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Javandoust Gharehbagh F, Soltani-Zangbar MS, Yousefzadeh Y. Immunological mechanisms in preeclampsia: A narrative review. J Reprod Immunol 2024; 164:104282. [PMID: 38901108 DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2024.104282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Maternal immunologic mechanisms for tolerance are essential for a successful pregnancy because they prevent maladaptive immune responses to the placenta and semi-allogeneic fetus and promote fetal growth. Preeclampsia is a major global cause of fetal mortality and morbidity. It is characterized by new-onset hypertension and proteinuria that occurs at twenty weeks of pregnancy or later. Preeclampsia is defined by a rise in cytokines that are pro-inflammatory and antiangiogenic components in the fetoplacental unit and the vascular endothelium of pregnant women, as well as an excessive and increasing stimulation of the immune system. Crucially, inflammation can result in low birth weight and inadequate placental perfusion in neonates. Preeclampsia, which is ultimately connected to inflammatory responses, can be impacted by several immunological mechanisms. Our goal in this work was to compile the most recent research on the pathoimmunology of preeclampsia, including studies on angiogenic variables and, in particular, immunological components.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohammad Sadegh Soltani-Zangbar
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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The Roles of Uterine Natural Killer (NK) Cells and KIR/HLA-C Combination in the Development of Preeclampsia: A Systematic Review. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:4808072. [PMID: 32309433 PMCID: PMC7149372 DOI: 10.1155/2020/4808072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Preeclampsia (PE) is termed as a systemic disease that involves multiple organs; however, the exact etiology is still quite unclear. It is believed that the poor remodeling of uterine spiral arteries triggers PE, thereby causing failed placentation and producing inflammatory factors. The decline of blood flow results in lowering the nutrients and oxygen received by the fetus and augmenting the placental pressure in PE. Decidual immune cells, especially uterine natural killer (uNK) cells, are involved in the process of placentation. Decidual NK (dNK) cells significantly contribute to the vascular remodeling through the secretion of cytokines and angiogenic mediators in normal placental development. The abnormal activation of NK cells in both the peripheral blood and the decidua was counted among the causes leading to PE. The correlation existing between maternal killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) and HLA-C in trophoblast cells constitutes a robust evidence for the genetic etiology of PE. The combinations of the two kinds of gene systems, together with the KIR genotype in the mother and the HLA-C group in her fetus, are likely to exactly decide the pregnancy outcome. The women, who have the inappropriate match of KIR/HLA-C, are likely to be prone to the augmented risk of PE. However, the combinations of KIR/HLA-C in PE undergo ethnic changes. The extensive prospective research works in Europe, Asia, and Africa are required for providing more findings in PE patients.
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Akın M, Aral LA, Yavuz A, Karabacak H, Dikmen K, Bostancı H. Plasma human leukocyte antigen-G (HLA-G) in patients with thyroid cancer. Turk J Med Sci 2017; 47:1263-1266. [PMID: 29156872 DOI: 10.3906/sag-1611-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/aim: A number of tumor markers detected in the serum or pathological specimens using immunohistochemical methods are used for early detection of malignancies and postoperative follow-up. Human leukocyte antigen-G (HLA-G) is a nonclassic HLA class I molecule. Recent studies suggested a relationship between HLA-G positivity and the stage or the phenotype of the malignancy. In this study, the relationship between serum HLA-G positivity and thyroid cancer was investigated. Materials and methods: Fifty patients with thyroid cancer and 45 healthy volunteers were included in this study. Serum HLA-G levels were measured using ELISA. Results: HLA-G was positive in only 3 out of 50 patients with thyroid cancer (2 papillary, 1 follicular type). On the other hand, HLA-G was positive in 20 out of 45 healthy subjects (P < 0.001). The prevalence of detectable levels of serum HLA-G was independent of sex and age in the whole study population. No correlation was found between serum HLA-G value and thyroid hormone profile, neither in papillary thyroid cancer nor follicular thyroid cancer patients. Conclusion: In this study, serum HLA-G was significantly less common in patients with thyroid cancer than in healthy controls.
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Ruck T, Bittner S, Afzali AM, Göbel K, Glumm S, Kraft P, Sommer C, Kleinschnitz C, Preuße C, Stenzel W, Wiendl H, Meuth SG. The NKG2D-IL-15 signaling pathway contributes to T-cell mediated pathology in inflammatory myopathies. Oncotarget 2016; 6:43230-43. [PMID: 26646698 PMCID: PMC4791228 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
NKG2D is an activating receptor on T cells, which has been implicated in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. T cells are critically involved in idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIM) and have been proposed as specific therapeutic targets. However, the mechanisms underlying T cell-mediated progressive muscle destruction in IIM remain to be elucidated. We here determined the involvement of the NKG2D – IL-15 signaling pathway. Primary human myoblasts expressed NKG2D ligands, which were further upregulated upon inflammatory stimuli. In parallel, shedding of the soluble NKG2D ligand MICA (sMICA) decreased upon inflammation potentially diminishing inhibition of NKG2D signaling. Membrane-related expression of IL-15 by myoblasts induced differentiation of naïve CD8+ T cells into highly activated, cytotoxic CD8+NKG2Dhigh T cells demonstrating NKG2D-dependent lysis of myoblasts in vitro. CD8+NKG2Dhigh T cell frequencies were increased in the peripheral blood of polymyositis (PM) patients and correlated with serum creatinine kinase concentrations, while serum sMICA levels were not significantly changed. In muscle biopsy specimens from PM patients expression of the NKG2D ligand MICA/B was upregulated, IL-15 was expressed by muscle cells, CD68+ macrophages as well as CD4+ T cells, and CD8+NKG2D+ cells were frequently detected within inflammatory infiltrates arguing for a local signaling circuit in the inflammatory muscle milieu. In conclusion, the NKG2D – IL-15 signaling pathway contributes to progressive muscle destruction in IIM potentially opening new therapeutic avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Ruck
- Department of Neurology, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Stefan Bittner
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Kerstin Göbel
- Department of Neurology, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Sarah Glumm
- Department of Neurology, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Peter Kraft
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Claudia Sommer
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | | | - Corinna Preuße
- Department of Neuropathology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Werner Stenzel
- Department of Neuropathology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Heinz Wiendl
- Department of Neurology, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Sven G Meuth
- Department of Neurology, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
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Tournadre A, Lenief V, Eljaafari A, Miossec P. Immature muscle precursors are a source of interferon-β in myositis: Role of Toll-like receptor 3 activation and contribution to HLA class I up-regulation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 64:533-41. [DOI: 10.1002/art.33350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Ghandri N, Gabbouj S, Farhat K, Bouaouina N, Abdelaziz H, Nouri A, Chouchane L, Hassen E. Association of HLA-G polymorphisms with nasopharyngeal carcinoma risk and clinical outcome. Hum Immunol 2011; 72:150-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2010.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2010] [Revised: 09/17/2010] [Accepted: 10/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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HoWangYin KY, Caumartin J, Favier B, Daouya M, Yaghi L, Carosella ED, LeMaoult J. Proper regrafting of Ig-like transcript 2 after trogocytosis allows a functional cell-cell transfer of sensitivity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 186:2210-8. [PMID: 21242521 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1000547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The acquisition by T cells of exogenous ligands originally expressed by APC has been already described. However, reports essentially focused on the outward signaling of acquired ligands and their effects on surroundings cells. We investigated the function of transferred receptors (not ligands) on the T cells that acquired them (not on cells they interact with). We show that inhibitory Ig-like transcript 2 receptors efficiently transfer from monocytes to autologous T cells by trogocytosis and integrate within the plasma membrane of the acquirer T cells. Furthermore, the acquired receptors can access compatible signaling machinery within acquirer T cells and use it to signal and alter the functions of their new host cells. These data are a formal demonstration that a transferred molecule may send signals to its new host cell. We also provide evidence that sensitivity to modulatory molecules can be acquired from other cells and introduce the notion of intercellular transfer of sensitivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiave-Yune HoWangYin
- Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique, Institut d'Imagerie BioMedicale, Service de Recherches en Hemato-Immunologie, 75475 Paris, France
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Keller CW, Fokken C, Turville SG, Lünemann A, Schmidt J, Münz C, Lünemann JD. TNF-alpha induces macroautophagy and regulates MHC class II expression in human skeletal muscle cells. J Biol Chem 2010; 286:3970-80. [PMID: 20980264 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.159392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy, a homeostatic process that shuttles cytoplasmic constituents into endosomal and lysosomal compartments, has recently been shown to deliver antigens for presentation on major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules. Skeletal muscle fibers show a high level of constitutive macroautophagy and express MHC class II molecules upon immune activation. We found that tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), a monokine overexpressed in inflammatory myopathies, led to a marked up-regulation of macroautophagy in skeletal myocytes. Furthermore, TNF-α augmented surface expression of MHC class II molecules in interferon-γ (IFN-γ)-treated myoblasts. The synergistic effect of TNF-α and IFN-γ on the induction of MHC class II surface expression was not reflected by higher intracellular human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DR levels and was reversed by macroautophagy inhibition, suggesting that TNF-α facilitates antigen processing via macroautophagy for more efficient MHC class II loading. Muscle biopsies from patients with sporadic inclusion body myositis, a well defined myopathy with chronic inflammation, showed that over 20% of fibers that contained autophagosomes costained for MHC class II molecules and that more than 40% of double-positive muscle fibers had contact with CD4(+) and CD8(+) immune cells. These findings establish a mechanism through which TNF-α regulates both macroautophagy and MHC class II expression and suggest that macroautophagy-mediated antigen presentation contributes to the immunological environment of the inflamed human skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian W Keller
- Laboratory of Viral Immunobiology, Christopher H. Browne Center for Immunology and Immune Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, USA
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Kusanovic JP, Romero R, Jodicke C, Mazaki-Tovi S, Vaisbuch E, Erez O, Mittal P, Gotsch F, Chaiworapongsa T, Edwin SS, Pacora P, Hassan SS. Amniotic fluid soluble human leukocyte antigen-G in term and preterm parturition, and intra-amniotic infection/inflammation. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2009; 22:1151-66. [PMID: 19916713 PMCID: PMC3424396 DOI: 10.3109/14767050903019684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Circulating soluble human leukocyte antigen-G (sHLA-G) has been associated with pregnancy complications, and determination of sHLA-G concentrations in amniotic fluid (AF) has been reported in normal pregnancies. Our aim was to determine if the AF concentrations of sHLA-G change with advancing gestation, spontaneous labor at term, and in patients with spontaneous preterm labor (PTL) with intact membranes, as well as in those with preterm prelabor rupture of membranes (PROM), in the presence or absence of intra-amniotic infection/inflammation (IAI). STUDY DESIGN This cross-sectional study included the following groups: (1) mid-trimester (n = 55); (2) normal pregnancy at term with (n = 50) and without (n = 50) labor; (3) spontaneous PTL with intact membranes divided into: (a) PTL who delivered at term (n = 153); (b) PTL who delivered preterm without IAI (n = 108); and (c) PTL with IAI (n = 84); and (4) preterm PROM with (n = 46) and without (n = 44) IAI. sHLA-G concentrations were determined by ELISA. Non-parametric statistics were used for analysis. RESULTS (1) Among patients with PTL, the median AF sHLA-G concentration was higher in patients with IAI than in those without IAI or women that delivered at term (p < 0.001 for both comparisons); (2) Similarly, patients with preterm PROM and IAI had higher median AF sHLA-G concentrations than those without IAI (p = 0.004); (3) Among patients with PTL and delivery, those with histologic chorioamnionitis and/or funisitis had a higher median AF sHLA-G concentration than those without histologic inflammation (p < 0.001); and (4) The median AF sHLA-G concentration did not change with advancing gestational age. CONCLUSIONS AF sHLA-G concentrations are elevated in preterm parturition associated to IAI as well as in histologic chorioamnionitis. We propose that sHLA-G may participate in the regulation of the host immune response against intra-amniotic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Pedro Kusanovic
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland and Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Roberto Romero
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland and Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Cristiano Jodicke
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland and Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Shali Mazaki-Tovi
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland and Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Edi Vaisbuch
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland and Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Offer Erez
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland and Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Pooja Mittal
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland and Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Francesca Gotsch
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland and Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Tinnakorn Chaiworapongsa
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland and Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Sam S. Edwin
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland and Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Percy Pacora
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland and Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Sonia S. Hassan
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland and Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Detroit, Michigan, USA
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Abstract
The idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIM) are systemic autoimmune diseases that have predominant mononuclear inflammatory cell infiltrates in the skeletal muscle. The cells that are typically involved in the pathogenesis of disease are B-lymphocytes, T-lymphocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, and natural killer cells. However, in addition to these immune cells, cells of nonimmunologic origin, such as myocytes, may be directly involved in the immune response. The local milieu also consists of distinct cytokine and chemokine profiles considered related to type 1 interferon stimulation. Tumor necrosis factor and interleukin 1 are also prominent, proinflammatory cytokines involved in the evolution of IIM. Although the pathologic processes involved in IIM have yet to be fully elucidated, we understand the inflammatory milieu is a model of dynamic flux made of diverse cytokine and chemokine expressions leading to alterations in muscle fiber structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann M Reed
- Division of Rheumatology, Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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Wu J, Zhang W, Hernandez-Lopez P, Fabelo E, Parikh M, Mulloy LL, Horuzsko A. Isoforms of human leukocyte antigen-G and their inhibitory receptors in human kidney allograft acceptance. Hum Immunol 2009; 70:988-94. [PMID: 19664670 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2009.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2009] [Revised: 07/29/2009] [Accepted: 07/30/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Novel therapeutic strategies such as the modulation of dendritic cell and T-cell function have exhibited great potential in clinical transplantation. Human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-G is a molecule that plays a significant role in establishing complex mechanisms to protect semiallogeneic fetuses from rejection by the maternal immune system. The unique characteristics of both cell-surface and soluble isoforms of HLA-G, the formation of disulfide-bonded dimers with the potential to augment inhibitory receptor signaling, and the function of HLA-G as a preferential ligand for the immunoglobulin-like transcript receptors make HLA-G very important in fundamental approaches for the modulation of immune responses to improve allogeneic graft survival in clinical transplantation. Experimental data from several groups as well as our data from experiments involving HLA-G-mediated human tolerogenic dendritic cells in vitro and receptor transgenic mice in vivo indicate that different isoforms of HLA-G have various immunomodulatory effects through the inhibitory receptors. This knowledge is crucial in understanding mechanisms of prolongation of allograft survival. The analyses of HLA-G isoforms and inhibitory receptors in patients with kidney allograft and the relationship among different isoforms of HLA-G, inhibitory receptors, their mediated immunoregulation, and graft acceptance or failure will be discussed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Wu
- Center for Molecular Chaperone/Radiobiology and Cancer Virology, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
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Yong P, Kim SJ, Lee SJ, Kim BS. Serum level of soluble human leukocyte antigen-G molecules in non-Hodgkin lymphoma: Does it have a prognostic value? Leuk Lymphoma 2009; 49:1623-6. [DOI: 10.1080/10428190802129934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Huang YH, Zozulya AL, Weidenfeller C, Schwab N, Wiendl H. T cell suppression by naturally occurring HLA-G-expressing regulatory CD4+ T cells is IL-10-dependent and reversible. J Leukoc Biol 2009; 86:273-81. [PMID: 19401389 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1008649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4(+) T cells constitutively expressing the immune-tolerogenic HLA-G have been described recently as a new type of nT(reg) (HLA-G(pos) T(reg)) in humans. HLA-G(pos) T(reg) accumulate at sites of inflammation and are potent suppressors of T cell proliferation in vitro, suggesting their role in immune regulation. We here characterize the mechanism of how CD4(+) HLA-G(pos) T(reg) influence autologous HLA-G(neg) T(resp) function. Using a suppression system free of APC, we demonstrate a T-T cell interaction, resulting in suppression of HLA-G(neg) T(resp), which is facilitated by TCR engagement on HLA-G(pos) T(reg). Suppression is independent of cell-cell contact and is reversible, as the removal of HLA-G(pos) T(reg) from the established coculture restored the proliferative capability of responder cells. Further, HLA-G(pos) T(reg)-mediated suppression critically depends on the secretion of IL-10 but not TGF-beta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hwa Huang
- Department of Neurology, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
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Waschbisch A, Wintterle S, Lochmüller H, Walter MC, Wischhusen J, Kieseier BC, Wiendl H. Human muscle cells express the costimulatory molecule B7-H3, which modulates muscle-immune interactions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 58:3600-8. [DOI: 10.1002/art.23997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Carosella ED, HoWangYin KY, Favier B, LeMaoult J. HLA-G–dependent suppressor cells: Diverse by nature, function, and significance. Hum Immunol 2008; 69:700-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2008.08.280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2008] [Revised: 08/01/2008] [Accepted: 08/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Schwab N, Waschbisch A, Wrobel B, Lochmüller H, Sommer C, Wiendl H. Human myoblasts modulate the function of antigen-presenting cells. J Neuroimmunol 2008; 200:62-70. [PMID: 18644633 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2008.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2008] [Revised: 06/06/2008] [Accepted: 06/09/2008] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Muscle biopsy specimens of myositis patients were analyzed for the presence of dendritic cells (DC) and macrophages (MPh) by immunohistochemistry. The interaction of DC and myoblasts (MB) was studied by coculture and effects on DC phenotype and function were assessed by flow cytometry and T-cell proliferation assays. Effects of MB-lysates on the phagocytic capacity of MPh were analyzed in bead-incorporation assays. Myositis specimens revealed a tendency towards more immature DC. MB modulated the maturation state of DC and DC recovered from MB-coculture had an inhibitory effect on T-cell proliferation. MB-lysates strongly stimulated MPh phagocytosis. Hypothetically, MB might modulate APC, counterbalancing immune-mediated damage.
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Carosella ED, Moreau P, Lemaoult J, Rouas-Freiss N. HLA-G: from biology to clinical benefits. Trends Immunol 2008; 29:125-32. [PMID: 18249584 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2007.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 282] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2007] [Revised: 11/20/2007] [Accepted: 11/27/2007] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The relevance of the nonclassical human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I molecule HLA-G in human physiological and pathological contexts has been the center of intense investigation. In light of the recent advances, we report here the clinical implications of HLA-G as a tolerogenic molecule promoting uterine implantation of the embryo or acceptance of solid allografts while allowing the evasion of tumors or viruses from the immune response. These recent findings are important in terms of clinical benefits at both diagnostic and therapeutic levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgardo D Carosella
- Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie, Service de Recherches en Hémato-Immunologie, Hôpital Saint-Louis, IUH, 1 75010 Paris, France
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Wischhusen J, Waschbisch A, Wiendl H. Immune-refractory cancers and their little helpers--an extended role for immunetolerogenic MHC molecules HLA-G and HLA-E? Semin Cancer Biol 2007; 17:459-68. [PMID: 17768067 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2007.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2007] [Revised: 07/04/2007] [Accepted: 07/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
There is strong evidence to support a role for non-classical MHC class I (class Ib) molecules, most notably HLA-E and HLA-G in tumour immune escape. In this article, we summarize the current knowledge on their expression, regulation and functional relevance in various malignancies, particularly brain tumours. Special emphasis is devoted to the phenomenon that these tolerogenic molecules are expressed by non-transformed cells that are found in close neighborhood to tumour cells representing either parenchymal cells or immune cells attracted to the tumour microenvironment. Here they may act as "natural" or "inducible" suppressors of anti-tumoural immune responses. We thus speculate about the role of HLA-G expressing T cells, a novel population of natural regulatory cells that was identified recently. It is suggested that various cell types within a tumour cooperate in order to inhibit anti-tumour immunity-and that immunetolerogenic HLA-G may play a major role in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Wischhusen
- Department for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, School of Medicine, Josef-Schneider-Strasse 4, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
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Sebti Y, Le Maux A, Gros F, De Guibert S, Pangault C, Rouas-Freiss N, Bernard M, Amiot L. Expression of functional soluble human leucocyte antigen-G molecules in lymphoproliferative disorders. Br J Haematol 2007; 138:202-12. [PMID: 17593027 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2007.06647.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Membrane-bound and soluble human leucocyte antigen-G (sHLA-G) molecules display immunotolerant properties favouring tumour cell escape from immune surveillance. sHLA-G molecules have been detected in several tumour pathologies; this study aimed to evaluate sHLA-G expression in lymphoproliferative disorders. sHLA-G plasma level was significantly increased in 110 of 178 newly diagnosed lymphoid proliferations cases i.e. 59% of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, 65% of B non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHL) and 58% of T-NHL. To assess the mechanisms involved in this secretion, the differential effect of cytokines was tested in in vitro cultures of NHL cells. A significant induction of sHLA-G level was shown in T-NHL in contrast with B-NHL and normal equivalent cells, after cytokine stimulation with (i) interferongamma (IFNgamma), interleukin-2 (IL-2) and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, (ii) IL-10 and (iii) transforming growth factor beta. An impact of microenvironment on sHLA-G expression was found in B-NHL as shown by the in vitro effect of addition of normal monocytes. Finally, a functional effect of sHLA-G molecules purified from pathologic plasma was demonstrated by their strong capacity to inhibit T-cell proliferation at concentrations currently observed during these disorders. These results suggest that functional sHLA-G molecules are upregulated in lymphoproliferative disorders which can support their potential immunomodulatory role during this pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmine Sebti
- UPRES Immunologie Hématologie, Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France
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22
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Zhu CH, Mouly V, Cooper RN, Mamchaoui K, Bigot A, Shay JW, Di Santo JP, Butler-Browne GS, Wright WE. Cellular senescence in human myoblasts is overcome by human telomerase reverse transcriptase and cyclin-dependent kinase 4: consequences in aging muscle and therapeutic strategies for muscular dystrophies. Aging Cell 2007; 6:515-23. [PMID: 17559502 DOI: 10.1111/j.1474-9726.2007.00306.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Cultured human myoblasts fail to immortalize following the introduction of telomerase. The availability of an immortalization protocol for normal human myoblasts would allow one to isolate cellular models from various neuromuscular diseases, thus opening the possibility to develop and test novel therapeutic strategies. The parameters limiting the efficacy of myoblast transfer therapy (MTT) could be assessed in such models. Finally, the presence of an unlimited number of cell divisions, and thus the ability to clone cells after experimental manipulations, reduces the risks of insertional mutagenesis by many orders of magnitude. This opportunity for genetic modification provides an approach for creating a universal donor that has been altered to be more therapeutically useful than its normal counterpart. It can be engineered to function under conditions of chronic damage (which are very different than the massive regeneration conditions that recapitulate normal development), and to overcome the biological problems such as cell death and failure to proliferate and migrate that limit current MTT strategies. We describe here the production and characterization of a human myogenic cell line, LHCN-M2, that has overcome replicative aging due to the expression of telomerase and cyclin-dependent kinase 4. We demonstrate that it functions as well as young myoblasts in xenotransplant experiments in immunocompromized mice under conditions of regeneration following muscle damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Hong Zhu
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390-9039, USA
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23
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Rudstein-Svetlicky N, Loewenthal R, Horejsi V, Gazit E. HLA-G levels in serum and plasma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 69 Suppl 1:140-2. [PMID: 17445189 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0039.2006.763_4.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Soluble human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-G levels are in most cases higher in the plasma than in the serum obtained from the same individual. This is probably due to trapping of the protein during clot formation. In studies where soluble HLA-G is quantified, it is therefore recommended that plasma or serum levels should be compared with the same blood product, namely, serum to serum and plasma to plasma. Because of possible gender differences in HLA-G levels it is also recommended that this should be considered in the construction of a control group especially in studies where there is a preponderance of one of the sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Rudstein-Svetlicky
- TissueTyping Laboratory, Sheba Medical Center and Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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24
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Roussev RG, Ng SC, Coulam CB. Natural killer cell functional activity suppression by intravenous immunoglobulin, intralipid and soluble human leukocyte antigen-G. Am J Reprod Immunol 2007; 57:262-9. [PMID: 17362387 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.2007.00473.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM The purpose of this study was to compare the ability of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg), intralipid and soluble human leukocyte antigen (sHLA)-G to suppress natural killer (NK) cell cytotoxicity in an in vitro assay. METHOD OF STUDY Blood samples taken from 275 women experiencing reproductive failure were analyzed for NK cytotoxicity and the suppression of NK cytotoxicity by IVIg 4 and 2 mg/mL (n = 275), intralipid 18 and 9 mg/mL (n = 275) and sHLA-G 70 and 35 ng/mL (n = 50) using immunofluorescent labeled K562 cells as targets and flow cytometry. RESULTS Natural killer cytotoxicity was suppressed in all samples. Among patients with normal NK cell activity, IVIg suppressed NK cytotoxicity by 44.9 +/- 8.1%, intralipid suppressed NK killing by 45.2 +/- 8.3% and sHLA-G suppressed by 49.0 +/- 9.2%. When specimens with abnormal NK activity were observed for suppression of cytotoxicity, IVIg suppressed by 38.9 +/- 5.4%, intralipid suppressed by 39.8 +/- 6.2% and sHLA-G suppressed by 39.9 +/- 5.0%. CONCLUSION Intravenous immunoglobulin, intralipid and sHLA-G suppressed NK cell cytotoxicity with equal efficacy in an in vitro assay.
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MESH Headings
- Abortion, Habitual/immunology
- Abortion, Habitual/prevention & control
- Cells, Cultured
- Fat Emulsions, Intravenous/metabolism
- Fat Emulsions, Intravenous/pharmacology
- Female
- Flow Cytometry
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique
- HLA Antigens/immunology
- HLA Antigens/metabolism
- HLA Antigens/pharmacology
- HLA-G Antigens
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/immunology
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/metabolism
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/pharmacology
- Humans
- Immunoglobulins, Intravenous/immunology
- Immunoglobulins, Intravenous/metabolism
- Immunoglobulins, Intravenous/pharmacology
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Pregnancy
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25
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Abstract
Human NK cell-mediated graft rejection is likely to be one of several biological obstacles to routine pig-to-human xenotransplantation. Abrogating NK cell activation by either elimination of activating ligands on porcine cells or expression of molecules serving as ligands for NK cell inhibitory receptors, or both, could overcome this hurdle. HLA-E and -G exhibit very limited polymorphism and are ligands for NK cell inhibitory receptors. This review summarizes successes and limitations of their use in xenotransplantation as inferred from ex vivo analyses of NK cell activity, highlights potential effects they may have on T-cell responses, and considers prospects of preclinical trials and potential outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Crew
- Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System and Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
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26
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Feger U, Tolosa E, Huang YH, Waschbisch A, Biedermann T, Melms A, Wiendl H. HLA-G expression defines a novel regulatory T-cell subset present in human peripheral blood and sites of inflammation. Blood 2007; 110:568-77. [PMID: 17371944 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2006-11-057125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells can inhibit harmful immunopathologic responses directed against self and foreign antigens and play a major role in controlling autoimmunity. Here we have identified and characterized a subpopulation of CD4 and CD8 T cells in human peripheral blood expressing the immune tolerizing molecule HLA-G. HLA-G-expressing T cells are hypoproliferative, are CD25- and FOXP3-negative, and exhibit potent suppressive properties that are partially mediated by HLA-G. HLA-G-positive (HLA-G(pos)) T cells are found at low percentages among CD4 and CD8 single-positive thymocytes, suggesting a thymic origin. The presence of HLA-G(pos) T cells at sites of inflammation such as inflamed skeletal muscle in myositis or the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with acute neuroinflammatory disorders suggests an important function in modulating parenchymal inflammatory responses in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ute Feger
- Department of General Neurology, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Eberhard-Karls-University Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
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27
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Caumartin J, Favier B, Daouya M, Guillard C, Moreau P, Carosella ED, LeMaoult J. Trogocytosis-based generation of suppressive NK cells. EMBO J 2007; 26:1423-33. [PMID: 17318190 PMCID: PMC1817622 DOI: 10.1038/sj.emboj.7601570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2006] [Accepted: 01/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Trogocytosis is a fast uptake of membranes and associated molecules from one cell by another. Trogocytosis between natural killer (NK) cells and tumors is already described, but the functional relevance of NK-tumor targets material exchange is unclear. We investigated whether the immunosuppressive molecule HLA-G that is commonly expressed by tumors in vivo and known to block NK cytolytic function, could be transferred from tumor cells to NK cells, and if this transfer had functional consequences. We show that activated NK cells acquire HLA-G1 from tumor cells, and that upon this acquisition, NK cells stop proliferating, are no longer cytotoxic, and behave as suppressor cells. Such cells can inhibit other NK cells' cytotoxic function and protect NK-sensitive tumor cells from cytolysis. These data are the first demonstration that trogocytosis of HLA-G1 can be a major mechanism of immune escape that acts through effector cells made to act as suppressor cells locally, temporarily, but efficiently. The broader consequences of membrane sharing between immune and non-immune cells on the function of effectors and the outcome of immune responses are discussed.
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MESH Headings
- Cell Line
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/immunology
- Flow Cytometry
- HLA Antigens/genetics
- HLA Antigens/metabolism
- HLA-G Antigens
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/genetics
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/metabolism
- Humans
- Killer Cells, Natural/cytology
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Microscopy, Confocal
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Caumartin
- Service de Recherches en Hemato-Immunologie, Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique, Hopital Saint Louis, Paris, France
| | - Benoit Favier
- Service de Recherches en Hemato-Immunologie, Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique, Hopital Saint Louis, Paris, France
| | - Marina Daouya
- Service de Recherches en Hemato-Immunologie, Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique, Hopital Saint Louis, Paris, France
| | - Christine Guillard
- Service de Recherches en Hemato-Immunologie, Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique, Hopital Saint Louis, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Moreau
- Service de Recherches en Hemato-Immunologie, Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique, Hopital Saint Louis, Paris, France
| | - Edgardo D Carosella
- Service de Recherches en Hemato-Immunologie, Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique, Hopital Saint Louis, Paris, France
| | - Joel LeMaoult
- Service de Recherches en Hemato-Immunologie, Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique, Hopital Saint Louis, Paris, France
- Service de Recherches en Hemato-Immunologie, Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique, Hopital Saint Louis, 1 Avenue Claude Vellefaux, Paris 75010, France. Tel.: +33 1 53 72 22 29; Fax: +33 1 48 03 19 60; E-mail:
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28
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Dehmel T, Janke A, Hartung HP, Goebel HH, Wiendl H, Kieseier BC. The cell-specific expression of metalloproteinase-disintegrins (ADAMs) in inflammatory myopathies. Neurobiol Dis 2007; 25:665-74. [PMID: 17207628 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2006.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2006] [Revised: 10/05/2006] [Accepted: 11/05/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory cell invasion and cytokine activation are important steps in the pathogenesis of immune-mediated diseases of muscle. Metalloproteinase-disintegrins (ADAMs) are considered to play a critical role in leukocyte migration by promoting cellular adhesion, cleavage of molecules of the extracellular matrix and shedding of membrane bound cytokines. Here, we report the expression patterns of ADAM8, ADAM9, ADAM10, ADAM12, ADAM17 and ADAM19 in cultured human myoblasts and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in vitro, as well as in biopsies from patients suffering from polymyositis (PM), dermatomyositis (DM), inclusion body myositis (IBM) and non-inflammatory controls. We observed an in vitro downregulation of the RNAs of ADAM10, ADAM17 and ADAM19 in myoblasts after stimulation with various pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators, whereas in PBMCs an RNA upregulation of ADAM9, ADAM10, ADAM17 and ADAM19 was detectable under identical conditions. In human muscle biopsies, invading CD3+ T lymphocytes expressed ADAM17 and ADAM19, whereas macrophages co-localized to ADAM8, as detected by immunohistochemistry. Transfection of PBMCs with ADAM19 single interfering RNA and incubation with a metalloproteinase inhibitor suggest proteolytic activity of ADAM19 and involvement in the shedding of tumor necrosis factor-alpha. No differences in the cellular expression profiles between PM, DM and IBM were found, whereas the sections from non-inflammatory controls did not reveal any positive immunoreactivity for ADAMs, except for ADAM10, which is localized exclusively to muscle fibres. Our results suggest that certain ADAMs are expressed by specific cell populations during the genesis of immune-mediated diseases of human muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Dehmel
- Department of Neurology, Heinrich-Heine University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
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29
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30
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LeMaoult J, Caumartin J, Daouya M, Favier B, Le Rond S, Gonzalez A, Carosella ED. Immune regulation by pretenders: cell-to-cell transfers of HLA-G make effector T cells act as regulatory cells. Blood 2006; 109:2040-8. [PMID: 17077329 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2006-05-024547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Trogocytosis is the uptake of membrane fragments from one cell by another and has been described for immune cells in mice and humans. Functional consequences of trogocytosis are emerging, but a dramatic immune function has still to be associated with it. Here we show that some resting, and most activated, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells acquire immunosuppressive HLA-G1 from antigen-presenting cells (APCs) in a few minutes. Acquisition of HLA-G through membrane transfers does not change the real nature of the T cells but immediately reverses their function from effectors to regulatory cells. These regulatory cells can inhibit allo-proliferative responses through HLA-G1 that they acquired. These data demonstrate that trogocytosis of HLA-G1 leads to instant generation of a new type of regulatory cells, which act through cell-surface molecules they temporarily display but do not express themselves. Such regulatory cells whose existence is most likely limited in space and time might constitute an "emergency" immune suppression mechanism used by HLA-G-expressing tissues to protect themselves against immune aggression. In addition, T cells acquire from HLA-G-expressing APCs their HLA-G-dependent capability to induce the slower differentiation of regulatory cells that act independently of HLA-G. These data re-emphasize the significance of HLA-G expression in normal and pathologic situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel LeMaoult
- Service de Recherches en Hemato-Immunologie, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA-DSV-DRM), Institut Universitaire d'Hematologie, Hopital Saint Louis, Paris, France
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31
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Chevrel G, Page G, Miossec P. Novel aspects on the contribution of T cells and dendritic cells in the pathogenesis of myositis. Autoimmunity 2006; 39:171-6. [PMID: 16769650 DOI: 10.1080/08916930600622173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on recent advances and new hypothesis in the understanding of the T and dendritic cells contribution to the pathogenesis of idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIMs), especially polymyositis (PM) and dermatomyositis (DM). The new data show that non-specific amplification of muscle inflammation by T lymphocyte and dendritic cells may result from the local production of cytokines and chemokines. Synergistic interactions between these factors explain some of the clinical features. The potent role of these molecules suggests their potential for therapeutic manipulation using specific inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Chevrel
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Hôpital E. Herriot, Lyon, France
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32
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Higa K, Shimmura S, Shimazaki J, Tsubota K. Ocular Surface Epithelial Cells Up-Regulate HLA-G When Expanded In Vitro on Amniotic Membrane Substrates. Cornea 2006; 25:715-21. [PMID: 17077667 DOI: 10.1097/01.ico.0000214227.36485.9b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To study the modulation of immunoregulatory genes in ocular surface epithelial cells cultured on amniotic membrane (AM). METHODS Microarray analysis was performed in a conjunctival epithelial cell line (CCL20.2) expanded on denuded AM. Among the genes that were upregulated by an AM substrate compared with collagen-coated dishes, the fetal nonclassic major histocompatibility complex molecule, HLA-G, was found to be the only immunoregulatory gene up-regulated by more than 2.5-fold. Because CCL20.2 is contaminated by HeLa cells, expression of HLA-G mRNA was confirmed in primary-cultured limbal (LE) and conjunctival epithelial (CE) cells by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), semiquantitative real-time PCR, immunocytochemistry, and Western blot analysis. A functional assay was performed using an HLA-G-transfected K-562 human erythroleukemia cell line. RESULTS Freshly dissociated limbal epithelial cells express HLA-G mRNA; however, protein levels were low. Western blots and immunocytochemistry showed that both LE and CE cells upregulated the HLA-G protein when cultured on collagen-coated dishes and on AM. HLA-G mRNA levels were significantly higher in CE cultured on AM compared with collagen. Natural killer (NK) cell-induced cell lysis of an HLA class 1-negative K-562 human erythroleukemia cell line was slightly reduced when transfected with LE-derived HLA-G mRNA. CONCLUSION CE and LE cells express functional HLA-G when expanded ex vivo, which may affect inflammation and immune reaction when transplanted to the ocular surface.
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33
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Luque J, Torres MI, Aumente MD, Marín J, García-Jurado G, González R, Pascual D, Guerra N, López-Rubio F, Alvarez-López MR, Arizón JM, Peña J. Soluble HLA-G in heart transplantation: their relationship to rejection episodes and immunosuppressive therapy. Hum Immunol 2006; 67:257-63. [PMID: 16720205 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2006.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The aims of this study were to quantify the level of soluble HLA-G in heart transplant patients, to determine the relationship between the sHLA-G levels and the appearance of acute rejection episodes, and to identify the influence of immunosuppressive therapy on sHLA-G levels. Analysis of sHLA-G, measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in the transplant patients, revealed the existence of two similarly sized groups of patients. One group displayed a significant increase (p < 0.001) in sHLA-G during the first month after transplantation while the other group maintained low levels of the molecule (0-30 ng/ml) throughout the study. The latter group displayed a high incidence of recurrent severe rejection. A significant increase (p < 0.01) in sHLA-G 2 hours after administration of immunosuppressive treatment (mycophenolate mofetil, cyclosporine A/FK506, corticoids) was found. These results suggest that sHLA-G participates in the induction of certain levels of immunological tolerance in these recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Luque
- Service of Immunology, Reina Sofía University Hospital, Cordoba, Spain
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34
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Shen W, Li Y, Huard J. Musculoskeletal gene therapy and its potential use in the treatment of complicated musculoskeletal infection. Infect Dis Clin North Am 2006; 19:1007-22. [PMID: 16297745 DOI: 10.1016/j.idc.2005.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Tissue repair is a major issue in orthopedics. Many musculoskeletal tissues, including cartilage, meniscus, and the anterior cruciate ligament, heal poorly after injury. Recent studies have led to the identification of numerous growth factors and other gene products that can promote the regeneration of damaged musculoskeletal tissues. In the last century, the discovery and evolving use of antibiotics has significantly decreased the prevalence and severity of infectious diseases. In many orthopedic scenarios, however, treatment of infections can be difficult, and often involves a prolonged course of antibiotics with concomitant surgical interventions and loss of tissue. Although studies have demonstrated the successful transfer of target genes and the associated manipulation of the musculoskeletal tissue environment, researchers have made few attempts designed to use gene therapy to treat infectious musculoskeletal diseases in animal models. Before it is possible to use gene-based approaches to treat such diseases effectively, researchers must perform more studies to investigate the potential problems that may arise when using gene therapy in an infectious environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Shen
- Growth and Development Laboratory of Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, 4100 Rangos Research Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-2583, USA
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35
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Youngnak-Piboonratanakit P, Tsushima F, Otsuki N, Igarashi H, Omura K, Azuma M. Expression and Regulation of Human CD275 on Endothelial Cells in Healthy and Inflamed Mucosal Tissues. Scand J Immunol 2006; 63:191-8. [PMID: 16499572 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2006.01726.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The CD275-CD278 costimulatory pathway is a new pathway for CD28-B7 family molecules involved in the effector phase of T-cell-mediated immune responses. Expression of CD275 in oral mucosa at healthy and disease states has not been examined. We generated monoclonal antibodies against human CD275 and investigated its expression and regulation in cultured tissue cell lines and oral mucosal tissues. CD275 on monocytes was efficiently upregulated by interleukin-4, while interferon-gamma abrogated this effect. CD275 on cultured endothelial cells (EC) was rapidly enhanced by tumour necrosis factor-alpha. In healthy oral mucosa, CD275 was not detected on keratinocytes, Langerhans cells or intraepithelial lymphocytes within the epithelium or on interstitial dendritic cells or lymphocytes in the sub-epithelium. Constitutive expression of CD275 on EC in the connective tissues was observed in healthy mucosa, but CD275 expression on EC in oral lichen planus was either upregulated or down regulated. Approximately 20% of the T cells found within infiltrating mononuclear cells in the sub-epithelium expressed high levels of the CD278 receptor. CD275 on lymphoid and nonlymphoid cells is positively or negatively regulated by various cytokines. Our results suggest that CD275 on EC is involved in the recruitment or extravasation of receptor-positive effector T cells into inflamed tissues.
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36
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Abstract
HLA-G belongs to the non-classical HLA class-I family of genes presently designated as class-Ib genes. There are four membrane-bound (HLA-G1 to -G4) and three soluble forms (HLA-G5 to -G7) generated by alternative splicing of the primary transcript. HLA-G in the soluble form is found in the plasma, amniotic fluid, and cord blood of healthy individuals. Quantitative determination suggested that HLA-G levels are genetically controlled. While quantifying soluble HLA-G by ELISA, we observed that when plasma and serum levels were measured for the same individual, HLA-G plasma values were almost invariably higher than those from serum. Our results suggest that HLA-G is trapped and/or consumed during clot formation. The amount trapped within the clot is variable and inconsistent. To obtain values which reflect the true biological levels, it is therefore recommended that HLA-G should be determined in the plasma. If serum levels are determined, they should be compared with matched control sera. It should always be borne in mind that conclusions concerning sera levels might be erroneous, because the true plasma level of the protein can be significantly higher.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Rudstein-Svetlicky
- Tissue Typing Laboratory, Sheba Medical Center, and Tel Aviv University, Ramat Gan, Tel Aviv, Israel
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37
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Wiendl H, Hohlfeld R, Kieseier BC. Muscle-derived positive and negative regulators of the immune response. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2006; 17:714-9. [PMID: 16224248 DOI: 10.1097/01.bor.0000184164.69181.ca] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Recent characterization of the expression and functioning of muscle-derived positive and negative regulators of the immune response will be highlighted in view of the concept that muscle cells can act as facultative antigen-presenting cells and should be considered as active participants rather than passive targets of immune reactions. RECENT FINDINGS Although lacking detectable major histocompatibility complex expression under physiologic conditions, under pathologic conditions muscle cells can express a variety of immunologically important molecules. Advances were made in characterizing the expression and functioning of classical and nonclassical major histocompatibility complex, adhesion, and costimulatory molecules. Muscle-related expression of the B7-family member called the inducible costimulatory signal ligand was identified as an important costimulatory signal for muscle immune interactions. In contrast, inducible expression of B7-H1 (PD-L1) and the nonclassical major histocompatibility complex molecule human leukocyte antigen-G were identified as relevant immune-inhibitory pathways. SUMMARY The recent identification of muscle-derived positive and negative signals has broad implications for understanding the active role of muscle in modulating muscle-immune interactions: these signals could modify the immune response against muscle fibers in cell-mediated injury in autoimmune muscle disorders or in various muscle infections. Furthermore, they could modulate the immune responses after protein-based or DNA-based vaccinations and influence muscle-directed antigen-specific and nonantigen-specific immune responses in either condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heinz Wiendl
- Department of Neurology, Julius-Maximilians-University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany.
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38
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Lafon M, Prehaud C, Megret F, Lafage M, Mouillot G, Roa M, Moreau P, Rouas-Freiss N, Carosella ED. Modulation of HLA-G expression in human neural cells after neurotropic viral infections. J Virol 2005; 79:15226-37. [PMID: 16306594 PMCID: PMC1316015 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.24.15226-15237.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2005] [Accepted: 09/07/2005] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
HLA-G is a nonclassical human major histocompatibility complex class I molecule. It may promote tolerance, leading to acceptance of the semiallogeneic fetus and tumor immune escape. We show here that two viruses-herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), a neuronotropic virus inducing acute infection and neuron latency; and rabies virus (RABV), a neuronotropic virus triggering acute neuron infection-upregulate the neuronal expression of several HLA-G isoforms, including HLA-G1 and HLA-G5, the two main biologically active isoforms. RABV induces mostly HLA-G1, and HSV-1 induces mostly HLA-G3 and HLA-G5. HLA-G expression is upregulated in infected cells and neighboring uninfected cells. Soluble mediators, such as beta interferon (IFN-beta) and IFN-gamma, upregulate HLA-G expression in uninfected cells. The membrane-bound HLA-G1 isoform was detected on the surface of cultured RABV-infected neurons but not on the surface of HSV-1-infected cells. Thus, neuronotropic viruses that escape the host immune response totally (RABV) or partially (HSV-1) regulate HLA-G expression on human neuronal cells differentially. HLA-G may therefore be involved in the escape of certain viruses from the immune response in the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique Lafon
- Unité de Neuroimmunologie Virale, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France.
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Barrier BF, Kendall BS, Ryan CE, Sharpe-Timms KL. HLA-G is expressed by the glandular epithelium of peritoneal endometriosis but not in eutopic endometrium. Hum Reprod 2005; 21:864-9. [PMID: 16311290 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dei408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND HLA-G is a major histocompatability antigen with documented immune-regulatory function. Various epithelial cancers and tissue allografts have been noted to express HLA-G, which is postulated to aid in their escape from immunosurveillance. We evaluated peritoneal endometriosis and eutopic endometrium for the expression of HLA-G protein and gene transcript. METHODS Two experiments were performed: (i) archived tissue blocks from peritoneal endometriotic lesions (n = 15) and eutopic endometrium (n = 12) were evaluated for extent of protein immunostaining, and (ii) eutopic endometrial biopsies from women without (n = 17) and with (n = 24) endometriosis, and peritoneal endometriotic lesions (n = 14) were evaluated for presence of RNA transcript by in situ hybridization. RESULTS HLA-G protein localized in the glandular epithelium of 14 of 15 (93.3%) peritoneal endometriotic lesions, but not in stromal cells. HLA-G protein staining was absent in endometrial biopsies (n = 12). HLA-G gene transcript localized to the glandular epithelium in 13 of 14 (92.8%) peritoneal endometriotic lesions. HLA-G transcript was never observed in eutopic endometrium, regardless of cycle stage or whether from women with (n = 24) or without (n = 18) endometriosis. CONCLUSIONS HLA-G is expressed by endometriotic glandular epithelium but not by eutopic endometrium under normal conditions. Differential expression of HLA-G suggests that peritoneal inflammation or cellular stress may up-regulate mechanisms to promote ectopic endometrial survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- B F Barrier
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women's Health, Division of Reproductive and Perinatal Research, University of Missouri-Columbia, Missouri 65212, USA.
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Cao B, Deasy BM, Pollett J, Huard J. Cell Therapy for Muscle Regeneration and Repair. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am 2005; 16:889-907, viii. [PMID: 16214050 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmr.2005.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Baohong Cao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Growth and Development Laboratory, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, 4100 Rangos Research Center, 3460 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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Wiendl H, Hohlfeld R, Kieseier BC. Immunobiology of muscle: advances in understanding an immunological microenvironment. Trends Immunol 2005; 26:373-80. [PMID: 15922662 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2005.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2005] [Revised: 04/19/2005] [Accepted: 05/16/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle, which is the largest cellular compartment of the body, lacks detectable MHC expression under physiological conditions. Therefore, immune reactions triggered by, or directed against, muscle cells proceed along specific pathways. Recently, the expression and functioning of classical MHC, non-classical MHC, adhesion and co-stimulatory molecules have been shown to support the concept that muscle cells can act as facultative antigen-presenting cells and should be considered as active participants, rather than passive targets, of immune reactions. Here, we summarize current knowledge on the immunological capabilities of skeletal muscle cells and discuss how these characteristics might contribute to inflammatory muscle disorders, as well as therapeutic strategies, such as gene or myoblast transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heinz Wiendl
- Department of Neurology, Julius-Maximilians-University, Josef-Schneider-Strasse 11, D-97080 Wuerzburg, Germany.
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Wiendl H, Feger U, Mittelbronn M, Jack C, Schreiner B, Stadelmann C, Antel J, Brueck W, Meyermann R, Bar-Or A, Kieseier BC, Weller M. Expression of the immune-tolerogenic major histocompatibility molecule HLA-G in multiple sclerosis: implications for CNS immunity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 128:2689-704. [PMID: 16123145 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awh609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
HLA-G is a non-classical major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I antigen with highly limited tissue distribution under non-pathological conditions. Although capable of acting as a peptide-presenting molecule, its strong immune-inhibitory properties identify HLA-G as a mediator of immune tolerance with specific relevance at immune-privileged sites such as trophoblast or thymus. To assess the role of HLA-G in CNS immunity, we investigated its expression in brain specimens from patients with multiple sclerosis (n = 11), meningitis (n = 2) and Alzheimer's disease (n = 2) and non-pathological CNS controls (n = 6). Furthermore, cultured human microglial cells and CSF of patients with multiple sclerosis and controls were assessed. Furthermore, CSF from MS patients and controls, as well as cultured human microglial cells were assessed. Using several HLA-G specific mAb and immunohistochemistry, HLA-G protein was found strongly expressed in brain specimens from patients with multiple sclerosis while it was rarely detectable in the non-pathological control specimens. In multiple sclerosis brain specimens, HLA-G immunoreactivity was observed in acute plaques, in chronic active plaques, in perilesional areas as well as in normal appearing white matter. In all areas microglial cells, macrophages, and in part endothelial cells were identified as the primary cellular source of expression. HLA-G was also found in other disease entities (meningitis, Alzheimer's specimens) where expression correlated to activation and MHC class II expression on microglial cells. Importantly, ILT2, a receptor for HLA-G, was also found in multiple sclerosis brain specimens thus emphasizing the relevance of this inhibitory pathway in vivo. HLA-G mRNA and protein expression and regulation could also be corroborated on cultured human microglial cells in vitro. Further, expression of HLA-G in the CSF of multiple sclerosis patients and controls was analysed by flow cytometry and ELISA. Monocytes represented the main source of cellular HLA-G expression in the CSF. Corresponding to the observations with the tissue specimens, CSF mean levels of soluble HLA-G were significantly higher in multiple sclerosis than in non-inflammatory controls (171 +/- 31 versus 39 +/- 10 U/ml; P = 0.0001). The demonstration of HLA-G and its receptor ILT2 on CNS cells and in areas of microglia activation implicate HLA-G as a contributor to the fundamental mechanisms regulating immune reactivity in the CNS. This pathway may act as an inhibitory feedback aimed to downregulate the deleterious effects of T-cell infiltration in neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heinz Wiendl
- Department of General Neurology, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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Rebmann V, Lemaoult J, Rouas-Freiss N, Carosella ED, Grosse-Wilde H. Report of the Wet Workshop for Quantification of Soluble HLA-G in Essen, 2004. Hum Immunol 2005; 66:853-63. [PMID: 16216668 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2005.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2005] [Accepted: 05/04/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Membrane-anchored and soluble human leukocyte antigen HLA-G (sHLA-G) molecules exert strong inhibiting signals after interaction with their cognate receptors ILT2 (CD85j), ILT4 (CD85d), and KIR2DL4 (CD158d) that are differentially expressed by natural killer cells, T cells, and antigen-presenting cells. These inhibitory functions can become operative in conditions in which such immune cells try to attack viral infected or tumor cells. Recently, clinical studies showed that sHLA-G molecules are also relevant in the prediction of allograft acceptance after heart transplantation, liver-kidney cotransplantation, and the successful implantation and development of embryos after in vitro fertilization. In view of this diagnostic potential, reliable methods for the measurement of sHLA-G molecules in various body fluids are of interest. Thus, the aims of the Wet Workshop for measurement of sHLA-G held in Essen, Germany (at the Institute of Immunology October 18-20, 2004) were to select and validate HLA-G-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) formats and purified standard HLA-G proteins, which can be easily generated and used as consensual references. To this end, the antibody combinations monoclonal antibody (mAb) MEM-G/9 (capture) + anti-beta2m (detection) and the mAb 5A6G7 (capture) + mAb W6/32 (detection) were chosen in an ELISA format for the simultaneous determination of shed HLA-G1 + soluble HLA-G5 (sHLA-G1 + HLA-G5) and for the exclusive detection of HLA-G5 molecules, respectively. As standard, protein HLA-G5 molecules were purified from insect SF9 cells coinfected by HLA-G5 + human beta2m and characterized for their antigenic determinants. A total of 24 members in 13 teams participated in the 3-day sHLA-G Wet Workshop. All workshop materials, protocols, standard reagents, and samples were provided to each team by the organizers. The Wet-Workshop results clearly demonstrated that (1) the HLA-G5 standard reagent was equally detected by both ELISA formats; (2) sHLA-G1 + G5 and HLA-G5 molecules, respectively, were specifically detected by the two ELISA formats; and (3) both ELISA formats measure reproducibly the amounts of sHLA-G. The comparison of the two ELISA results obtained evidenced that in healthy donors sHLA-G1 molecules can exist in body fluids besides HLA-G5. Moreover, a novel soluble HLA-G structure can be predicted that is recognized by the mAb 5A6G7 + mAb W6/32 antibody combination, but not by the one of mAb MEM-G/9 + anti-beta2m.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Rebmann
- Institute of Immunology, University Hospital of Essen, Essen, Germany
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Abstract
The discovery of new functions for the original B7 family members, together with the identification of additional B7 and CD28 family members, have revealed new ways in which the B7:CD28 family regulates T cell activation and tolerance. B7-1/B7-2:CD28 interactions not only promote initial T cell activation but also regulate self-tolerance by supporting CD4+CD25+ T regulatory cell homeostasis. CTLA-4 can exert its inhibitory effects in both B7-1/B7-2 dependent and independent fashions. B7-1 and B7-2 can signal bidirectionally by engaging CD28 and CTLA-4 on T cells and by delivering signals into B7-expressing cells. The five new B7 family members, ICOS ligand, PD-L1 (B7-H1), PD-L2 (B7-DC), B7-H3, and B7-H4 (B7x/B7-S1) are expressed on professional antigen-presenting cells as well as on cells within nonlymphoid organs, providing new means for regulating T cell activation and tolerance in peripheral tissues. The new CD28 families members, ICOS, PD-1, and BTLA, are inducibly expressed on T cells, and they have important roles in regulating previously activated T cells. PD-1 and BTLA also are expressed on B cells and may have broader immunoregulatory functions. The ICOS:ICOSL pathway appears to be particularly important for stimulating effector T cell responses and T cell-dependent B cell responses, but it also has an important role in regulating T cell tolerance. In addition, the PD-1:PD-L1/PD-L2 pathway plays a critical role in regulating T cell activation and tolerance. In this review, we revisit the roles of the B7:CD28 family members in regulating immune responses, and we discuss their therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J Greenwald
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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González-Hernandez A, LeMaoult J, Lopez A, Alegre E, Caumartin J, Le Rond S, Daouya M, Moreau P, Carosella ED. Linking two immuno-suppressive molecules: indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase can modify HLA-G cell-surface expression. Biol Reprod 2005; 73:571-8. [PMID: 15878889 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.105.040089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonclassical human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I molecule HLA-G and indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase (INDO) in humans and mice, respectively, have been shown to play crucial immunosuppressive roles in fetal-maternal tolerance. HLA-G inhibits natural killer and T cell function by high-affinity interaction with inhibitory receptors, and INDO acts by depleting the surrounding microenvironment of the essential amino acid tryptophan, thus inhibiting T cell proliferation. We investigated whether HLA-G expression and INDO function were linked. Working with antigen-presenting cell (APC) lines and monocytes, we found that functional inhibition of INDO by 1-methyl-tryptophan induced cell surface expression of HLA-G1 by HLA-G1-negative APCs that were originally cell-surface negative, and that in reverse, the functional boost of INDO by high concentrations of tryptophan induced a complete loss of HLA-G1 cell surface expression by APCs that were originally cell-surface HLA-G1-positive. This mechanism was shown to be posttranslational because HLA-G protein cell contents remained unaffected by the treatments used. Furthermore, HLA-G cell surface expression regulation by INDO seems to relate to INDO function, but not to tryptophan catabolism itself. Potential implications in fetal-maternal tolerance are discussed.
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Chinoy H, Ollier WER, Cooper RG. Have recent immunogenetic investigations increased our understanding of disease mechanisms in the idiopathic inflammatory myopathies? Curr Opin Rheumatol 2005; 16:707-13. [PMID: 15577608 DOI: 10.1097/01.bor.0000142339.24380.b7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIM) continue to provide a challenge given the variable effectiveness of the available treatments, and immunogenetic studies are ongoing to further elucidate IIM disease mechanisms. This review examines how recent research has improved our understanding of the mechanisms that lead to IIM. RECENT FINDINGS HLA-DRB1 studies in a large homogenous cohort of UK Caucasian patients have confirmed that polymyositis (PM) and dermatomyositis (DM) are not genetically identical diseases while other studies have shown that tumor necrosis factor alpha is genetically implicated in disease susceptibility. Some remarkable results from an international collaboration, correlating gene-environment interactions, clearly suggest that ultraviolet light is capable of modulating both clinical and immunologic features of IIMs. Studies on microchimerism are unraveling interesting associations in juvenile DM patients, and bolstering the hypothesis that myositis may be an 'allo-immune' disease. mRNA gene expression profiling is helping to increase our understanding of myositis pathogenesis, whilst animal models have provided new information on the roles of Th1 responses and nitric oxide synthase in muscle disease. New candidate genes have been examined in inclusion body myositis (IBM), and a novel gene transfer experiment has been conducted, which led to significant changes in expression of the IBM phenotype. SUMMARY Improving the understanding of the immunogenetics and immunopathogenesis of the IIMs may in the future provide novel therapeutic targets, and thus improve outcomes in these difficult diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hector Chinoy
- Rheumatic Diseases Centre, Hope Hospital, Salford M6 8HD, UK
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The etiology and much about the pathogenesis of the inflammatory myopathies remain a mystery. In this review, we investigate recent research efforts to understand the pathogenesis of the diverse entities of polymyositis (PM), dermatomyositis (DM), and inclusion body myositis (IBM), diseases that result from interactions between environmental risk factors and genetic susceptibility. RECENT FINDINGS Over the past year, there has been considerable progress toward better understanding of IBM, with relatively few developments toward understanding PM and DM. Although these diseases may share some common clinical phenotypic and serologic components, they differ on a molecular and cellular level. SUMMARY The need for definitive, safer therapies in these diseases makes vital the search for defining detailed pathogenesis of inflammation and muscle fiber damage at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Christopher-Stine
- Division of Rheumatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Mitsdoerffer M, Schreiner B, Kieseier BC, Neuhaus O, Dichgans J, Hartung HP, Weller M, Wiendl H. Monocyte-derived HLA-G acts as a strong inhibitor of autologous CD4 T cell activation and is upregulated by interferon-β in vitro and in vivo: rationale for the therapy of multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol 2005; 159:155-64. [PMID: 15652415 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2004.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2004] [Revised: 09/20/2004] [Accepted: 09/27/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral antigen presenting cells (APCs) contribute to the maintenance of immune tolerance and are considered to play a critical role in promoting the (re)activation of autoreactive T cells in multiple sclerosis (MS). Interferon-beta (IFN-beta) is the principle immune-modulatory agent used in the treatment of MS, but its mechanism of action remains elusive. HLA-G is a non-classical MHC molecule (MHC class Ib) attributed chiefly immune-regulatory functions. We here investigated the role of monocyte-derived HLA-G in the immune-regulatory processes of MS and its implications for current immune-modulatory therapies. Monocytes constitutively express cell surface HLA-G1 and soluble HLA-G5. Comparison of monocytic HLA-G expression between patients with relapsing-remitting MS (n=17) and healthy donors (n=20) revealed significantly lower levels of HLA-G1 protein in MS patients. However, both groups showed a significant upregulation of HLA-G in response to IFN-beta in vitro. Serial measurements of HLA-G mRNA levels in MS patients before and during IFN-beta therapy corroborated the relevance of these results in vivo: 1 month after initiation of IFN-beta1b therapy (n=9), HLA-G1 and HLA-G5 were significantly increased compared to baseline levels and remained elevated during treatment for 6 months (n=3). Importantly, functional experiments demonstrated that monocyte-derived HLA-G inhibits both Th1 (IFN-gamma, IL-2) and Th2 (IL-10) cytokine production by antigen-stimulated autologous CD4 T cells. Soluble HLA-G added to antigen-specific T cell lines (TCLs) has similar effects on the release of cytokines and reduces T cell proliferation. Although both IFN-beta and IFN-gamma strongly enhance HLA-G1 and HLA-G5 expression by monocytes in vitro, IFN-beta leads to a stronger relative upregulation of HLA-G compared to classical MHC class I molecules than stimulation with IFN-gamma. Taken together, monocyte-derived HLA-G mediates the inhibition of autologous CD4 T cell activation and might be involved in immune-regulatory pathways in the pathogenesis of MS. We conclude that some desirable immune-modulatory effects of INF-beta might be accomplished via the upregulation of the immune-tolerogenic molecule HLA-G.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meike Mitsdoerffer
- Department of Neurology, University of Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Strasse 3, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
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LeMaoult J, Zafaranloo K, Le Danff C, Carosella ED. HLA-G up-regulates ILT2, ILT3, ILT4, and KIR2DL4 in antigen presenting cells, NK cells, and T cells. FASEB J 2005; 19:662-4. [PMID: 15670976 DOI: 10.1096/fj.04-1617fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The nonclassical HLA class I antigen HLA-G is an inhibitory molecule involved in immune tolerance and immune escape. HLA-G exerts its inhibitory functions via interaction with inhibitory receptors ILT2, ILT4, and KIR2DL4, differentially expressed by NK, T, and antigen-presenting cells. Cells expressing HLA-G and cells expressing its receptors are often found in the vicinity of each other, but the mechanisms responsible for this colocalization are still unknown. We report that ILT2, ILT3, ILT4, and KIR2DL4 expression is up-regulated by HLA-G in antigen-presenting cells, NK cells, and T cells. Because this up-regulation seems not to require antigenic costimulation, it might precede an immune response. Functionally, up-regulation of inhibitory receptors in immune cells before stimulation might increase their activation thresholds and participate in immune escape mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joël LeMaoult
- Service de Recherches en Hémato-Immunologie, Commissariat à L'Energie Atomique-DRM-DSV, Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie, Hôpital Saint Louis, Paris, France
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Abstract
CD8(+) T cells are crucial to the control of Trypanosoma cruzi infection and probably act via multiple mechanisms, the most important being the production of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma). In the absence of CD8(+) T cells, mice quickly succumb to the infection or develop a more severe chronic disease. Reduced production of IFN-gamma by CD8(+) T cells is also associated with increased severity of chagasic disease in humans. CD8(+) T cells in chronic T. cruzi infection are maintained as effector memory cells, undergo rapid expansion, and demonstrate effector functions following re-exposure to antigen. However, the initial generation of T. cruzi-specific CD8(+) T-cell responses appears to be relatively slow to develop. In addition, the expression of the effector function of the CD8(+) T cells is compromised in some tissues, particularly in muscle. The targets of effective CD8(+) T-cell responses in T. cruzi infection are multiple and varied, and they represent some of the best vaccine candidates described to date. Further analysis of CD8(+) T cells will provide insight into the disease process in T. cruzi infection and should identify methods to assess and enhance immunity to T. cruzi infection and protection from the symptoms of Chagas' disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Martin
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases and Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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