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Drydale E, Rath P, Holden K, Holt G, Havins L, Johnson T, Bancroft J, Handunnetthi L. Stem-cell derived neurosphere assay highlights the effects of viral infection on human cortical development. Brain Behav Immun 2024; 115:718-726. [PMID: 37995835 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2023.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrant cortical development is a key feature of neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism spectrum disorder and schizophrenia. Both genetic and environmental risk factors are thought to contribute to defects in cortical development; however, model systems that can capture the dynamic process of human cortical development are not well established. To address this challenge, we combined recent progress in induced pluripotent stem cell differentiation with advanced live cell imaging techniques to establish a novel three-dimensional neurosphere assay, amenable to genetic and environmental modifications, to investigate key aspects of human cortical development in real-time. For the first time, we demonstrate the ability to visualise and quantify radial glial extension and neural migration through live cell imaging. To show proof-of-concept, we used our neurosphere assay to study the effect of a simulated viral infection, a well-established environmental risk factor in neurodevelopmental disorders, on cortical development. This was achieved by exposing neurospheres to the viral mimic, polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid. The results showed significant reductions in radial glia growth and neural migration in three independent differentiations. Further, fixed imaging highlighted reductions in the HOPX-expressing outer radial glia scaffolding and a consequent decrease in the migration of CTIP2-expressing cortical cells. Overall, our results provide new insight into how infections may exert deleterious effects on the developing human cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Drydale
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, OX3 9DU, United Kingdom
| | - Phalguni Rath
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, OX3 9DU, United Kingdom
| | - Katie Holden
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, OX3 9DU, United Kingdom
| | - Gregory Holt
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, OX3 9DU, United Kingdom
| | - Laurissa Havins
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, OX3 9DU, United Kingdom; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Level 6, West Wing, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, OX3 9DU, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Johnson
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, OX3 9DU, United Kingdom
| | - James Bancroft
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, OX3 9DU, United Kingdom
| | - Lahiru Handunnetthi
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, OX3 9DU, United Kingdom; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Level 6, West Wing, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, OX3 9DU, United Kingdom.
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Gillespie B, Panthi S, Sundram S, Hill RA. The impact of maternal immune activation on GABAergic interneuron development: A systematic review of rodent studies and their translational implications. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2024; 156:105488. [PMID: 38042358 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023]
Abstract
Mothers exposed to infections during pregnancy disproportionally birth children who develop autism and schizophrenia, disorders associated with altered GABAergic function. The maternal immune activation (MIA) model recapitulates this risk factor, with many studies also reporting disruptions to GABAergic interneuron expression, protein, cellular density and function. However, it is unclear if there are species, sex, age, region, or GABAergic subtype specific vulnerabilities to MIA. Furthermore, to fully comprehend the impact of MIA on the GABAergic system a synthesised account of molecular, cellular, electrophysiological and behavioural findings was required. To this end we conducted a systematic review of GABAergic interneuron changes in the MIA model, focusing on the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. We reviewed 102 articles that revealed robust changes in a number of GABAergic markers that present as gestationally-specific, region-specific and sometimes sex-specific. Disruptions to GABAergic markers coincided with distinct behavioural phenotypes, including memory, sensorimotor gating, anxiety, and sociability. Findings suggest the MIA model is a valid tool for testing novel therapeutics designed to recover GABAergic function and associated behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan Gillespie
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Sandesh Panthi
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Suresh Sundram
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Rachel A Hill
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia.
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Priller J, Schäfer S, Safaiyan S. [Nature and immune mechanisms of mental illnesses]. DER NERVENARZT 2023; 94:1010-1018. [PMID: 37815590 DOI: 10.1007/s00115-023-01554-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
The impacts of nature and climate change on mental health are substantial but the underlying mechanisms are still poorly understood. The immune system in particular could play an important role. Therefore, the German Center for Mental Health (DZPG) in Munich will use state of the art model systems to elucidate the role of the immune system in the pathogenesis of mental disorders under altered environmental conditions and to develop preventive treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef Priller
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Klinikum rechts der Isar, TU München, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675, München, Deutschland.
- Deutsches Zentrum für Psychische Gesundheit (DZPG), Standort München, München, Deutschland.
- CCBS und UK DRI, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Großbritannien.
- Neuropsychiatrie und Labor für Molekulare Psychiatrie, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Deutschland.
| | - Simon Schäfer
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Klinikum rechts der Isar, TU München, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675, München, Deutschland
- Deutsches Zentrum für Psychische Gesundheit (DZPG), Standort München, München, Deutschland
| | - Shima Safaiyan
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Klinikum rechts der Isar, TU München, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675, München, Deutschland
- Deutsches Zentrum für Psychische Gesundheit (DZPG), Standort München, München, Deutschland
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Rostami H, Babaali F, Moradi L, Golfakhrabadi F, Abdi L. Evaluation of the Effect of Barberry Root (Berberis Vulgaris) on the Prevention of Metabolic Syndrome Caused by Atypical Antipsychotic Drugs in Patients with Schizophrenia: A Three-Blind Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY 2023; 18:362-368. [PMID: 37575603 PMCID: PMC10422947 DOI: 10.18502/ijps.v18i3.13015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Objective: Metabolic syndrome is a potential side effect of atypical antipsychotics which are the current standard treatment for schizophrenia. Therefore, we aimed to examine the effect of barberry root (Berberis vulgaris) on the prevention of metabolic syndrome caused by atypical antipsychotic drugs in patients with schizophrenia. Method : Our research was a three-blind randomized clinical trial. The participants included all patients who were diagnosed with schizophrenia through the SCID-5 questionnaire and based on the DSM-5-TR criteria by two psychiatric experts. These patients were randomly divided into intervention and placebo groups. During a three-month treatment period, the intervention group received three 500 mg capsules of barberry root extract daily, whereas the placebo group received the same capsules containing 500 mg of starch powder. Metabolic syndrome variables including fasting blood glucose, serum lipids (triglyceride and cholesterol), blood pressure, weight and waist circumference were measured before and after the treatment as outcome measure. Chi-square and t-tests were used for data analysis using SPSS-22 software. Results: At the beginning of the study, there was no significant difference between the intervention group (n = 41) and the placebo group (n = 47) in terms of demographic factors, and pre-treatment assessments including weight, waist size, fasting blood HDL, fasting blood triglycerides and systolic and diastolic blood pressure and fasting blood glucose (P > 0.05). Within group analysis showed that some metabolic factors significantly increased in both groups after the treatment (P < 0.05). Indeed, in both groups, metabolic syndrome measures worsened after the three-month treatment period. The parameters of weight and waist size were significantly higher in the intervention group than the placebo group after treatment (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Barberry root extract was not able to control the Effects of antipsychotic drugs on metabolic syndrome in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamzeh Rostami
- Department of Psychiatry, Golestan Hospital, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Babaali
- Department of Psychiatry, Golestan Hospital, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Leila Moradi
- Diabetes Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Fereshteh Golfakhrabadi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Medicinal Plant Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Leila Abdi
- Department of Psychiatry, Golestan Hospital, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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Johnson T, Saatci D, Handunnetthi L. Maternal immune activation induces methylation changes in schizophrenia genes. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0278155. [PMID: 36449485 PMCID: PMC9710780 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0278155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Susceptibility to schizophrenia is mediated by genetic and environmental risk factors. Infection driven maternal immune activation (MIA) during pregnancy is a key environmental risk factor. However, little is known about how MIA during pregnancy could contribute to adult-onset schizophrenia. In this study, we investigated if maternal immune activation induces changes in methylation of genes linked to schizophrenia. We found that differentially expressed genes in schizophrenia brain were significantly enriched among MIA induced differentially methylated genes in the foetal brain in a cell-type-specific manner. Upregulated genes in layer V pyramidal neurons were enriched among hypomethylated genes at gestational day 9 (fold change = 1.57, FDR = 0.049) and gestational day 17 (fold change = 1.97, FDR = 0.0006). A linear regression analysis, which showed a decrease in gene expression with an increase in methylation in gestational day 17, supported findings from our enrichment analysis. Collectively, our results highlight a connection between MIA driven methylation changes during gestation and schizophrenia gene expression signatures in the adult brain. These findings carry important implications for early preventative strategies in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Johnson
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Defne Saatci
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, Radcliffe Observatory Quarter, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Lahiru Handunnetthi
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, West Wing, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Saatci D, Johnson T, Smee M, van Nieuwenhuizen A, Handunnetthi L. The role of latitude and infections in the month-of-birth effect linked to schizophrenia. Brain Behav Immun Health 2022; 24:100486. [PMID: 35856062 PMCID: PMC9287767 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2022.100486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Defne Saatci
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, Radcliffe Observatory Quarter, Woodstock Road, University of Oxford, OX2 6GG, UK
| | - Thomas Johnson
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Madeleine Smee
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Adrienne van Nieuwenhuizen
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, School of Medicine, The University of California, San Francisco, 401, Parnassus Ave, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Lahiru Handunnetthi
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, OX3 9DU, UK
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences. Level 6, West Wing, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
- Corresponding author. Clinical Lecturer in Neurology Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics University of Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK.
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Golimbet VE, Klyushnik TP. [Molecular-genetic and immunological aspects of the formation of psychopathological symptoms in schizophrenia]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2022; 122:66-71. [PMID: 36279230 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro202212210166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The authors present the data indicating that the formation of psychopathological symptoms of schizophrenia is due to complex and diverse genetic factors associated with various functional and metabolic pathways at different stages of ontogenesis. Despite the fact that at present the genetic basis of positive and negative symptoms as the main pathophysiological manifestations of schizophrenia remains largely unknown, the current level of research allows the identification of some common and unique associations for positive and negative disorders. Based on the analysis of the literature, the specificity of the association of genetic variants with negative symptoms of schizophrenia is shown. It has been also suggested that genes of the immune system may be specifically associated with negative symptoms of schizophrenia. The relevance of studying the relationship of immune system genes, in particular, pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, with dimensional characteristics of negative symptoms (abulia-apathy and expressive deficit) is substantiated. Studies of this type have not yet been conducted, despite accumulating data indicating that the heterogeneity of negative symptoms is based on different neurobiological mechanisms. It is concluded that the immunological and molecular genetic study of the subdomains of psychopathological symptoms can be promising as part of the transition to deep phenotyping, which seems to be especially relevant for the study of such an extremely heterogeneous disease from a clinical point of view as schizophrenia. The development of this area is important for solving the problems of precision medicine, which aims to provide the most effective therapy for a particular patient by stratifying the disease into subclasses, taking into account their biological basis.
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