1
|
Bird RP. Vitamin D and cancer. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2024; 109:92-159. [PMID: 38777419 DOI: 10.1016/bs.afnr.2023.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
The role of vitamin D in the prevention of chronic diseases including cancer, has received a great deal of attention during the past few decades. The term "Cancer" represents multiple disease states with varying biological complexities. The strongest link between vitamin D and cancer is provided by ecological and studies like observational, in preclinical models. It is apparent that vitamin D exerts diverse biological responses in a tissue specific manner. Moreover, several human factors could affect bioactivity of vitamin D. The mechanism(s) underlying vitamin D initiated anti-carcinogenic effects are diverse and includes changes at the muti-system levels. The oncogenic environment could easily corrupt the traditional role of vitamin D or could ensure resistance to vitamin D mediated responses. Several researchers have identified gaps in our knowledge pertaining to the role of vitamin D in cancer. Further areas are identified to solidify the role of vitamin D in cancer control strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ranjana P Bird
- School of Health Sciences, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, BC, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Abstract
Resistance to vitamin D has been known for decades as vitamin D resistant rickets, caused by mutations of the gene encoding for vitamin D receptor (VDR). Findings of extra-skeletal effects of vitamin D and learning of the molecular mechanisms used by its biologically active metabolite calcitriol revealed other ways leading to its impaired sensitivity. Calcitriol takes advantage of both genomic and non-genomic mechanisms through its binding to vitamin D receptor, located not only in the cell nuclei but also in a perinuclear space. On the genomic level the complex of calcitriol bound to VDR binds to the DNA responsive elements of the controlled gene in concert with another nuclear receptor, retinoid X receptor, and expression of the VDR itself is controlled by its own ligand. These elements were found not only in the promotor region, but are scattered over the gene DNA. The gene expression includes a number of nuclear transcription factors which interact with the responsive elements and with each other and learning how they operate would further contribute to revealing causes of the impaired vitamin D sensitivity. Finally, the examples of major disorders are provided, associated with impairment of the vitamin D function and its receptor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Máčová
- Institute of Endocrinology, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Bhasin N, Alleyne D, Gray OA, Kupfer SS. Vitamin D Regulation of the Uridine Phosphorylase 1 Gene and Uridine-Induced DNA Damage in Colon in African Americans and European Americans. Gastroenterology 2018; 155:1192-1204.e9. [PMID: 29964038 PMCID: PMC6866230 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2018.06.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS African Americans have the greatest colorectal cancer (CRC) burden in the United States; interethnic differences in protective effects of vitamin D might contribute to disparities. 1α,25(OH)2D3 vitamin D (the active form of vitamin D) induces transcription of the uridine phosphorylase gene (UPP1) in colon tissues of European Americans but to a lesser extent in colon tissues of African Americans. UPP1-knockout mice have increased intestinal concentrations of uridine and Deoxyuridine triphosphate (dUTP), have increased uridine-induced DNA damage, and develop colon tumors. We studied 1α,25(OH)2D3 regulation of UPP1 and uridine-induced DNA damage in the colon and differences in these processes between African and European Americans. METHODS We quantified expression and activity of UPP1 in response to 1α,25(OH)2D3 in young adult mouse colonic cells, human CRC cells (LS174T), and organoids (derived from rectosigmoid biopsy samples of healthy individuals undergoing colonoscopies) using quantitative polymerase chain reaction, immunoblot, and immunocytochemistry assays. Binding of the vitamin D receptor to UPP1 was tested by chromatin immunoprecipitation. Uridine-induced DNA damage was measured by fragment-length analysis in repair enzyme assays. Allele-specific 1α,25(OH)2D3 responses were tested using luciferase assays. RESULTS Vitamin D increased levels of UPP1 mRNA, protein, and enzymatic activity and increased vitamin D receptor binding to the UPP1 promoter in young adult mouse colonic cells, LS174T cells, and organoids. 1α,25(OH)2D3 significantly reduced levels of uridine and uridine-induced DNA damage in these cells, which required UPP1 expression. Organoids derived from colon tissues of African Americans expressed lower levels of UPP1 after exposure to 1α,25(OH)2D3 and had increased uridine-induced DNA damage compared with organoids derived from tissues of European Americans. Luciferase assays with the T allele of single nucleotide polymorphism rs28605337 near UPP1, which is found more frequently in African Americans than European Americans, expressed lower levels of UPP1 after exposure to 1α,25(OH)2D3 than assays without this variant. CONCLUSIONS We found vitamin D to increase expression of UPP1, leading to reduce uridine-induced DNA damage, in colon cells and organoids. A polymorphism in UPP1 found more frequently in African Americans than European Americans reduced UPP1 expression upon cell exposure to 1α,25(OH)2D3. Differences in expression of UPP1 in response to vitamin D could contribute to the increased risk of CRC in African Americans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nobel Bhasin
- Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Dereck Alleyne
- Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Olivia A. Gray
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Sonia S. Kupfer
- Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Chang WCL, Jackson C, Riel S, Cooper HS, Devarajan K, Hensley HH, Zhou Y, Vanderveer LA, Nguyen MT, Clapper ML. Differential preventive activity of sulindac and atorvastatin in Apc +/Min-FCCCmice with or without colorectal adenomas. Gut 2018; 67:1290-1298. [PMID: 29122850 PMCID: PMC6031273 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2017-313942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The response of subjects to preventive intervention is heterogeneous. The goal of this study was to determine if the efficacy of a chemopreventive agent differs in non-tumour-bearing animals versus those with colorectal tumours. Sulindac and/or atorvastatin was administered to Apc+/Min-FCCC mice with known tumour-bearing status at treatment initiation. DESIGN Male mice (6-8 weeks old) underwent colonoscopy and received control chow or chow with sulindac (300 ppm), atorvastatin (100 ppm) or sulindac/atorvastatin. Tissues were collected from mice treated for 14 weeks (histopathology) or 7 days (gene expression). Cell cycle analyses were performed on SW480 colon carcinoma cells treated with sulindac, atorvastatin or both. RESULTS The multiplicity of colorectal adenomas in untreated mice bearing tumours at baseline was 3.6-fold higher than that of mice that were tumour free at baseline (P=0.002). Atorvastatin completely inhibited the formation of microadenomas in mice that were tumour free at baseline (P=0.018) and altered the expression of genes associated with stem/progenitor cells. Treatment of tumour-bearing mice with sulindac/atorvastatin led to a 43% reduction in the multiplicity of colorectal adenomas versus untreated tumour-bearing mice (P=0.049). Sulindac/atorvastatin increased the expression of Hoxb13 and Rprm significantly, suggesting the importance of cell cycle regulation in tumour inhibition. Treatment of SW480 cells with sulindac/atorvastatin led to cell cycle arrest (G0/G1). CONCLUSIONS The tumour status of animals at treatment initiation dictates response to therapeutic intervention. Atorvastatin eliminated microadenomas in tumour-free mice. The tumour inhibition observed with Sul/Atorva in tumour-bearing mice was greater than that achieved with each agent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Chi L Chang
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Christina Jackson
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Stacy Riel
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Harry S Cooper
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA,Department of Pathology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Karthik Devarajan
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Facility, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Harvey H Hensley
- Biological Imaging Facility, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yan Zhou
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Facility, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lisa A Vanderveer
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Minhhuyen T Nguyen
- Department of Medicine, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Margie L Clapper
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
McClintock SD, Colacino JA, Attili D, Dame MK, Richter A, Reddy AR, Basrur V, Rizvi AH, Turgeon DK, Varani J, Aslam MN. Calcium-Induced Differentiation of Human Colon Adenomas in Colonoid Culture: Calcium Alone versus Calcium with Additional Trace Elements. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2018; 11:413-428. [PMID: 29636350 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-17-0308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Previous murine studies have demonstrated that dietary Aquamin, a calcium-rich, multi-mineral natural product, suppressed colon polyp formation and transition to invasive tumors more effectively than calcium alone when provided over the lifespan of the animals. In the current study, we compared calcium alone to Aquamin for modulation of growth and differentiation in human colon adenomas in colonoid culture. Colonoids established from normal colonic tissue were examined in parallel. Both calcium alone at 1.5 mmol/L and Aquamin (provided at 1.5 mmol/L calcium) fostered differentiation in the adenoma colonoid cultures as compared with control (calcium at 0.15 mmol/L). When Aquamin was provided at an amount delivering 0.15 mmol/L calcium, adenoma differentiation also occurred, but was not as complete. Characteristic of colonoids undergoing differentiation was a reduction in the number of small, highly proliferative buds and their replacement by fewer but larger buds with smoother surface. Proliferation marker (Ki67) expression was reduced and markers of differentiation (CK20 and occludin) were increased along with E-cadherin translocalization to the cell surface. Additional proteins associated with differentiation/growth control [including histone-1 family members, certain keratins, NF2 (merlin), olfactomedin-4 and metallothioneins] were altered as assessed by proteomics. Immunohistologic expression of NF2 was higher with Aquamin as compared with calcium at either concentration. These findings support the conclusions that (i) calcium (1.5 mmol/L) has the capacity to modulate growth and differentiation in large human colon adenomas and (ii) Aquamin delivering 0.15 mmol/L calcium has effects on proliferation and differentiation not observed when calcium is used alone at this concentration. Cancer Prev Res; 11(7); 413-28. ©2018 AACR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shannon D McClintock
- Department of Pathology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Justin A Colacino
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences and Nutritional Sciences, The University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Durga Attili
- Department of Pathology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Michael K Dame
- Department of Pathology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Aliah Richter
- Department of Pathology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Anusha R Reddy
- Department of Pathology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Venkatesha Basrur
- Department of Pathology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Areeba H Rizvi
- Department of Pathology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - D Kim Turgeon
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - James Varani
- Department of Pathology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Muhammad N Aslam
- Department of Pathology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
The vitamin D receptor (VDR) binds the secosteroid hormone 1,25(OH)2D3 with high affinity and regulates gene programs that control a serum calcium levels, as well as cell proliferation and differentiation. A significant focus has been to exploit the VDR in cancer settings. Although preclinical studies have been strongly encouraging, to date clinical trials have delivered equivocal findings that have paused the clinical translation of these compounds. However, it is entirely possible that mining of genomic data will help to refine precisely what are the key anticancer actions of vitamin D compounds and where these can be used most effectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Moray J Campbell
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 536 Parks Hall, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Donald L Trump
- Department of Medicine, Inova Schar Cancer Institute, Virginia Commonwealth University, 3221 Gallows Road, Fairfax, VA 22031, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
DeSmet ML, Fleet JC. Constitutively active RAS signaling reduces 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D-mediated gene transcription in intestinal epithelial cells by reducing vitamin D receptor expression. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 173:194-201. [PMID: 28104492 PMCID: PMC5511787 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
High vitamin D status is associated with reduced colon cancer risk but these studies ignore the diversity in the molecular etiology of colon cancer. RAS activating mutations are common in colon cancer and they activate pro-proliferative signaling pathways. We examined the impact of RAS activating mutations on 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D)-mediated gene expression in cultured colon and intestinal cell lines. Transient transfection of Caco-2 cells with a constitutively active mutant K-RAS (G12 V) significantly reduced 1,25(OH)2D-induced activity of both a human 25-hydroxyvitamin D, 24 hydroxyase (CYP24A1) promoter-luciferase and an artificial 3X vitamin D response element (VDRE) promoter-luciferase reporter gene. Young Adult Mouse Colon (YAMC) and Rat Intestinal Epithelial (RIE) cell lines with stable expression of mutant H-RAS had suppressed 1,25(OH)2D-mediated induction of CYP24A1 mRNA. The RAS effects were associated with lower Vitamin D receptor (VDR) mRNA and protein levels in YAMC and RIE cells and they could be partially reversed by VDR overexpression. RAS-mediated suppression of VDR levels was not due to either reduced VDR mRNA stability or increased VDR gene methylation. However, chromatin accessibility to the VDR gene at the proximal promoter (-300bp), an enhancer region at -6kb, and an enhancer region located in exon 3 was significantly reduced in RAS transformed YAMC cells (YAMC-RAS). These data show that constitutively active RAS signaling suppresses 1,25(OH)2D-mediated gene transcription in colon epithelial cells by reducing VDR gene transcription but the mechanism for this suppression is not yet known. These data suggest that cancers with RAS-activating mutations may be less responsive to vitamin D mediated treatment or chemoprevention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marsha L DeSmet
- Purdue University Interdisciplinary Life Science Ph.D. Program, West Lafayette, IN, United States; Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States.
| | - James C Fleet
- Purdue University Interdisciplinary Life Science Ph.D. Program, West Lafayette, IN, United States; Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, West Lafayette, IN, United States; Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Campbell MJ. Bioinformatic approaches to interrogating vitamin D receptor signaling. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 453:3-13. [PMID: 28288905 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Bioinformatics applies unbiased approaches to develop statistically-robust insight into health and disease. At the global, or "20,000 foot" view bioinformatic analyses of vitamin D receptor (NR1I1/VDR) signaling can measure where the VDR gene or protein exerts a genome-wide significant impact on biology; VDR is significantly implicated in bone biology and immune systems, but not in cancer. With a more VDR-centric, or "2000 foot" view, bioinformatic approaches can interrogate events downstream of VDR activity. Integrative approaches can combine VDR ChIP-Seq in cell systems where significant volumes of publically available data are available. For example, VDR ChIP-Seq studies can be combined with genome-wide association studies to reveal significant associations to immune phenotypes. Similarly, VDR ChIP-Seq can be combined with data from Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) to infer the impact of VDR target genes in cancer progression. Therefore, bioinformatic approaches can reveal what aspects of VDR downstream networks are significantly related to disease or phenotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Moray J Campbell
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, 536 Parks Hall, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
H19 Overexpression Induces Resistance to 1,25(OH)2D3 by Targeting VDR Through miR-675-5p in Colon Cancer Cells. Neoplasia 2017; 19:226-236. [PMID: 28189050 PMCID: PMC5300698 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2016.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2016] [Revised: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The long noncoding (lnc) RNA H19 was involved in the tumorigenesis of many types of cancer. However, the role of H19 in the tumorigenesis of colon cancer has not been fully illustrated. Recent studies suggested a potential relationship between H19 and vitamin D receptor (VDR) signaling. Considering the pivotal role of VDR signaling in the colon epithelium both physiologically and pathologically, the correlation between H19 and VDR signaling may have an important role in the development of colon cancer. In this study, the correlation between H19 and vitamin D receptor (VDR) signaling and the underlying mechanisms in colon cancer were investigated both in vitro and in vivo. The results suggested that VDR signaling was able to inhibit the expression of H19 through regulating C-Myc/Mad-1 network. H19, on the other hand, was able to inhibit the expression of VDR through micro RNA 675-5p (miR-675-5p). Furthermore, H19 overexpression induced resistance to the treatment with 1,25(OH)2D3 both in vitro and in vivo. Together, these results suggested that H19 overexpression might be one of the mechanisms underlying the development of resistance to the treatment with 1,25(OH)2D3 in the advanced stage of colon cancer.
Collapse
|
10
|
Bhatia V, Falzon M. Restoration of the anti-proliferative and anti-migratory effects of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D by silibinin in vitamin D-resistant colon cancer cells. Cancer Lett 2015; 362:199-207. [PMID: 25846868 PMCID: PMC4419377 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal carcinoma (CRC) is the third most common cancer in developed countries. A large fraction of cases are linked to chronic intestinal inflammation, with concomitant increased TNF-α release and elevated Snail1/Snail2 levels. These transcription factors in turn suppress vitamin D receptor (VDR) expression, resulting in loss of responsiveness to the protective anti-proliferative and anti-migratory effects of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25D). Experimental and epidemiologic evidence support the use of natural products to target CRC. Here we show that the flavonolignan silibinin reverses the TNF-α-induced upregulation of Snail1 and Snail2 in the 1,25D-resistant human colon carcinoma cells HT-29. These silibinin effects are accompanied by an increase in VDR levels; Snail1 overexpression reverses these silibinin effects. Silibinin also restores promoter activity from a vitamin D-response element (VDRE) reporter construct. While 1,25D had no significant effect on HT-29 and SW480-R cell proliferation and migration, co-treatment with silibinin restored 1,25D responsiveness. In addition, co-treatment with silibinin plus 1,25D decreased proliferation and migration at doses where silibinin alone had no effect. These findings demonstrate that this combination may present a novel approach to target CRC in conditions of chronic colonic inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vandanajay Bhatia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Miriam Falzon
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Sealy Center for Cancer Cell Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Giardina C, Nakanishi M, Khan A, Kuratnik A, Xu W, Brenner B, Rosenberg DW. Regulation of VDR Expression in Apc-Mutant Mice, Human Colon Cancers and Adenomas. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2015; 8:387-99. [PMID: 25873367 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-14-0371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
One variable that may affect the ability of vitamin D to reduce colon cancer risk is the expression of its high-affinity receptor, VDR. Here, we show that vitamin D does not reduce tumor formation in Apc(Δ14/+) mice and that VDR expression is lost in the majority of the colon tumor cells. The extent of VDR loss corresponded inversely to the level of β-catenin nuclear localization and could be observed in early lesions composed of just a few crypts. Analysis of reported VDR regulators showed that the repressing class I histone deacetylases (HDAC) were significantly elevated in the tumors (up to 4-fold), whereas the VDR-activating retinoid X receptors (RXR) were downregulated (∼50%). Expression of the Slug repressor was also increased, but was found primarily in stromal cells. Analysis of epigenetically active compounds on colon cell lines and intestinal organoids showed that HDAC inhibitors were particularly adept at stimulating VDR expression. Treatment of tumor-bearing Apc(Δ14/+) mice with the HDAC inhibitor panobinostat increased VDR expression in the tumors and normal mucosa. The RXR agonist bexarotene failed to activate VDR expression, indicating that RXR ligands were not limiting. Analysis of human microarray data indicated that VDR mRNA is frequently downregulated in colon adenomas, which correlated positively with RXRA expression and inversely with HDAC 2 and 8 expression. Human adenomas showed variable VDR protein expression levels, both between and within individual lesions. Determining the mechanisms of VDR regulation in colon neoplasms may significantly enhance our ability to use vitamin D as a cancer prevention agent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charles Giardina
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut.
| | - Masako Nakanishi
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Awaad Khan
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - Anton Kuratnik
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - Wanli Xu
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - Bruce Brenner
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Daniel W Rosenberg
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Giammanco M, Di Majo D, La Guardia M, Aiello S, Crescimannno M, Flandina C, Tumminello FM, Leto G. Vitamin D in cancer chemoprevention. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2015; 53:1399-1434. [PMID: 25856702 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2014.988274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT There is increasing evidence that Vitamin D (Vit D) and its metabolites, besides their well-known calcium-related functions, may also exert antiproliferative, pro-differentiating, and immune modulatory effects on tumor cells in vitro and may also delay tumor growth in vivo. OBJECTIVE The aim of this review is to provide fresh insight into the most recent advances on the role of Vit D and its analogues as chemopreventive drugs in cancer therapy. METHODS A systematic review of experimental and clinical studies on Vit D and cancer was undertaken by using the major electronic health database including ISI Web of Science, Medline, PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION Experimental and clinical observations suggest that Vit D and its analogues may be effective in preventing the malignant transformation and/or the progression of various types of human tumors including breast cancer, prostate cancer, colorectal cancer, and some hematological malignances. These findings suggest the possibility of the clinical use of these molecules as novel potential chemopreventive and anticancer agents.
Collapse
|
13
|
Zimmerman DR, Koszewski NJ, Hoy DA, Goff JP, Horst RL. Targeted delivery of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 to colon tissue and identification of a major 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 glycoside from Solanumglaucophyllum plant leaves. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2015; 148:318-25. [PMID: 25445916 PMCID: PMC4361337 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2014.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Revised: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Leaves of the Solanum glaucophyllum (Sg) plant, indigenous to South America, have long been known for their calcinogenic toxicity in ruminant animals. It was determined the leaves contained glycosidic derivatives of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25D3) and liberation of the free hormone by rumen bacterial populations elicited a hypercalcemic response. Our interest in the leaves is predicated on the concept that the glycoside forms of 1,25D3 would target release of the active hormone in the lower gut of non-ruminant mammals. This would provide a means of delivering 1,25D3 directly to the colon, where the hormone has been shown to have beneficial effects in models of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and colon cancer. We fed mice for 10 days with variable amounts of Sg leaf. Feeding 7-333μg leaf/day produced no changes in plasma Ca(2+) and 1,25D3 concentrations, and only at ≥1000μg leaf/day did these values become significantly elevated compared to controls. Gene expression studies from colon tissue indicated a linear relationship between the amount of leaf consumed and expression of the Cyp24a1 gene. In contrast, Cyp24a1 gene expression in the duodenums and ileums of these mice was unchanged compared to controls. One of the major 1,25D3-glycosides was isolated from leaves following extraction and purification by Sep-Pak cartridges and HPLC fractionation. Ultraviolet absorbance was consistent with modification of the 1-hydroxyl group, and positive ion ESI mass spectrometry indicated a diglycoside of 1,25D3. 2-Dimensional NMR analyses were carried out and established the C1 proton of the A-ring was interacting with a C1' sugar proton, while the C3 proton of the A-ring was linked with a second C1' sugar proton. The structure of the isolated compound is therefore consistent with a β-linked 1,3-diglycoside of 1,25D3. Thus, Sg leaf administered to mice at up to 333 ug/day can elicit colon-specific enhancement of Cyp24a1 gene expression without inducing hypercalcemia, and the 1,3-diglycoside is one of the major forms of 1,25D3 found in the leaf. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled '17th Vitamin D Workshop'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Duane R Zimmerman
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, ARS-USDA, Ames, IA 50010, USA
| | - Nicholas J Koszewski
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
| | - Derrel A Hoy
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, ARS-USDA, Ames, IA 50010, USA
| | - Jesse P Goff
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Ronald L Horst
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, ARS-USDA, Ames, IA 50010, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Dougherty U, Mustafi R, Sadiq F, Almoghrabi A, Mustafi D, Kreisheh M, Sundaramurthy S, Liu W, Konda VJ, Pekow J, Khare S, Hart J, Joseph L, Wyrwicz A, Karczmar GS, Li YC, Bissonnette M. The renin-angiotensin system mediates EGF receptor-vitamin d receptor cross-talk in colitis-associated colon cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2014; 20:5848-5859. [PMID: 25212605 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-0209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We previously showed that EGF receptor (EGFR) promotes tumorigenesis in the azoxymethane/dextran sulfate sodium (AOM/DSS) model, whereas vitamin D suppresses tumorigenesis. EGFR-vitamin D receptor (VDR) interactions, however, are incompletely understood. Vitamin D inhibits the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), whereas RAS can activate EGFR. We aimed to elucidate EGFR-VDR cross-talk in colorectal carcinogenesis. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN To examine VDR-RAS interactions, we treated Vdr(+/+) and Vdr(-/-) mice with AOM/DSS. Effects of VDR on RAS and EGFR were examined by Western blotting, immunostaining, and real-time PCR. We also examined the effect of vitamin D3 on colonic RAS in Vdr(+/+) mice. EGFR regulation of VDR was examined in hypomorphic Egfr(Waved2) (Wa2) and Egfr(wild-type) mice. Angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced EGFR activation was studied in cell culture. RESULTS Vdr deletion significantly increased tumorigenesis, activated EGFR and β-catenin signaling, and increased colonic RAS components, including renin and angiotensin II. Dietary VD3 supplementation suppressed colonic renin. Renin was increased in human colon cancers. In studies in vitro, Ang II activated EGFR and stimulated colon cancer cell proliferation by an EGFR-mediated mechanism. Ang II also activated macrophages and colonic fibroblasts. Compared with tumors from Egfr(Waved2) mice, tumors from Egfr(wild-type) mice showed upregulated Snail1, a suppressor of VDR, and downregulated VDR. CONCLUSIONS VDR suppresses the colonic RAS cascade, limits EGFR signals, and inhibits colitis-associated tumorigenesis, whereas EGFR increases Snail1 and downregulates VDR in colonic tumors. Taken together, these results uncover a RAS-dependent mechanism mediating EGFR and VDR cross-talk in colon cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Reba Mustafi
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago IL 60637
| | - Farhana Sadiq
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago IL 60637
| | - Anas Almoghrabi
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago IL 60637
| | - Devkumar Mustafi
- Department of Radiology, University of Chicago, Chicago IL 60637
| | - Maggi Kreisheh
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago IL 60637
| | | | - Weicheng Liu
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago IL 60637
| | - Vani J Konda
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago IL 60637
| | - Joel Pekow
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago IL 60637
| | - Sharad Khare
- Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO 65201
| | - John Hart
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago IL 60637
| | - Loren Joseph
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago IL 60637
| | - Alice Wyrwicz
- Center for Basic MR Research, Department of Radiology, NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL 60201
| | | | - Yan Chun Li
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago IL 60637
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Koszewski NJ, Horst RL, Goff JP. Importance of apical membrane delivery of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 to vitamin D-responsive gene expression in the colon. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2012; 303:G870-8. [PMID: 22837344 PMCID: PMC4347747 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00149.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic conjugation of a glucuronide to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25D3) to produce β-25-monoglucuronide-1,25D3 (βGluc-1,25D3) renders the hormone biologically inactive and resistant to mammalian digestive enzymes. However, β-glucuronidase produced by bacteria in the lower intestinal tract can cleave off the glucuronide, releasing the active hormone. In mice given a single oral dose of 1,25D3, 24-hydroxylase (Cyp24a1) gene expression was strongly enhanced in the duodenum, but not in the colon, despite circulating concentrations of 1,25D3 that peaked at ∼3.0 nmol/l. In contrast, in mice treated with an equimolar dose of βGluc-1,25D3, Cyp24a1 gene expression increased 700-fold in the colon but was significantly weaker in the duodenum compared with mice treated with 1,25D3. Similar results were observed with another vitamin D-dependent gene. When administered subcutaneously, 1,25D3 weakly stimulated colon Cyp24a1 gene expression while βGluc-1,25D3 again resulted in strong enhancement. Surgical ligation to block passage of ingesta beyond the upper intestinal tract abolished upregulation of colon Cyp24a1 gene expression by orally and subcutaneously administered βGluc-1,25D3. Feeding βGluc-1,25D3 for 5 days revealed a linear, dose-dependent increase in colon Cyp24a1 gene expression but did not significantly increase plasma 1,25D3 or calcium concentrations. This study indicates that the colon is relatively insensitive to circulating concentrations of 1,25D3 and that the strongest gene enhancement occurs when the hormone reaches the colon via the lumen of the intestinal tract. These findings have broad implications for the use of vitamin D compounds in colon disorders and set the stage for future therapeutic studies utilizing βGluc-1,25D3 in their treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jesse P. Goff
- 1College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa; and
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Halicka HD, Zhao H, Li J, Traganos F, Studzinski GP, Darzynkiewicz Z. Attenuation of constitutive DNA damage signaling by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Aging (Albany NY) 2012; 4:270-8. [PMID: 22498490 PMCID: PMC3371762 DOI: 10.18632/aging.100450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In addition to its traditional role in the regulation of calcium homeostasis and bone metabolism, vitamin D also exhibits immunomodulatory, anti-proliferative and cancer preventive activities. Molecular mechanisms that confer the chemo-preventive properties to vitamin D are poorly understood. We previously reported that constitutive phosphorylation of histone H2AX on Ser139 (γH2AX) and activation of ATM (Ser1981 phosphorylation), seen in untreated normal or tumor cells predominantly in S phase of the cell cycle, is to a large extent indicative of DNA replication stress occurring as a result of persistent DNA damage caused by endogenous oxidants, by-products of oxidative metabolism. In the present study we observed that exposure of mitogenically stimulated human lymphocytes, pulmonary carcinoma A549 and lymphoblastoid TK6 cells to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25-VD) reduced the level of constitutive expression of γH2AX and ATM-S1981P. We also observed that the H2O2-induced rise in the level of γH2AX in lymphocytes was attenuated by 1,25-VD. Whereas in lymphocytes 1,25-VD reduced by 50-70% the level of endogenous oxidants as determined by their ability to oxidize 2,7-dichlorodihydrofluorescein (DCFH) in A549 and TK6 cells the attenuation of DNA damage signaling by 1,25-VD was seen in the absence of detectable reduction in DCFH oxidation. These findings suggest that while the anti-oxidant activity of 1,25-VD may contribute to a reduction in the intensity of DNA replication stress in lymphocytes, other factors play a role in the 1,25-VD effects seen in A549 and TK6 cells. The data are consistent with the recent report on the interaction between DNA damage signaling (ATM activation) and 1,25D receptor (VDR) phosphorylation that lead to enhancement of DNA repair efficiency, and provide further support for the chemo-preventive and anti-aging properties of this vitamin/hormone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Dorota Halicka
- Brander Cancer Research Institute and Department of Pathology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|