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Kofman K, Levin M. Bioelectric pharmacology of cancer: A systematic review of ion channel drugs affecting the cancer phenotype. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 191:25-39. [PMID: 38971325 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2024.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024]
Abstract
Cancer is a pernicious and pressing medical problem; moreover, it is a failure of multicellular morphogenesis that sheds much light on evolutionary developmental biology. Numerous classes of pharmacological agents have been considered as cancer therapeutics and evaluated as potential carcinogenic agents; however, these are spread throughout the primary literature. Here, we briefly review recent work on ion channel drugs as promising anti-cancer treatments and present a systematic review of the known cancer-relevant effects of 109 drugs targeting ion channels. The roles of ion channels in cancer are consistent with the importance of bioelectrical parameters in cell regulation and with the functions of bioelectric signaling in morphogenetic signals that act as cancer suppressors. We find that compounds that are well-known for having targets in the nervous system, such as voltage-gated ion channels, ligand-gated ion channels, proton pumps, and gap junctions are especially relevant to cancer. Our review suggests further opportunities for the repurposing of numerous promising candidates in the field of cancer electroceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Kofman
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Michael Levin
- Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University, USA; Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, USA.
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2
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Sanchez-Sandoval AL, Hernández-Plata E, Gomora JC. Voltage-gated sodium channels: from roles and mechanisms in the metastatic cell behavior to clinical potential as therapeutic targets. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1206136. [PMID: 37456756 PMCID: PMC10348687 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1206136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
During the second half of the last century, the prevalent knowledge recognized the voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs) as the proteins responsible for the generation and propagation of action potentials in excitable cells. However, over the last 25 years, new non-canonical roles of VGSCs in cancer hallmarks have been uncovered. Their dysregulated expression and activity have been associated with aggressive features and cancer progression towards metastatic stages, suggesting the potential use of VGSCs as cancer markers and prognostic factors. Recent work has elicited essential information about the signalling pathways modulated by these channels: coupling membrane activity to transcriptional regulation pathways, intracellular and extracellular pH regulation, invadopodia maturation, and proteolytic activity. In a promising scenario, the inhibition of VGSCs with FDA-approved drugs as well as with new synthetic compounds, reduces cancer cell invasion in vitro and cancer progression in vivo. The purpose of this review is to present an update regarding recent advances and ongoing efforts to have a better understanding of molecular and cellular mechanisms on the involvement of both pore-forming α and auxiliary β subunits of VGSCs in the metastatic processes, with the aim at proposing VGSCs as new oncological markers and targets for anticancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Laura Sanchez-Sandoval
- Departamento de Neuropatología Molecular, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
- Medicina Genómica, Hospital General de México “Dr Eduardo Liceaga”, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Everardo Hernández-Plata
- Consejo Nacional de Humanidades, Ciencias y Tecnologías and Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Juan Carlos Gomora
- Departamento de Neuropatología Molecular, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
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Wu HL, Tai YH, Li CC, Cata JP, Wang CW, Chang KY, Tsou MY, Lin SP. Dose-response relationship between epidural bupivacaine dose and mortality risk after surgical resection of nonsmall-cell lung cancer. J Chin Med Assoc 2022; 85:952-957. [PMID: 36150106 DOI: 10.1097/jcma.0000000000000779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preclinical studies have shown that local anesthetics may modify the growth and invasion of cancer cells. However, few clinical studies have evaluated their impact on cancer outcomes after tumor resection. METHODS In this single-center cohort study, patients who underwent surgical resection of stage IA through IIIB nonsmall-cell lung cancer and used patient-controlled epidural analgesia from 2005 to 2015 were recruited and followed until May 2017. Data of the epidural bupivacaine dose for each patient were obtained from infusion pump machines. Proportional hazards regression models were used to analyze the associations between bupivacaine dose with postoperative cancer recurrence and all-cause mortality. RESULTS A total of 464 patients were analyzed. Among these patients, the mean bupivacaine dose was 352 mg (± standard deviation 74 mg). After adjusting for important clinical and pathological covariates, a significant dose-response relationship was observed between epidural bupivacaine dose and all-cause mortality (adjusted hazard ratio: 1.008, 95% confidence interval: 1.001-1.016, p = 0.029). The association between bupivacaine dose and cancer recurrence were not significant (adjusted hazard ratio: 1.000, 95% confidence interval: 0.997-1.002, p = 0.771). Age, sex, body mass index, mean daily maximum pain score, and pathological perineural infiltration were independently associated with bupivacaine dose. CONCLUSION A dose-dependent association was found between epidural bupivacaine dose and long-term mortality among patients following surgical resection of nonsmall-cell lung cancer. Our findings do not support the hypothetical anticancer benefits of local anesthetics. More studies are needed to elucidate the role of local anesthetics in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiang-Ling Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ying-Hsuan Tai
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chun-Cheng Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Juan P Cata
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Chien-Wun Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Kuang-Yi Chang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Mei-Yung Tsou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Shih-Pin Lin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
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Huang X, Chen Y, Yi J, Yi P, Jia J, Liao Y, Feng J, Jiang X. Tetracaine hydrochloride induces cell cycle arrest in melanoma by downregulating hnRNPA1. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2022; 434:115810. [PMID: 34822839 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2021.115810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests potential benefits of applying local anesthetics in cancer patients. Specifically, tetracaine has a potent antitumor effect in diverse cancers, including neuroblastoma, breast cancer, and melanoma; however, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we reported that tetracaine hydrochloride inhibited the growth of melanoma cells and arrested melanoma cells in the G0/G1 phase. Tetracaine hydrochloride treatment resulted in translocation of hnRNPA1 from the nucleoplasm to the nuclear envelope and reduced the protein stability of hnRNPA1 possibly by disrupting the dynamic balance of ubiquitination and neddylation. Elevated hnRNPA1 upregulated cyclin D1 to promote cell cycle in melanoma. The hnRNPA1 overexpression attenuated the effect of tetracaine hydrochloride on melanoma cell growth suppression and cell cycle arrest. Furthermore, melanoma homograft experiments demonstrated that tetracaine hydrochloride suppressed melanoma growth, while hnRNPA1 overexpression alleviated tetracaine's antitumor effect on melanoma. Taken together, our findings suggest that tetracaine hydrochloride exerts a potent antitumor effect on melanoma both in vitro and in vivo, and the effect involves cell cycle arrest induction via downregulation of hnRNPA1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yirong Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Junxiu Yi
- Department of Ultrasound Diagnosis, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China
| | - Peng Yi
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Jing Jia
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yonghong Liao
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Jianguo Feng
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, China.
| | - Xian Jiang
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, China; Department of Anesthesiology, Luzhou People's Hospital, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, China.
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Chen W, Xu Y, Zhang Y, Lou W, Han X. Positive Impact of Intraoperative Epidural Ropivacaine Infusion on Oncologic Outcomes in Pancreatic Cancer Patients Undergoing Pancreatectomy: A Retrospective Cohort Study. J Cancer 2021; 12:4513-4521. [PMID: 34149915 PMCID: PMC8210573 DOI: 10.7150/jca.57661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Previous literatures have demonstrated that regional anesthesia such as epidural anesthesia may affect long-term survival of cancer patients. In the present study, we conducted a retrospective cohort study to investigate the survival impact of intraoperatively epidural ropivacaine infusion on pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) patients. Methods: PDAC patients who underwent pancreatic surgery in Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University from January, 2015 to June, 2018 were included. The surgical procedure was performed under combined endotracheal general anesthesia and thoracic epidural anesthesia, and patient-controlled epidural analgesia (PCEA) with 0.12% ropivacaine was given after surgery for further pain control. Patients were divided into two groups according to their intraoperative epidural ropivacaine concentration: high (0.375%-0.5%) and low (0.15%-0.25%). Survival outcome was compared between groups. Results: A total of 215 patients were enrolled and their baseline characteristics were balanced between groups, except that patients with high concentration ropivacaine received higher total dose opioid and had longer operative time. Resected PDAC patients who were administrated with high concentration ropivacaine through epidural catheter intraoperatively had improved overall survival (median overall survival, mOS, high VS low, 37.6 VS 23.7 months, p=0.04). High epidural ropivacaine concentration was an independent prognostic factor (hazard ratio [HR]=0.65, 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.44-0.94; p=0.03). Subgroups analyses shown that T3M0 PDAC patients with preoperative CA 19-9 higher than 200 U/ml, negative resection margin, and those without tumor deposit and adjuvant radiotherapy could benefit from high concentration of ropivacaine. Conclusion: Intraoperatively epidural infusion with high concentration of ropivacaine was associated with improved OS in PDAC patients undergoing pancreatectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wannan Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Yaolin Xu
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Yueming Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenhui Lou
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaodan Han
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, China
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Soto G, Calero F, Naranjo M. [Lidocaine in oncological surgery: the role of blocking in voltage-gated sodium channels. A narrative review]. Rev Bras Anestesiol 2020; 70:527-533. [PMID: 32951865 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjan.2020.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2019] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The current evidence suggests that oncological surgery, which is a therapy used in the treatment of solid tumors, increases the risk of metastasis. In this regard, a wide range of tumor cells express Voltage-Gated Sodium Channels (VGSC), whose biological roles are not related to the generation of action potentials. In epithelial tumor cells, VGSC are part of cellular structures named invadopodia, involved in cell proliferation, migration, and metastasis. Recent studies showed that lidocaine could decrease cancer recurrence through its direct effects on tumor cells and immunomodulatory properties on the stress response. OBJECTIVE The aim of this narrative review is to highlight the role of VGSC in tumor cells, and to describe the potential antiproliferative effect of lidocaine during the pathogenesis of metastasis. CONTENTS A critical review of literature from April 2017 to April 2019 was performed. Articles found on PubMed (2000-2019) were considered. A free text and MeSH-lidocaine; voltage-gated sodium channels; tumor cells; invadopodia; surgical stress; cell proliferation; metastasis; cancer recurrence-for articles in English, Spanish and Portuguese language-was used. A total of 62 were selected. CONCLUSION In animal studies, lidocaine acts by blocking VGSC and other receptors, decreasing migration, invasion, and metastasis. These studies need to be replicated in humans in the context of oncological surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- German Soto
- Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Carrera de Posgrado de Especialización en Anestesiología, Rosario, Argentina; Hospital Escuela Eva Perón, Granadero Baigorria, Argentina.
| | - Fernanda Calero
- Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Carrera de Posgrado de Especialización en Anestesiología, Rosario, Argentina; Hospital Escuela Eva Perón, Granadero Baigorria, Argentina
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Soto G, Calero F, Naranjo M. Lidocaine in oncological surgery. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF ANESTHESIOLOGY (ENGLISH EDITION) 2020. [PMID: 32951865 PMCID: PMC9373205 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjane.2020.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Background The current evidence suggests that oncological surgery, which is a therapy used in the treatment of solid tumors, increases the risk of metastasis. In this regard, a wide range of tumor cells express Voltage-Gated Sodium Channels (VGSC), whose biological roles are not related to the generation of action potentials. In epithelial tumor cells, VGSC are part of cellular structures named invadopodia, involved in cell proliferation, migration, and metastasis. Recent studies showed that lidocaine could decrease cancer recurrence through its direct effects on tumor cells and immunomodulatory properties on the stress response. Objective The aim of this narrative review is to highlight the role of VGSC in tumor cells, and to describe the potential antiproliferative effect of lidocaine during the pathogenesis of metastasis. Contents A critical review of literature from April 2017 to April 2019 was performed. Articles found on PubMed (2000–2019) were considered. A free text and MeSH-lidocaine; voltage-gated sodium channels; tumor cells; invadopodia; surgical stress; cell proliferation; metastasis; cancer recurrence – for articles in English, Spanish and Portuguese language – was used. A total of 62 were selected. Conclusion In animal studies, lidocaine acts by blocking VGSC and other receptors, decreasing migration, invasion, and metastasis. These studies need to be replicated in humans in the context of oncological surgery.
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8
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Hutchings C, Phillips JA, Djamgoz MBA. Nerve input to tumours: Pathophysiological consequences of a dynamic relationship. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2020; 1874:188411. [PMID: 32828885 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2020.188411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
It is well known that tumours arising in different organs are innervated and that 'perineural invasion' (cancer cells escaping from the tumour by following the nerve trunk) is a negative prognostic factor. More surprisingly, increasing evidence suggests that the nerves can provide active inputs to tumours and there is two-way communication between nerves and cancer cells within the tumour microenvironment. Cells of the immune system also interact with the nerves and cancer cells. Thus, the nerve connections can exert significant control over cancer progression and modulating these (physically or chemically) can affect significantly the cancer process. Nerve inputs to tumours are derived mainly from the sympathetic (adrenergic) and the parasympathetic (cholinergic) systems, which are interactive. An important component of the latter is the vagus nerve, the largest of the cranial nerves. Here, we present a two-part review of the nerve inputs to tumours and their effects on tumorigenesis. First, we review briefly some relevant general issues including ultrastructural aspects, stemness, interactions between neurones and primary tumours, and communication between neurones and metastasizing tumour cells. Ultrastructural characteristics include synaptic vesicles, tumour microtubes and gap junctions enabling formation of cellular networks. Second, we evaluate the pathophysiology of the nerve input to five major carcinomas: cancers of prostate, stomach, colon, lung and pancreas. For each cancer, we present (i) the nerve inputs normally present in the cancer organ and (ii) how these interact and influence the cancer process. The best clinical evidence for the role of nerves in promoting tumorigenesis comes from prostate cancer patients where metastatic progression has been shown to be suppressed significantly in cases of spinal cord injury. The balance of the sympathetic and parasympathetic contributions to early versus late tumorigenesis varies amongst the different cancers. Different branches of the vagus provide functional inputs to several of the carcinomas and, in two-way interaction with the sympathetic nervous system, affect different stages of the cancer process. Overall, the impact of the vagus nerve can be 'direct' or 'indirect'. Directly, the effect of the vagus is primarily to promote tumorigenesis and this is mediated through cholinergic receptor mechanisms. Indirectly, pro- and anti-tumour effects can occur by stimulation or inhibition of the sympathetic nervous system, respectively. Less well understood are the 'indirect' anti-tumour effect of the vagus nerve via immunomodulation/inflammation, and the role of sensory innervation. A frequent occurrence in the nerve-tumour interactions is the presence of positive feedback driven by agents like nerve growth factor. We conclude that the nerve inputs to tumours can actively and dynamically impact upon cancer progression and are open to clinical exploitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Hutchings
- Imperial College London, Department of Life Sciences, Neuroscience Solutions to Cancer Research Group, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Jade A Phillips
- Imperial College London, Department of Life Sciences, Neuroscience Solutions to Cancer Research Group, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Mustafa B A Djamgoz
- Imperial College London, Department of Life Sciences, Neuroscience Solutions to Cancer Research Group, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK; Biotechnology Research Centre, Cyprus International University, Haspolat, Nicosia, TRNC, Mersin 10, Turkey.
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Rizaner N, Uzun S, Fraser SP, Djamgoz MBA, Altun S. Riluzole: Anti-invasive effects on rat prostate cancer cells under normoxic and hypoxic conditions. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2020; 127:254-264. [PMID: 32304618 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.13417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Anti-invasive effects of riluzole and ranolazine, a neuro-protectant and an anti-anginal drug, respectively, on Mat-LyLu rat prostate cancer (PCa) cells were tested in vitro (a) at non-toxic doses and (b) under both normoxic and hypoxic conditions, the latter common to growing tumours. Tetrodotoxin (TTX) was used as a positive control. Hypoxia had no effect on cell viability but reduced growth at 48 hours. Riluzole (5 μmol/L) or ranolazine (20 μmol/L) had no effect on cell viability or growth under normoxia or hypoxia over 24 hours. Matrigel invasion was not affected by hypoxia but inhibited by TTX, ranolazine and riluzole under a range of conditions. The expression of Nav1.7 mRNA, the prevailing, pro-invasive voltage-gated sodium channel α-subunit (VGSCα), was up-regulated by hypoxia. Riluzole had no effect on Nav1.7 mRNA expression in normoxia but significantly reduced it in hypoxia. VGSCα protein expression in plasma membrane was reduced in hypoxia; riluzole increased it but only under hypoxia. It was concluded (a) that riluzole and ranolazine have anti-invasive effects on rat PCa cells and (b) that Nav1.7 mRNA and protein expression can be modulated by riluzole under hypoxia. Overall, therefore, riluzole and ranolazine may ultimately be "repurposed" as anti-metastatic drugs against PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahit Rizaner
- Department of Life Sciences, Neuroscience Solutions to Cancer Research Group, Imperial College London, London, UK.,Biotechnology Research Centre, Cyprus International University, Haspolat, Turkey
| | - Sercan Uzun
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Scott P Fraser
- Department of Life Sciences, Neuroscience Solutions to Cancer Research Group, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Mustafa B A Djamgoz
- Department of Life Sciences, Neuroscience Solutions to Cancer Research Group, Imperial College London, London, UK.,Biotechnology Research Centre, Cyprus International University, Haspolat, Turkey
| | - Seyhan Altun
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey.,Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science and Letters, Istanbul Kultur University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Djamgoz MBA, Fraser SP, Brackenbury WJ. In Vivo Evidence for Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel Expression in Carcinomas and Potentiation of Metastasis. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1675. [PMID: 31661908 PMCID: PMC6895836 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11111675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A wide body of evidence suggests that voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs) are expressed de novo in several human carcinomas where channel activity promotes a variety of cellular behaviours integral to the metastatic cascade. These include directional motility (including galvanotaxis), pH balance, extracellular proteolysis, and invasion. Contrary to the substantial in vitro data, however, evidence for VGSC involvement in the cancer process in vivo is limited. Here, we critically assess, for the first time, the available in vivo evidence, hierarchically from mRNA level to emerging clinical aspects, including protein-level studies, electrolyte content, animal tests, and clinical imaging. The evidence strongly suggests that different VGSC subtypes (mainly Nav1.5 and Nav1.7) are expressed de novo in human carcinoma tissues and generally parallel the situation in vitro. Consistent with this, tissue electrolyte (sodium) levels, quantified by clinical imaging, are significantly higher in cancer vs. matched non-cancer tissues. These are early events in the acquisition of metastatic potential by the cancer cells. Taken together, the multi-faceted evidence suggests that the VGSC expression has clinical (diagnostic and therapeutic) potential as a prognostic marker, as well as an anti-metastatic target. The distinct advantages offered by the VGSC include especially (1) its embryonic nature, demonstrated most clearly for the predominant neonatal Nav1.5 expression in breast and colon cancer, and (2) the specifically druggable persistent current that VGSCs develop under hypoxic conditions, as in growing tumours, which promotes invasiveness and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa B A Djamgoz
- Department of Life Sciences, Neuroscience Solutions to Cancer Research Group, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | - Scott P Fraser
- Department of Life Sciences, Neuroscience Solutions to Cancer Research Group, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | - William J Brackenbury
- Department of Biology and York Biomedical Research Institute, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK.
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Hompoonsup S, Chambers D, Doherty P, Williams G. No transcriptional evidence for active Na v channels in two classes of cancer cell. Channels (Austin) 2019; 13:311-320. [PMID: 31329011 PMCID: PMC6682260 DOI: 10.1080/19336950.2019.1644858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Voltage-gated sodium channel (Nav) expression in non-excitable cells has raised questions regarding their non-canonical roles. Interestingly, a growing body of evidence also points towards the prevalence of aberrant Nav expression in malignant tumors, potentially opening a new therapeutic window. In this study, the transcriptional consequences of channel inhibition were investigated in non-small cell lung carcinoma H460 and neuroblastoma SH-SYSY cell lines, that both express Nav1.7. Channel activity was blocked by the application of both selective, ProTx-II, and non-selective, tetrodotoxin, inhibitors. Global gene expression profiling did not point to any statistically significant inhibition-associated perturbation of the transcriptome. A small subset of genes that showed relatively consistent changes across multiple treatments were further assayed in the context of a multiplex bead expression array which failed to recapitulate the changes seen in the global array. We conclude that there is no robust transcriptional signature associated with the inhibition of two sodium channel expressing cancer cell lines and consequently sodium channel inhibition will not lend itself to therapeutic approaches such as transcription-based drug repurposing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supanida Hompoonsup
- a Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London , London , UK.,b Learning Institute, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi , Bangkok , Thailand
| | - David Chambers
- a Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London , London , UK
| | - Patrick Doherty
- a Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London , London , UK
| | - Gareth Williams
- a Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London , London , UK
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Elmer DA, Tiouririne M. Local Anesthetics (LAs) and Cancer Cell Progression: Is There an
Oncologic Protective Role for LAs in Clinical Practice? CURRENT ANESTHESIOLOGY REPORTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s40140-018-0297-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Johnson M, Crowley P, Foley A, Xue C, Connolly C, Gallagher H, Buggy D. Effect of perioperative lidocaine on metastasis after sevoflurane or ketamine-xylazine anaesthesia for breast tumour resection in a murine model. Br J Anaesth 2018; 121:76-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bja.2017.12.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Intravenous lidocaine infusion. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 65:269-274. [PMID: 29496229 DOI: 10.1016/j.redar.2018.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Systemic lidocaine used in continuous infusion during the peri-operative period has analgesic, anti-hyperalgesic, as well as anti-inflammatory properties. This makes it capable of reducing the use of opioids and inhalational anaesthetics, and the early return of bowel function, and patient hospital stay. The aim of this narrative review was to highlight the pharmacology and indications for clinical application, along with new and interesting research areas. The clinical applications of peri-operative lidocaine infusion have been reviewed in several recent systematic reviews and meta-analyses in patients undergoing open and laparoscopic abdominal procedures, ambulatory procedures, and other types of surgery. Peri-operative lidocaine infusion may be a useful analgesic adjunct in enhanced recovery protocols. Potential benefits of intravenous lidocaine in chronic post-surgical pain, post-operative cognitive dysfunction, and cancer recurrence are under investigation. Due to its immunomodulation properties over surgical stress, current evidence suggests that intravenous lidocaine could be used in the context of multimodal analgesia.
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Lee A, Djamgoz MBA. Triple negative breast cancer: Emerging therapeutic modalities and novel combination therapies. Cancer Treat Rev 2017; 62:110-122. [PMID: 29202431 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2017.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a complex and aggressive subtype of breast cancer which lacks oestrogen receptors, progesterone receptors and HER2 amplification, thereby making it difficult to target therapeutically. In addition, TNBC has the highest rates of metastatic disease and the poorest overall survival of all breast cancer subtypes. Resultantly, development of targeted therapies for TNBC is urgently needed. Recent efforts aimed at molecular characterisation of TNBCs have revealed various emerging therapeutic targets including PARP1, receptor and non-receptor tyrosine kinases, immune-checkpoints, androgen receptor and epigenetic proteins. Key successes include that of the PARP inhibitor, olaparib, which prolonged progression-free survival in a trial of BRCA-mutated breast cancer and for which clinical approval (in this setting) appears imminent. Nevertheless, the heterogeneity of TNBC has limited the clinical benefits of many trialled therapies in 'unselected' patients. Further, drug resistance develops following use of many targeted monotherapies due to upregulation of compensatory signalling pathways. In this review, we evaluate the current status of investigational targeted treatments and present evidence for the role of novel biomarkers and combination therapies in increasing response rates and circumventing drug-induced resistance. Additionally, we discuss promising novel targets in metastatic TNBC identified through preclinical and/or epidemiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Lee
- Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Mustafa B A Djamgoz
- Neuroscience Solution to Cancer Research Group, Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
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Kim R, Kawai A, Wakisaka M, Funaoka Y, Ohtani S, Ito M, Kadoya T, Okada M. Differences in immune response to anesthetics used for day surgery versus hospitalization surgery for breast cancer patients. Clin Transl Med 2017; 6:34. [PMID: 28905322 PMCID: PMC5597561 DOI: 10.1186/s40169-017-0163-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Surgery/anesthetic technique-stimulated immunosuppression may be associated with outcome for cancer patients. Here, the immune responses of patients undergoing day surgery versus hospitalization surgery for breast cancer were compared in a prospective study. METHODS Between February 2012 and August 2014, 21 breast cancer patients underwent day surgery and 16 breast cancer patients underwent hospitalization surgery. The former group received lidocaine/propofol/pethidine, while propofol/systemic opioid- and sevoflurane/propofol/systemic opioid-based anesthesia were administered to the latter group. Surgical stress response was evaluated based on time of operation and amount of bleeding during operation. Immune function was assessed based on natural killer (NK) cell activity, CD4/8 T cell ratio, and cytokine levels of IL-6 and IL-10 that were detected before surgery, after surgery, and on the first postoperative day. RESULTS Operation time did not differ between the two groups. Blood loss was significantly less for the hospitalization surgery group. No change in NK cell activity was observed for either group, although the CD4/8 T cell ratio increased transiently following day surgery. Levels of IL-6 increased significantly in both groups following surgery, and these levels tended to be higher in the hospitalization surgery group. One patient who underwent hospitalization surgery had higher levels of IL-10. CONCLUSIONS There were few differences in immune response between the two groups, potentially since a majority of the hospitalization surgery patients received propofol-based anesthesia. We hypothesize that the use of volatile anesthetic/opioid analgesia in hospitalization surgery has a greater influence on immune function in breast cancer patients than local anesthetic/propofol-based anesthesia in day surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryungsa Kim
- Department of Breast Surgery, Hiroshima Mark Clinic, 1-4-3F, 2-chome, Ohte-machi, Naka-ku, Hiroshima, 730-0051, Japan.
| | - Ami Kawai
- Department of Breast Surgery, Hiroshima Mark Clinic, 1-4-3F, 2-chome, Ohte-machi, Naka-ku, Hiroshima, 730-0051, Japan
| | - Megumi Wakisaka
- Department of Breast Surgery, Hiroshima Mark Clinic, 1-4-3F, 2-chome, Ohte-machi, Naka-ku, Hiroshima, 730-0051, Japan
| | - Yuri Funaoka
- Department of Breast Surgery, Hiroshima Mark Clinic, 1-4-3F, 2-chome, Ohte-machi, Naka-ku, Hiroshima, 730-0051, Japan
| | - Shoichiro Ohtani
- Department of Breast Surgery, Hiroshima City Hospital, 7-33 Moto-machi, Naka-ku, Hiroshima, 730-8518, Japan
| | - Mitsuya Ito
- Department of Breast Surgery, Hiroshima City Hospital, 7-33 Moto-machi, Naka-ku, Hiroshima, 730-8518, Japan
| | - Takayuki Kadoya
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3-Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-0037, Japan
| | - Morihito Okada
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3-Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-0037, Japan
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Levobuipivacaine-Induced Dissemination of A549 Lung Cancer Cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8646. [PMID: 28819223 PMCID: PMC5561232 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08885-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
While anaesthetics are frequently used on cancer patients during surgical procedures, their consequence on cancer progression remains to be elucidated. In this study, we sought to investigate the influence of local anesthetics on lung cancer cell dissemination in vitro and in vivo. A549 human non-small lung cancer cells were treated with various local anaesthetics including ropivacaine, lidocaine, levobupivacaine and bupivacaine. Cell barrier property was assessed using an electric cell-substrate impedance sensing (ECIS) system. The epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of treated cells was studied by immunofluorescence staining. In vitro and in vivo cancer cell dissemination were investigated.Gene expression microarray and quantitative real-time PCR (qrt-PCR) assays were used to identify the genes responsible for levobupivacaine-mediated cancer cell dissemination.The results illustrated that only levobupivacaine induced EMT in the treated cells and also caused the dissemination of cancer cells in vitro. In addition, after intravenous injection, levobupivacaine encouraged cancer cell dissemination in vivo. Gene expression microarray, qrt-PCR and immunoblotting revealed that after levobupivacaine treatment, the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)- 2α gene was upregulated in cancer cells. Our findings suggest that levobupivacaine may induce A549 lung cancer cell dissemination both in vitro and in vivo. More specifically, HIF-2α signaling possibly contributes to levobupivacaine-mediated A549 lung cancer cell dissemination.
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19
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Wang HW, Wang LY, Jiang L, Tian SM, Zhong TD, Fang XM. Amide-linked local anesthetics induce apoptosis in human non-small cell lung cancer. J Thorac Dis 2016; 8:2748-2757. [PMID: 27867550 DOI: 10.21037/jtd.2016.09.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A retrospective analysis of patients undergoing cancer surgery suggested that using local anesthetics could reduce cancer recurrence and improve survival rate. Previous studies have indicated that local anesthetics may induce apoptosis in several kinds of cells in vitro, but the mechanism is unclear. METHODS Cell viability was analyzed by MTS; reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP, ∆Ψm), cell cycle distribution, and cell apoptosis assay were detected by flow cytometry; DNA damage was measured by comet assay; cell invasion and migration were observed by microscopy; The expression level of related proteins was detected by western blot assay. RESULTS The results indicated that lidocaine and ropivacaine could decrease viability, induce G0/G1 phase arrest and apoptosis in human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells A549 and H520. Invasion and migration were suppressed. Western blot indicated the related apoptotic pathways proteins changed accordingly. Additionally, lidocaine and ropivacaine downregulated ∆Ψm, provoked DNA damage, upregulated ROS production and activated mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways in A549 and H520 cells. CONCLUSIONS The cytotoxic effect of amide-linked local anesthetics on NSCLC cells were mainly due to apoptosis. The antitumor mechanism of lidocaine and ropivacaine may involve apoptotic pathways and MAPK pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Wei Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Le-Yi Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Li Jiang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Su-Ming Tian
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Tai-Di Zhong
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Xiang-Ming Fang
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
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Fuzier R, Izard P, Cabos C, Chaminade B, Pouymayou J. Chronic Cancer-Related Pain: Continuous Perineural Infusion of Local Anesthetics as Alternative to Systemic Analgesic Drugs. J Pain Palliat Care Pharmacother 2016; 30:195-200. [PMID: 27322898 DOI: 10.1080/15360288.2016.1192082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Pain is a major concern for patients suffering from cancer. Although opioid drugs remain the gold standard for treatment of pain, little is known about the interest of continuous analgesia techniques as alternative. The aim of the present article is to detail the feasibility and to present the diversity of continuous perineural infusion of local anesthetic. A series of five patients suffering from different cancer-related pain is presented. A continuous perineural block was proposed to patients presenting with unbearable pain in an area innervated by a plexus or a nerve despite parenteral analgesic pharmacotherapy. All blocks were performed in a surgical theatre under sterile conditions. An initial bolus dose with 3.75 mg/mL ropivacaine was injected followed by a continuous infusion of 2 mg/mL of ropivacaine. Patient-controlled perineural analgesia was started at home by a nursing network. The technique, the efficacy, and the side effects were reported. Complete pain relief was noted 15 minutes after local anesthetic injection in the five cases, and efficacy was maintained during the following days at home, with no other analgesic treatment required. One patient restarted working a few weeks after catheter insertion. The catheter duration lasted for 12 to 110 days. One catheter was removed because of local anesthetic leak at the puncture point. Some paresthesia was noted in one patient. No other side effect was noted. No infection was reported. In selected patients, continuous perineural infusion of local anesthetics appears to be an attractive alternative to parenteral opioids for cancer-related pain. Further investigation is warranted to better define the place of these techniques in the armamentarium of cancer-related pain treatment.
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Systemic Lidocaine Fails to Improve Postoperative Pain, But Reduces Time to Discharge Readiness in Patients Undergoing Laparoscopic Sterilization in Day-Case Surgery. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2016; 41:362-7. [DOI: 10.1097/aap.0000000000000398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Xu YJ, Li SY, Cheng Q, Chen WK, Wang SL, Ren Y, Miao CH. Effects of anaesthesia on proliferation, invasion and apoptosis of LoVo colon cancer cells in vitro. Anaesthesia 2015; 71:147-54. [PMID: 26669824 DOI: 10.1111/anae.13331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Tumour cell proliferation, invasion and apoptosis are crucial steps in tumour metastasis. We evaluated the effect of serum from patients undergoing colon cancer surgery receiving thoracic epidural and propofol anaesthesia on colon cancer cell biology. Patients were randomly assigned to receive propofol anaesthesia with a concomitant thoracic epidural (PEA, n = 20) or sevoflurane anaesthesia with opioid analgesia (SGA, n = 20). Venous blood was obtained before induction of anaesthesia and 24 hours postoperatively. The LoVo colon cancer cells were cultured with patient serum from both groups and the effects on proliferation, invasion and apoptosis were measured. Twenty-four hours after surgery, the absorbance value of LoVo cells at 10% serum concentration from PEA was decreased when compared with SGA (0.302 (0.026) vs 0.391 (0.066), p = 0.005). The inhibitory rate of LoVo cells at 10% serum concentration from PEA was higher than that from SGA (p = 0.004) 24 h after surgery. The number of invasive LoVo cells at 10% serum concentration from PEA was reduced when compared with SGA (44 (4) vs 62 (4), p < 0.001). Exposure of LoVo cells to postoperative serum from patients receiving PEA led to a higher luminescence ratio (apoptosis) than those receiving SGA (0.36 (0.04) vs 0.27 (0.05), p < 0.001). Serum from patients receiving PEA for colon cancer surgery inhibited proliferation and invasion of LoVo cells and induced apoptosis in vitro more than that from patients receiving SGA. Anaesthetic technique might influence the serum milieu in a way that affects cancer cell biology and, thereby, tumour metastastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y J Xu
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - S Y Li
- Pathology Office, Shanghai University of Tranditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Q Cheng
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - W K Chen
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - S L Wang
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Y Ren
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - C H Miao
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Tedore T. Regional anaesthesia and analgesia: relationship to cancer recurrence and survival. Br J Anaesth 2015; 115 Suppl 2:ii34-45. [DOI: 10.1093/bja/aev375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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Bugan I, Karagoz Z, Altun S, Djamgoz MBA. Gabapentin, an Analgesic Used Against Cancer-Associated Neuropathic Pain: Effects on Prostate Cancer Progression in anIn VivoRat Model. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2015; 118:200-7. [DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ilknur Bugan
- Department of Biology; Faculty of Science; Istanbul University; Vezneciler Istanbul Turkey
| | - Zeynep Karagoz
- Department of Biology; Faculty of Science; Istanbul University; Vezneciler Istanbul Turkey
| | - Seyhan Altun
- Department of Biology; Faculty of Science; Istanbul University; Vezneciler Istanbul Turkey
| | - Mustafa B. A. Djamgoz
- Department of Life Sciences; Sir Alexander Fleming Building; Imperial College London; South Kensington Campus; London UK
- Biotechnology Research Centre; Cyprus International University; Haspolat North Cyprus
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