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Plasmin and Plasminogen System in the Tumor Microenvironment: Implications for Cancer Diagnosis, Prognosis, and Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13081838. [PMID: 33921488 PMCID: PMC8070608 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13081838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary In this review, we present a detailed discussion of how the plasminogen-activation system is utilized by tumor cells in their unrelenting attack on the tissues surrounding them. Plasmin is an enzyme which is responsible for digesting several proteins that hold the tissues surrounding solid tumors together. In this process tumor cells utilize the activity of plasmin to digest tissue barriers in order to leave the tumour site and spread to other parts of the body. We specifically focus on the role of plasminogen receptor—p11 which is an important regulatory protein that facilitates the conversion of plasminogen to plasmin and by this means promotes the attack by the tumour cells on their surrounding tissues. Abstract The tumor microenvironment (TME) is now being widely accepted as the key contributor to a range of processes involved in cancer progression from tumor growth to metastasis and chemoresistance. The extracellular matrix (ECM) and the proteases that mediate the remodeling of the ECM form an integral part of the TME. Plasmin is a broad-spectrum, highly potent, serine protease whose activation from its precursor plasminogen is tightly regulated by the activators (uPA, uPAR, and tPA), the inhibitors (PAI-1, PAI-2), and plasminogen receptors. Collectively, this system is called the plasminogen activation system. The expression of the components of the plasminogen activation system by malignant cells and the surrounding stromal cells modulates the TME resulting in sustained cancer progression signals. In this review, we provide a detailed discussion of the roles of plasminogen activation system in tumor growth, invasion, metastasis, and chemoresistance with specific emphasis on their role in the TME. We particularly review the recent highlights of the plasminogen receptor S100A10 (p11), which is a pivotal component of the plasminogen activation system.
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Abstract
The paradoxical pro-tumorigenic function of plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1, aka Serpin E1) in cancer progression and metastasis has been the subject of an abundant scientific literature that has pointed to a pro-angiogenic role, a growth and migration stimulatory function, and an anti-apoptotic activity, all directed toward promoting tumor growth, cancer cell survival, and metastasis. With uPA, PAI-1 is among the most reliable biomarkers and prognosticators in many cancer types. More recently, a novel pro-tumorigenic function of PAI-1 in cancer-related inflammation has been demonstrated. These multifaceted activities of PAI-1 in cancer progression are explained by the complex structure of PAI-1 and its multiple functions that go beyond its anti-fibrinolytic and anti-plasminogen activation activities. However, despite the multiple evidences supporting a pro-tumorigenic role of PAI-1 in cancer, and the development of several inhibitors, targeting PAI-1, has remained elusive. In this article, the various mechanisms responsible for the pro-tumorigenic functions of PAI-1 are reviewed with emphasis on its more recently described contribution to cancer inflammation. The challenges of targeting PAI-1 in cancer therapy are then discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Helena Kubala
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Blood and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
- The Saban Research Institute of Children's Hospital, Los Angeles, CA, 90027, USA
| | - Yves Albert DeClerck
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Blood and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA.
- The Saban Research Institute of Children's Hospital, Los Angeles, CA, 90027, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA.
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Furuya H, Hayashi K, Shimizu Y, Kim N, Tsukikawa Y, Chen R, Sun Y, Chan OTM, Pagano I, Peres R, Hokutan K, Igari F, Chan KS, Rosser CJ. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-2 (PAI-2) overexpression supports bladder cancer development in PAI-1 knockout mice in N-butyl-N- (4-hydroxybutyl)-nitrosamine- induced bladder cancer mouse model. J Transl Med 2020; 18:57. [PMID: 32024545 PMCID: PMC7003426 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-020-02239-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accumulating evidence suggests that plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) plays an important role in bladder tumorigenesis by regulating cell cycle. However, it remains unclear whether and how inhibition of PAI-1 suppresses bladder tumorigenesis. METHODS To elucidate the therapeutic effect of PAI-1 inhibition, we tested its tumorigenicity in PAI-1 knockout (KO) mice exposed to a known bladder carcinogen. RESULTS PAI-1 deficiency did not inhibit carcinogen-induced bladder cancer in mice although carcinogen-exposed wild type mice significantly increased PAI-1 levels in bladder tissue, plasma and urine. We found that PAI-1 KO mice exposed to carcinogen tended to upregulate protein C inhibitor (PAI-3), urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) and tissue-type PA (tPA), and significantly increased PAI-2, suggesting a potential compensatory function of these molecules when PAI-1 is abrogated. Subsequent studies employing gene expression microarray using mouse bladder tissues followed by post hoc bioinformatics analysis and validation experiments by qPCR and IHC demonstrated that SERPING1 is further downregulated in PAI-1 KO mice exposed to BBN, suggesting that SERPING1 as a potential missing factor that regulate PAI-2 overexpression (compensation pathway). CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that serpin compensation pathway, specifically PAI-2 overexpression in this model, supports bladder cancer development when oncoprotein PAI-1 is deleted. Further investigations into PAI-1 are necessary in order to identify true potential targets for bladder cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Furuya
- Clinical & Translational Research Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA.
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA.
- Department of Surgery, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Davis Research Building, 110 N. George Burns Road, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA.
| | - Kazukuni Hayashi
- Clinical & Translational Research Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Yoshiko Shimizu
- Clinical & Translational Research Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA
| | - Nari Kim
- Clinical & Translational Research Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA
| | - Yutaro Tsukikawa
- Clinical & Translational Research Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA
| | - Runpu Chen
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - Yijun Sun
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - Owen T M Chan
- Clinical & Translational Research Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA
| | - Ian Pagano
- Cancer Prevention in Pacific Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA
| | - Rafael Peres
- Clinical & Translational Research Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA
| | - Kanani Hokutan
- Clinical & Translational Research Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA
| | - Fumie Igari
- Department of Surgery, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Davis Research Building, 110 N. George Burns Road, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Keith S Chan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Charles J Rosser
- Clinical & Translational Research Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA
- Department of Surgery, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Davis Research Building, 110 N. George Burns Road, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
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Clinical and pathological significance of Homo sapiens ceramide synthase 2 (CerS-2) in diverse human cancers. Biosci Rep 2019; 39:BSR20181743. [PMID: 30988071 PMCID: PMC6504659 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20181743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Homo sapiens ceramide synthase 2 (CerS-2) plays an important role in inhibiting invasion and metastasis of tumor cells and has been reported as a tumor metastasis suppressor gene in diverse cancers. Thus, low level of CerS-2 protein might suggest a bad prognosis and up-regulation of CerS-2 protein might act as a promising therapeutic strategy for malignant tumors. In this review, we discussed the expression, as well as the clinical and pathological significance of CerS-2 in diverse human cancers. The pathological processes and molecular pathways regulated by CerS-2 were also summarized.
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Zhang B, Liu G, Liu X, Zheng S, Dong K, Dong R. Circulating D-dimer level correlates with disease characteristics in hepatoblastoma patients. Medicine (Baltimore) 2017; 96:e8798. [PMID: 29381980 PMCID: PMC5708979 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000008798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Hepatoblastoma (HB) is the most common pediatric liver malignancy, typically affecting children within the first 4 years of life. However, only a few validated blood biomarkers are used in clinical evaluation. The current study explored the clinical application and significance of D-dimer levels in patients with HB. METHOD Forty-four patients with HB were included in this retrospective study. D-dimer and plasma fibrinogen levels were examined, and their correlation with other clinical features was analyzed. D-dimer and plasma fibrinogen levels were examined between HB and other benign hepatic tumors. RESULTS D-dimer levels were significantly associated with high-risk HB features, such as advanced stage and high α-fetoprotein (AFP) levels. Higher D-dimer levels were observed in stage 4 patients compared with stage 1/2/3 patients (P = .028). Higher D-dimer levels were also observed in patients with higher AFP levels before chemotherapy compared with patients with lower AFP levels after chemotherapy (P< 0.001). In addition, higher D-dimer levels were observed in HB compared with other benign hepatic tumors such as hepatic hemangioma and hepatocellular adenoma (P = .012). No significant difference in D-dimer levels was found between sex (P = .503) and age (≥12 vs <12 months, P = .424). There was no significant difference in plasma fibrinogen levels between sex or age and high-risk HB features, such as advanced stage and high AFP levels. CONCLUSIONS Elevated D-dimer levels could be a useful determinant biomarker for high-risk features in patients with HB. This finding also supports the clinical application of D-dimer in HB.
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Affiliation(s)
- BinBin Zhang
- Children's Hospital of Fudan University
- Department of Pediatric Hepatobiliary Surgery, Children's Hospital of Fudan University
- Key Laboratory of Neonatal Disease, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China
| | - GongBao Liu
- Children's Hospital of Fudan University
- Department of Pediatric Hepatobiliary Surgery, Children's Hospital of Fudan University
- Key Laboratory of Neonatal Disease, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China
| | - XiangQi Liu
- Children's Hospital of Fudan University
- Department of Pediatric Hepatobiliary Surgery, Children's Hospital of Fudan University
- Key Laboratory of Neonatal Disease, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China
| | - Shan Zheng
- Children's Hospital of Fudan University
- Department of Pediatric Hepatobiliary Surgery, Children's Hospital of Fudan University
- Key Laboratory of Neonatal Disease, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China
| | - Kuiran Dong
- Children's Hospital of Fudan University
- Department of Pediatric Hepatobiliary Surgery, Children's Hospital of Fudan University
- Key Laboratory of Neonatal Disease, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China
| | - Rui Dong
- Children's Hospital of Fudan University
- Department of Pediatric Hepatobiliary Surgery, Children's Hospital of Fudan University
- Key Laboratory of Neonatal Disease, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China
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Abstract
The SV40 viral oncogene has been used since the 1970s as a reliable and reproducible method to generate transgenic mouse models. This seminal discovery has taught us an immense amount about how tumorigenesis occurs, and its success has led to the evolution of many mouse models of cancer. Despite the development of more modern and targeted approaches for developing genetically engineered mouse models of cancer, SV40-induced mouse models still remain frequently used today. This review discusses a number of cancer types in which SV40 mouse models of cancer have been developed and highlights their relevance and importance to preclinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L Hudson
- Amanda L. Hudson, PhD, is a Sydney Neuro-Oncology Group postdoctoral fellow at the Bill Walsh Translational Cancer Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute, Northern Sydney Local Health District, Sydney Medical School Northern, University of Sydney, St. Leonards, NSW, Australia. Emily K. Colvin is a Cancer Institute NSW postdoctoral fellow at the Bill Walsh Translational Cancer Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute, Northern Sydney Local Health District, Sydney Medical School Northern, University of Sydney, St. Leonards, NSW, Australia
| | - Emily K Colvin
- Amanda L. Hudson, PhD, is a Sydney Neuro-Oncology Group postdoctoral fellow at the Bill Walsh Translational Cancer Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute, Northern Sydney Local Health District, Sydney Medical School Northern, University of Sydney, St. Leonards, NSW, Australia. Emily K. Colvin is a Cancer Institute NSW postdoctoral fellow at the Bill Walsh Translational Cancer Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute, Northern Sydney Local Health District, Sydney Medical School Northern, University of Sydney, St. Leonards, NSW, Australia
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Placencio VR, DeClerck YA. Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 in Cancer: Rationale and Insight for Future Therapeutic Testing. Cancer Res 2015; 75:2969-74. [PMID: 26180080 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-0876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Despite its function as an inhibitor of urokinase and tissue-type plasminogen activator (PA), PA inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) has a paradoxical protumorigenic role in cancer, promoting angiogenesis and tumor cell survival. In this review, we summarize preclinical evidence in support of the protumorigenic function of PAI-1 that has led to the testing of small-molecule PAI-1 inhibitors, initially developed as antithrombotic agents, in animal models of cancer. The review discusses the challenges and the opportunities that lay ahead to the development of efficacious and nontoxic PAI-1 inhibitors as anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica R Placencio
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Blood and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California. The Saban Research Institute of Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Yves A DeClerck
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Blood and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California. The Saban Research Institute of Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.
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Metastasis-promoting role of extravasated platelet activation in tumor. J Surg Res 2015; 193:289-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2014.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Revised: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Yan L, DeMars LC. Effects of a high-fat diet on spontaneous metastasis of Lewis lung carcinoma in plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 deficient and wild-type mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110869. [PMID: 25356654 PMCID: PMC4214820 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of a high-fat diet on spontaneous metastasis of Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) in plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 deficient (PAI-1−/−) and wild-type mice. The high-fat diet increased the number of pulmonary metastases by 60% (p<0.01), tumor cross-sectional area by 82% (p<0.05) and tumor volume by 130% (p<0.05) compared to the AIN93G diet. Deficiency in PAI-1 reduced the number of metastases by 35% (p<0.01) compared to wild-type mice. In mice fed the high-fat diet, PAI-1 deficiency reduced tumor cross-sectional area by 52% (p<0.05) and tumor volume by 61% (p<0.05) compared to their wild-type counterparts; however, PAI-1 deficiency affected neither area nor volume in mice fed the AIN93G diet. Adipose and plasma concentrations of PAI-1 were significantly higher in high-fat fed wild-type mice than in their AIN93G-fed counterparts. Adipose and plasma PAI-1 were not detectable in PAI-1−/− mice regardless of the diet. Mice deficient in PAI-1 showed significantly greater plasma concentrations of monocyte chemotactic protein-1, tumor necrosis factor-α, leptin, vascular endothelial growth factor, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 and insulin compared to wild-type mice, indicating a compensatory overproduction of inflammatory cytokines, angiogenic factors and insulin in the absence of PAI-1. We conclude that PAI-1 produced by the host, including that by adipose tissue, promotes high-fat enhanced metastasis of LLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Yan
- Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Grand Forks, North Dakota, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Lana C. DeMars
- Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Grand Forks, North Dakota, United States of America
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Chen L, Lu X, Zeng T, Chen Y, Chen Q, Wu W, Yan X, Cai H, Zhang Z, Shao Q, Qin W. Enhancement of DEN-induced liver tumourigenesis in hepatocyte-specific Lass2-knockout mice coincident with upregulation of the TGF-β1-Smad4-PAI-1 axis. Oncol Rep 2013; 31:885-93. [PMID: 24337404 DOI: 10.3892/or.2013.2908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Longevity assurance homolog 2 of yeast LAG1 (Lass2) gene is capable of suppressing the proliferation and metastasis of several types of tumours including liver cancer. In the present study, hepatocyte-specific Lass2-knockout (Lass2 KO) and wild-type (WT) mice were exposed to the carcinogen, diethylnitrosamine (DEN), to induced liver tumours. At week 23 following DEN injection, tumours were produced in 100% of the Lass2 KO mice and 21.4% of the WT mice. At week 40, 100% of the Lass2 KO mice and 78.6% of the WT mice developed tumours, with no distinct significant difference in tumour occurrences between the two genotypes; yet, tumours in the Lass2 KO mouse livers were more numerous and larger in size. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) was confirmed by α-fetoprotein (AFP). PCNA and EdU assays indicated more active proliferation whereas TUNEL assay revealed decreased apoptosis in Lass2 KO livers, when compared with the WT control. The expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 (PAI-1), a tumour-promoting gene, in the liver tissues of the 2 genotypes was detected using qPCR and western blotting, showing that PAI-1 levels were significantly elevated in Lass2 KO livers at week 40 following DEN introduction. Moreover, the expression of PAI-1-related TGF-β1, Smad-4 and -7 was detected, displaying an elevation in TGF-β1 and Smad-4 (not including Smad-7) in the Lass2 KO livers. Our data demonstrates that i) Lass2 is a protective gene against DEN-induced liver tumourigenesis; and ii) upregulation of the TGF-β1-Smad4-PAI-1 axis may contribute to the vulnerability of Lass2-knockout mice to DEN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lufang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Xiaodong Lu
- School of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China
| | - Tiantian Zeng
- School of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Chen
- School of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China
| | - Qian Chen
- School of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China
| | - Weijiang Wu
- School of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China
| | - Xun Yan
- School of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China
| | - Honghua Cai
- School of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China
| | - Zhijian Zhang
- School of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China
| | - Qixiang Shao
- School of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China
| | - Wenxin Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
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Gril B, Palmieri D, Qian Y, Anwar T, Liewehr DJ, Steinberg SM, Andreu Z, Masana D, Fernández P, Steeg PS, Vidal-Vanaclocha F. Pazopanib inhibits the activation of PDGFRβ-expressing astrocytes in the brain metastatic microenvironment of breast cancer cells. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2013; 182:2368-79. [PMID: 23583652 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2013.02.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Revised: 01/03/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Brain metastases occur in more than one-third of metastatic breast cancer patients whose tumors overexpress HER2 or are triple negative. Brain colonization of cancer cells occurs in a unique environment, containing microglia, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, and neurons. Although a neuroinflammatory response has been documented in brain metastasis, its contribution to cancer progression and therapy remains poorly understood. Using an experimental brain metastasis model, we characterized the brain metastatic microenvironment of brain tropic, HER2-transfected MDA-MB-231 human breast carcinoma cells (231-BR-HER2). A previously unidentified subpopulation of metastasis-associated astrocytes expressing phosphorylated platelet-derived growth factor receptor β (at tyrosine 751; p751-PDGFRβ) was identified around perivascular brain micrometastases. p751-PDGFRβ(+) astrocytes were also identified in human brain metastases from eight craniotomy specimens and in primary cultures of astrocyte-enriched glial cells. Previously, we reported that pazopanib, a multispecific tyrosine kinase inhibitor, prevented the outgrowth of 231-BR-HER2 large brain metastases by 73%. Here, we evaluated the effect of pazopanib on the brain neuroinflammatory microenvironment. Pazopanib treatment resulted in 70% (P = 0.023) decrease of the p751-PDGFRβ(+) astrocyte population, at the lowest dose of 30 mg/kg, twice daily. Collectively, the data identify a subpopulation of activated astrocytes in the subclinical perivascular stage of brain metastases and show that they are inhibitable by pazopanib, suggesting its potential to prevent the development of brain micrometastases in breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brunilde Gril
- Women's Cancers Section, Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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Fang H, Placencio VR, DeClerck YA. Protumorigenic activity of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 through an antiapoptotic function. J Natl Cancer Inst 2012; 104:1470-84. [PMID: 22984202 PMCID: PMC3529616 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djs377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2011] [Revised: 07/20/2012] [Accepted: 07/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) is a protease inhibitor but is paradoxically associated with poor outcomes in cancer patients. However, the mechanisms of its effects on tumor cells have not been explored. METHODS Endogenous PAI-1 in human tumor cell lines (HT-1080, A549, HCT-116, and MDA-MB-231) was suppressed by small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) and PAI-039, a small molecule inhibitor of PAI-1, and the effects on apoptosis were examined. Tumorigenicity of PAI-1 knockdown (KD) tumor cells was examined in immunodeficient PAI-1 wild-type and knockout (KO) mice (9-15 per group), and event-free survival was analyzed by the Kaplan-Meier method. The effect of PAI-1 suppression on HT-1080 xenotransplanted tumors was evaluated for cell proliferation, apoptosis, and angiogenesis. All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS Genetic and pharmacological inhibition of PAI-1 in the four tumor cell lines increased spontaneous apoptosis (mean fold increase relative to control: HT-1080, siRNA#1, mean = 4.0, 95% CI = 2.6 to 5.3, P < .001; siRNA#2, mean = 2.6, 95% CI = 2.4 to 2.9, P < .001, Student t test), which was blocked in the presence of recombinant PAI-1, a caspase-8 inhibitor, or Fas/FasL neutralizing antibodies and was partially attenuated by a plasmin inhibitor-aprotinin. PAI-1 KO mice implanted with PAI-1 KD HT-1080 cells had decreased tumorigenesis and prolonged survival compared with control mice (P = .002, log-rank test), and their tumors exhibited decreased cell proliferation and angiogenesis and increased apoptosis. Furthermore, five of 15 PAI-1 KO mice implanted with PAI-1 KD HT-1080 cells never developed tumors. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that PAI-1 exerts a protective effect against tumor cell apoptosis by a mechanism that, in part, involves plasmin activation and inhibition of Fas/Fas-L-mediated apoptosis and may be a promising therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Fang
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Regulation of thrombin-induced plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in 4T1 murine breast cancer cells. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 2012; 22:576-82. [PMID: 21799402 DOI: 10.1097/mbc.0b013e3283497647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR-1) and PAR-2 are overexpressed in cancer cells and activation of these receptors contributes to malignancy. We have recently shown that thrombin activates PAR-1, which induces transactivation of PAR-2, resulting in increased plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) expression in 4T1 murine mammary adenocarcinoma cells. Our goal was to analyze the signal transduction pathways that regulate thrombin-induced PAI-1 expression. We found that thrombin stimulation activates the ERK1/2-ELK1-EGR1 pathway in 4T1 cells. Furthermore, inhibition of p42/p44 MAPK signaling reduced PAI-1 expression. These results begin to delineate the mechanism by which thrombin activates a PAR-1/PAR-2 complex to induce PAI-1 expression in the 4T1 murine breast cancer cell line.
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Tsai MS, Chang CC, Kuo ML, Wu YT. Vascular endothelial growth factor-A and changes in a tumor-bearing mouse model with Lewis lung cancer. Oncol Lett 2011; 2:1143-1147. [PMID: 22848279 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2011.380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2011] [Accepted: 07/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) affects tumor growth and metastasis through stimulation of angiogenesis. The purpose of this study was to describe features of Lewis lung cancer (LLC) in mice and compare the serum VEGF-A levels with those of normal control mice. Two groups of mice were compared: one was subcutaneously injected with LLC cells (n=16) and the other served as the normal control (n=6). The serum VEGF-A levels were measured by ELISA prior to inoculation, and at 7, 21 and 35 days post-inoculation. The tumor weight and the metastatic condition were evaluated on day 35. Changes in body weight and serum VEGF-A concentration over a period of time were compared between the groups using generalized estimating equations. The relationship between the primary tumor and the metastatic condition was analyzed using the Spearman's rank correlation test. The survival rate was 56.3% on day 35 post-tumor inoculation. No difference was found between the groups with regard to gastrocnemius muscle weight on day 35 post-inoculation [0.1315±0.0066 g vs. 0.1308±0.0069 g (normal control)]. In tumor-bearing mice, the weight gain at sacrifice was less (0.24±0.45 vs. 1.93±0.47 g, P=0.01), the final mean tumor volume and weight were 4264.69±1038.32 mm(3) and 3.70±0.83 g, the number of nodules in the lungs and livers was 6.33 (range 0-20) and 2.22 (range 0-11), respectively, and the serum VEGF-A levels were significantly higher than those of control mice. In conclusion, lower body weight gain, metastasis in the liver and lungs, and elevated VEGF-A levels are features of LLC in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Shu Tsai
- School and Graduate Institute of Physical Therapy, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100
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Matsui T, Ito C, Oda M, Itoigawa M, Yokoo K, Okada T, Furukawa H. Lapachol suppresses cell proliferation and secretion of interleukin-6 and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 of fibroblasts derived from hypertrophic scars. J Pharm Pharmacol 2011; 63:960-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.2011.01292.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
The pathogenesis and therapy of hypertrophic scar have not yet been established. Our aim was to investigate the antiproliferative and antisecretory effects of lapachol, isolated from the stem bark of Avicennia rumphiana Hall. f., on hypertrophic scar fibroblasts.
Methods
The effects of lapachol on hypertrophic scar fibroblast proliferation were measured using the MTT assay, cell-cycle analyses and lactate dehydrogenase assays. The type I collagen α-chain (COL1A1), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) mRNA and/or protein levels of hypertrophic scar-fibroblasts were quantitated by real-time PCR and ELISA.
Key findings
Lapachol at 25 and 50 µm significantly inhibited the in vitro proliferation of hypertrophic scar fibroblasts, but not fibroblasts from non-lesional skin sites. In addition, lapachol had no apparent effect on cell cycle and lactate dehydrogenase activity in conditioned medium from lapachol-treated hypertrophic scar fibroblasts was nearly equal to that in medium from vehicle-treated cells. Lapachol treatment also inhibited COL1A1 and PAI-1 mRNA levels in hypertrophic scar fibroblasts, but did not affect IL-6 mRNA levels. The protein levels of IL-6 and PAI-1 in conditioned medium from hypertrophic scar fibroblasts treated with 50 µm lapachol were lower than those from vehicle-treated hypertrophic scar fibroblasts.
Conclusions
Lapachol decreased the proliferation rate of hypertrophic scar fibroblasts. As IL-6 and PAI-1 secretion was also lowered in lapachol-treated hypertrophic scar fibroblasts, our findings suggested that lapachol may have suppressed extracellular matrix hyperplasia in wound healing and possibly alleviated the formation of hypertrophic scar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Matsui
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya, Japan
- Department of Physiology, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute-cho, Aichi-gun, Japan
| | - Chihiro Ito
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Makiko Oda
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute-cho, Aichi-gun, Japan
| | - Masataka Itoigawa
- Faculty of Human Wellness, Tokai Gakuen University, Tempaku, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Yokoo
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute-cho, Aichi-gun, Japan
| | - Tadashi Okada
- Department of Physiology, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute-cho, Aichi-gun, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Furukawa
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya, Japan
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Lahdenperä A, Ludvigsson J, Fälth-Magnusson K, Högberg L, Vaarala O. The effect of gluten-free diet on Th1-Th2-Th3-associated intestinal immune responses in celiac disease. Scand J Gastroenterol 2011; 46:538-49. [PMID: 21288140 DOI: 10.3109/00365521.2011.551888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study T-helper (Th)1-Th2-Th3 gene activation profile in the small intestine and peripheral blood of children with celiac disease (CD) with special interest in the response to the gluten-free diet (GFD) treatment in order to elucidate an immune dysregulation not triggered by gluten. MATERIAL AND METHODS Small intestinal biopsies and venous blood were taken from seven children with CD (mean age: 8 years, four girls) at presentation and after 1 year of strict GFD. The Th1-Th2-Th3 gene expression profile was examined by real-time PCR arrays. The findings were compared with the corresponding expressions in peripheral blood and small intestinal biopsies from six reference children without CD (mean age: 6 years, four girls). RESULTS The Th1 gene expression profile including interferon (IFN)-γ, signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 1 and interferon regulatory factor (IRF) 1 together with reduced interleukin (IL)-2 expression was pronounced in small intestinal biopsies from children with untreated CD. A downregulation of IFN-γ transcripts was seen after 1 year of GFD, but there was still increased expression of STAT1 and IRF1 in association with low IL-2 expression in spite of eliminated exposure to wheat gluten. By contrast, the decreased intestinal expression of Th2 gene markers observed at presentation was normalized with GFD. The alterations in the mucosal gene expression profile were not reflected in peripheral blood. CONCLUSION The GFD did not correct the increased activation of the IFN-γ signaling pathway related markers and reduced IL-2 expression, suggesting that they represent an immune dysregulation not dependent on gluten exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Lahdenperä
- Division of Paediatrics, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
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Abstract
The incidence of metastasis to the brain is apparently rising in cancer patients and threatens to limit the gains that have been made by new systemic treatments. The brain is considered a 'sanctuary site' as the blood-tumour barrier limits the ability of drugs to enter and kill tumour cells. Translational research examining metastasis to the brain needs to be multi-disciplinary, marrying advanced chemistry, blood-brain barrier pharmacokinetics, neurocognitive testing and radiation biology with metastasis biology, to develop and implement new clinical trial designs. Advances in the chemoprevention of brain metastases, the validation of tumour radiation sensitizers and the amelioration of cognitive deficits caused by whole-brain radiation therapy are discussed.
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Abstract
Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) is the main inhibitor of tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) and urokinase-type plasminogen activator (u-PA) and therefore plays an important role in the plasminogen/plasmin system. PAI-1 is involved in a variety of cardiovascular diseases (mainly through inhibition of t-PA) as well as in cell migration and tumor development (mainly through inhibition of u-PA and interaction with vitronectin). PAI-1 is a unique member of the serpin superfamily, exhibiting particular unique conformational and functional properties. Since its involvement in various biological and pathophysiological processes PAI-1 has been the subject of many in vivo studies in mouse models. We briefly discuss structural and physiological differences between human and mouse PAI-1 that should be taken into account prior to extrapolation of data obtained in mouse models to the human situation. The current review provides an overview of the various models, with a focus on cardiovascular disease and cancer, using wild-type mice or genetically modified mice, either deficient in PAI-1 or overexpressing different variants of PAI-1.
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Labied S, Blacher S, Carmeliet P, Noël A, Frankenne F, Foidart JM, Munaut C. Transient reduction of placental angiogenesis in PAI-1-deficient mice. Physiol Genomics 2010; 43:188-98. [PMID: 21119013 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00147.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Murine placentation is associated with the invasion of maternal endometrium by trophoblasts and an extensive maternal and fetal angiogenesis. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) is transiently produced by spongiotrophoblasts and trophoblast giant cells at 10.5-11.5 days postcoitum (dpc). Knowing the key contribution of PAI-1 in the regulation of angiogenesis, we have now analyzed the consequence of PAI-1 deficiency on murine placentation. Morphological and quantitative computer-assisted image analysis revealed abnormal placental morphology in PAI-1-/- mice at 10.5 and 12.5 dpc. At 10.5 dpc, the genetic ablation of PAI-1 resulted in a transient reduction of both maternal and fetal vascularizations in the placenta and increased trophoblast cell density. This was associated with a poorer development of the labyrinth and an extension of the decidua. A larger spongiotrophoblast layer appeared at 12.5 dpc in PAI-1-deficient mice. Placental morphology was normalized at 14.5 dpc. Microarray analyses performed on laser capture microdissected labyrinths revealed that 46 genes were differentially expressed between the two genotypes at 10.5 dpc. However, only 11 genes were still differently modulated at 14.5 dpc, when normalization of placental morphology had taken place. This transcriptomic profiling highlighted a dysregulation in the expression of placenta-related cathepsin family members. Altogether our data provide evidence for a transient impaired placental morphology in PAI-1-deficient mice that is then normalized, leading to normal embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soraya Labied
- Laboratory of Tumour and Development Biology, University of Liège, Tour de Pathologie (B23), Groupe Interdisciplinaire de Génoprotéomique Appliquée-Cancer (GIGA Cancer), Liège, Belgium
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Abstract
The coagulation and fibrinolytic systems contribute to malignancy by increasing angiogenesis, tumor growth, tumor invasion, and tumor metastasis. Oncogenic transformation increases the expression of tissue factor (TF) that results in local generation of coagulation proteases and activation of protease-activated receptor (PAR)-1 and PAR-2. We compared the PAR-dependent expression of urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) and plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)-1 in 2 murine mammary adencocarcinoma cell lines: metastatic 4T1 cells and nonmetastatic 67NR cells. 4T1 cells expressed TF, PAR-1 and PAR-2 whereas 67NR cells expressed TF and PAR-1. We also silenced PAR-1 or PAR-2 expression in the 4T1 cells. We discovered 2 distinct mechanisms for PAR-dependent expression of uPA and PAI-1. First, we found that factor Xa or thrombin activation of PAR-1 led to a rapid release of stored intracellular uPA into the culture supernatant. Second, thrombin transactivation of a PAR-1/PAR-2 complex resulted in increases in PAI-1 mRNA and protein expression. Cells lacking PAR-2 failed to express PAI-1 in response to thrombin and factor Xa did not activate the PAR-1/PAR-2 complex. Our results reveal how PAR-1 and PAR-2 on tumor cells mediate crosstalk between coagulation and fibrinolysis.
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Masset A, Maillard C, Sounni NE, Jacobs N, Bruyére F, Delvenne P, Tacke M, Reinheckel T, Foidart JM, Coussens LM, Noël A. Unimpeded skin carcinogenesis in K14-HPV16 transgenic mice deficient for plasminogen activator inhibitor. Int J Cancer 2010; 128:283-93. [PMID: 20232379 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.25326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2009] [Accepted: 02/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis, extracellular matrix remodeling and cell migration are associated with cancer progression and involve at least, the plasminogen activating system and its main physiological inhibitor, the plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1). Considering the recognized importance of PAI-1 in the regulation of tumor angiogenesis and invasion in murine models of skin tumor transplantation, we explored the functional significance of PAI-1 during early stages of neoplastic progression in the transgenic mouse model of multistage epithelial carcinogenesis (K14-HPV16 mice). We have studied the effect of genetic deletion of PAI-1 on inflammation, angiogenesis, lymphangiogenesis and tumor progression. In this model, PAI-1 deficiency neither impaired keratinocyte hyperproliferation or tumor development nor affected the infiltration of inflammatory cells and development of angiogenic or lymphangiogenic vasculature. We are reporting evidence for concomitant lymphangiogenic and angiogenic switches independent to PAI-1 status. Taken together, these data indicate that PAI-1 is not rate limiting for neoplastic progression and vascularization during premalignant progression, or that there is a functional redundancy between PAI-1 and other tumor regulators, masking the effect of PAI-1 deficiency in this long-term model of multistage epithelial carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Masset
- Laboratory of Biology of Tumor and Development, Groupe Interdisciplinaire de Génoprotéomique Appliqué-GIGA Cancer, Tour de Pathologie (B23), Sart-Tilman, Liège, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
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