sudasinghe
- Evolutionary Ecology and Systematics Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biology and BiotechnologyUniversity of PeradeniyaPeradeniyaSri Lanka
- Postgraduate Institute of ScienceUniversity of PeradeniyaPeradeniyaSri Lanka
- Evolutionary Ecology, Institute of Ecology and EvolutionUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
- Naturhistorisches Museum BernBernSwitzerland
| | | | - Kumudu Wijesooriya
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of PeradeniyaPeradeniyaSri Lanka
| | | | - Lukas Rüber
- Naturhistorisches Museum BernBernSwitzerland
- Aquatic Ecology and Evolution, Institute of Ecology and EvolutionBernSwitzerland
| | - Madhava Meegaskumbura
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Forest Ecology and Conservation, College of ForestryGuangxi UniversityNanningChina
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Sil M, Mahveen J, Roy A, Karanth KP, Aravind NA. Insight into the evolutionary history of Indoplanorbis exustus (Bulinidae: Gastropoda) at the scale of population and species. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blac062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The history of a lineage is intertwined with the history of the landscape it inhabits. Here we showcase how the geo-tectonic and climatic evolution of South Asia and surrounding landmasses have shaped the biogeographical history of Indoplanorbis exustus, a tropical Asian, freshwater snail. We amplified partial COI gene fragments from all over India and combined this with a larger dataset from South and Southeast Asia to carry out phylogenetic reconstruction, species delimitation analysis and population genetic analyses. Two nuclear genes were also amplified from a few individuals per putative species to carry out divergence dating and ancestral area reconstruction analyses. The results suggest that I. exustus dispersed out of Africa into India during the Eocene. Furthermore, molecular data suggest I. exustus is a species complex consisting of multiple putative species. Primary diversification took place in the Northern Indian plains or in Northeast India. The speciation events appear to be primarily allopatric caused by a series of aridification events starting from the late Miocene to early Pleistocene. None of the species appears to have any underlying genetic structure suggestive of high vagility. All the species underwent population fluctuations during the Pleistocene, probably driven by the Quaternary climatic fluctuations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maitreya Sil
- SMS Foundation Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation, Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment , Royal Enclave, Sriramapura, Jakkur PO, Bangalore 560064 , India
| | - Juveriya Mahveen
- SMS Foundation Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation, Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment , Royal Enclave, Sriramapura, Jakkur PO, Bangalore 560064 , India
- Department of Microbiology, St. Joseph’s College , Bangalore 560027 , India
| | - Abhishikta Roy
- SMS Foundation Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation, Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment , Royal Enclave, Sriramapura, Jakkur PO, Bangalore 560064 , India
| | - K Praveen Karanth
- Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science , Bangalore 560012 , India
| | - N A Aravind
- SMS Foundation Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation, Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment , Royal Enclave, Sriramapura, Jakkur PO, Bangalore 560064 , India
- Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (deemed to be University) , University Road, Derlakatte, Mangalore 575018 , India
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Diversification and biogeography of Dawkinsia (Teleostei: Cyprinidae) in the Western Ghats-Sri Lanka biodiversity hotspot. ORG DIVERS EVOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13127-021-00515-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Sudasinghe H, Ranasinghe T, Herath J, Wijesooriya K, Pethiyagoda R, Rüber L, Meegaskumbura M. Molecular phylogeny and phylogeography of the freshwater-fish genus Pethia (Teleostei: Cyprinidae) in Sri Lanka. BMC Ecol Evol 2021; 21:203. [PMID: 34758736 PMCID: PMC8582130 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-021-01923-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sri Lanka is a continental island separated from India by the Palk Strait, a shallow-shelf sea, which was emergent during periods of lowered sea level. Its biodiversity is concentrated in its perhumid south-western 'wet zone'. The island's freshwater fishes are dominated by the Cyprinidae, characterized by small diversifications of species derived from dispersals from India. These include five diminutive, endemic species of Pethia (P. bandula, P. cumingii, P. melanomaculata, P. nigrofasciata, P. reval), whose evolutionary history remains poorly understood. Here, based on comprehensive geographic sampling, we explore the phylogeny, phylogeography and morphological diversity of the genus in Sri Lanka. RESULTS The phylogenetic analyses, based on mitochondrial and nuclear loci, recover Sri Lankan Pethia as polyphyletic. The reciprocal monophyly of P. bandula and P. nigrofasciata, and P. cumingii and P. reval, is not supported. Pethia nigrofasciata, P. cumingii, and P. reval show strong phylogeographic structure in the wet zone, compared with P. melanomaculata, which ranges across the dry and intermediate zones. Translocated populations of P. nigrofasciata and P. reval in the Central Hills likely originate from multiple sources. Morphological analyses reveal populations of P. nigrofasciata proximal to P. bandula, a narrow-range endemic, to have a mix of characters between the two species. Similarly, populations of P. cumingii in the Kalu basin possess orange fins, a state between the red-finned P. reval from Kelani to Deduru and yellow-finned P. cumingii from Bentara to Gin basins. CONCLUSIONS Polyphyly in Sri Lankan Pethia suggests two or three colonizations from mainland India. Strong phylogeographic structure in P. nigrofasciata, P. cumingii and P. reval, compared with P. melanomaculata, supports a model wherein the topographically complex wet zone harbors greater genetic diversity than the topographically uniform dry-zone. Mixed morphological characters between P. bandula and P. nigrofasciata, and P. cumingii and P. reval, and their unresolved phylogenies, may suggest recent speciation scenarios with incomplete lineage sorting, or hybridization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiranya Sudasinghe
- Evolutionary Ecology and Systematics Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, 20400, Sri Lanka.,Postgraduate Institute of Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, 20400, Sri Lanka.,Evolutionary Ecology, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland.,Naturhistorisches Museum Bern, Bernastrasse, 15, 3005, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Tharindu Ranasinghe
- Butterfly Conservation Society of Sri Lanka, 762/A, Yatihena, Malwana, 11670, Sri Lanka
| | - Jayampathi Herath
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Forest Ecology and Conservation, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Kumudu Wijesooriya
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, 20400, Sri Lanka
| | - Rohan Pethiyagoda
- Ichthyology Section, Australian Museum, 6 College Street, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia
| | - Lukas Rüber
- Naturhistorisches Museum Bern, Bernastrasse, 15, 3005, Bern, Switzerland.,Aquatic Ecology and Evolution, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Madhava Meegaskumbura
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Forest Ecology and Conservation, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, People's Republic of China.
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