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Bogale DE. The roles of FGFR3 and c-MYC in urothelial bladder cancer. Discov Oncol 2024; 15:295. [PMID: 39031286 PMCID: PMC11264706 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-024-01173-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer is one of the most frequently occurring cancers worldwide. At diagnosis, 75% of urothelial bladder cancer cases have non-muscle invasive bladder cancer while 25% have muscle invasive or metastatic disease. Aberrantly activated fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR)-3 has been implicated in the pathogenesis of bladder cancer. Activating mutations of FGFR3 are observed in around 70% of NMIBC cases and ~ 15% of MIBCs. Activated FGFR3 leads to ligand-independent receptor dimerization and activation of downstream signaling pathways that promote cell proliferation and survival. FGFR3 is an important therapeutic target in bladder cancer, and clinical studies have shown the benefit of FGFR inhibitors in a subset of bladder cancer patients. c-MYC is a well-known major driver of carcinogenesis and is one of the most commonly deregulated oncogenes identified in human cancers. Studies have shown that the antitumor effects of FGFR inhibition in FGFR3 dependent bladder cancer cells and other FGFR dependent cancers may be mediated through c-MYC, a key downstream effector of activated FGFR that is involved tumorigenesis. This review will summarize the current general understanding of FGFR signaling and MYC alterations in cancer, and the role of FGFR3 and MYC dysregulation in the pathogenesis of urothelial bladder cancer with the possible therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dereje E Bogale
- School of Medicine, Department of Oncology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
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2
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Shen N, Zhang J, Xia Y, Shen XX, Wang J, Jin YY, Zhang R, Li JY, Chen LJ. [Clinical characteristics and prognosis of newly diagnosed multiple myeloma patients with FGFR3 gene mutations]. ZHONGHUA XUE YE XUE ZA ZHI = ZHONGHUA XUEYEXUE ZAZHI 2023; 44:989-994. [PMID: 38503521 PMCID: PMC10834875 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0253-2727.2023.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Objective: This study aimed to investigate the influence of FGFR3 gene mutations on the clinical characteristics and prognosis of patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (NDMM) . Methods: A total of 198 patients with NDMM admitted to the Department of Hematology in Jiangsu Province Hospital between January 2016 and February 2023 were retrospectively analyzed. Next-generation sequencing and cytoplasmic light chain immunofluorescence with fluorescence in situ hybridization were performed for all patients. The prognostic significance of FGFR3 mutation and clinical features were analyzed using the Log-rank test and Cox proportional hazards model. Results: Among 198 patients, 28 carried the FGFR3 gene mutation. These patients had significantly lower serum albumin levels, higher β(2)-microglobulin levels, advanced Revised International Staging System stages, more frequent occurrence of t (4;14) , and shorter median progression-free survival (PFS) time (28 months vs 33 months, P=0.024) and overall survival (OS) time (54 months vs undefined, P=0.028) than patients without FGFR3 mutation. Additionally, patients carrying either FGFR3 mutation or t (4;14) had lower PFS (30 months vs 38 months, P=0.012) and OS (54 months vs undefined, P=0.017) than those without. The Cox proportional hazards model identified FGFR3 mutation as an independent risk factor for PFS and OS. Conclusion: FGFR3 gene mutation was an unfavorable independent prognostic predictor for NDMM.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Shen
- Department of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - J Zhang
- Department of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Y Xia
- Department of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - X X Shen
- Department of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - J Wang
- Department of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Y Y Jin
- Department of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - R Zhang
- Department of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - J Y Li
- Department of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - L J Chen
- Department of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing 210029, China
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Li D, Liu F, Chen Y, Li P, Liu Y, Pang Y. Ipsilateral synchronous papillary renal neoplasm with reverse polarity and urothelial carcinoma in a renal transplant recipient: a rare case report with molecular analysis and literature review. Diagn Pathol 2023; 18:120. [PMID: 37924117 PMCID: PMC10623754 DOI: 10.1186/s13000-023-01405-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Renal transplant recipients (RTRs) have a 3- to 5-fold higher risk of developing malignant tumors than the general population, with new malignant tumors after transplantation considered to be the leading cause of death in RTRs. In pathological practice, it is rare for neoplasms with different histology to be located in the same organ. We report the first case of a synchronous papillary renal neoplasm with reverse polarity (PRNRP) and urothelial carcinoma (UC) in the ipsilateral kidney in an RTR. Molecular detection was conducted by next-generation sequencing. CASE PRESENTATION A 68-year-old female suffered from uremia 19 years ago and underwent renal transplantation (RT) after receiving dialysis for 6 months. Hematuria occurred one month ago and an enhanced CT showed that there were two abnormal density foci in the middle and lower parts of the autologous left kidney. A laparoscopic left nephrectomy and ureterectomy were performed. Gross examination revealed a mass (I) in the left renal parenchyma, 2*1.8*1.5 cm in size, that protruded from the renal capsule, and a cauliflower-like mass (II), 5*2.5*2 cm in size, adjacent to the mass (I). Microscopic findings revealed these lesions were PRNRP and UC, respectively. PCR analysis revealed a KRAS gene mutation (G12D in exon 2) in the PRNRP, while NGS analysis revealed FGFR3 (S249C in exon 7) and KDM6A (Q271Ter in exon 10 and A782Lfs in exon 17) mutations in the UC. CONCLUSIONS We report here for the first time an extraordinarily rare case of synchronous renal tumors of a PRNRP and UC in the ipsilateral kidney of an RTR. We identified simultaneous KRAS, FGFR3, and KDM6A mutations in two different renal masses in the ipsilateral kidney. Pathologic assessment with comparative molecular analysis of mutational profiles facilitates tumor studies after RT and may be of great value in clinical management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daosheng Li
- Department of Pathology, the Affiliated Tai'an City Central Hospital of Qingdao University, Tai'an, 271000, China
| | - Fenfen Liu
- Department of Urology, the Affiliated Tai'an City Central Hospital of Qingdao University, Tai'an, 271000, China
| | - Yiqian Chen
- Department of Rehabilitation, the Affiliated Tai'an City Central Hospital of Qingdao University, Tai'an, 271000, China
| | - Ping Li
- Department of Pathology, the Affiliated Tai'an City Central Hospital of Qingdao University, Tai'an, 271000, China
| | - Yuyu Liu
- Department of Hematology, the Affiliated Tai'an City Central Hospital of Qingdao University, Tai'an, 271000, China
| | - Yu Pang
- Department of Pathology, the Affiliated Tai'an City Central Hospital of Qingdao University, Tai'an, 271000, China.
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4
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Xu PH, Chen S, Wang Y, Jin S, Wang J, Ye D, Zhu X, Shen Y. FGFR3 mutation characterization identifies prognostic and immune-related gene signatures in bladder cancer. Comput Biol Med 2023; 162:106976. [PMID: 37301098 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2023.106976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunotherapy and FGFR3-targeted therapy play an important role in the management of locally advanced and metastatic bladder cancer (BLCA). Previous studies indicated that FGFR3 mutation (mFGFR3) may be involved in the alterations of immune infiltration, which may affect the priority or combination of these two treatment regimes. However, the specific impact of mFGFR3 on the immunity and how FGFR3 regulates the immune response in BLCA to affect prognosis remain unclear. In this study, we aimed to elucidate the immune landscape associated with mFGFR3 status in BLCA, screen immune-related gene signatures with prognostic value, and construct and validate a prognostic model. METHODS ESTIMATE and TIMER were used to assess the immune infiltration within tumors in the TCGA BLCA cohort based on transcriptome data. Further, the mFGFR3 status and mRNA expression profiles were analyzed to identify immune-related genes that were differentially expressed between patients with BLCA with wild-type FGFR3 or mFGFR3 in the TCGA training cohort. An FGFR3-related immune prognostic score (FIPS) model was established in the TCGA training cohort. Furthermore, we validated the prognostic value of FIPS with microarray data in the GEO database and tissue microarray from our center. Multiple fluorescence immunohistochemical analysis was performed to confirm the relationship between FIPS and immune infiltration. RESULTS mFGFR3 resulted in differential immunity in BLCA. In total, 359 immune-related biological processes were enriched in the wild-type FGFR3 group, whereas none were enriched in the mFGFR3 group. FIPS could effectively distinguish high-risk patients with poor prognosis from low-risk patients. The high-risk group was characterized by a higher abundance of neutrophils; macrophages; and follicular helper, CD4, and CD8 T-cells than the low-risk group. In addition, the high-risk group exhibited higher expression of PD-L1, PD-1, CTLA-4, LAG-3, and TIM-3 than the low-risk group, indicating an immune-infiltrated but functionally suppressed immune microenvironment. Furthermore, patients in the high-risk group exhibited a lower mutation rate of FGFR3 than those in the low-risk group. CONCLUSIONS FIPS effectively predicted survival in BLCA. Patients with different FIPS exhibited diverse immune infiltration and mFGFR3 status. FIPS might be a promising tool for selecting targeted therapy and immunotherapy for patients with BLCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Hang Xu
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Siyuan Chen
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanhao Wang
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shengming Jin
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Guangzhou, China; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Dingwei Ye
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Xiaodong Zhu
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yijun Shen
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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5
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Hartl I, Brumovska V, Striedner Y, Yasari A, Schütz GJ, Sevcsik E, Tiemann-Boege I. Measurement of FGFR3 signaling at the cell membrane via total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy to compare the activation of FGFR3 mutants. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:102832. [PMID: 36581204 PMCID: PMC9900515 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs) initiate signal transduction via the RAS/mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway by their tyrosine kinase activation known to determine cell growth, tissue differentiation, and apoptosis. Recently, many missense mutations have been reported for FGFR3, but we only know the functional effect for a handful of them. Some mutations result in aberrant FGFR3 signaling and are associated with various genetic disorders and oncogenic conditions. Here, we employed micropatterned surfaces to specifically enrich fluorophore-tagged FGFR3 (monomeric GFP [mGFP]-FGFR3) in certain areas of the plasma membrane of living cells. We quantified receptor activation via total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy of FGFR3 signaling at the cell membrane that captured the recruitment of the downstream signal transducer growth factor receptor-bound 2 (GRB2) tagged with mScarlet (GRB2-mScarlet) to FGFR3 micropatterns. With this system, we tested the activation of FGFR3 upon ligand addition (fgf1 and fgf2) for WT and four FGFR3 mutants associated with congenital disorders (G380R, Y373C, K650Q, and K650E). Our data showed that ligand addition increased GRB2 recruitment to WT FGFR3, with fgf1 having a stronger effect than fgf2. For all mutants, we found an increased basal receptor activity, and only for two of the four mutants (G380R and K650Q), activity was further increased upon ligand addition. Compared with previous reports, two mutant receptors (K650Q and K650E) had either an unexpectedly high or low activation state, respectively. This can be attributed to the different methodology, since micropatterning specifically captures signaling events at the plasma membrane. Collectively, our results provide further insight into the functional effects of mutations to FGFR3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Hartl
- Institute of Biophysics, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Austria
| | | | - Yasmin Striedner
- Institute of Biophysics, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Austria
| | - Atena Yasari
- Institute of Biophysics, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Austria
| | | | - Eva Sevcsik
- Insitute of Applied Physics, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria.
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6
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Shi MJ, Fontugne J, Moreno-Vega A, Meng XY, Groeneveld C, Dufour F, Kamoun A, Viborg Lindskrog S, Cabel L, Krucker C, Rapinat A, Dunois-Larde C, Lepage ML, Chapeaublanc E, Levrel O, Dixon V, Lebret T, Almeida A, De Reynies A, Rochel N, Dyrskjøt L, Allory Y, Radvanyi F, Bernard-Pierrot I. FGFR3 Mutational Activation Can Induce Luminal-like Papillary Bladder Tumor Formation and Favors a Male Sex Bias. Eur Urol 2023; 83:70-81. [PMID: 36273937 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2022.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bladder cancer (BCa) is more common in men and presents differences in molecular subtypes based on sex. Fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) mutations are enriched in the luminal papillary muscle-invasive BCa (MIBC) and non-MIBC subtypes. OBJECTIVE To determine whether FGFR3 mutations initiate BCa and impact BCa male sex bias. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS We developed a transgenic mouse model expressing the most frequent FGFR3 mutation, FGFR3-S249C, in urothelial cells. Bladder tumorigenesis was monitored in transgenic mice, with and without carcinogen exposure. Mouse and human BCa transcriptomic data were compared. INTERVENTION Mutant FGFR3 overexpression in mouse urothelium and siRNA knockdown in cell lines, and N-butyl-N(4-hydroxybutyl)-nitrosamine (BBN) exposure. OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS Impact of transgene dosage on tumor frequency, synergy with BBN treatment, and FGFR3 pathway activation were analyzed. The sex-specific incidence of FGFR3-mutated tumors was evaluated in mice and humans. FGFR3 expression in FGFR3-S249C mouse urothelium and in various human epithelia was measured. Mutant FGFR3 regulation of androgen (AR) and estrogen (ESR1) receptor activity was evaluated, through target gene expression (regulon) and reporter assays. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS FGFR3-S249C expression in mice induced low-grade papillary BCa resembling human luminal counterpart at histological, genomic, and transcriptomic levels, and promoted BBN-induced basal BCa formation. Mutant FGFR3 expression levels impacted tumor incidence in mice, and mutant FGFR3-driven human tumors were restricted to epithelia presenting high normal FGFR3 expression levels. BCa male sex bias, also found in our model, was even higher in human FGFR3-mutated tumors compared with wild-type tumors and was associated with higher AR and lower ESR1 regulon activity. Mutant FGFR3 expression inhibited both ESR1 and AR activity in mouse tumors and human cell lines, demonstrating causation only between FGFR3 activation and low ESR1 activity in tumors. CONCLUSIONS Mutant FGFR3 initiates luminal papillary BCa formation and favors BCa male sex bias, potentially through FGFR3-dependent ESR1 downregulation. Patients with premalignant lesions or early-stage BCa could thus potentially benefit from FGFR3 targeting. FGFR3 expression level in epithelia could account for FGFR3-driven carcinoma tissue specificity. PATIENT SUMMARY By developing a transgenic mouse model, we showed that gain-of-function mutations of FGFR3 receptor, among the most frequent genetic alterations in bladder cancer (BCa), initiate BCa formation. Our results could support noninvasive detection of FGFR3 mutations and FGFR3 targeting in early-stage bladder lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Jun Shi
- Department of Urology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, CNRS, UMR144, Paris, France
| | - Jacqueline Fontugne
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, CNRS, UMR144, Paris, France; Université Versailles St-Quentin, Université Paris-Saclay, Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France; Institut Curie, Department of Pathology, Saint-Cloud, France
| | - Aura Moreno-Vega
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, CNRS, UMR144, Paris, France
| | - Xiang-Yu Meng
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, CNRS, UMR144, Paris, France; Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Clarice Groeneveld
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Paris, France; La Ligue contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Florent Dufour
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, CNRS, UMR144, Paris, France; Inovarion, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Luc Cabel
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, CNRS, UMR144, Paris, France
| | - Clémentine Krucker
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, CNRS, UMR144, Paris, France
| | - Audrey Rapinat
- Department of Translational Research, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Claire Dunois-Larde
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, CNRS, UMR144, Paris, France
| | - May-Linda Lepage
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, CNRS, UMR144, Paris, France
| | - Elodie Chapeaublanc
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, CNRS, UMR144, Paris, France
| | | | - Victoria Dixon
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Paris, France; Institut Curie, Department of Pathology, Saint-Cloud, France
| | | | - Anna Almeida
- Department of Translational Research, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | | | - Natacha Rochel
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Illkirch, France; Institut National de La Santé et de La Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Illkirch, France; U1258/Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Illkirch, France; UMR7104/Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Lars Dyrskjøt
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Yves Allory
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Paris, France; Université Versailles St-Quentin, Université Paris-Saclay, Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France; Institut Curie, Department of Pathology, Saint-Cloud, France
| | - François Radvanyi
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, CNRS, UMR144, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Bernard-Pierrot
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, CNRS, UMR144, Paris, France.
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Patient Selection Approaches in FGFR Inhibitor Trials-Many Paths to the Same End? Cells 2022; 11:cells11193180. [PMID: 36231142 PMCID: PMC9563413 DOI: 10.3390/cells11193180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibitors of fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) signaling have been investigated in various human cancer diseases. Recently, the first compounds received FDA approval in biomarker-selected patient populations. Different approaches and technologies have been applied in clinical trials, ranging from protein (immunohistochemistry) to mRNA expression (e.g., RNA in situ hybridization) and to detection of various DNA alterations (e.g., copy number variations, mutations, gene fusions). We review, here, the advantages and limitations of the different technologies and discuss the importance of tissue and disease context in identifying the best predictive biomarker for FGFR targeting therapies.
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Liu R, Wei W, Hou H, Cong P, Zhou Y, Yu X. Case Report: Targeted Therapy with Anlotinib for a Rare Case of Spinal Cord Glioblastoma with FGFR3 Mutation. Onco Targets Ther 2022; 15:771-776. [PMID: 35847381 PMCID: PMC9285856 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s362185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary spinal cord glioblastoma (PSC GBM) is a rare disease with limited treatment options. Here, we describe a case of PSC GBM treated with anlotinib in this report. Molecular characterization confirmed the presence of the MGMT promoter unmethylated, IDH wild type, FGFR3 p.S249C and p53 p.V73fs mutations in the patient. Anlotinib is a multitarget tyrosine kinase inhibitor that target VEGFR2/3, FGFR1-4, PDGFRα/β, and c-kit. After a partial resection of the tumor at the extramedullary invasion site, the patient was administered anlotinib 12 mg p.o. once every day (days 1–14, 21‐day cycle) in combination with irinotecan chemotherapy (days 1 and 8, 21‐day cycle). The patient exhibited significant symptom remission and partial response and was maintained for more than 10 months of follow-up. This case study showed that FGFR3 S249C may be a new marker for the treatment of PSC GBM with anlotinib. This case is also another strong support for molecular diagnosis and precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqiong Liu
- Cancer Center, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250033, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Wei
- Cancer Center, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250033, People's Republic of China
| | - Huaying Hou
- Cancer Center, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250033, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Cong
- Cancer Center, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250033, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Zhou
- Cancer Center, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250033, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoming Yu
- Cancer Center, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250033, People's Republic of China
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9
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Exome sequencing reveals candidate mutations implicated in sinonasal carcinoma and malignant transformation of sinonasal inverted papilloma. Oral Oncol 2021; 124:105663. [PMID: 34915258 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2021.105663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We explored somatic mutations in dysplastic sinonasal inverted papilloma (SNIP), SNIP with concomitant sinonasal squamous cell carcinoma (SNSCC), and SNSCC without preceding SNIP. Ten SNIP and SNSCC samples were analyzed with exome sequencing and tested for human papillomavirus. The identified mutations were compared to the most frequently mutated genes in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) in the COSMIC database. Exome sequencing data were also analyzed for mutations not previously linked to SNSCC. Seven of the most commonly mutated genes in HNSCC and SNSCC in COSMIC harbored mutations in our data. In addition, we identified mutations in 23 genes that are likely to contribute to SNIP and SNSCC oncogenesis.
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Sanchez-Quiles V, Shi MJ, Dingli F, Krucker C, Loew D, Bernard-Pierrot I, Radvanyi F. Triple extraction method enables high quality mass spectrometry-based proteomics and phospho-proteomics for eventual multi-omics integration studies. Proteomics 2021; 21:e2000303. [PMID: 34240547 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.202000303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Large-scale multi-omic analysis allows a thorough understanding of different physiological or pathological conditions, particularly cancer. Here, an extraction method simultaneously yielding DNA, RNA and protein (thereby referred to as "triple extraction", TEx) was tested for its suitability to unbiased, system-wide proteomic investigation. Largely proven efficient for transcriptomic and genomic studies, we aimed at exploring TEx compatibility with mass spectrometry-based proteomics and phospho-proteomics, as compared to a standard urea extraction. TEx is suitable for the shotgun investigation of proteomes, providing similar results as urea-based protocol both at the qualitative and quantitative levels. TEx is likewise compatible with the exploration of phosphorylation events, actually providing a higher number of correctly localized sites than urea, although the nature of extracted modifications appears somewhat distinct between both techniques. These results highlight that the presented protocol is well suited for the examination of the proteome and modified proteome of this bladder cancer cell model, as efficiently as other more widely used workflows for mass spectrometry-based analysis. Potentially applicable to other mammalian cell types and tissues, TEx represents an advantageous strategy for multi-omics on scarce and/or heterogenous samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Sanchez-Quiles
- Institut Curie, Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Ming-Jun Shi
- Institut Curie, Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, PSL Research University, Paris, France.,Department of Urology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Florent Dingli
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Facility, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Clémentine Krucker
- Institut Curie, Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Damarys Loew
- Department of Urology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Isabelle Bernard-Pierrot
- Institut Curie, Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - François Radvanyi
- Institut Curie, Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, PSL Research University, Paris, France
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11
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Nita A, Abraham SP, Krejci P, Bosakova M. Oncogenic FGFR Fusions Produce Centrosome and Cilia Defects by Ectopic Signaling. Cells 2021; 10:1445. [PMID: 34207779 PMCID: PMC8227969 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A single primary cilium projects from most vertebrate cells to guide cell fate decisions. A growing list of signaling molecules is found to function through cilia and control ciliogenesis, including the fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFR). Aberrant FGFR activity produces abnormal cilia with deregulated signaling, which contributes to pathogenesis of the FGFR-mediated genetic disorders. FGFR lesions are also found in cancer, raising a possibility of cilia involvement in the neoplastic transformation and tumor progression. Here, we focus on FGFR gene fusions, and discuss the possible mechanisms by which they function as oncogenic drivers. We show that a substantial portion of the FGFR fusion partners are proteins associated with the centrosome cycle, including organization of the mitotic spindle and ciliogenesis. The functions of centrosome proteins are often lost with the gene fusion, leading to haploinsufficiency that induces cilia loss and deregulated cell division. We speculate that this complements the ectopic FGFR activity and drives the FGFR fusion cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandru Nita
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic; (A.N.); (S.P.A.); (P.K.)
| | - Sara P. Abraham
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic; (A.N.); (S.P.A.); (P.K.)
| | - Pavel Krejci
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic; (A.N.); (S.P.A.); (P.K.)
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics of the CAS, 60200 Brno, Czech Republic
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne’s University Hospital, 65691 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Bosakova
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic; (A.N.); (S.P.A.); (P.K.)
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics of the CAS, 60200 Brno, Czech Republic
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne’s University Hospital, 65691 Brno, Czech Republic
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12
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Metabolic Effects of Recurrent Genetic Aberrations in Multiple Myeloma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13030396. [PMID: 33494394 PMCID: PMC7865460 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13030396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncogene activation and malignant transformation exerts energetic, biosynthetic and redox demands on cancer cells due to increased proliferation, cell growth and tumor microenvironment adaptation. As such, altered metabolism is a hallmark of cancer, which is characterized by the reprogramming of multiple metabolic pathways. Multiple myeloma (MM) is a genetically heterogeneous disease that arises from terminally differentiated B cells. MM is characterized by reciprocal chromosomal translocations that often involve the immunoglobulin loci and a restricted set of partner loci, and complex chromosomal rearrangements that are associated with disease progression. Recurrent chromosomal aberrations in MM result in the aberrant expression of MYC, cyclin D1, FGFR3/MMSET and MAF/MAFB. In recent years, the intricate mechanisms that drive cancer cell metabolism and the many metabolic functions of the aforementioned MM-associated oncogenes have been investigated. Here, we discuss the metabolic consequences of recurrent chromosomal translocations in MM and provide a framework for the identification of metabolic changes that characterize MM cells.
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13
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Abstract
The identification of mutations in FGFR3 in bladder tumors in 1999 led to major interest in this receptor and during the subsequent 20 years much has been learnt about the mutational profiles found in bladder cancer, the phenotypes associated with these and the potential of this mutated protein as a target for therapy. Based on mutational and expression data, it is estimated that >80% of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancers (NMIBC) and ∼40% of muscle-invasive bladder cancers (MIBC) have upregulated FGFR3 signalling, and these frequencies are likely to be even higher if alternative splicing of the receptor, expression of ligands and changes in regulatory mechanisms are taken into account. Major efforts by the pharmaceutical industry have led to development of a range of agents targeting FGFR3 and other FGF receptors. Several of these have entered clinical trials, and some have presented very encouraging early results in advanced bladder cancer. Recent reviews have summarised the drugs and related clinical trials in this area. This review will summarise what is known about the effects of FGFR3 and its mutant forms in normal urothelium and bladder tumors, will suggest when and how this protein contributes to urothelial cancer pathogenesis and will highlight areas that may benefit from further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret A. Knowles
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James’s, St James’s University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
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14
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Zhu DL, Tuo XM, Rong Y, Zhang K, Guo Y. Fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling as therapeutic targets in female reproductive system cancers. J Cancer 2020; 11:7264-7275. [PMID: 33193890 PMCID: PMC7646179 DOI: 10.7150/jca.44727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer, cervical cancer and endometrial cancer are three relatively common malignant cancers of the female reproductive system. Despite improvements in female genital tract cancer detection and development of new therapeutic approaches, there are still poor prognoses and some do not respond to therapeutic patterns, displaying low survival and high frequency of recurrence. In an era of personalized medicine, novel therapeutic approaches with greater efficacy for these cancers represent an unmet need. One of the actionable signaling pathways is the fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) signaling pathway. Several mutations and alterations in FGF/FGFR family members have been reported in human cancers. FGF/FGFR signaling pathway has become a new target for cancer therapy. This review will summarize the role of FGFR pathway and the genetic alterations of the FGF/FGFR related to female reproductive system cancer. We will describe the available inhibitors of FGFR pathway for potential treatment of female reproductive system cancer. Furthermore, we will discuss FGFR-targeted therapies under clinical development for treatment of female reproductive system cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Li Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Trauma Surgery, Honghui Hospital, College of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P. R. China.,Biomedical Informatics & Genomics Center, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P. R. China, 710054.,Research institute of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China, 311215
| | - Xiao-Mei Tuo
- Biomedical Informatics & Genomics Center, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P. R. China, 710054
| | - Yu Rong
- Biomedical Informatics & Genomics Center, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P. R. China, 710054
| | - Kun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Trauma Surgery, Honghui Hospital, College of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Yan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Trauma Surgery, Honghui Hospital, College of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P. R. China.,Biomedical Informatics & Genomics Center, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P. R. China, 710054
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15
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Qin Q, Patel V, Galsky MD. Urothelial carcinoma: the development of FGFR inhibitors in combination with immune checkpoint inhibitors. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2020; 20:503-512. [PMID: 32436413 DOI: 10.1080/14737140.2020.1770600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The recent approval of erdafitinib and the emergence of other potent and selective fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) inhibitors (FGFRi's) are shifting the treatment paradigm for patients with advanced urothelial carcinoma (UC) harboring FGFR3 alterations. Whether such therapies can, and should, be combined with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI's) is an area of major research interest. Areas covered: Herein, we review the FGFR signaling pathway and impact of altered FGFR signaling on UC tumorigenesis, the clinical development of FGFRi's, the rationale for FGFRi-ICI combinations, current trials, and future directions. Expert opinion: FGFR3 altered UCs are not less responsive to ICI's compared with FGFR3 wild-type (WT) tumors. However, FGFR3 altered tumors may exhibit distinct immunobiology compared with WT tumors that could potentially be exploited therapeutically. Given these considerations along with the clinical non-cross resistance of these therapeutic classes, clinical investigation of regimens combining FGFR3i and ICI is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Qin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, the Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York, NY, USA
| | - Vaibhav Patel
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, the Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York, NY, USA
| | - Matthew D Galsky
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, the Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York, NY, USA
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16
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The Structural and Functional Diversity of Intrinsically Disordered Regions in Transmembrane Proteins. J Membr Biol 2019; 252:273-292. [DOI: 10.1007/s00232-019-00069-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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17
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di Martino E, Alder O, Hurst CD, Knowles MA. ETV5 links the FGFR3 and Hippo signalling pathways in bladder cancer. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5740. [PMID: 30952872 PMCID: PMC6450944 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36456-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Activating mutations of fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) are common in urothelial carcinoma of the bladder (UC). Silencing or inhibition of mutant FGFR3 in bladder cancer cell lines is associated with decreased malignant potential, confirming its important driver role in UC. However, understanding of how FGFR3 activation drives urothelial malignant transformation remains limited. We have previously shown that mutant FGFR3 alters the cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesion properties of urothelial cells, resulting in loss of contact-inhibition of proliferation. In this study, we investigate a transcription factor of the ETS-family, ETV5, as a putative effector of FGFR3 signalling in bladder cancer. We show that FGFR3 signalling induces a MAPK/ERK-mediated increase in ETV5 levels, and that this results in increased level of TAZ, a co-transcriptional regulator downstream of the Hippo signalling pathway involved in cell-contact inhibition. We also demonstrate that ETV5 is a key downstream mediator of the oncogenic effects of mutant FGFR3, as its knockdown in FGFR3-mutant bladder cancer cell lines is associated with reduced proliferation and anchorage-independent growth. Overall this study advances our understanding of the molecular alterations occurring during urothelial malignant transformation and indicates TAZ as a possible therapeutic target in FGFR3-dependent bladder tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica di Martino
- University of Leeds, Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James's, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Olivia Alder
- University of Leeds, Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James's, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Carolyn D Hurst
- University of Leeds, Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James's, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Margaret A Knowles
- University of Leeds, Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James's, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK.
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18
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Porębska N, Latko M, Kucińska M, Zakrzewska M, Otlewski J, Opaliński Ł. Targeting Cellular Trafficking of Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptors as a Strategy for Selective Cancer Treatment. J Clin Med 2018; 8:jcm8010007. [PMID: 30577533 PMCID: PMC6352210 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs) in response to fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) transmit signals across the cell membrane, regulating important cellular processes, like differentiation, division, motility, and death. The aberrant activity of FGFRs is often observed in various diseases, especially in cancer. The uncontrolled FGFRs' function may result from their overproduction, activating mutations, or generation of FGFRs' fusion proteins. Besides their typical subcellular localization on the cell surface, FGFRs are often found inside the cells, in the nucleus and mitochondria. The intracellular pool of FGFRs utilizes different mechanisms to facilitate cancer cell survival and expansion. In this review, we summarize the current stage of knowledge about the role of FGFRs in oncogenic processes. We focused on the mechanisms of FGFRs' cellular trafficking-internalization, nuclear translocation, and mitochondrial targeting, as well as their role in carcinogenesis. The subcellular sorting of FGFRs constitutes an attractive target for anti-cancer therapies. The blocking of FGFRs' nuclear and mitochondrial translocation can lead to the inhibition of cancer invasion. Moreover, the endocytosis of FGFRs can serve as a tool for the efficient and highly selective delivery of drugs into cancer cells overproducing these receptors. Here, we provide up to date examples how the cellular sorting of FGFRs can be hijacked for selective cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Porębska
- Department of Protein Engineering, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Marta Latko
- Department of Protein Engineering, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Marika Kucińska
- Department of Protein Engineering, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Małgorzata Zakrzewska
- Department of Protein Engineering, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Jacek Otlewski
- Department of Protein Engineering, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Łukasz Opaliński
- Department of Protein Engineering, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland.
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19
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Ghedini GC, Ronca R, Presta M, Giacomini A. Future applications of FGF/FGFR inhibitors in cancer. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2018; 18:861-872. [PMID: 29936878 DOI: 10.1080/14737140.2018.1491795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Deregulation of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF)/FGF receptor (FGFR) network occurs frequently in tumors due to gene amplification, activating mutations, and oncogenic fusions. Thus, the development of FGF/FGFR-targeting therapies is the focus of several basic, preclinical, and clinical studies. Areas covered: This review will recapitulate the status of current FGF/FGFR-targeted drugs. Expert commentary: Non-selective FGF/FGFR inhibitors have been approved for cancer treatment but evidence highlights various complications affecting their use in the clinical practice. It appears mandatory to identify FGF/FGFR alterations and appropriate biomarkers that may predict and monitor response to treatment, to establish the contribution of the FGF/FGFR system to the onset of mechanisms of drug resistance, and to develop effective combinations of FGF/FGFR inhibitors with other targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaia Cristina Ghedini
- a Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine , University of Brescia , Brescia , Italy
| | - Roberto Ronca
- a Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine , University of Brescia , Brescia , Italy
| | - Marco Presta
- a Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine , University of Brescia , Brescia , Italy
| | - Arianna Giacomini
- a Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine , University of Brescia , Brescia , Italy
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20
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Mahe M, Dufour F, Neyret-Kahn H, Moreno-Vega A, Beraud C, Shi M, Hamaidi I, Sanchez-Quiles V, Krucker C, Dorland-Galliot M, Chapeaublanc E, Nicolle R, Lang H, Pouponnot C, Massfelder T, Radvanyi F, Bernard-Pierrot I. An FGFR3/MYC positive feedback loop provides new opportunities for targeted therapies in bladder cancers. EMBO Mol Med 2018; 10:e8163. [PMID: 29463565 PMCID: PMC5887543 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201708163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
FGFR3 alterations (mutations or translocation) are among the most frequent genetic events in bladder carcinoma. They lead to an aberrant activation of FGFR3 signaling, conferring an oncogenic dependence, which we studied here. We discovered a positive feedback loop, in which the activation of p38 and AKT downstream from the altered FGFR3 upregulates MYC mRNA levels and stabilizes MYC protein, respectively, leading to the accumulation of MYC, which directly upregulates FGFR3 expression by binding to active enhancers upstream from FGFR3 Disruption of this FGFR3/MYC loop in bladder cancer cell lines by treatment with FGFR3, p38, AKT, or BET bromodomain inhibitors (JQ1) preventing MYC transcription decreased cell viability in vitro and tumor growth in vivo A relevance of this loop to human bladder tumors was supported by the positive correlation between FGFR3 and MYC levels in tumors bearing FGFR3 mutations, and the decrease in FGFR3 and MYC levels following anti-FGFR treatment in a PDX model bearing an FGFR3 mutation. These findings open up new possibilities for the treatment of bladder tumors displaying aberrant FGFR3 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Mahe
- Institut Curie, CNRS, UMR144, Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, PSL Research University, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR144, Sorbonne Universités UPMC Université Paris 06, Paris, France
| | - Florent Dufour
- Institut Curie, CNRS, UMR144, Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, PSL Research University, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR144, Sorbonne Universités UPMC Université Paris 06, Paris, France
| | - Hélène Neyret-Kahn
- Institut Curie, CNRS, UMR144, Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, PSL Research University, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR144, Sorbonne Universités UPMC Université Paris 06, Paris, France
| | - Aura Moreno-Vega
- Institut Curie, CNRS, UMR144, Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, PSL Research University, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR144, Sorbonne Universités UPMC Université Paris 06, Paris, France
| | | | - Mingjun Shi
- Institut Curie, CNRS, UMR144, Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, PSL Research University, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR144, Sorbonne Universités UPMC Université Paris 06, Paris, France
| | - Imene Hamaidi
- Department of Urology, Nouvel Hôpital Civil, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Virginia Sanchez-Quiles
- Institut Curie, CNRS, UMR144, Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, PSL Research University, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR144, Sorbonne Universités UPMC Université Paris 06, Paris, France
| | - Clementine Krucker
- Institut Curie, CNRS, UMR144, Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, PSL Research University, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR144, Sorbonne Universités UPMC Université Paris 06, Paris, France
| | - Marion Dorland-Galliot
- Institut Curie, CNRS, UMR144, Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, PSL Research University, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR144, Sorbonne Universités UPMC Université Paris 06, Paris, France
| | - Elodie Chapeaublanc
- Institut Curie, CNRS, UMR144, Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, PSL Research University, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR144, Sorbonne Universités UPMC Université Paris 06, Paris, France
| | - Remy Nicolle
- Institut Curie, CNRS, UMR144, Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, PSL Research University, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR144, Sorbonne Universités UPMC Université Paris 06, Paris, France
| | - Hervé Lang
- Department of Urology, Nouvel Hôpital Civil, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Celio Pouponnot
- Institut Curie, Orsay, France
- CNRS UMR3347 Centre Universitaire, Orsay, France
- INSERM U1021 Centre Universitaire, Orsay, France
| | - Thierry Massfelder
- INSERM UMR_S1113, Section of Cell Signalization and Communication in Kidney and Prostate Cancer, School of Medicine, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), INSERM and University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - François Radvanyi
- Institut Curie, CNRS, UMR144, Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, PSL Research University, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR144, Sorbonne Universités UPMC Université Paris 06, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Bernard-Pierrot
- Institut Curie, CNRS, UMR144, Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, PSL Research University, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR144, Sorbonne Universités UPMC Université Paris 06, Paris, France
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21
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Hou R, Kong X, Yang B, Xie Y, Chen G. SLC14A1: a novel target for human urothelial cancer. Clin Transl Oncol 2017; 19:1438-1446. [PMID: 28589430 PMCID: PMC5700210 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-017-1693-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Urinary bladder cancer is the second commonly diagnosed genitourinary malignancy. Previously, bio-molecular alterations have been observed within certain locations such as chromosome 9, retinoblastoma gene and fibroblast growth factor receptor-3. Solute carrier family 14 member 1 (SLC14A1) gene encodes the type-B urea transporter (UT-B) which facilitates the passive movement of urea across cell membrane, and has recently been related with human malignancies, especially for bladder cancer. Herein, we discussed the SLC14A1 gene and UT-B protein properties, aiming to elucidate the expression behavior of SLC14A1 in human bladder cancer. Furthermore, by reviewing some well-established theories regarding the carcinogenesis of bladder cancer, including several genome wide association researches, we have bridged the mechanisms of cancer development with the aberrant expression of SLC14A1. In conclusion, the altered expression of SLC14A1 gene in human urothelial cancer may implicate its significance as a novel target for research.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Hou
- Department of Urology, China Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, 130033, Jilin, China
| | - X Kong
- Department of Urology, China Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, 130033, Jilin, China
| | - B Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Y Xie
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - G Chen
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
- Department of Physiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Whitehead Research Building Room 615, 615 Michael Street, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
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22
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Kang HW, Kim YH, Jeong P, Park C, Kim WT, Ryu DH, Cha EJ, Ha YS, Kim TH, Kwon TG, Moon SK, Choi YH, Yun SJ, Kim WJ. Expression levels of FGFR3 as a prognostic marker for the progression of primary pT1 bladder cancer and its association with mutation status. Oncol Lett 2017; 14:3817-3824. [PMID: 28927152 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.6621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study examined the utility of fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) mutation status and gene expression as a prognostic marker in primary pT1 bladder cancer (BC). A total of 120 patients with primary pT1 BC were enrolled. FGFR3 mutation status was determined by direct sequencing and FGFR3 mRNA expression level was determined by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) analysis. The results were compared with the clinicopathological parameters, and the prognostic value of FGFR3 was evaluated by Kaplan-Meier analysis and a multivariate Cox regression test. FGFR3 mutations were identified in 48/120 (40.0%) patients with pT1 BC. FGFR3 mRNA expression level was significantly higher in those with BC harboring FGFR3 mutations (P<0.001). Low FGFR3 expression level was associated with high-grade tumors and cancer progression (P=0.006 and P=0.001), whereas FGFR3 mutation status was not associated with cancer progression. Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed a similar result (log-rank, P<0.001). Multivariate analysis identified low FGFR3 expression level (odds ratio, 3.300; 95% confidence interval, 1.310-8.313; P=0.011) as an independent predictor of cancer progression. Stratification by exon site of FGFR3 mutations yielded significant differences in mRNA expression level. None of the patients with BC harboring FGFR3 mutations in exon 9 demonstrated disease progression. The mRNA expression level of the FGFR3 gene may be used to precisely identify subsets of patients with pT1 BC that have a relatively better prognosis. The prognostic influences of FGFR3 mutations may be modulated by the exon site of FGFR3 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Won Kang
- Department of Urology, Chungbuk National University Hospital, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungcheongbuk-do 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Ye-Hwan Kim
- Department of Urology, Chungbuk National University Hospital, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungcheongbuk-do 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Pildu Jeong
- Department of Urology, Chungbuk National University Hospital, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungcheongbuk-do 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol Park
- Department of Urology, Chungbuk National University Hospital, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungcheongbuk-do 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Tae Kim
- Department of Urology, Chungbuk National University Hospital, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungcheongbuk-do 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hee Ryu
- Department of Surgery, Chungbuk National University Hospital, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungcheongbuk-do 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Jong Cha
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chungbuk National University Hospital, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungcheongbuk-do 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Sok Ha
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University Medical Center, Daegu 41404, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Hwan Kim
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University Medical Center, Daegu 41404, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Gyun Kwon
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University Medical Center, Daegu 41404, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Kwon Moon
- Department of Food and Biotechnology, Chungang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Yung Hyun Choi
- Department of Biomaterial Control, Dong-Eui University, Busan 47340, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok-Joong Yun
- Department of Urology, Chungbuk National University Hospital, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungcheongbuk-do 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Wun-Jae Kim
- Department of Urology, Chungbuk National University Hospital, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungcheongbuk-do 28644, Republic of Korea
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Association between the TACC3 rs798766 Polymorphism and Risk of Urinary Bladder Cancer: A Synthesis Based on Current Evidence. DISEASE MARKERS 2017; 2017:7850708. [PMID: 28655970 PMCID: PMC5474538 DOI: 10.1155/2017/7850708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Background A possible association between the TACC3 rs798766 polymorphism and urinary bladder cancer risk has been indicated in published literature. We performed this meta-analysis as a synthesis of all relevant data to summarize currently available evidence and to provide estimation with increased precision. Methods EMBASE, PubMed, Google Scholar, and Wanfang Data were searched. “rs798766” and “urinary bladder cancer” were used as the search terms. A total of 6 eligible studies were identified, in which 8194 cases and 50,165 controls were investigated. Meta-analysis was performed using extracted data. Subgroup analysis by ethnicity was also performed. Population attributable risk (PAR) was calculated. Results We found a significant association between rs798766[T] and increased risk of bladder cancer, allelic[T] OR = 1.27, 95%CI = 1.20–1.33. Subgroup analysis by ethnicity revealed similar results, allelic[T] OR = 1.24, 95%CI = 1.17–1.32 in Caucasian subjects and allelic[T] OR = 1.33, 95%CI = 1.21–1.46 in Asian subjects. PAR based on pooled allelic ORs and the frequency of the risk allele in control subjects was 4.63% in the overall population and 3.92% in Asians and 4.36% in Caucasians. Conclusion rs798766 is associated with increased risk of bladder cancer, and no ethnic difference was found.
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Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) and their receptors (FGFRs) regulate numerous cellular processes. Deregulation of FGFR signalling is observed in a subset of many cancers, making activated FGFRs a highly promising potential therapeutic target supported by multiple preclinical studies. However, early-phase clinical trials have produced mixed results with FGFR-targeted cancer therapies, revealing substantial complexity to targeting aberrant FGFR signalling. In this Review, we discuss the increasing understanding of the differences between diverse mechanisms of oncogenic activation of FGFR, and the factors that determine response and resistance to FGFR targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina S Babina
- Breast Cancer Now Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Nicholas C Turner
- Breast Cancer Now Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK
- Breast Unit, The Royal Marsden Hospital, Fulham Road, London SW3 6JJ, UK
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25
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Schram AM, Voss MH, Hyman DM. Genome-Driven Paradigm for the Development of Selective Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor Inhibitors. J Clin Oncol 2017; 35:131-134. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2016.70.5061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alison M. Schram
- Alison M. Schram, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; and Martin H. Voss and David M. Hyman, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
| | - Martin H. Voss
- Alison M. Schram, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; and Martin H. Voss and David M. Hyman, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
| | - David M. Hyman
- Alison M. Schram, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; and Martin H. Voss and David M. Hyman, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
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Development of RNA-FISH Assay for Detection of Oncogenic FGFR3-TACC3 Fusion Genes in FFPE Samples. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0165109. [PMID: 27930669 PMCID: PMC5145148 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction and Objectives Oncogenic FGFR3-TACC3 fusions and FGFR3 mutations are target candidates for small molecule inhibitors in bladder cancer (BC). Because FGFR3 and TACC3 genes are located very closely on chromosome 4p16.3, detection of the fusion by DNA-FISH (fluorescent in situ hybridization) is not a feasible option. In this study, we developed a novel RNA-FISH assay using branched DNA probe to detect FGFR3-TACC3 fusions in formaldehyde-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) human BC samples. Materials and Methods The RNA-FISH assay was developed and validated using a mouse xenograft model with human BC cell lines. Next, we assessed the consistency of the RNA-FISH assay using 104 human BC samples. In this study, primary BC tissues were stored as frozen and FFPE tissues. FGFR3-TACC3 fusions were independently detected in FFPE sections by the RNA-FISH assay and in frozen tissues by RT-PCR. We also analyzed the presence of FGFR3 mutations by targeted sequencing of genomic DNA extracted from deparaffinized FFPE sections. Results FGFR3-TACC3 fusion transcripts were identified by RNA-FISH and RT-PCR in mouse xenograft FFPE tissues using the human BC cell lines RT112 and RT4. These cell lines have been reported to be fusion-positive. Signals for FGFR3-TACC3 fusions by RNA-FISH were positive in 2/60 (3%) of non-muscle-invasive BC (NMIBC) and 2/44 (5%) muscle-invasive BC (MIBC) patients. The results of RT-PCR of all 104 patients were identical to those of RNA-FISH. FGFR3 mutations were detected in 27/60 (45%) NMIBC and 8/44 (18%) MIBC patients. Except for one NMIBC patient, FGFR3 mutation and FGFR3-TACC3 fusion were mutually exclusive. Conclusions We developed an RNA-FISH assay for detection of the FGFR3-TACC3 fusion in FFPE samples of human BC tissues. Screening for not only FGFR3 mutations, but also for FGFR3-TACC3 fusion transcripts has the potential to identify additional patients that can be treated with FGFR inhibitors.
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27
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di Martino E, Tomlinson DC, Williams SV, Knowles MA. A place for precision medicine in bladder cancer: targeting the FGFRs. Future Oncol 2016; 12:2243-63. [PMID: 27381494 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2016-0042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Bladder tumors show diverse molecular features and clinical outcome. Muscle-invasive bladder cancer has poor prognosis and novel approaches to systemic therapy are urgently required. Non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer has good prognosis, but high recurrence rate and the requirement for life-long disease monitoring places a major burden on patients and healthcare providers. Studies of tumor tissues from both disease groups have identified frequent alterations of FGFRs, including mutations of FGFR3 and dysregulated expression of FGFR1 and FGFR3 that suggest that these may be valid therapeutic targets. We summarize current understanding of the molecular alterations affecting these receptors in bladder tumors, preclinical studies validating them as therapeutic targets, available FGFR-targeted agents and results from early clinical trials in bladder cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica di Martino
- Section of Molecular Oncology, Leeds Institute of Cancer & Pathology, St James's University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Darren C Tomlinson
- Astbury Centre for Structural & Molecular Biology, School of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Astbury Building, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Sarah V Williams
- Section of Molecular Oncology, Leeds Institute of Cancer & Pathology, St James's University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Margaret A Knowles
- Section of Molecular Oncology, Leeds Institute of Cancer & Pathology, St James's University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK
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28
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Collazo-Lorduy A, Galsky MD. Systemic therapy for metastatic bladder cancer in 2016 and beyond. Future Oncol 2016; 12:1179-92. [PMID: 26922914 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2015-0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastatic urothelial cancer is generally associated with poor outcomes. In the first-line setting, platinum-based chemotherapy is the standard of care but resistance rapidly develops and the vast majority of patients ultimately experience disease progression. Despite several decades of clinical drug development focused on the treatment of platinum-resistant metastatic urothelial cancer, as of late 2015 there are no standard therapies approved by the US FDA in this setting. However, preliminary results from a series of recent trials exploring innovative approaches forecast a 'sea change' in the management of this difficult to treat malignancy. Herein, we review new approaches for the management of patients with metastatic urothelial cancer focused on three key therapeutic target areas: recurrent somatic alterations, the tumor neovasculature and tumor-associated immune escape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Collazo-Lorduy
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Department of Pathology, 1 Gustave L Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA.,Spanish Society of Medical Oncology, Velazquez 7, Madrid 28001, Spain
| | - Matthew D Galsky
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Division of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Tisch Cancer Institute, 1 Gustave L Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
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29
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Apolo AB, Vogelzang NJ, Theodorescu D. New and promising strategies in the management of bladder cancer. Am Soc Clin Oncol Educ Book 2016:105-12. [PMID: 25993148 DOI: 10.14694/edbook_am.2015.35.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Bladder cancer is a complex and aggressive disease for which treatment strategies have had limited success. Improvements in detection, treatment, and outcomes in bladder cancer will require the integration of multiple new approaches, including genomic profiling, immunotherapeutics, and large randomized clinical trials. New and promising strategies are being tested in all disease states, including nonmuscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC), muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC), and metastatic urothelial carcinoma (UC). Efforts are underway to develop better noninvasive urine biomarkers for use in primary or secondary detection of NMIBC, exploiting our genomic knowledge of mutations in genes such as RAS, FGFR3, PIK3CA, and TP53 and methylation pathways alone or in combination. Recent data from a large, randomized phase III trial of adjuvant cisplatin-based chemotherapy add to our knowledge of the value of perioperative chemotherapy in patients with MIBC. Finally, bladder cancer is one of a growing list of tumor types that respond to immune checkpoint inhibition, opening the potential for new therapeutic strategies for treatment of this complex and aggressive disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea B Apolo
- From the Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; US Oncology Research, Houston, TX and Comprehensive Cancer Centers of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV; University of Colorado Cancer Center, Denver, CO
| | - Nicholas J Vogelzang
- From the Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; US Oncology Research, Houston, TX and Comprehensive Cancer Centers of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV; University of Colorado Cancer Center, Denver, CO
| | - Dan Theodorescu
- From the Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; US Oncology Research, Houston, TX and Comprehensive Cancer Centers of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV; University of Colorado Cancer Center, Denver, CO
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Fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 is associated with poor overall survival in clear cell carcinoma of the ovary and may be a novel therapeutic approach. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2016; 25:570-6. [PMID: 25756405 DOI: 10.1097/igc.0000000000000414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We previously found that gene and protein expression of fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) 2 were increased in ovarian clear cell carcinoma (CCC); here, we examined FGFR2 expression in CCC tumor tissues and its correlation with clinical parameters. We also analyzed the effect of an FGFR inhibitor on the growth of CCC cells to investigate whether FGFR2 could be a therapeutic target for this disease. METHODS We analyze the protein expression of FGFR2 by immunohistochemical staining in CCC from 112 patients and evaluated the association of these molecular parameters with clinical outcome. We treated the 11 CCC cell lines with an FGFR inhibitor, and then assessed cell viability, the expression of protein in FGFR2 signaling pathway, and cell cycle distribution. RESULTS The expressions of FGFR2 were found in 96% of CCC. The 5-year survival rate for patients with a moderate or strong expression of FGFR2 was significantly lower than that for those with an absent or poor expression of FGFR2 (54% vs 79%). Multivariable analysis revealed that FGFR2 expression and disease stage were independent prognostic factors. The FGFR inhibitor effectively suppressed the growth of CCC cells with induction of G1 cell cycle arrest and down-regulated the expression of phosphorylated Akt and phosphorylated ERK. CONCLUSIONS FGFR2 is an important biomarker predictive of patient outcome and is a potential target for CCC. Further study is warranted for FGFR inhibitor to treat CCC.
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Grivas PD, Melas M, Papavassiliou AG. The biological complexity of urothelial carcinoma: Insights into carcinogenesis, targets and biomarkers of response to therapeutic approaches. Semin Cancer Biol 2015; 35:125-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2015.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2015] [Revised: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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32
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Paur J, Nika L, Maier C, Moscu-Gregor A, Kostka J, Huber D, Mohr T, Heffeter P, Schrottmaier WC, Kappel S, Kandioler D, Holzmann K, Marian B, Berger W, Grusch M, Grasl-Kraupp B. Fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 isoforms: Novel therapeutic targets for hepatocellular carcinoma? Hepatology 2015; 62:1767-78. [PMID: 26235436 DOI: 10.1002/hep.28023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs) are frequently up-regulated in subsets of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Here, we provide mechanistic insight that FGFR3 splice variants IIIb and IIIc impact considerably on the malignant phenotype of HCC cells. The occurrence of FGFR3 variants was analyzed in human HCC samples. In hepatoma/hepatocarcinoma cell lines, FGFR3 isoforms were overexpressed by lentiviral constructs or down-modulated by small interfering RNA (siRNA; affecting FGFR3-IIIb and -IIIc) or an adenoviral kinase-dead FGFR3-IIIc construct (kdFGFR3). Elevated levels of FGFR3-IIIb and/or -IIIc were found in 53% of HCC cases. FGFR3-IIIb overexpression occurred significantly more often in primary tumors of large (pT2-4) than of small size (pT1). Furthermore, one or both isoforms were enhanced mostly in cases with early tumor infiltration and/or recurrence at the time of surgery or follow-up examinations. In hepatoma/hepatocarcinoma cells, up-regulated FGFR3-IIIb conferred an enhanced capability for proliferation. Both FGFR3-IIIb and FGFR3-IIIc suppressed apoptotic activity, enhanced clonogenic growth, and induced disintegration of the blood/lymph endothelium. The tumorigenicity of cells in severe combined immunodeficiency mice was augmented to a larger degree by variant IIIb than by IIIc. Conversely, siRNA targeting FGFR3 and kdFGFR3 reduced clonogenicity, anchorage-independent growth, and disintegration of the blood/lymph endothelium in vitro. Furthermore, kdFGFR3 strongly attenuated tumor formation in vivo. CONCLUSIONS Deregulated FGFR3 variants exhibit specific effects in the malignant progression of HCC cells. Accordingly, blockade of FGFR3-mediated signaling may be a promising therapeutic approach to antagonize growth and malignant behavior of HCC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Paur
- Department of Medicine I, Division: Institute of Cancer Research, Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lisa Nika
- Department of Medicine I, Division: Institute of Cancer Research, Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christiane Maier
- Department of Medicine I, Division: Institute of Cancer Research, Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexander Moscu-Gregor
- Department of Medicine I, Division: Institute of Cancer Research, Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Julia Kostka
- Department of Medicine I, Division: Institute of Cancer Research, Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniela Huber
- Department of Medicine I, Division: Institute of Cancer Research, Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Mohr
- Department of Medicine I, Division: Institute of Cancer Research, Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Petra Heffeter
- Department of Medicine I, Division: Institute of Cancer Research, Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Waltraud C Schrottmaier
- Department of Medicine I, Division: Institute of Cancer Research, Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sonja Kappel
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniela Kandioler
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Klaus Holzmann
- Department of Medicine I, Division: Institute of Cancer Research, Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Brigitte Marian
- Department of Medicine I, Division: Institute of Cancer Research, Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Walter Berger
- Department of Medicine I, Division: Institute of Cancer Research, Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Grusch
- Department of Medicine I, Division: Institute of Cancer Research, Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bettina Grasl-Kraupp
- Department of Medicine I, Division: Institute of Cancer Research, Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Abstract
Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 3 (FGFR3) is one of four high-affinity receptors for canonical FGF ligands. It acts in many tissues and plays a special role in skeletal development, especially post-embryonic bone growth, where it inhibits chondrocyte proliferation and differentiation. Gain of function mutations cause the most common forms of dwarfism in humans, and they are also detected in cancer. Triggered by ligand binding or in some cases mutation, FGFR3 activation involves dimerization of receptor monomers, phosphorylation of specific tyrosine residues in the receptor's kinase domain and in the tightly linked scaffold protein Fibroblast Receptor Factor Substrate 2 (FRS2). Signaling molecules recruited to these phosphorylation sites propagate signals through cascades that are subject to modulation. Signal output is also regulated by the fate of the receptor and the interval between its activation and degradation. Trafficking pathways have been identified for both lysosomal and proteasomal degradation, as well as, an alternative fate that involves intramembrane cleavage that produces an intracellular domain fragment capable of nuclear transport and potential function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Narayana
- a Shriners Research Center, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Oregon Health & Science University , Portland , OR , USA
| | - William A Horton
- a Shriners Research Center, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Oregon Health & Science University , Portland , OR , USA
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Helsten T, Elkin S, Arthur E, Tomson BN, Carter J, Kurzrock R. The FGFR Landscape in Cancer: Analysis of 4,853 Tumors by Next-Generation Sequencing. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 22:259-67. [PMID: 26373574 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-3212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 517] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Molecular profiling may have prognostic and predictive value, and is increasingly used in the clinical setting. There are more than a dozen fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) inhibitors in development. Optimal therapeutic application of FGFR inhibitors requires knowledge of the rates and types of FGFR aberrations in a variety of cancer types. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We analyzed frequencies of FGFR aberrations in 4,853 solid tumors that were, on physician request, tested in a Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments (CLIA) laboratory (Foundation Medicine) using next-generation sequencing (182 or 236 genes), and analyzed by N-of-One. RESULTS FGFR aberrations were found in 7.1% of cancers, with the majority being gene amplification (66% of the aberrations), followed by mutations (26%) and rearrangements (8%). FGFR1 (mostly amplification) was affected in 3.5% of 4,853 patients; FGFR2 in 1.5%; FGFR3 in 2.0%; and FGFR4 in 0.5%. Almost every type of malignancy examined showed some patients with FGFR aberrations, but the cancers most commonly affected were urothelial (32% FGFR-aberrant); breast (18%); endometrial (∼13%), squamous lung cancers (∼13%), and ovarian cancer (∼9%). Among 35 unique FGFR mutations seen in this dataset, all but two are found in COSMIC. Seventeen of the 35 are known to be activating, and 11 are transforming. CONCLUSIONS FGFR aberrations are common in a wide variety of cancers, with the majority being gene amplifications or activating mutations. These data suggest that FGFR inhibition could be an important therapeutic option across multiple tumor types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Helsten
- Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy, UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, California.
| | | | - Elisa Arthur
- Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy, UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, California
| | | | | | - Razelle Kurzrock
- Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy, UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, California
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Poyet C, Hermanns T, Zhong Q, Drescher E, Eberli D, Burger M, Hofstaedter F, Hartmann A, Stöhr R, Zwarthoff EC, Sulser T, Wild PJ. Positive fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 immunoreactivity is associated with low-grade non-invasive urothelial bladder cancer. Oncol Lett 2015; 10:2753-2760. [PMID: 26722237 PMCID: PMC4665170 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2015.3691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to conventional clinicopathological parameters, molecular markers are also required in order to predict the course of disease in patients with urothelial bladder cancer (BC). Little is known about fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) immunoreactivity and the clinical significance it may possess with regard to BC. The present study aimed to investigate the immunoreactivity of FGFR3 in primary urothelial bladder tumours, with regard to clinicopathological features and FGFR3 mutation status. Tissue microarrays were used to immunohistochemically analyse FGFR3 expression in 255 primary, unselected patients with BC. FGFR3 mutations were detected using SNaPshot analysis. Positive FGFR3 immunoreactivity was identified in 113/207 analysable cases (54.6%), and was significantly associated with FGFR3 mutation (P<0.001), low tumour stage (P<0.001), low histological grade (P<0.001) and a papillary growth pattern (P<0.001). Positive FGFR3 immunostaining (P=0.002) and FGFR3 mutation (P=0.002) were found to be significantly associated with increased disease-specific survival following univariate analysis, demonstrating a median follow-up period of 75 months. Using multivariate analyses, FGFR3 immunoreactivity was found not to be independent of classical pathological parameters. Immunohistochemical expression of FGFR3 is an early occurrence during the carcinogenesis of papillary non-invasive BC. The presence of FGFR3 immunoreactivity in non-invasive papillary urothelial carcinomas may be utilised as an indicator of tumours possessing low-grade features and good prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cédric Poyet
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich CH-8091, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Hermanns
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich CH-8091, Switzerland
| | - Qing Zhong
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich CH-8091, Switzerland
| | - Eva Drescher
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich CH-8091, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Eberli
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich CH-8091, Switzerland
| | - Maximilian Burger
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg 93059, Germany
| | | | - Arndt Hartmann
- Institute of Pathology, University of Erlangen, Erlangen 91054, Germany
| | - Robert Stöhr
- Institute of Pathology, University of Erlangen, Erlangen 91054, Germany
| | - Ellen C Zwarthoff
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015, The Netherlands
| | - Tullio Sulser
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich CH-8091, Switzerland
| | - Peter J Wild
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich CH-8091, Switzerland
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Touat M, Ileana E, Postel-Vinay S, André F, Soria JC. Targeting FGFR Signaling in Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 21:2684-94. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-2329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 329] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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FGFR3 Expression in Primary Invasive Bladder Cancers and Matched Lymph Node Metastases. J Urol 2015; 193:325-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2014.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Du X, Lin BC, Wang QR, Li H, Ingalla E, Tien J, Rooney I, Ashkenazi A, Penuel E, Qing J. MMP-1 and Pro-MMP-10 as Potential Urinary Pharmacodynamic Biomarkers of FGFR3-Targeted Therapy in Patients with Bladder Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2014; 20:6324-35. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-3336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Mazzola CR, Siddiqui KM, Billia M, Chin J. Dovitinib: rationale, preclinical and early clinical data in urothelial carcinoma of the bladder. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2014; 23:1553-62. [PMID: 25284004 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2014.966900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Bladder cancer (BC) is the third and fifth cancer in men in terms of incidence and mortality in the US. Overexpression and mutations of fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) are frequently found in BC and can represent a very interesting therapeutic target. Different FGFR3-targeted strategies have been investigated through in vitro and in vivo settings, including FGFR3 tyrosine kinase inhibitors such as dovitinib . AREAS COVERED The authors review the data that provide a scientific rationale for FGFR3-targeted therapy in BC. They also provide an evaluation of the currently available in vitro and in vivo data on the use of dovitinib in BC patients. EXPERT OPINION The development and progression of BC rely on a very complex signaling network that involves many different receptors aside from FGFR3 and VEGFR2. The involved signaling network can also be very different from one BC to the other, and can also evolve through time in the same patient. Inhibiting only one single target may thus not be sufficient to achieve a complete downstream oncogenic signaling blockage. Additionally, in vitro data on the use of neutralizing monoclonal antibodies targeting FGFR3 show that it can be a more efficient strategy to reach the same goal, with the potential advantage of less toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarisse R Mazzola
- Western University, Division of Urology and Division of Surgical Oncology , London, Ontario , Canada +519 685 8451 ; +519 685 8455 ;
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di Martino E, Kelly G, Roulson JA, Knowles MA. Alteration of cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesion in urothelial cells: an oncogenic mechanism for mutant FGFR3. Mol Cancer Res 2014; 13:138-48. [PMID: 25223521 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-14-0022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Activating mutations of FGFR3 are a common and early event in bladder cancer. Ectopic expression of mutant FGFR3 in normal urothelial cells has both pro-proliferative and antiapoptotic effects at confluence, suggesting that mutant cells are insensitive to cell-cell contact inhibition. Herein, detailed analysis revealed that these cells have reduced cell-cell adhesion, with large intercellular spaces observable at confluence, and diminished cell-substrate adhesion to collagen IV, collagen I, and fibronectin. These phenotypic alterations are accompanied by changes in the expression of genes involved in cell adhesion and extracellular matrix remodeling. Silencing of endogenous mutant FGFR3 in bladder cancer cells induced converse changes in transcript levels of CDH16, PLAU, MMP10, EPCAM, TNC, and HAS3, confirming them as downstream gene targets of mutant FGFR3. Overexpression of EPCAM, HAS3, and MMP10 transcripts was found in a large fraction of primary bladder tumors analyzed, supporting their key role in bladder tumorigenesis in vivo. However, no correlation was found between their protein and/or mRNA expression and FGFR3 mutation status in tumor specimens, indicating that these genes may be targeted by several converging oncogenic pathways. Overall, these results indicate that mutant FGFR3 favors the development and progression of premalignant bladder lesions by altering key genes regulating the cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesive properties of urothelial cells. IMPLICATIONS The ability of mutant FGFR3 to drive transcriptional expression profiles involved in tumor cell adhesion suggests a mechanism for expansion of premalignant urothelial lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica di Martino
- Section of Experimental Oncology, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Gavin Kelly
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Service, Cancer Research UK, London Research Institute, Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratories, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jo-An Roulson
- Section of Pathology and Tumour Biology, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Margaret A Knowles
- Section of Experimental Oncology, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom.
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Schmitz K, Schildhaus HU. Clinical significance of FGFR1 gene amplification in lung cancer patients. Lung Cancer Manag 2014. [DOI: 10.2217/lmt.14.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
SUMMARY Background: Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer related death worldwide. Molecular targeted therapies are routinely used for pulmonary adenocarcinomas, harboring therapeutically tractable genomic aberrations such as EGFR mutations, ALK and ROS1 fusions. Comparable therapeutic options are still missing for squamous and small-cell lung cancer. Results: Molecular analyses revealed a significant amplification of FGFR1 in 20% of squamous and 6% of small-cell carcinomas. Preclinical and first clinical trials with FGFR inhibitors have shown that this genomic alteration is therapeutically actionable. For detection of FGFR1 amplification fluorescence in situ hybridization is a specific biomarker assay. We review evaluation strategy and criteria for FGFR1 positivity. Conclusion: FGFR1 amplification represents a promising potential target in squamous and small-cell lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Schmitz
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Schildhaus
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany
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Neuzillet Y, van Rhijn BWG, Prigoda NL, Bapat B, Liu L, Bostrom PJ, Fleshner NE, Gallie BL, Zlotta AR, Jewett MAS, van der Kwast TH. FGFR3 mutations, but not FGFR3 expression and FGFR3 copy-number variations, are associated with favourable non-muscle invasive bladder cancer. Virchows Arch 2014; 465:207-13. [PMID: 24880661 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-014-1596-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Revised: 04/26/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) is a tyrosine kinase receptor frequently activated by point mutations in bladder cancer (BC). These mutations are associated with genetically stable, Ta and low-grade BC, representing the favourable BC pathway. Conversely, FGFR3 over-expression was recently found in 40 % of muscle invasive BC. We examined FGFR3 mutation status and protein expression in patients originally diagnosed as T1. We also investigated copy-number variations in FGFR3 as a possible alternative mechanism to activate FGFR3. We included 84 patients with T1 BC as their initial diagnosis. A uropathologist reviewed the slides for grade and (sub)stage. The FGFR3 mutation status was examined by PCR-SNaPshot and FGFR3 protein expression by standard immuno-histochemistry (FGFR3-B9). Copy-number status was determined in 69/84 cases with nine probes covering nine exons of the FGFR3 gene (MLPA). Of 27 BC with FGFR3 mutations, 26 (96 %) showed FGFR3 over-expression. Of the 57 wild-type BC, 27 (47 %) BC showed over-expression. Pathological parameters significantly differed (p < 0.01) between mutant and wild-type tumours with the FGFR3 mutation pointing to more favourable BC. However, if the BC exhibited wild-type FGFR3, FGFR3 protein status had no influence on grade and (sub)stage. We found six tumours with more than or equal to three copies of FGFR3. Only 1 of 22 wild-type tumours with over-expression of FGFR3 had more than or equal to three gene copies. In initially diagnosed T1 BC, only the FGFR3 mutation was significantly associated with favourable BC disease characteristics. In addition to almost all FGFR3 mutant BC, 47 % of wild-type BC displayed FGFR3 over-expression, suggesting an alternative mechanism to activate FGFR3. Increased FGFR3 copy number was a rare event and did not account for this mechanism. Nevertheless, FGFR3 wild-type tumours with over-expression of the protein may still represent a subset that might potentially benefit from FGFR3-targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yann Neuzillet
- Department of Surgical Oncology (Urology), The Netherlands Cancer Institute - Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Guancial EA, Werner L, Bellmunt J, Bamias A, Choueiri TK, Ross R, Schutz FA, Park RS, O'Brien RJ, Hirsch MS, Barletta JA, Berman DM, Lis R, Loda M, Stack EC, Garraway LA, Riester M, Michor F, Kantoff PW, Rosenberg JE. FGFR3 expression in primary and metastatic urothelial carcinoma of the bladder. Cancer Med 2014; 3:835-44. [PMID: 24846059 PMCID: PMC4303151 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Revised: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
While fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) is frequently mutated or overexpressed in nonmuscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma (UC), the prevalence of FGFR3 protein expression and mutation remains unknown in muscle-invasive disease. FGFR3 protein and mRNA expression, mutational status, and copy number variation were retrospectively analyzed in 231 patients with formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded primary UCs, 33 metastases, and 14 paired primary and metastatic tumors using the following methods: immunohistochemistry, NanoString nCounterTM, OncoMap or Affymetrix OncoScanTM array, and Gain and Loss of Analysis of DNA and Genomic Identification of Significant Targets in Cancer software. FGFR3 immunohistochemistry staining was present in 29% of primary UCs and 49% of metastases and did not impact overall survival (P = 0.89, primary tumors; P = 0.78, metastases). FGFR3 mutations were observed in 2% of primary tumors and 9% of metastases. Mutant tumors expressed higher levels of FGFR3 mRNA than wild-type tumors (P < 0.001). FGFR3 copy number gain and loss were rare events in primary and metastatic tumors (0.8% each; 3.0% and 12.3%, respectively). FGFR3 immunohistochemistry staining is present in one third of primary muscle-invasive UCs and half of metastases, while FGFR3 mutations and copy number changes are relatively uncommon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Guancial
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts; University of Rochester, Rochester, New York
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Dienstmann R, Rodon J, Prat A, Perez-Garcia J, Adamo B, Felip E, Cortes J, Iafrate AJ, Nuciforo P, Tabernero J. Genomic aberrations in the FGFR pathway: opportunities for targeted therapies in solid tumors. Ann Oncol 2014; 25:552-563. [PMID: 24265351 PMCID: PMC4433501 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdt419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 281] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2013] [Revised: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) cascade plays crucial roles in tumor cell proliferation, angiogenesis, migration and survival. Accumulating evidence suggests that in some tumor types, FGFRs are bona fide oncogenes to which cancer cells are addicted. Because FGFR inhibition can reduce proliferation and induce cell death in a variety of in vitro and in vivo tumor models harboring FGFR aberrations, a growing number of research groups have selected FGFRs as targets for anticancer drug development. Multikinase FGFR/vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) inhibitors have shown promising activity in breast cancer patients with FGFR1 and/or FGF3 amplification. Early clinical trials with selective FGFR inhibitors, which may overcome the toxicity constraints raised by multitarget kinase inhibition, are recruiting patients with known FGFR(1-4) status based on genomic screens. Preliminary signs of antitumor activity have been demonstrated in some tumor types, including squamous cell lung carcinomas. Rational combination of targeted therapies is expected to further increase the efficacy of selective FGFR inhibitors. Herein, we discuss unsolved questions in the clinical development of these agents and suggest guidelines for management of hyperphosphatemia, a class-specific mechanism-based toxicity. In addition, we propose standardized definitions for FGFR1 and FGFR2 gene amplification based on in situ hybridization methods. Extended access to next-generation sequencing platforms will facilitate the identification of diseases in which somatic FGFR(1-4) mutations, amplifications and fusions are potentially driving cancer cell viability, further strengthening the role of FGFR signaling in cancer biology and providing more possibilities for the therapeutic application of FGFR inhibitors.
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MESH Headings
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Fibroblast Growth Factor 3/genetics
- Gene Amplification
- Humans
- Hyperphosphatemia/therapy
- Molecular Targeted Therapy
- Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 1/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 1/genetics
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 2/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 2/genetics
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 3/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 3/genetics
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 4/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 4/genetics
- Receptors, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor/antagonists & inhibitors
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Affiliation(s)
- R Dienstmann
- Molecular Pathology Lab, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, USA
| | | | - A Prat
- Medical Oncology Department; Translational Genomics Lab
| | | | | | | | | | - A J Iafrate
- Molecular Pathology Lab, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, USA
| | - P Nuciforo
- Molecular Oncology Lab, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain
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Salazar L, Kashiwada T, Krejci P, Meyer AN, Casale M, Hallowell M, Wilcox WR, Donoghue DJ, Thompson LM. Fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 interacts with and activates TGFβ-activated kinase 1 tyrosine phosphorylation and NFκB signaling in multiple myeloma and bladder cancer. PLoS One 2014; 9:e86470. [PMID: 24466111 PMCID: PMC3900522 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a major public health problem worldwide. In the United States alone, 1 in 4 deaths is due to cancer and for 2013 a total of 1,660,290 new cancer cases and 580,350 cancer-related deaths are projected. Comprehensive profiling of multiple cancer genomes has revealed a highly complex genetic landscape in which a large number of altered genes, varying from tumor to tumor, impact core biological pathways and processes. This has implications for therapeutic targeting of signaling networks in the development of treatments for specific cancers. The NFκB transcription factor is constitutively active in a number of hematologic and solid tumors, and many signaling pathways implicated in cancer are likely connected to NFκB activation. A critical mediator of NFκB activity is TGFβ-activated kinase 1 (TAK1). Here, we identify TAK1 as a novel interacting protein and target of fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) tyrosine kinase activity. We further demonstrate that activating mutations in FGFR3 associated with both multiple myeloma and bladder cancer can modulate expression of genes that regulate NFκB signaling, and promote both NFκB transcriptional activity and cell adhesion in a manner dependent on TAK1 expression in both cancer cell types. Our findings suggest TAK1 as a potential therapeutic target for FGFR3-associated cancers, and other malignancies in which TAK1 contributes to constitutive NFκB activation.
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MESH Headings
- Apoptosis
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Adhesion
- Cell Proliferation
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Humans
- Immunoprecipitation
- MAP Kinase Kinase Kinases/genetics
- MAP Kinase Kinase Kinases/metabolism
- Multiple Myeloma/genetics
- Multiple Myeloma/metabolism
- Multiple Myeloma/pathology
- NF-kappa B/genetics
- NF-kappa B/metabolism
- Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
- Peptide Fragments
- Phosphorylation
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 3/genetics
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 3/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Signal Transduction
- Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/genetics
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/metabolism
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Two-Hybrid System Techniques
- Tyrosine/metabolism
- Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/genetics
- Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/metabolism
- Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Salazar
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Tamara Kashiwada
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Pavel Krejci
- Medical Genetics Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Institute of Experimental Biology, Masaryk University and Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics AS CR, v.v.i., Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Pediatrics, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - April N. Meyer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Malcolm Casale
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Matthew Hallowell
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - William R. Wilcox
- Medical Genetics Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Daniel J. Donoghue
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Leslie Michels Thompson
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
- Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
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Lafitte M, Moranvillier I, Garcia S, Peuchant E, Iovanna J, Rousseau B, Dubus P, Guyonnet-Dupérat V, Belleannée G, Ramos J, Bedel A, de Verneuil H, Moreau-Gaudry F, Dabernat S. FGFR3 has tumor suppressor properties in cells with epithelial phenotype. Mol Cancer 2013; 12:83. [PMID: 23902722 PMCID: PMC3750311 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-12-83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Due to frequent mutations in certain cancers, FGFR3 gene is considered as an oncogene. However, in some normal tissues, FGFR3 can limit cell growth and promote cell differentiation. Thus, FGFR3 action appears paradoxical. Results FGFR3 expression was forced in pancreatic cell lines. The receptor exerted dual effects: it suppressed tumor growth in pancreatic epithelial-like cells and had oncogenic properties in pancreatic mesenchymal-like cells. Distinct exclusive pathways were activated, STATs in epithelial-like cells and MAP Kinases in mesenchymal-like cells. Both FGFR3 splice variants had similar effects and used the same intracellular signaling. In human pancreatic carcinoma tissues, levels of FGFR3 dropped in tumors. Conclusion In tumors from epithelial origin, FGFR3 signal can limit tumor growth, explaining why the 4p16.3 locus bearing FGFR3 is frequently lost and why activating mutations of FGFR3 in benign or low grade tumors of epithelial origin are associated with good prognosis. The new hypothesis that FGFR3 can harbor both tumor suppressive and oncogenic properties is crucial in the context of targeted therapies involving specific tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). TKIs against FGFR3 might result in adverse effects if used in the wrong cell context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Lafitte
- INSERM U1035, Université Bordeaux Segalen, 146 rue Léo Saignat, Bordeaux 33076, France
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Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 2 Expression May Be Involved In Transformation of Ovarian Endometrioma to Clear Cell Carcinoma of the Ovary. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2013; 23:791-6. [DOI: 10.1097/igc.0b013e31828f38c4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to determine the genes that may be associated with malignant transformation of ovarian endometrioma.MethodsEndometriotic epithelial cells were isolated from tissues derived from chocolate cyst linings by laser capture microdissection. A Gene Chip Human Genome U133 Plus 2.0 Array was applied to evaluate levels of gene expression in 3 different groups of epithelial cells: epithelial cells of endometrioma, epithelial cells of endometrioma adjacent to clear cell carcinoma, and epithelial cells of clear cell carcinoma. As a validation assay, real-time reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemical analyses were performed.ResultsGene expression analysis identified differential expressions among the 3 groups of epithelial cells. Using the classification of a signaling pathways database, 9 genes (12 gene probes) were selected from among 39 up-regulated genes indicating more than 2-fold higher expression between any comparisons of the 3 groups in the comprehensive microarray. Enhancement of fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) gene expression was detected by microarray using 3 distinct probes. Gene and protein expression of FGFR2 differed significantly between epithelial cells of endometrioma and the epithelial component of clear cell carcinoma.ConclusionsWe demonstrated that FGFR2 may play a significant role in the carcinogenesis of endometriosis and thus represents a potential therapeutic target.
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Cheng T, Roth B, Choi W, Black PC, Dinney C, McConkey DJ. Fibroblast growth factor receptors-1 and -3 play distinct roles in the regulation of bladder cancer growth and metastasis: implications for therapeutic targeting. PLoS One 2013; 8:e57284. [PMID: 23468956 PMCID: PMC3582560 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Accepted: 01/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs) are activated by mutation and overexpressed in bladder cancers (BCs), and FGFR inhibitors are currently being evaluated in clinical trials in BC patients. However, BC cells display marked heterogeneity in their responses to FGFR inhibitors, and the biological mechanisms underlying this heterogeneity are not well defined. Here we used a novel inhibitor of FGFRs 1–3 and RNAi to determine the effects of inhibiting FGFR1 or FGFR3 in a panel of human BC cell lines. We observed that FGFR1 was expressed in BC cells that also expressed the “mesenchymal” markers ZEB1 and vimentin, whereas FGFR3 expression was restricted to the E-cadherin- and p63-positive “epithelial” subset. Sensitivity to the growth-inhibitory effects of BGJ-398 was also restricted to the “epithelial” BC cells and it correlated directly with FGFR3 mRNA levels but not with the presence of activating FGFR3 mutations. In contrast, BGJ-398 did not strongly inhibit proliferation but did block invasion in the “mesenchymal” BC cells in vitro. Similarly, BGJ-398 did not inhibit primary tumor growth but blocked the production of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and the formation of lymph node and distant metastases in mice bearing orthotopically implanted “mesenchymal” UM-UC3 cells. Together, our data demonstrate that FGFR1 and FGFR3 have largely non-overlapping roles in regulating invasion/metastasis and proliferation in distinct “mesenchymal” and “epithelial” subsets of human BC cells. The results suggest that the tumor EMT phenotype will be an important determinant of the biological effects of FGFR inhibitors in patients.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Division/drug effects
- Cell Division/physiology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- DNA Primers
- Female
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Humans
- Mice
- Mice, Nude
- Mutation
- Neoplasm Metastasis
- RNA Interference
- Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 1/genetics
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 1/physiology
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 3/genetics
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 3/physiology
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiewei Cheng
- Department of Urology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Experimental Therapeutics Academic Program, The University of Texas-Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences (GSBS) at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Beat Roth
- Department of Urology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Woonyoung Choi
- Department of Urology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Peter C. Black
- Department of Urologic Science, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Colin Dinney
- Department of Urology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - David J. McConkey
- Department of Urology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Experimental Therapeutics Academic Program, The University of Texas-Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences (GSBS) at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
"RASopathies" are a group of developmental syndromes with partly overlapping clinical symptoms that are caused by germline mutations of genes within the Ras/MAPK signaling pathway. Mutations affecting this pathway can also occur in a mosaic state, resulting in congenital syndromes often distinct from those generated by the corresponding germline mutations. For syndromes caused by mosaic mutations of the Ras/MAPK signaling pathway, the term "mosaic RASopathies" has been proposed. In the following article, genetic and phenotypic aspects of mosaic RASopathies will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Hafner
- Department of Dermatology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
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Williams SV, Hurst CD, Knowles MA. Oncogenic FGFR3 gene fusions in bladder cancer. Hum Mol Genet 2012; 22:795-803. [PMID: 23175443 PMCID: PMC3554204 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/dds486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 295] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
FGF receptor 3 (FGFR3) is activated by mutation or over-expression in many bladder cancers. Here, we identify an additional mechanism of activation via chromosomal re-arrangement to generate constitutively activated fusion genes. FGFR3–transforming acid coiled coil 3 (TACC3) fusions resulting from 4p16.3 re-arrangements and a t(4;7) that generates a FGFR3-BAI1-associated protein 2-like 1 (BAIAP2L1) fusion were identified in 4 of 43 bladder tumour cell lines and 2 of 32 selected tissue samples including the tumour from which one of the cell lines was derived. These are highly activated and transform NIH-3T3 cells. The FGFR3 component is identical in all cases and lacks the final exon that includes the phospholipase C gamma 1 (PLCγ1) binding site. Expression of the fusions in immortalized normal human urothelial cells (NHUC) induced activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway but not PLCγ1. A protein with loss of the terminal region alone was not as highly activated as the fusion proteins, indicating that the fusion partners are essential. The TACC3 fusions retain the TACC domain that mediates microtubule binding and the BAIAP2L1 fusion retains the IRSp53/MIM domain (IMD) that mediates actin binding and Rac interaction. As urothelial cell lines with FGFR3 fusions are extremely sensitive to FGFR-selective agents, the presence of a fusion gene may aid in selection of patients for FGFR-targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah V Williams
- Section of Experimental Oncology, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, St James’s University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
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