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Barlow DR, Strong CS, Torres LG. Three decades of nearshore surveys reveal long-term patterns in gray whale habitat use, distribution, and abundance in the Northern California Current. Sci Rep 2024; 14:9352. [PMID: 38654001 PMCID: PMC11039675 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-59552-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The nearshore waters of the Northern California Current support an important seasonal foraging ground for Pacific Coast Feeding Group (PCFG) gray whales. We examine gray whale distribution, habitat use, and abundance over 31 years (1992-2022) using standardized nearshore (< 5 km from shore) surveys spanning a large swath of the PCFG foraging range. Specifically, we generated density surface models, which incorporate detection probability into generalized additive models to assess environmental correlates of gray whale distribution and predict abundance over time. We illustrate the importance of coastal upwelling dynamics, whereby increased upwelling only yields higher gray whale density if interspersed with relaxation events, likely because this combination optimizes influx and retention of nutrients to support recruitment and aggregation of gray whale prey. Several habitat features influence gray whale distribution, including substrate, shelf width, prominent capes, and river estuaries. However, the influence of these features differs between regions, revealing heterogeneity in habitat preferences throughout the PCFG foraging range. Predicted gray whale abundance fluctuated throughout our study period, but without clear directional trends, unlike previous abundance estimates based on mark-recapture models. This study highlights the value of long-term monitoring, shedding light on the impacts of variable environmental conditions on an iconic nearshore marine predator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawn R Barlow
- Geospatial Ecology of Marine Megafauna Lab, Marine Mammal Institute, Department of Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Sciences, Oregon State University, Newport, OR, USA.
| | | | - Leigh G Torres
- Geospatial Ecology of Marine Megafauna Lab, Marine Mammal Institute, Department of Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Sciences, Oregon State University, Newport, OR, USA
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Stewart AJ, Halabisky M, Babcock C, Butman DE, D'Amore DV, Moskal LM. Revealing the hidden carbon in forested wetland soils. Nat Commun 2024; 15:726. [PMID: 38272881 PMCID: PMC10810814 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-44888-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Inland wetlands are critical carbon reservoirs storing 30% of global soil organic carbon (SOC) within 6% of the land surface. However, forested regions contain SOC-rich wetlands that are not included in current maps, which we refer to as 'cryptic carbon'. Here, to demonstrate the magnitude and distribution of cryptic carbon, we measure and map SOC stocks as a function of a continuous, upland-to-wetland gradient across the Hoh River Watershed (HRW) in the Pacific Northwest of the U.S., comprising 68,145 ha. Total catchment SOC at 30 cm depth (5.0 TgC) is between estimates from global SOC maps (GSOC: 3.9 TgC; SoilGrids: 7.8 TgC). For wetland SOC, our 1 m stock estimates are substantially higher (Mean: 259 MgC ha-1; Total: 1.7 TgC) compared to current wetland-specific SOC maps derived from a combination of U.S. national datasets (Mean: 184 MgC ha-1; Total: 0.3 TgC). We show that total unmapped or cryptic carbon is 1.5 TgC and when added to current estimates, increases the estimated wetland SOC stock to 1.8 TgC or by 482%, which highlights the vast stores of SOC that are not mapped and contained in unprotected and vulnerable wetlands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Stewart
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, WA, USA.
| | - Meghan Halabisky
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, WA, USA
| | - Chad Babcock
- Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, USA
| | - David E Butman
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, WA, USA
| | - David V D'Amore
- Pacific Northwest Research Station, U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Juneau, AK, USA
| | - L Monika Moskal
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, WA, USA
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Gao Y, Chen J, Saintilan N, Zhao B, Ouyang Z, Zhang T, Guo H, Hao Y, Zhao F, Liu J, Wang S, Zhuang P. Integrating monthly spring tidal waves into estuarine carbon budget of meta-ecosystems. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 905:167026. [PMID: 37716674 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023]
Abstract
The contribution of lateral carbon (C) to hydrological processes is well known for its ecological functions in the estuarine C budget across the terrestrial-aquatic interfaces. However, sampling of individual daily tides during multiple months or seasons in heterogeneous patches of landscape makes extrapolation from days to months or seasons challenging. In this paper, we examine the terrestrial-aquatic lateral hydrological C flux for an estuarine marsh where monthly tides, including consecutive daily spring tides, were measured over the course of an entire year. We found a significant correlation between imported and exported hydrological dissolved C, both dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), although a similar correlation was not found for particulate organic carbon (POC). Based on a total of 44 sampling trips over a year, this saltmarsh appeared to be a net exporter of DOC and DIC but a net sink of POC. Furthermore, the lateral hydrological C budget functioned as a limited lateral C sink in terms of organic C (i.e., ΔPOC and ΔDOC), while the marsh functioned as a small lateral C source. Our findings highlight the importance of lateral hydrologic inflows/outflows in wetland C budgets of land-water interfaces, especially in those characterized by the meta-ecosystem framework. Surprisingly, different C species responded unequally to the lateral hydrological C budget, suggesting that a conceptual realization of meta-ecosystem is a powerful theoretical framework to extend the outwelling hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Gao
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences; Key Laboratory of Fisheries Remote Sensing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Fisheries Resources and Environment of East China Sea and Yangtze Estuary, Shanghai 200090, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Coastal Ecosystems Research Station of the Yangtze River Estuary, and Institute of Eco-Chongming (IEC), Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China; Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Jiquan Chen
- Center for Global Change and Earth Observations (CGCEO), Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Neil Saintilan
- School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Bin Zhao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Coastal Ecosystems Research Station of the Yangtze River Estuary, and Institute of Eco-Chongming (IEC), Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China.
| | - Zutao Ouyang
- College of Forestry, Wildlife and Environment, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Tingting Zhang
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences; Key Laboratory of Fisheries Remote Sensing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Fisheries Resources and Environment of East China Sea and Yangtze Estuary, Shanghai 200090, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Coastal Ecosystems Research Station of the Yangtze River Estuary, and Institute of Eco-Chongming (IEC), Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Haiqiang Guo
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Coastal Ecosystems Research Station of the Yangtze River Estuary, and Institute of Eco-Chongming (IEC), Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Yingying Hao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Coastal Ecosystems Research Station of the Yangtze River Estuary, and Institute of Eco-Chongming (IEC), Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Feng Zhao
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences; Key Laboratory of Fisheries Remote Sensing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Fisheries Resources and Environment of East China Sea and Yangtze Estuary, Shanghai 200090, China
| | - Jianyi Liu
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences; Key Laboratory of Fisheries Remote Sensing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Fisheries Resources and Environment of East China Sea and Yangtze Estuary, Shanghai 200090, China
| | - Sikai Wang
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences; Key Laboratory of Fisheries Remote Sensing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Fisheries Resources and Environment of East China Sea and Yangtze Estuary, Shanghai 200090, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Coastal Ecosystems Research Station of the Yangtze River Estuary, and Institute of Eco-Chongming (IEC), Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Ping Zhuang
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences; Key Laboratory of Fisheries Remote Sensing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Fisheries Resources and Environment of East China Sea and Yangtze Estuary, Shanghai 200090, China
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Kranabetter JM, Robbins S, Hawkins BJ. Host population effects on ectomycorrhizal fungi vary between low and high phosphorus soils of temperate rainforests. MYCORRHIZA 2023; 33:199-209. [PMID: 36947254 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-023-01109-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Geographic distinctions in the affinity of tree populations for select ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF) may occur where strong edaphic pressures act on fungal communities and their hosts. We examine this premise for Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii of southwest British Columbia, using ten native seedlots collected from a range of mean annual precipitation (MAP), as a proxy for podzolization extent and phosphorus (P) deficiencies, and evaluated in contrasting low P and high P soils. After two growing seasons, seedling biomass in the high P soil dwarfed that of the low P soil, and better growth rates under high P were detected for populations from very dry and very wet origins. EMF communities on the high P soil displayed more symmetry among host populations than the low P soil (average community dissimilarity of 0.20% vs. 0.39%, respectively). Seedling foliar P% differed slightly but significantly in relation to MAP of origin. EMF species richness varied significantly among host populations but independently of climatic parameters. There were significant shifts in EMF species abundance related to seedlot MAP, particularly on the low P soil where nonlinear relationships were found for Wilcoxina mikolae, Hyaloscypha finlandica, and Rhizopogon villosulus. Despite efforts to enhance colonization by native fungi, the predominance of ruderal EMF species hindered a realistic evaluation of local adaptation among host-fungi populations. Nevertheless, the shifting affinity in taxa abundance and wider community disparity on low P soil reflected the potential for a consequential host genetic effect related to geographical patterns in P availability across temperate rainforests.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Kranabetter
- British Columbia Ministry of Forests, P.O. Box 9536, Stn Prov Govt, Victoria, B.C., Canada, V8W 9C4.
| | - S Robbins
- Centre for Forest Biology, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 3020, STN CSC, Victoria, B.C., Canada, V8W 3N5
| | - B J Hawkins
- Centre for Forest Biology, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 3020, STN CSC, Victoria, B.C., Canada, V8W 3N5
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