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Allam AM, AbuBakr HO, Yassin AM, Abdel-Razek AS, Khattab MS, Gouda EM, Mousa SZ. Potential chemopreventive effects of Broccoli extract supplementation against 7, 12 dimethyl Benz(a)anthracene (DMBA) -induced toxicity in female rats. Sci Rep 2023; 13:17234. [PMID: 37821474 PMCID: PMC10567736 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-43629-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary components have recently received rapidly expanding attention for their potential to halt or reverse the development of many oxidative stress-mediated diseases after exposure to environmental toxicants. 7, 12 dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) is one of the most common environmental pollutants. The present study aimed to evaluate the chemo-preventive effects of broccoli as a nutritional component against DMBA intoxication in rats. A daily dose of aqueous (1 ml/rat) and methanolic (150 mg/kg) broccoli extracts, respectively, was given to 50-day-old female rats for 26 successive weeks after carcinogen intoxication with a single dose of 20 mg/ml of DMBA. DMBA intoxication resulted in a redox imbalance (a decreased GSH level and an increased MDA level) and increased DNA fragmentation in the liver, kidney, and brain. Besides, it affected the level of expression of the bcl2 gene in the liver, kidney, and brain tissue but didn't affect cfos gene expression accompanied by histopathological changes. The aqueous and methanolic broccoli extract supplements ameliorated the adverse effects by increasing the level of GSH, decreasing the MDA level, and reducing DNA fragmentation. Besides, broccoli extracts decreased the expression of bcl2 in the liver and brain and up-regulated bcl2 expression in the kidney, accompanied by lowering NF-κβ 65 expression in the liver and brain and γ-catenin expression in the liver and kidney. In conclusion, broccoli as a dietary component had a strong chemoprotective effect against oxidative stress, DNA damage, and genotoxicity induced by DMBA intoxication in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya M Allam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 12211, Egypt
| | - Huda O AbuBakr
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 12211, Egypt.
| | - Aya M Yassin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 12211, Egypt
| | - Ahmed S Abdel-Razek
- Department of Microbial Chemistry, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Division, National Research Centre, Dokki- Giza, Egypt
| | - Marwa S Khattab
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Eman M Gouda
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 12211, Egypt
| | - Said Z Mousa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 12211, Egypt
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Pavek P, Dusek J, Smutny T, Lochman L, Kucera R, Skoda J, Smutna L, Kamaraj R, Soucek P, Vrzal R, Dvorak Z. Gene expression profiling of 1α,25(OH)
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treatment in 2D/3D human hepatocyte models reveals CYP3A4 induction but minor changes in other xenobiotic‐metabolizing genes. Mol Nutr Food Res 2022; 66:e2200070. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202200070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Petr Pavek
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove Charles University Hradec Kralove Czech Republic
| | - Jan Dusek
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove Charles University Hradec Kralove Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Smutny
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove Charles University Hradec Kralove Czech Republic
| | - Lukas Lochman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove Charles University Hradec Kralove Czech Republic
| | - Radim Kucera
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove Charles University Hradec Kralove Czech Republic
| | - Josef Skoda
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove Charles University Hradec Kralove Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Smutna
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove Charles University Hradec Kralove Czech Republic
| | - Rajamanikkam Kamaraj
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove Charles University Hradec Kralove Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Soucek
- Toxicogenomics Unit National Institute of Public Health Prague Czech Republic
- Laboratory of Pharmacogenomics Biomedical Center Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen Charles University Pilsen Czech Republic
| | - Radim Vrzal
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics Faculty of Science Palacky University Olomouc Czech Republic
| | - Zdenek Dvorak
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics Faculty of Science Palacky University Olomouc Czech Republic
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Sulforaphane: A Broccoli Bioactive Phytocompound with Cancer Preventive Potential. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13194796. [PMID: 34638282 PMCID: PMC8508555 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13194796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary As of the past decade, phytochemicals have become a major target of interest in cancer chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic research. Sulforaphane (SFN) is a metabolite of the phytochemical glucoraphanin, which is found in high abundance in cruciferous vegetables, such as broccoli, watercress, Brussels sprouts, and cabbage. In both distant and recent research, SFN has been shown to have a multitude of anticancer effects, increasing the need for a comprehensive review of the literature. In this review, we critically evaluate SFN as an anticancer agent and its mechanisms of action based on an impressive number of in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies. Abstract There is substantial and promising evidence on the health benefits of consuming broccoli and other cruciferous vegetables. The most important compound in broccoli, glucoraphanin, is metabolized to SFN by the thioglucosidase enzyme myrosinase. SFN is the major mediator of the health benefits that have been recognized for broccoli consumption. SFN represents a phytochemical of high interest as it may be useful in preventing the occurrence and/or mitigating the progression of cancer. Although several prior publications provide an excellent overview of the effect of SFN in cancer, these reports represent narrative reviews that focused mainly on SFN’s source, biosynthesis, and mechanisms of action in modulating specific pathways involved in cancer without a comprehensive review of SFN’s role or value for prevention of various human malignancies. This review evaluates the most recent state of knowledge concerning SFN’s efficacy in preventing or reversing a variety of neoplasms. In this work, we have analyzed published reports based on in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies to determine SFN’s potential as a chemopreventive agent. Furthermore, we have discussed the current limitations and challenges associated with SFN research and suggested future research directions before broccoli-derived products, especially SFN, can be used for human cancer prevention and intervention.
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Mangla B, Javed S, Sultan MH, Kumar P, Kohli K, Najmi A, Alhazmi HA, Al Bratty M, Ahsan W. Sulforaphane: A review of its therapeutic potentials, advances in its nanodelivery, recent patents, and clinical trials. Phytother Res 2021; 35:5440-5458. [PMID: 34184327 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Traditionally, herbal supplements have shown an exceptional potential of desirability for the prevention of diseases and their treatment. Sulforaphane (SFN), an organosulfur compound belongs to the isothiocyanate (ITC) group and is mainly found naturally in cruciferous vegetables. Several studies have now revealed that SFN possesses broad spectrum of activities and has shown extraordinary potential as antioxidant, antitumor, anti-angiogenic, and anti-inflammatory agent. In addition, SFN is proven to be less toxic, non-oxidizable, and its administration to individuals is well tolerated, making it an effective natural dietary supplement for clinical trials. SFN has shown its ability to be a promising future drug molecule for the management of various diseases mainly due to its potent antioxidant properties. In recent times, several newer drug delivery systems were designed and developed for this potential molecule in order to enhance its bioavailability, stability, and to reduce its side effects. This review focuses to cover numerous data supporting the wide range of pharmacological activities of SFN, its drug-related issues, and approaches to improve its physicochemical and biological properties, including solubility, stability, and bioavailability. Recent patents and the ongoing clinical trials on SFN are also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharti Mangla
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Shamama Javed
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Hadi Sultan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Pankaj Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences & Research University (DPSRU), New Delhi, India
| | - Kanchan Kohli
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Asim Najmi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hassan A Alhazmi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia.,Substance Abuse and Toxicology Research Centre, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Al Bratty
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Waquar Ahsan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
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Haque A, Brazeau D, Amin AR. Perspectives on natural compounds in chemoprevention and treatment of cancer: an update with new promising compounds. Eur J Cancer 2021; 149:165-183. [PMID: 33865202 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2021.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is the second deadliest disease worldwide. Although recent advances applying precision treatments with targeted (molecular and immune) agents are promising, the histological and molecular heterogeneity of cancer cells and huge mutational burdens (intrinsic or acquired after therapy) leading to drug resistance and treatment failure are posing continuous challenges. These recent advances do not negate the need for alternative approaches such as chemoprevention, the pharmacological approach to reverse, suppress or prevent the initial phases of carcinogenesis or the progression of premalignant cells to invasive disease by using non-toxic agents. Although data are limited, the success of several clinical trials in preventing cancer in high-risk populations suggests that chemoprevention is a rational, appealing and viable strategy to prevent carcinogenesis. Particularly among higher-risk groups, the use of safe, non-toxic agents is the utmost consideration because these individuals have not yet developed invasive disease. Natural dietary compounds present in fruits, vegetables and spices are especially attractive for chemoprevention and treatment because of their easy availability, high margin of safety, relatively low cost and widespread human consumption. Hundreds of such compounds have been widely investigated for chemoprevention and treatment in the last few decades. Previously, we reviewed the most widely studied natural compounds and their molecular mechanisms, which were highly exploited by the cancer research community. In the time since our initial review, many promising new compounds have been identified. In this review, we critically review these promising new natural compounds, their molecular targets and mechanisms of anticancer activity that may create novel opportunities for further design and conduct of preclinical and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abedul Haque
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Daniel Brazeau
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Administration and Research, School of Pharmacy, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, 25701, USA
| | - Arm R Amin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, School of Pharmacy, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, 25701, USA.
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Chen Z, Kang J, Zhang Y, Yi X, Pang X, Li-Byarlay H, Gao X. Differences in the bacterial profiles and physicochemical between natural and inoculated fermentation of vegetables from Shanxi Province. ANN MICROBIOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1186/s13213-020-01605-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractPurposeFermented vegetables can be divided into two types, natural fermented and artificially inoculated fermented. By detecting and identifying the changes of bacterial diversity using physical and chemical indicators during natural and inoculation fermentation, we analyzed and determined the dominant bacteria in the fermentation process and revealed the relationship between bacteria and volatile substances.MethodsWe used the Illumina Miseq to sequence the bacteria in fermented vegetable samples at different fermentation periods, and calculated the total number of mesophilic microorganisms and lactic acid bacteria. We used the pH and nitrite to monitor the acidification process. GC-MS was used to determine volatile flavor compounds. Finally, we analyzed the correlation between volatile flavor compounds and bacteria.ResultsTotal mesophilic microorganisms and the number of lactic acid bacteria in the inoculated fermentation were higher than the natural fermentation. The bacterial diversity Shannon and Simpson indexes of the natural fermentation, higher than those of inoculated fermentation in 0~7 days, were between 55~71% and 36~45%, respectively. On the 7th day, the proportion ofLactobacillusin the natural fermentation and inoculated fermentation were 53.4% and 90.2%, respectively, which were significantly different.Lactobacilluswas the dominant genus in the fermented vegetables and an important genus to promote the formation of volatile flavors.Lactobacilluswas negatively correlated with two volatile substances (4-[2,2,6-trimethyl-7-oxabicyclo [4.1.0] hept-1-yl]-3-Buten-2-one (K4) and a-Phellandrene (X1)) and played a leading role in the fermentation process.ConclusionsResults demonstrated that the total number of mesophilic microorganisms and lactic acid bacteria in inoculated fermentation were more than those in natural fermentation. Inoculated fermentation can shorten the fermentation cycle and reduce the content of nitrite. Lactic acid bacteria were the dominant bacteria in fermented vegetables.
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Wang F, Liu P, An H, Zhang Y. Sulforaphane suppresses the viability and metastasis, and promotes the apoptosis of bladder cancer cells by inhibiting the expression of FAT‑1. Int J Mol Med 2020; 46:1085-1095. [PMID: 32705150 PMCID: PMC7387090 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2020.4665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
FAT atypical cadherin 1 (FAT1) regulates complex mechanisms for the promotion of oncogenesis or the suppression of malignancies. Sulforaphane (SFN) has antioxidant and anti-tumor activities. The present study investigated the roles of SFN and FAT1 in bladder cancer (BC). The expression of FAT1 in BC cell lines and tissues was measured by western blot analysis and reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). The association between FAT1 expression and the 5-year survival rate of patients with BC was evaluated. The viability of and FAT1 expression in T24 and SW780 cells exposed to various concentrations of SFN were detected by MTT assay, and western blot analysis and RT-qPCR, respectively. Furthermore, the viability, migration, invasion and apoptosis of and FAT1 expression in BC cells subjected to FAT1 overexpression or knockdown, and with or without SFN stimulation, were examined. The results revealed that FAT1 expression in BC cells and tissues was increased, and patients with a high FAT-1 expression had a shorter 5-year survival time than those with a low FAT-1 expression. BC cell viability and FAT1 expression were suppressed by SFN in a concentration-dependent manner. The knockdown of FAT1 inhibited the viability, migration and invasion, and promoted the apoptosis of BC cells, whereas the overexpression of FAT1 produced opposite effects. In addition, cells exposed to SFN exhibited a reduced viability, migration, invasion and an increased apoptosis, effects which were promoted by FAT1 knockdown; however, the overexpression of FAT1 blocked the above-mentioned effects of SFN on the cells. On the whole, the present study demonstrates that SFN suppresses the progression of BC by inhibiting the expression of FAT-1; thus, SFN may be used as a potential drug for the treatment of BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Viral Oncology, Clinical Innovation and Research Center, Shenzhen Hospital of Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518101, P.R. China
| | - Penghua Liu
- Department of Urology, Baoan Central Hospital of Shenzhen, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518102, P.R. China
| | - Hexiang An
- Department of Urology, Baoan Central Hospital of Shenzhen, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518102, P.R. China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Urology, Baoan Central Hospital of Shenzhen, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518102, P.R. China
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Collagen hydrolysate from Thunnus orientalis bone induces osteoblast proliferation and differentiation. Chem Eng Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2019.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Yasuda S, Horinaka M, Sakai T. Sulforaphane enhances apoptosis induced by Lactobacillus pentosus strain S-PT84 via the TNFα pathway in human colon cancer cells. Oncol Lett 2019; 18:4253-4261. [PMID: 31579089 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.10739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Sulforaphane and Lactobacilli induce apoptosis in several cancer cells. Sulforaphane, a dietary isothiocyanate, is an attractive agent due to its potent anticancer effects. Sulforaphane suppresses the proliferation of various cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. The present study investigated the effect of sulforaphane and a co-culture with Lactobacillus-treated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in human colon cancer cells. The combination markedly induced apoptosis in human colon cancer HCT116 and SW480 cells. A pan-caspase inhibitor markedly inhibited apoptosis, and a tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor/Fc chimera partially inhibited apoptosis in both cells. The amount of TNFα secretion in the culture supernatant was significantly increased by co-culture with Lactobacillus-treated normal human PBMCs. On the other hand, the expression of cellular inhibitor of apoptosis-2 (cIAP-2), an anti-apoptotic protein, was increased by co-culture with Lactobacillus-treated PBMCs in colon cancer cells, but sulforaphane treatment significantly suppressed the induction of cIAP-2. The present results revealed that sulforaphane enhances apoptosis in human colon cancer cells under co-culture with Lactobacillus-treated PBMCs via the TNFα signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shusuke Yasuda
- Department of Molecular-Targeting Cancer Prevention, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Mano Horinaka
- Department of Molecular-Targeting Cancer Prevention, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Sakai
- Department of Molecular-Targeting Cancer Prevention, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
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Induction of Apoptosis and Cytotoxicity by Isothiocyanate Sulforaphene in Human Hepatocarcinoma HepG2 Cells. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10060718. [PMID: 29866995 PMCID: PMC6024841 DOI: 10.3390/nu10060718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucoraphenin, a glucosinolate present in large quantities in radish is hydrolysed by myrosinase to form the isothiocyanate sulforaphene, which is believed to be responsible for its chemopreventive activity; however, the underlying mechanisms of action have not been investigated, particularly in human cell lines. The aim of the study is to assess the cytotoxicity of sulforaphene in HepG2 cells and evaluate its potential to enhance apoptosis. The cytotoxicity of sulforaphene in HepG2 cells was carried out ensuing an initial screening with two other cell lines, MFC-7 and HT-29, where sulforaphene displayed highest toxicity in HepG2 cells following incubation at 24, 48 and 72 h. In contrast, the intact glucosinolate showed no cytotoxicity. Morphological studies indicated that sulforaphene stimulated apoptosis as exemplified by cell shrinkage, blebbing, chromatin condensation, and nuclear fragmentation. The Annexin V assay revealed significant increases in apoptosis and the same treatment increased the activity of caspases -3/7 and -9, whereas a decline in caspase-8 was observed. Impairment of cell proliferation was indicated by cell cycle arrest at the Sub G0/G1 phase as compared to the other phases. It may be concluded that sulforaphene, but not its parent glucosinolate, glucoraphenin, causes cytotoxicity and stimulates apoptosis in HepG2 cells.
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Kim SC, Choi B, Kwon Y. Thiol-reducing agents prevent sulforaphane-induced growth inhibition in ovarian cancer cells. Food Nutr Res 2017; 61:1368321. [PMID: 28970779 PMCID: PMC5614215 DOI: 10.1080/16546628.2017.1368321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The inhibitory potential of sulforaphane against cancer has been suggested for different types of cancer, including ovarian cancer. We examined whether this effect is mediated by mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and reactive oxygen species (ROS), important signaling molecules related to cell survival and proliferation, in ovarian cancer cells. Sulforaphane at a concentration of 10 μM effectively inhibited the growth of cancer cells. Use of specific inhibitors revealed that activation of MAPK pathways by sulforaphane is unlikely to mediate sulforaphane-induced growth inhibition. Sulforaphane did not generate significant levels of intracellular ROS. Pretreatment with thiol reducers, but not ROS scavengers, prevented sulforaphane-induced growth inhibition. Furthermore, diamide, a thiol-oxidizing agent, enhanced both growth inhibition and cell death induced by sulforaphane, suggesting that the effect of sulforaphane on cell growth may be related to oxidation of protein thiols or change in cellular redox status. Our data indicate that supplementation with thiol-reducing agents should be avoided when sulforaphane is used to treat cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Cheol Kim
- Department of Medical Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Boyun Choi
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngjoo Kwon
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Andělová H, Rudolf E, Červinka M. In Vitro Antiproliferative Effects of Sulforaphane on Human Colon Cancer Cell Line SW620. ACTA MEDICA (HRADEC KRÁLOVÉ) 2017. [DOI: 10.14712/18059694.2017.78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The isothiocyanate sulforaphane (SF) has been reported to possess chemopreventive efficiency towards various malignancies including colon cancer. Here, we investigated the antiproliferative and pro-apoptotic effects of SF on colon cancer cell line SW620. We found that SF at concentrations of 10–50 μM inhibits cell viability and proliferation of SW620 cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner, with IC50 being 26 μM (24 h), 24.4 μM (48 h) and 18 μM (72 h). Also, in the same cells SF caused DNA damage and chromatin condensation after 24 h and 48 h as revealed by phospho-H2A.X western blot analysis and DAPI staining of nuclei. These changes were accompanied by the elevated activity of caspase 3, although after 20 μM SF concentration only. Together, these results indicate that SF suppresses growth of human metastacic colonocytes and induces apoptotic cell death.
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Zou X, Qu Z, Fang Y, Shi X, Ji Y. Endoplasmic reticulum stress mediates sulforaphane-induced apoptosis of HepG2 human hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Mol Med Rep 2016; 15:331-338. [PMID: 27959410 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.6016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Sulforaphane (SFN) is a naturally occurring chemopreventive agent, which effectively inhibits proliferation of HepG2 human hepatocellular carcinoma cells via mitochondria‑mediated apoptosis. Endoplasmic reticulum stress is considered the most important cause of cell apoptosis; therefore, the present study aimed to determine whether the endoplasmic reticulum pathway was involved in SFN-induced apoptosis of HepG2 cells. An MTT assay was used to detect the inhibitory effects of SFN on HepG2 cells. Fluorescence microscopy was used to observe the morphological changes in apoptotic cells, and western blot analysis was conducted to detect the expression of binding immunoglobulin protein (Bip)/glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78), X‑box binding protein‑1 (XBP‑1) and BH3 interacting domain death agonist (Bid). Furthermore, flow cytometry was used to determine the apoptotic rate of HepG2 cells, and the protein expression of C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP)/growth arrest‑ and DNA damage‑inducible gene 153 (GADD153) and caspase-12 in HepG2 cells. The results indicated that SFN significantly inhibited the proliferation of HepG2 cells; the half maximal inhibitory concentration values were 32.03±0.96, 20.90±1.96 and 13.87±0.44 µmol/l, following treatment with SFN for 24, 48 and 72 h, respectively. Following 48 h of SFN treatment (10, 20 and 40 µmol/l), the apoptotic rates of HepG2 cells were 31.8, 61.3 and 77.1%, respectively. Furthermore, after 48 h of exposure to SFN, the cells presented typical morphological alterations of apoptosis, as detected under fluorescence microscopy. Treatment with SFN for 48 h also significantly upregulated the protein expression levels of Bip/GRP78, XBP‑1, caspase‑12, CHOP/GADD153 and Bid in HepG2 cells. In conclusion, endoplasmic reticulum stress may be considered the most important mechanism underlying SFN-induced apoptosis in HepG2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Zou
- Engineering Research Center of Natural Antineoplastic Drugs, Ministry of Education, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150076, P.R. China
| | - Zhongyuan Qu
- College of Pharmacy, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150076, P.R. China
| | - Yueni Fang
- Engineering Research Center of Natural Antineoplastic Drugs, Ministry of Education, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150076, P.R. China
| | - Xin Shi
- Post Doctoral Research Center of Materia Medica, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150076, P.R. China
| | - Yubin Ji
- Post Doctoral Research Center of Materia Medica, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150076, P.R. China
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Calycosin suppresses expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines via the activation of p62/Nrf2-linked heme oxygenase 1 in rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblasts. Pharmacol Res 2016; 113:695-704. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 08/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Yu JS, Chen WC, Tseng CK, Lin CK, Hsu YC, Chen YH, Lee JC. Sulforaphane Suppresses Hepatitis C Virus Replication by Up-Regulating Heme Oxygenase-1 Expression through PI3K/Nrf2 Pathway. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0152236. [PMID: 27023634 PMCID: PMC4811417 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection-induced oxidative stress is a major risk factor for the development of HCV-associated liver disease. Sulforaphane (SFN) is an antioxidant phytocompound that acts against cellular oxidative stress and tumorigenesis. However, there is little known about its anti-viral activity. In this study, we demonstrated that SFN significantly suppressed HCV protein and RNA levels in HCV replicon cells and infectious system, with an IC50 value of 5.7 ± 0.2 μM. Moreover, combination of SFN with anti-viral drugs displayed synergistic effects in the suppression of HCV replication. In addition, we found nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)/HO-1 induction in response to SFN and determined the signaling pathways involved in this process, including inhibition of NS3 protease activity and induction of IFN response. In contrast, the anti-viral activities were attenuated by knockdown of HO-1 with specific inhibitor (SnPP) and shRNA, suggesting that anti-HCV activity of SFN is dependent on HO-1 expression. Otherwise, SFN stimulated the phosphorylation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) leading Nrf2-mediated HO-1 expression against HCV replication. Overall, our results indicated that HO-1 is essential in SFN-mediated anti-HCV activity and provide new insights in the molecular mechanism of SFN in HCV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Sheng Yu
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, 71004, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chun Chen
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Kai Tseng
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Kuang Lin
- Doctoral Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology, College of Marine Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Chin Hsu
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, 71004, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Hsu Chen
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Graduate Institute of Medicine, Sepsis Research Center, Center for Dengue Fever Control and Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, College of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, HsinChu, Taiwan
- Center for Infectious Disease and Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (J-CL); (Y-HC)
| | - Jin-Ching Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Research Center for Natural Products and Drug Development, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (J-CL); (Y-HC)
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16
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Sridhar V, Narnaware S, Kumar P, Kale SB, Majumdar AS. Co-treatment with sulforaphane–zein microparticles enhances the chemopreventive potential of zinc in a 1,2-dimethylhydrazine induced colon carcinogenesis rat model. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra02355j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypothesis of the study was that zinc and sulforaphane will act on common targets MT and Nrf2 in colon, increasing their intracellular levels leading to improvement in DMH induced oxidative stress thereby hindering the process of colon carcinogenesis in rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinay Sridhar
- Department of Pharmacology
- Bombay College of Pharmacy
- Mumbai-400098
- India
| | - Sharad Narnaware
- DBT-ICT-Centre for Energy Biosciences (CEB)
- Institute of Chemical Technology
- Mumbai-400019
- India
| | - Prashant Kumar
- DBT-ICT-Centre for Energy Biosciences (CEB)
- Institute of Chemical Technology
- Mumbai-400019
- India
| | - Sandeep B. Kale
- DBT-ICT-Centre for Energy Biosciences (CEB)
- Institute of Chemical Technology
- Mumbai-400019
- India
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17
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Hanschen FS, Herz C, Schlotz N, Kupke F, Bartolomé Rodríguez MM, Schreiner M, Rohn S, Lamy E. The Brassica epithionitrile 1-cyano-2,3-epithiopropane triggers cell death in human liver cancer cells in vitro. Mol Nutr Food Res 2015; 59:2178-89. [PMID: 26251050 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201500296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Revised: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE Glucosinolates are secondary metabolites present in Brassica vegetables. Alkenyl glucosinolates are enzymatically degraded forming nitriles or isothiocyanates, but in the presence of epithiospecifier protein, epithionitriles are released. However, studies on the occurrence of epithionitriles in Brassica food and knowledge about their biological effects are scarce. METHODS AND RESULTS Epithionitrile formation from glucosinolates of seven Brassica vegetables was analyzed using GC-MS and HPLC-DAD. Bioactivity of synthetic and plant-derived 1-cyano-2,3-epithiopropane (CETP) - the predominant epithionitrile in Brassica vegetables - in three human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell lines and primary murine hepatocytes was also evaluated. The majority of the Brassica vegetables were producers of nitriles or epithionitriles as hydrolysis products and not of isothiocyanates. For example, Brussels sprouts and savoy cabbage contained up to 0.8 μmol CETP/g vegetable. Using formazan dye assays, concentrations of 380-1500 nM CETP were observed to inhibit the mitochondrial dehydrogenase activity of human HCC cells without impairment of cell growth. At 100-fold higher CETP concentrations, cell death was observed. Presence of plant matrix increased CETP-based toxicity. CONCLUSION These in vitro data provide no indication that epithionitriles will severely affect human health by Brassica consumption. In contrast to isothiocyanates, no evidence of selective toxicity against HCC cells was found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska S Hanschen
- Department of Quality, Leibniz-Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops Großbeeren and Erfurt e.V, Großbeeren, Germany
| | - Corinna Herz
- Environmental Health Sciences, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg i.Br, Germany
| | - Nina Schlotz
- Environmental Health Sciences, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg i.Br, Germany
| | - Franziska Kupke
- Environmental Health Sciences, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg i.Br, Germany.,Institute of Food Chemistry, Hamburg School of Food Science, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - María M Bartolomé Rodríguez
- Clinic for Internal Medicine II, Molecular Biology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg i.Br, Germany
| | - Monika Schreiner
- Department of Quality, Leibniz-Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops Großbeeren and Erfurt e.V, Großbeeren, Germany
| | - Sascha Rohn
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Hamburg School of Food Science, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Evelyn Lamy
- Environmental Health Sciences, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg i.Br, Germany
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18
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Wang R, Zhang CY, Bai LP, Pan HD, Shu LM, Kong ANT, Leung ELH, Liu L, Li T. Flavonoids derived from liquorice suppress murine macrophage activation by up-regulating heme oxygenase-1 independent of Nrf2 activation. Int Immunopharmacol 2015; 28:917-24. [PMID: 25871879 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2015.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Liquiritigenin (LQG), isoliquiritin (ILQ) and isoliquiritigenin (ILG) are flavonoids derived from liquorice and all possess a similar chemical structural backbone. In the current study, we found that ILQ and ILG had suppressive effects on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory responses in murine macrophage by suppressing the iNOS and COX-2 proteins and mRNA expression. A mechanistic study indicated that the effect was associated with an induction of antioxidant and detoxification enzymes, including UGT1A1, NQO1, and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) mRNA expression. The regulator of these enzymes, nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), which plays a critical role in LPS-induced inflammatory responses, could be activated by ILQ and ILG. Additionally, ILQ and ILG promoted Nrf2 signaling activation by inhibiting the Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1) and increasing Nrf2 translocation, inducing the expression of these antioxidant enzymes. We further found that ILQ and ILG induced HO-1 expression independent of Nrf2 expression. With respect to the effect of these compounds on NF-κB signaling, ILG was found to markedly inhibit IκBα degradation and phosphorylation, while LQG and ILQ had no significant effects. These results indicate that there are correlations between the anti-inflammatory responses and the chemical structural properties of these flavonoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine/Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Cheng Yue Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Li Ping Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine/Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Hu Dan Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine/Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Li Min Shu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Ah-Ng Tony Kong
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Elaine Lai-Han Leung
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine/Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Liang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine/Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China.
| | - Ting Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine/Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China.
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19
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Molecular signatures in the prevention of radiation damage by the synergistic effect of N-acetyl cysteine and qingre liyan decoction, a traditional chinese medicine, using a 3-dimensional cell culture model of oral mucositis. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2015; 2015:425760. [PMID: 25705238 PMCID: PMC4326035 DOI: 10.1155/2015/425760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Qingre Liyan decoction (QYD), a Traditional Chinese medicine, and N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) have been used to prevent radiation induced mucositis. This work evaluates the protective mechanisms of QYD, NAC, and their combination (NAC-QYD) at the cellular and transcriptional level. A validated organotypic model of oral mucosal consisting of a three-dimensional (3D) cell tissue-culture of primary human keratinocytes exposed to X-ray irradiation was used. Six hours after the irradiation, the tissues were evaluated by hematoxylin and eosin (H and E) and a TUNEL assay to assess histopathology and apoptosis, respectively. Total RNA was extracted and used for microarray gene expression profiling. The tissue-cultures treated with NAC-QYD preserved their integrity and showed no apoptosis. Microarray results revealed that the NAC-QYD caused the upregulation of genes encoding metallothioneins, HMOX1, and other components of the Nrf2 pathway, which protects against oxidative stress. DNA repair genes (XCP, GADD45G, RAD9, and XRCC1), protective genes (EGFR and PPARD), and genes of the NFκB pathway were upregulated. Finally, tissue-cultures treated prophylactically with NAC-QYD showed significant downregulation of apoptosis, cytokines and chemokines genes, and constrained damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). NAC-QYD treatment involves the protective effect of Nrf2, NFκB, and DNA repair factors.
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20
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Modulators of cellular senescence: mechanisms, promises, and challenges from in vitro studies with dietary bioactive compounds. Nutr Res 2014; 34:1017-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2014.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Revised: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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21
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Mansour HH, Shouman SA. Effect of N-acetylcysteine on γ-radiation-induced cytotoxicity in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomag.2014.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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22
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Hanschen FS, Lamy E, Schreiner M, Rohn S. Reactivity and stability of glucosinolates and their breakdown products in foods. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:11430-50. [PMID: 25163974 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201402639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The chemistry of glucosinolates and their behavior during food processing is very complex. Their instability leads to the formation of a bunch of breakdown and reaction products that are very often reactive themselves. Although excessive consumption of cabbage varieties has been thought for long time to have adverse, especially goitrogenic effects, nowadays, epidemiologic studies provide data that there might be beneficial health effects as well. Especially Brassica vegetables, such as broccoli, radish, or cabbage, are rich in these interesting plant metabolites. However, information on the bioactivity of glucosinolates is only valuable when one knows which compounds are formed during processing and subsequent consumption. This review provides a comprehensive, in-depth overview on the chemical reactivity of different glucosinolates and breakdown products thereof during food preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska S Hanschen
- Department of Quality, Leibniz-Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops Großbeeren and Erfurt e.V. Theodor-Echtermeyer-Weg 1, 14979 Großbeeren (Germany) http://www.igzev.de.
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23
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Hanschen FS, Lamy E, Schreiner M, Rohn S. Reaktivität und Stabilität von Glucosinolaten und ihren Abbauprodukten in Lebensmitteln. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201402639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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24
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Wu QJ, Wang J, Gao J, Zhang W, Han LH, Gao S, Gao YT, Ji BT, Zheng W, Shu XO, Xiang YB. Urinary isothiocyanates level and liver cancer risk: a nested case-control study in Shanghai, China. Nutr Cancer 2014; 66:1023-1029. [PMID: 25076394 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2014.936953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Experimental studies have provided evidence that isothiocyanates (ITCs) from cruciferous vegetables may modulate carcinogen metabolism and facilitate carcinogen detoxification and reduce cancer risk. However, no epidemiological studies on liver cancer were reported. This study investigates the association between urinary ITCs levels and liver cancer risk among men and women in Shanghai, China. A nested case-control study of 217 incident cases of liver cancer and 427 matched controls identified from the Shanghai Women's Health Study and Shanghai Men's Health Study was conducted. Conditional logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) summarizing the association between urinary ITCs levels and liver cancer risk. Compared to those with undetectable ITCs, nonsignificantly inverse association was observed among detectable (OR = 0.80; 95% CI = 0.51-1.26), below-median (OR = 0.76; 95% CI = 0.47-1.24), and above-median concentration (OR = 0.86; 95% CI = 0.52-1.41) with liver cancer risk. Similar patterns were observed when urinary ITCs levels were categorized into tertiles or quartiles. Although our study firstly focused on the association between urinary ITCs exposure and liver cancer risk, we did not find significant results. Future multicenter prospective, different population studies are warranted to validate our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Jun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogene and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Epidemiology, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Gao
- Department of Epidemiology, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Li-Hua Han
- Department of Epidemiology, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shan Gao
- Department of Infection Management, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yu-Tang Gao
- Department of Epidemiology, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bu-Tian Ji
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Wei Zheng
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Xiao-Ou Shu
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Yong-Bing Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogene and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Epidemiology, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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25
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DeOcesano-Pereira C, Amaral MS, Parreira KS, Ayupe AC, Jacysyn JF, Amarante-Mendes GP, Reis EM, Verjovski-Almeida S. Long non-coding RNA INXS is a critical mediator of BCL-XS induced apoptosis. Nucleic Acids Res 2014; 42:8343-55. [PMID: 24992962 PMCID: PMC4117780 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gku561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BCL-X mRNA alternative splicing generates pro-apoptotic BCL-XS or anti-apoptotic BCL-XL gene products and the mechanism that regulates splice shifting is incompletely understood. We identified and characterized a long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) named INXS, transcribed from the opposite genomic strand of BCL-X, that was 5- to 9-fold less abundant in tumor cell lines from kidney, liver, breast and prostate and in kidney tumor tissues compared with non-tumors. INXS is an unspliced 1903 nt-long RNA, is transcribed by RNA polymerase II, 5′-capped, nuclear enriched and binds Sam68 splicing-modulator. Three apoptosis-inducing agents increased INXS lncRNA endogenous expression in the 786-O kidney tumor cell line, increased BCL-XS/BCL-XL mRNA ratio and activated caspases 3, 7 and 9. These effects were abrogated in the presence of INXS knockdown. Similarly, ectopic INXS overexpression caused a shift in splicing toward BCL-XS and activation of caspases, thus leading to apoptosis. BCL-XS protein accumulation was detected upon INXS overexpression. In a mouse xenograft model, intra-tumor injections of an INXS-expressing plasmid caused a marked reduction in tumor weight, and an increase in BCL-XS isoform, as determined in the excised tumors. We revealed an endogenous lncRNA that induces apoptosis, suggesting that INXS is a possible target to be explored in cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos DeOcesano-Pereira
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-900 São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Murilo S Amaral
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-900 São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Kleber S Parreira
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-900 São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Ana C Ayupe
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-900 São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Jacqueline F Jacysyn
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-900 São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Gustavo P Amarante-Mendes
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-900 São Paulo, SP, Brasil Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Investigação em Imunologia, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-900 São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Eduardo M Reis
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-900 São Paulo, SP, Brasil Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Oncogenômica, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-900 São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Sergio Verjovski-Almeida
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-900 São Paulo, SP, Brasil Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Oncogenômica, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-900 São Paulo, SP, Brasil
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Chandhok G, Schmitt N, Sauer V, Aggarwal A, Bhatt M, Schmidt HHJ. The effect of zinc and D-penicillamine in a stable human hepatoma ATP7B knockout cell line. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98809. [PMID: 24892424 PMCID: PMC4044041 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the copper (Cu) transporter gene ATP7B, the primary cause of Wilson disease (WD), result in high liver Cu and death of hepatocytes. Cu chelators and zinc salts are the two most important drugs used in the treatment of WD patients; however, the molecular mechanisms of the drugs with regard to ATP7B expression have not been determined. A targeted knockout of ATP7B (KO) was established in the most widely used human hepatoma cell line, HepG2 for molecular studies of the pathogenesis and treatment of the disease. KO cells showed similar growth, Cu uptake, release, and gene expression as compared to parental cells. However, in the presence of Cu, morphological changes, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and loss of viability were observed. Induction of metallothionein (MT1X) after Cu exposure was significantly reduced in KO cells. Following zinc treatment, MT1X expression was strongly induced and a high percentage of KO cells could be rescued from Cu induced toxicity. D-penicillamine treatment had a minor effect on the viability of KO cells whereas the parental cell line showed a pronounced improvement. Combined treatment displayed a highly synergistic effect in KO cells. The data suggest that zinc has a previously unrecognized effect on the viability of hepatocytes that lack ATP7B due to a high induction of MT1X expression that compensates low gene expression after Cu exposure. A combination therapy that simultaneously targets at MT1X induction and Cu chelation improves the overall survival of hepatocytes for most efficient therapy of patients having WD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gursimran Chandhok
- Clinic for Transplantation Medicine, Münster University Hospital, Münster, Germany
- Wilson Disease Clinic, Kokilaben Dhirubhai Ambani Hospital and Medical Research Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - Nadine Schmitt
- Clinic for Transplantation Medicine, Münster University Hospital, Münster, Germany
| | - Vanessa Sauer
- Clinic for Transplantation Medicine, Münster University Hospital, Münster, Germany
| | - Annu Aggarwal
- Wilson Disease Clinic, Kokilaben Dhirubhai Ambani Hospital and Medical Research Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - Mohit Bhatt
- Wilson Disease Clinic, Kokilaben Dhirubhai Ambani Hospital and Medical Research Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - Hartmut H. J. Schmidt
- Clinic for Transplantation Medicine, Münster University Hospital, Münster, Germany
- * E-mail:
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27
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Negrette-Guzmán M, Huerta-Yepez S, Tapia E, Pedraza-Chaverri J. Modulation of mitochondrial functions by the indirect antioxidant sulforaphane: a seemingly contradictory dual role and an integrative hypothesis. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 65:1078-1089. [PMID: 23999506 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.08.182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Revised: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The chemotherapeutic isothiocyanate sulforaphane (SFN) was early linked to anticarcinogenic and antiproliferative activities. Soon after, this compound, derived from cruciferous vegetables, became an excellent and useful trial for anti-cancer research in experimental models including growth tumor, metastasis, and angiogenesis. Many subsequent reports showed modifications in mitochondrial signaling, functionality, and integrity induced by SFN. When cytoprotective effects were found in toxic and ischemic insult models, seemingly contradictory behaviors of SFN were discovered: SFN was inducing deleterious changes in cancer cell mitochondria that eventually would carry the cell to death via apoptosis and also was protecting noncancer cell mitochondria against oxidative challenge, which prevented cell death. In both cases, SFN exhibited effects on mitochondrial redox balance and phase II enzyme expression, mitochondrial membrane potential, expression of the family of B cell lymphoma 2 homologs, regulation of proapoptotic proteins released from mitochondria, activation/inactivation of caspases, mitochondrial respiratory complex activities, oxygen consumption and bioenergetics, mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening, and modulation of some kinase pathways. With the ultimate findings related to the induction of mitochondrial biogenesis by SFN, it could be considered that SFN has effects on mitochondrial dynamics that explain some divergent points. In this review, we list the reports involving effects on mitochondrial modulation by SFN in anti-cancer models as well as in cytoprotective models against oxidative damage. We also attempt to integrate the data into a mechanism explaining the various effects of SFN on mitochondrial function in only one concept, taking into account mitochondrial biogenesis and dynamics and making a comparison with the theory of reactive oxygen species threshold of cell death. Our interest is to achieve a complete view of cancer and protective therapies based on SFN that can be extended to other chemotherapeutic compounds with similar characteristics. The work needed to test this hypothesis is quite extensive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Negrette-Guzmán
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510 Mexico City, DF, Mexico
| | - Sara Huerta-Yepez
- Unidad de Investigación en Enfermedades Oncológicas, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City, DF, Mexico
| | - Edilia Tapia
- Laboratorio de Patología Renal, Departamento de Nefrología, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City, DF, Mexico
| | - José Pedraza-Chaverri
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510 Mexico City, DF, Mexico.
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Lamy E, Hertrampf A, Herz C, Schüler J, Erlacher M, Bertele D, Bakare A, Wagner M, Weiland T, Lauer U, Drognitz O, Huber R, Rohn S, Giesemann T, Mersch-Sundermann V. Preclinical evaluation of 4-methylthiobutyl isothiocyanate on liver cancer and cancer stem cells with different p53 status. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70846. [PMID: 23936472 PMCID: PMC3732292 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Isothiocyanates from plants of the order Brassicales are considered promising cancer chemotherapeutic phytochemicals. However, their selective cytotoxicity on liver cancer has been barely researched. Therefore, in the present study, we systematically studied the chemotherapeutic potency of 4-methylthiobutyl isothiocyanate (MTBITC). Selective toxicity was investigated by comparing its effect on liver cancer cells and their chemoresistant subpopulations to normal primary hepatocytes and liver tissue slices. Additionally, in a first assessment, the in vivo tolerability of MTBITC was investigated in mice. Growth arrest at G2/M and apoptosis induction was evident in all in vitro cancer models treated with MTBITC, including populations with cancer initiating characteristics. This was found independent from TP53; however cell death was delayed in p53 compromised cells as compared to wt-p53 cells which was probably due to differential BH3 only gene regulation i. e. Noxa and its antagonist A1. In normal hepatocytes, no apoptosis or necrosis could be detected after repeated administration of up to 50 µM MTBITC. In mice, orally applied MTBITC was well tolerated over 18 days of treatment for up to 50 mg/kg/day, the highest dose tested. In conclusion, we could show here that the killing effect of MTBITC has a definite selectivity for cancer cells over normal liver cells and its cytotoxicity even applies for chemoresistant cancer initiating cells. Our study could serve for a better understanding of the chemotherapeutic properties of isothiocyanates on human liver-derived cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn Lamy
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Freiburg University Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany.
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Jung KA, Choi BH, Nam CW, Song M, Kim ST, Lee JY, Kwak MK. Identification of aldo-keto reductases as NRF2-target marker genes in human cells. Toxicol Lett 2013; 218:39-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2012.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2012] [Revised: 12/28/2012] [Accepted: 12/29/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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30
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Sikdar S, Mukherjee A, Boujedaini N, Khuda-Bukhsh AR. Ethanolic extract of Condurango (Marsdenia condurango) used in traditional systems of medicine including homeopathy against cancer can induce DNA damage and apoptosis in non small lung cancer cells, A549 and H522, in vitro. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.5667/tang.2012.0044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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31
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Yuan L, Wang J, Xiao H, Xiao C, Wang Y, Liu X. Isoorientin induces apoptosis through mitochondrial dysfunction and inhibition of PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in HepG2 cancer cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2012; 265:83-92. [PMID: 23026832 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2012.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2012] [Revised: 09/19/2012] [Accepted: 09/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Isoorientin (ISO) is a flavonoid compound that can be extracted from several plant species, such as Phyllostachys pubescens, Patrinia, and Drosophyllum lusitanicum; however, its biological activity remains poorly understood. The present study investigated the effects and putative mechanism of apoptosis induced by ISO in human hepatoblastoma cancer (HepG2) cells. The results showed that ISO induced cell death in a dose-dependent manner in HepG2 cells, but no toxicity in human liver cells (HL-7702) and buffalo rat liver cells (BRL-3A) treated with ISO at the indicated concentrations. ISO-induced cell death included apoptosis which characterized by the appearance of nuclear shrinkage, the cleavage of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) and DNA fragmentation. ISO significantly (p<0.01) increased the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, disrupted the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), increased the release of cytochrome c, activated caspase-3, and enhanced intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO). In addition, ISO effectively inhibited the phosphorylation of Akt and increased FoxO4 expression. The PI3K/Akt inhibitor LY294002 enhanced the apoptosis-inducing effect of ISO. However, LY294002 markedly quenched ROS and NO generation and diminished the protein expression of heme peroxidase enzyme (HO-1) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Furthermore, the addition of a ROS inhibitor (N-acetyl cysteine, NAC) or iNOS inhibitor (N-[3-(aminomethyl) benzyl] acetamidine, dihydrochloride, 1400W) significantly diminished the apoptosis induced by ISO and also blocked the phosphorylation of Akt. These results demonstrated for the first time that ISO induces apoptosis in HepG2 cells and indicate that this apoptosis might be mediated through mitochondrial dysfunction and PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, and has no toxicity in normal liver cells, suggesting that ISO may have good potential as a therapeutic and chemopreventive agent for liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yuan
- Laboratory of Nutrition and Functional Factors, College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, China
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32
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Lin LC, Yeh CT, Kuo CC, Lee CM, Yen GC, Wang LS, Wu CH, Yang WCV, Wu ATH. Sulforaphane potentiates the efficacy of imatinib against chronic leukemia cancer stem cells through enhanced abrogation of Wnt/β-catenin function. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:7031-7039. [PMID: 22708678 DOI: 10.1021/jf301981n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Sulforaphane (SFN) has been indicated for the prevention and suppression of tumorigenesis in solid tumors. Herein, we evaluated SFN's effects on imatinib (IM)-resistant leukemia stem cells (LSCs). CD34(+)/CD38(-) and CD34(+)/CD38(+) LSCs were isolated from KU812 cell line flowcytometrically. Isolated LSCs showed high expression of Oct4, CD133, β-catenin, and Sox2 and IM resistance. Differentially, CD34(+)/CD38(-) LSCs demonstrated higher BCR-ABL and β-catenin expression and imatinib (IM) resistance than CD34(+)/CD38(+) counterparts. IM and SFN combined treatment sensitized CD34(+)/CD38(-) LSCs and induced apoptosis, shown by increased caspase 3, PARP, and Bax while decreased Bcl-2 expression. Additionally, the combined treatment reduced BCR-ABL and β-catenin and MDR-1 protein expression. Mechanistically, IM and SFN combined treatment resensitized LSCs by inducing intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). Importantly, β-catenin-silenced LSCs exhibited reduced glutathione S-transferase pi 1 (GSTP1) expression and intracellular GSH level, which led to increased sensitivity toward IM and SFN. We demonstrated that IM and SFN combined treatment effectively eliminated CD34(+)/CD38(-) LSCs. Since SFN has been shown well tolerated in both animals and human, this regimen could be considered for clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ching Lin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Chi-Mei Foundation Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
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33
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Wiczk A, Hofman D, Konopa G, Herman-Antosiewicz A. Sulforaphane, a cruciferous vegetable-derived isothiocyanate, inhibits protein synthesis in human prostate cancer cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2012; 1823:1295-305. [PMID: 22640870 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2012.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2012] [Revised: 05/17/2012] [Accepted: 05/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Sulforaphane (SFN) is a compound derived from cruciferous plants. Its anticancer properties have been demonstrated both, in cancer cell lines as well as tumors in animal models. It has been shown that SFN inhibits cell proliferation, induces apoptosis, autophagy, and sensitizes cancer cells to therapies. As induction of catabolic processes is often related to perturbation in protein synthesis we aimed to investigate the impact of SFN on this process in PC-3 human prostate cancer cells. In the present study we show that SFN inhibits protein synthesis in PC-3 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner which is accompanied by a decreased phosphorylation of mTOR substrates. Translation inhibition is independent of mitochondria-derived ROS as it is observed in PC-3 derivatives devoid of functional mitochondrial respiratory chain (Rho0 cells). Although SFN affects mitochondria and slightly decreases glycolysis, the ATP level is maintained on the level characteristic for control cells. Inhibition of protein synthesis might be a protective response of prostate cancer cells to save energy. However, translation inhibition contributes to the death of PC-3 cells due to decreased level of a short-lived protein, survivin. Overexpression of this anti-apoptotic factor protects PC-3 cells against SFN cytotoxicity. Protein synthesis inhibition by SFN is not restricted to prostate cancer cells as we observed similar effect in SKBR-3 breast cancer cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Wiczk
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
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34
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Yan F, Wang M, Li J, Cheng H, Su J, Wang X, Wu H, Xia L, Li X, Chang HC, Li Q. Gambogenic acid induced mitochondrial-dependent apoptosis and referred to phospho-Erk1/2 and phospho-p38 MAPK in human hepatoma HepG2 cells. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2012; 33:181-190. [PMID: 22222560 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2011.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2011] [Revised: 11/20/2011] [Accepted: 12/04/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Gambogenic acid, identified from Gamboge, is responsible for anti-tumor effects, and has been shown to be a potential molecule against human cancers. In this study, the molecular mechanism of gambogenic acid-induced apoptosis in HepG2 cells was investigated. Gambogenic acid significantly inhibited cell proliferation and induced apoptosis. Acridine orange/ethidium bromide (AO/EB) staining was used to observe apoptosis, and then confirmed by transmission electron microscopy. Gambogenic acid induced apoptosis and morphological changes in mitochondria, and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondrial membrane permeabilization (MMP) in mitochondrial apoptosis pathway were also examined. Results showed that the levels of phospho-p38 and its downstream phospho-Erk1/2 of HepG2 cells increased in time- and concentration-dependent manners after gambogenic acid treatments. Additionally, gambogenic acid increased expression ratio of Bcl-2/Bax in mRNA levels, Western blotting analysis also further confirmed the reduced level of Bcl-2 and increase the expression level of Bax in HepG2 cells. These results indicated that gambogenic acid induced mitochondrial oxidative stress and activated caspases through a caspase-3 and caspase-9-dependent apoptosis pathway. Moreover, gambogenic acid mediated apoptosis and was involved in the phospho-Erk1/2 and phospho-p38 MAPK proteins expression changes in HepG2 cells.
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MESH Headings
- Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/pharmacology
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Blotting, Western
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/enzymology
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/genetics
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/pathology
- Caspase 3/metabolism
- Caspase 9/metabolism
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cell Shape/drug effects
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Hep G2 Cells
- Humans
- Liver Neoplasms/enzymology
- Liver Neoplasms/genetics
- Liver Neoplasms/pathology
- Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial/drug effects
- Microscopy, Electron, Transmission
- Mitochondria/drug effects
- Mitochondria/enzymology
- Mitochondria/pathology
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1/metabolism
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3/metabolism
- Oxidative Stress/drug effects
- Phosphorylation
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Terpenes/pharmacology
- Time Factors
- Xanthenes
- Xanthones/pharmacology
- bcl-2-Associated X Protein/genetics
- bcl-2-Associated X Protein/metabolism
- p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenggen Yan
- Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of R&D of Chinese Medicine, Anhui University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230038, China
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35
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Villatoro-Pulido M, Font R, Saha S, Obregón-Cano S, Anter J, Muñoz-Serrano A, De Haro-Bailón A, Alonso-Moraga A, Del Río-Celestino M. In vivo biological activity of rocket extracts (Eruca vesicaria subsp. sativa (Miller) Thell) and sulforaphane. Food Chem Toxicol 2012; 50:1384-92. [PMID: 22369966 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2012.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2011] [Revised: 01/22/2012] [Accepted: 02/10/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Eruca is thought to be an excellent source of antioxidants like phenolic compounds, carotenoids, glucosinolates and their degradation products, such as isothiocyanates. Sulforaphane is one of the most potent indirect antioxidants of Eruca isolated until the date. In this work we investigate: (i) the safety and DNA protective activity of Eruca extracts and sulforaphane (under and without oxidative stress) in Drosophila melanogaster; and (ii) the influence on D. melanogaster life span treated with Eruca extracts and sulforaphane. Our results showed that among the four concentrations of Eruca extracts tested (from 0.625 to 5mg/ml), intermediate concentrations of the Es2 accession (1.25 and 2.5mg/ml) exhibited no genotoxic activity, as well as antigenotoxic activity (inhibition rate of 0.2-0.6) and the lowest concentration of Es2 and Es4 accessions (0.625 mg/ml) also enhanced the health span portion of the live span curves. Sulforaphane presented a high antigenotoxic activity in the SMART test of D. melanogaster and intermediate concentrations of this compound (3.75 μM) enhanced average healthspan. The results of this study indicate the presence of potent antigenotoxic factors in rocket, which are being explored further for their mechanism of action.
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36
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Apolipoprotein E genotype affects tissue metallothionein levels: studies in targeted gene replacement mice. GENES AND NUTRITION 2012; 7:247-55. [PMID: 22328270 DOI: 10.1007/s12263-012-0282-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2011] [Accepted: 01/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype is an important risk factor for ageing and age-related diseases. The APOE4 genotype (in contrast to APOE3) has been shown to be associated with oxidative stress and chronic inflammation. Metallothioneins (MT) exhibit antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity, and MT overexpression has been shown to increase lifespan in mice. Interactions between APOE and MT, however, are largely unknown. Hence, we determined the effect of the APOE4 versus APOE3 genotype on MT levels in targeted gene replacement mice. APOE4 versus APOE3 mice exhibited significantly lower hepatic MT1 and MT2 mRNA as well as lower MT protein levels. The decrease in hepatic MT protein levels in APOE4 as compared to APOE3 mice was accompanied by lower nuclear Nrf1, a protein partly controlling MT gene expression. Cell culture experiments using hepatocytes identified allyl-isothiocyanate (AITC) as a potent MT inductor in vitro. Therefore, we supplemented APOE3 and APOE4 mice with AITC. However, AITC (15 mg/kg b.w.) could only partly correct for decreased MT1 and MT2 gene expression in APOE4 mice in vivo. Furthermore, cholesterol significantly decreased both Nrf1 and MT mRNA levels in Huh7 cells indicating that differences in MT gene expression between the two genotypes could be related to differences in hepatic cholesterol concentrations. Overall, present data suggest that the APOE genotype is an important determinant of tissue MT levels in mice and that MT gene expression may be impaired by the APOE4 genotype.
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37
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Reactive oxygen species and PI3K/Akt signaling play key roles in the induction of Nrf2-driven heme oxygenase-1 expression in sulforaphane-treated human mesothelioma MSTO-211H cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2012; 50:116-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2011.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2011] [Revised: 10/01/2011] [Accepted: 10/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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38
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Hou Y, Xue P, Bai Y, Liu D, Woods CG, Yarborough K, Fu J, Zhang Q, Sun G, Collins S, Chan JY, Yamamoto M, Andersen ME, Pi J. Nuclear factor erythroid-derived factor 2-related factor 2 regulates transcription of CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein β during adipogenesis. Free Radic Biol Med 2012; 52:462-72. [PMID: 22138520 PMCID: PMC3307524 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.10.453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2011] [Revised: 10/20/2011] [Accepted: 10/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear factor erythroid-derived factor 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a cap-n-collar basic leucine zipper transcription factor that is involved in the cellular adaptive response to oxidative stress. Our previous study reported that targeted disruption of the Nrf2 gene in mice decreases adipose tissue mass and protects against obesity induced by a high-fat diet. Deficiency of Nrf2 in preadipocytes and mouse embryonic fibroblasts led to impaired adipogenesis. Consistent with these findings, the current study found that lack of Nrf2 in primary cultured mouse preadipocytes and 3T3-L1 cells hampered adipogenic differentiation induced by hormonal cocktails. Stable knockdown of Nrf2 in 3T3-L1 cells blocked the enhanced adipogenesis caused by deficiency of kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1), a Cul3-adapter protein that allows for Nrf2 to be ubiquinated and degraded by the 26S protesome complex. In addition, increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and activation of Nrf2 occurred at the very early stage upon adipogenic hormonal challenge in 3T3-L1 cells, followed by an immediate induction of CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein β (C/EBPβ). Knockdown of Nrf2 led to reduced expression of C/EBPβ induced by adipogenic hormonal cocktails, chemical Nrf2 activators or Keap1 silencing. Cebpβ promoter-driven reporter assays and chromatin immunoprecipitation suggested that Nrf2 associates with a consensus antioxidant response element (ARE) binding site in the promoter of the Cebpβ gene during adipogenesis and upregulates its expression. These findings demonstrate a novel role of Nrf2 beyond xenobiotic detoxification and antioxidant response, and suggest that Nrf2 is one of the transcription factors that control the early events of adipogenesis by regulating expression of Cebpβ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongyong Hou
- Institute for Chemical Safety Sciences, The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Peng Xue
- Institute for Chemical Safety Sciences, The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Yushi Bai
- Department of Molecular Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Dianxin Liu
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, Orlando, FL 32827, USA
| | - Courtney G. Woods
- Institute for Chemical Safety Sciences, The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Kathy Yarborough
- Institute for Chemical Safety Sciences, The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Jingqi Fu
- Institute for Chemical Safety Sciences, The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Institute for Chemical Safety Sciences, The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Guifan Sun
- School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Sheila Collins
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, Orlando, FL 32827, USA
| | - Jefferson Y. Chan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Masayuki Yamamoto
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Melvin E. Andersen
- Institute for Chemical Safety Sciences, The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Jingbo Pi
- Institute for Chemical Safety Sciences, The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
- Corresponding author at: Institute for Chemical Safety Sciences, The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, 6 Davis Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA. Phone: 919-558-1395. Fax: 919-558-1305.
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39
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ERK1/2 activation in quercetin-treated BEAS-2B cell plays a role in Nrf2-driven HO-1 expression. Mol Cell Toxicol 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s13273-011-0044-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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40
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Fimognari C, Turrini E, Ferruzzi L, Lenzi M, Hrelia P. Natural isothiocyanates: genotoxic potential versus chemoprevention. Mutat Res 2011; 750:107-131. [PMID: 22178957 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2011.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2011] [Revised: 12/01/2011] [Accepted: 12/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Isothiocyanates, occurring in many dietary cruciferous vegetables, show interesting chemopreventive activities against several chronic-degenerative diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular diseases, neurodegeneration, diabetes. The electrophilic carbon residue in the isothiocyanate moiety reacts with biological nucleophiles and modification of proteins is recognized as a key mechanism underlying the biological activity of isothiocyanates. The nuclear factor-erythroid-2-related factor 2 system, which orchestrates the expression of a wide array of antioxidant genes, plays a role in the protective effect of isothiocyanates against almost all the pathological conditions reported above. Recent emerging findings suggest a further common mechanism. Chronic inflammation plays a central role in many human diseases and isothiocyanates inhibit the activity of many inflammation components, suppress cyclooxygenase 2, and irreversibly inactivate the macrophage migration inhibitory factor. Due to their electrophilic reactivity, some isothiocyanates are able to form adducts with DNA and induce gene mutations and chromosomal aberrations. DNA damage has been demonstrated to be involved in the pathogenesis of various chronic-degenerative diseases of epidemiological relevance. Thus, the genotoxicity of the isothiocyanates should be carefully considered. In addition, the dose-response relationship for genotoxic compounds does not suggest evidence of a threshold. Thus, chemicals that are genotoxic pose a greater potential risk to humans than non-genotoxic compounds. Dietary consumption levels of isothiocyanates appear to be several orders of magnitude lower than the doses used in the genotoxicity studies and thus it is highly unlikely that such toxicities would occur in humans. However, the beneficial properties of isothiocyanates stimulated an increase of dietary supplements and functional foods with highly enriched isothiocyanate concentrations on the market. Whether such concentrations may exert a potential health risk cannot be excluded with certainty and an accurate evaluation of the toxicological profile of isothiocyanates should be prompted before any major increase in their consumption be recommended or their clinical use suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmela Fimognari
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Bologna, via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Eleonora Turrini
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Bologna, via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Ferruzzi
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Bologna, via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Monia Lenzi
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Bologna, via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Patrizia Hrelia
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Bologna, via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy
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41
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Lee YJ, Lee SH. Sulforaphane induces antioxidative and antiproliferative responses by generating reactive oxygen species in human bronchial epithelial BEAS-2B cells. J Korean Med Sci 2011; 26:1474-82. [PMID: 22065904 PMCID: PMC3207051 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2011.26.11.1474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2011] [Accepted: 09/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulforaphane (SFN) is a naturally occurring compound which is known to induce the phase II antioxidant genes via Nrf2 activation, although the underlying mechanism has not been fully elucidated. In this study, we investigated Nrf2 induction in response to SFN in human bronchial epithelial BEAS-2B cells and determined the signaling pathways involved in this process. SFN treatment reduced cell viability. Prior to cell death, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) were generated at a high rate within a minute of commencing SFN treatment. Pretreatment with antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) blocked SFN-induced decrease in cell growth. Erk1/2 was activated within 30 min of SFN addition, whereas Akt phosphorylation did not significantly change until the first 8 hr after SFN treatment but then became substantially low until 48 hr. Inhibition of Erk1/2 phosphorylation attenuated SFN-induced loss of cell viability. Nrf2 protein levels in both nuclear and whole cell lysates were increased by SFN treatment, which was dependent on ROS production. Knockdown of Nrf2 with siRNA attenuated SFN-induced heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) up-regulation. Induction of the Nrf2/HO-1 after SFN treatment was potently suppressed by pretreatment with NAC. Overall, our results indicate that SFN mediates antioxidative and antiproliferative responses by generating ROS in BEAS-2B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon-Jin Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Sang-Han Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, Korea
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42
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Weng CJ, Chen MJ, Yeh CT, Yen GC. Hepatoprotection of quercetin against oxidative stress by induction of metallothionein expression through activating MAPK and PI3K pathways and enhancing Nrf2 DNA-binding activity. N Biotechnol 2011; 28:767-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2011.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2011] [Revised: 05/11/2011] [Accepted: 05/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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43
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Dai ZK, Qin JK, Huang JE, Luo Y, Xu Q, Zhao HL. Tanshinone IIA activates calcium-dependent apoptosis signaling pathway in human hepatoma cells. J Nat Med 2011; 66:192-201. [DOI: 10.1007/s11418-011-0576-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2011] [Accepted: 07/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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44
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Radiosensitization of head and neck cancer cells by the phytochemical agent sulforaphane. Strahlenther Onkol 2011; 187:575-80. [PMID: 21858418 DOI: 10.1007/s00066-011-2218-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2010] [Accepted: 02/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Sulforaphane is a naturally occurring compound found in broccoli and other cruciferous vegetables. Recently it gained attention because of its antiproliferative properties in many cancer cell lines. The aim of this study was to investigate whether sulforaphane could act as a radiosensitizer in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cell lines. MATERIALS AND METHODS Four head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cell lines (i.e., (HNSCC) SCC9, SCC25, CAL27, and FADU) were treated with sulforaphane and subsequently irradiated. Then proliferation and clonogenic assays were performed. Apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry. Possible regulation of Akt and Mcl-1 was investigated by western blotting. RESULTS Sulforaphane and radiation in combination leads to stronger inhibition of cell proliferation and of clonogenic survival than each treatment method alone. Western blot analysis of Akt and Mcl-1 showed no changed expression. CONCLUSION Sulforaphane is a promising agent in the treatment of head and neck cancer due to its antiproliferative and radio-sensitizing properties. A combination of sulforaphane and radiation decreases clonogenic survival. Apoptosis is not regulated through Akt or the Mcl-1 protein.
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Apoptosis Induction in Primary Human Colorectal Cancer Cell Lines and Retarded Tumor Growth in SCID Mice by Sulforaphane. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2011; 2012:415231. [PMID: 21804859 PMCID: PMC3139908 DOI: 10.1155/2012/415231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2011] [Revised: 04/28/2011] [Accepted: 05/02/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We have investigated the anticancer effects of the dietary isothiocyanate sulforaphane (SFN) on colorectal cancer (CRC), using primary cancer cells lines isolated from five Taiwanese colorectal cancer patients as the model for colorectal cancer. SFN-treated cells accumulated in metaphase (SFN 6.25 μM) and subG1 (SFN 12.5 and 25 μM) as determined by flow cytometry. In addition, treated cells showed nuclear apoptotic morphology that coincided with an activation of caspase-3, and loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm). Incubations at higher SFN doses (12.5 and 25 μM) resulted in cleavage of procaspase-3 and elevated caspase-2, -3, -8, and -9 activity, suggesting that the induction of apoptosis and the sulforaphane-induced mitosis delay at the lower dose are independently regulated. Daily SFN s.c. injections (400 micromol/kg/d for 3 weeks) in severe combined immunodeficient mice with primary human CRC (CP1 to CP5) s.c. tumors resulted in a decrease of mean tumor weight by 70% compared with vehicle-treated controls. Our findings suggest that, in addition to the known effects on cancer prevention, sulforaphane may have antitumor activity in established colorectal cancer.
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Brown KK, Hampton MB. Biological targets of isothiocyanates. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2011; 1810:888-94. [PMID: 21704127 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2011.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2010] [Revised: 05/13/2011] [Accepted: 06/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Isothiocyanates are phytochemicals with a broad array of effects in biological systems. Bioactivity includes the stimulation of cellular antioxidant systems, induction of apoptosis and interference with cytokine production and activity. Epidemiological evidence and experimental studies indicate that naturally occurring isothiocyanates and synthetic derivatives have anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory properties. SCOPE OF REVIEW This review focuses on the molecular targets of isothiocyanates, and how target modification translates into a biological response. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Isothiocyanates may mediate their effects via direct protein modification or indirectly by disruption of redox homeostasis and increased thiol oxidation. Some target proteins have been identified, but in-depth searches with new techniques are needed to reveal novel targets. Site-directed mutagenesis and isothiocyanate structure-activity relationships will assist in determining the biological significance of specific modifications. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Target identification is important for rational drug design and exploiting the therapeutic potential of isothiocyanates. It also provides insight into the diverse pathways that these compounds regulate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin K Brown
- Free Radical Research Group, Department of Pathology, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
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Saw CLL, Cintrón M, Wu TY, Guo Y, Huang Y, Jeong WS, Kong ANT. Pharmacodynamics of dietary phytochemical indoles I3C and DIM: Induction of Nrf2-mediated phase II drug metabolizing and antioxidant genes and synergism with isothiocyanates. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2011; 32:289-300. [PMID: 21656528 DOI: 10.1002/bdd.759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2010] [Revised: 04/29/2011] [Accepted: 05/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The antioxidant response element (ARE) is a critical regulatory element for the expression of many phase II drug metabolizing enzymes (DME), phase III transporters and antioxidant enzymes, mediated by the transcription factor Nrf2. The aim of this study was to examine the potential activation and synergism of Nrf2-ARE-mediated transcriptional activity between four common phytochemicals present in cruciferous vegetables; the indoles: indole-3-carbinol (I3C), 3,3'-diindolylmethane (DIM); and the isothiocyanates (ITCs): phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC) and sulforaphane (SFN). The cytotoxicity of the compounds was determined in a human liver hepatoma cell line (HepG2-C8). The combination index was calculated to assess the synergistic effects on the induction of ARE-mediated gene expressions. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was employed to measure the mRNA expressions of Nrf2 and Nrf2-mediated genes. I3C and DIM showed less cytotoxicity than SFN and PEITC. Compared with I3C, DIM was found to be a stronger inducer of ARE. Synergism was observed after combined treatments of 6.25 µm I3C + 1 µm SFN, 6.25 µm I3C + 1 µm PEITC and 6.25 µm DIM + 1 µm PEITC, while an additive effect was observed for 6.25 µm DIM + 1 µm SFN. Induction of endogenous Nrf2, phase II genes (GSTm2, UGT1A1 and NQO1) and antioxidant genes (HO-1 and SOD1) was also observed. In summary, the indole I3C or DIM alone could induce or syngergistically induce in combination with the ITCs SFN or PEITC, Nrf2-ARE-mediated gene expression, which could potentially enhance cancer chemopreventive activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constance Lay-Lay Saw
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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Okano JI, Fujise Y, Abe R, Imamoto R, Murawaki Y. Chemoprevention against hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin J Gastroenterol 2011; 4:185-197. [PMID: 26189518 DOI: 10.1007/s12328-011-0227-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2011] [Accepted: 04/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Since the majority of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) arises from a background of chronic liver diseases caused by infection with hepatitis C virus (HCV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV), chemoprevention targeting patients at high risk of HCC is feasible. In this review article, we summarize current knowledge of chemoprevention against HCC mostly using phytochemicals which have less toxicity than pharmaceutical agents. We describe in vivo and in vitro evidence and proposed mechanisms of beneficial effects of several compounds on the liver, including acyclic retinoid (ACR), angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs), caffeine, capsaicin, cepharanthine (CEP), cinnamaldehyde, curcumin, diallyl sulfide (DAS), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), genistein, lycopene, resveratrol, silymarin, sulforaphane (SFN), and xanthohumol (XN). Because antihepatocarcinogenic effects by these compounds are mostly based on experimental studies, clinical evidence is urgently necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Ichi Okano
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Tottori University School of Medicine, 36-1 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori, 683-8504, Japan.
| | - Yuki Fujise
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Tottori University School of Medicine, 36-1 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori, 683-8504, Japan
| | - Ryo Abe
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Tottori University School of Medicine, 36-1 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori, 683-8504, Japan
| | - Ryu Imamoto
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Tottori University School of Medicine, 36-1 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori, 683-8504, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Murawaki
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Tottori University School of Medicine, 36-1 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori, 683-8504, Japan
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Rudolf E, Cervinka M. Sulforaphane induces cytotoxicity and lysosome- and mitochondria-dependent cell death in colon cancer cells with deleted p53. Toxicol In Vitro 2011; 25:1302-9. [PMID: 21557998 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2011.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2011] [Revised: 04/19/2011] [Accepted: 04/20/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mechanisms and pathways responsible for cytotoxicity of sulforaphane (SF) in colon cancer cells with deleted p53 were investigated during 48 h of exposure. SF showed dose-dependent cytotoxicity and proapoptotic activity in the present model. In addition, in HCT-116 p53KO cells SF induced DNA damage with the subsequent cellular response and signaling not including p53 and caspase-2 pathways. Conversely, in SF-treated cells JNK was activated which led to an early lysosomal membrane permeabilization, release of cathepsin B and D and activation of Bid by specific cleavage. Concomitantly, the expression of Bax increased in the presence of JNK-mediated Bcl-2 inhibition which was followed by mitochondrial release of cytochrome c and activation of apoptosis. These results suggest that SF may be useful as a chemopreventive agent in colon cancer with inactivated or lost p53.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emil Rudolf
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Simkova 870, 500 38 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
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Hayes JD, McMahon M, Chowdhry S, Dinkova-Kostova AT. Cancer chemoprevention mechanisms mediated through the Keap1-Nrf2 pathway. Antioxid Redox Signal 2010; 13:1713-48. [PMID: 20446772 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2010.3221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 412] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The cap'n'collar (CNC) bZIP transcription factor Nrf2 controls expression of genes for antioxidant enzymes, metal-binding proteins, drug-metabolising enzymes, drug transporters, and molecular chaperones. Many chemicals that protect against carcinogenesis induce Nrf2-target genes. These compounds are all thiol-reactive and stimulate an adaptive response to redox stress in cells. Such agents induce the expression of genes that posses an antioxidant response element (ARE) in their regulatory regions. Under normal homeostatic conditions, Nrf2 activity is restricted through a Keap1-dependent ubiquitylation by Cul3-Rbx1, which targets the CNC-bZIP transcription factor for proteasomal degradation. However, as the substrate adaptor function of Keap1 is redox-sensitive, Nrf2 protein evades ubiquitylation by Cul3-Rbx1 when cells are treated with chemopreventive agents. As a consequence, Nrf2 accumulates in the nucleus where it heterodimerizes with small Maf proteins and transactivates genes regulated through an ARE. In this review, we describe synthetic compounds and phytochemicals from edible plants that induce Nrf2-target genes. We also discuss evidence for the existence of different classes of ARE (a 16-bp 5'-TMAnnRTGABnnnGCR-3' versus an 11-bp 5'-RTGABnnnGCR-3', with or without the embedded activator protein 1-binding site 5'-TGASTCA-3'), species differences in the ARE-gene battery, and the identity of critical Cys residues in Keap1 required for de-repression of Nrf2 by chemopreventive agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Hayes
- Biomedical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital, University of Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom.
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