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Vivekanand T, Kumar A, Menéndez JC, Kumar RS, Almansour AI, Arumugam N, Sridharan V. Synthesis of Fused Quinoline Derivatives from Easily Accessible
N
‐(2‐aminobenzylidene)‐4‐methylanilines under Catalyst‐Free Conditions in Water. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202103119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thavaraj Vivekanand
- Department of Chemistry School of Chemical and Biotechnology SASTRA University Thanjavur 613401 Tamil Nadu India
| | - Atul Kumar
- Department of of Chemistry and Chemical Sciences Central University of Jammu Rahya-Suchani (Bagla), District-Samba Jammu 181143, J&K India
| | - J. Carlos Menéndez
- Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas Unidad de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica. Facultad de Farmacia Universidad Complutense 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - Raju Suresh Kumar
- Department of Chemistry College of Science King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455 Riyadh 11451 Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman I. Almansour
- Department of Chemistry College of Science King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455 Riyadh 11451 Saudi Arabia
| | - Natarajan Arumugam
- Department of Chemistry College of Science King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455 Riyadh 11451 Saudi Arabia
| | - Vellaisamy Sridharan
- Department of Chemistry School of Chemical and Biotechnology SASTRA University Thanjavur 613401 Tamil Nadu India
- Department of of Chemistry and Chemical Sciences Central University of Jammu Rahya-Suchani (Bagla), District-Samba Jammu 181143, J&K India
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2
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Morgan JJ, Crawford LJ. The Ubiquitin Proteasome System in Genome Stability and Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:2235. [PMID: 34066546 PMCID: PMC8125356 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13092235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Faithful DNA replication during cellular division is essential to maintain genome stability and cells have developed a sophisticated network of regulatory systems to ensure its integrity. Disruption of these control mechanisms can lead to loss of genomic stability, a key hallmark of cancer. Ubiquitination is one of the most abundant regulatory post-translational modifications and plays a pivotal role in controlling replication progression, repair of DNA and genome stability. Dysregulation of the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) can contribute to the initiation and progression of neoplastic transformation. In this review we provide an overview of the UPS and summarize its involvement in replication and replicative stress, along with DNA damage repair. Finally, we discuss how the UPS presents as an emerging source for novel therapeutic interventions aimed at targeting genomic instability, which could be utilized in the treatment and management of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lisa J. Crawford
- Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK;
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3
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Magnussen HM, Huang DT. Identification of a Catalytic Active but Non-Aggregating MDM2 RING Domain Variant. J Mol Biol 2021; 433:166807. [PMID: 33450248 PMCID: PMC7895813 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2021.166807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
As a key regulator of the tumour suppressor protein p53, MDM2 is involved in various types of cancer and has thus been an attractive drug target. So far, small molecule design has primarily focussed on the N-terminal p53-binding domain although on-target toxicity effects have been reported. Targeting the catalytic RING domain of MDM2 resembles an alternative approach to drug MDM2 with the idea to prevent MDM2-mediated ubiquitination of p53 while retaining MDM2's ability to bind p53. The design of RING inhibitors has been limited by the extensive aggregation tendency of the RING domain, making it challenging to undertake co-crystallization attempts with potential inhibitors. Here we compare the purification profiles of the MDM2 RING domain from several species and show that the MDM2 RING domain of other species than human is much less prone to aggregate although the overall structure of the RING domain is conserved. Through sequence comparison and mutagenesis analyses, we identify a single point mutation, G443T, which greatly enhances the dimeric fraction of human MDM2 RING domain during purification. Neither does the mutation alter the structure of the RING domain, nor does it affect E2(UbcH5B)-Ub binding and activity. Hence, MDM2-G443T facilitates studies involving binding partners that would be hampered by the low solubility of the wild-type RING domain. Furthermore, it will be valuable for the development of MDM2 RING inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helge M Magnussen
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, United Kingdom; Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, United Kingdom
| | - Danny T Huang
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, United Kingdom; Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, United Kingdom.
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4
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TIF1 Proteins in Genome Stability and Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12082094. [PMID: 32731534 PMCID: PMC7463590 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12082094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Genomic instability is a hallmark of cancer cells which results in excessive DNA damage. To counteract this, cells have evolved a tightly regulated DNA damage response (DDR) to rapidly sense DNA damage and promote its repair whilst halting cell cycle progression. The DDR functions predominantly within the context of chromatin and requires the action of chromatin-binding proteins to coordinate the appropriate response. TRIM24, TRIM28, TRIM33 and TRIM66 make up the transcriptional intermediary factor 1 (TIF1) family of chromatin-binding proteins, a subfamily of the large tripartite motif (TRIM) family of E3 ligases. All four TIF1 proteins are aberrantly expressed across numerous cancer types, and increasing evidence suggests that TIF1 family members can function to maintain genome stability by mediating chromatin-based responses to DNA damage. This review provides an overview of the TIF1 family in cancer, focusing on their roles in DNA repair, chromatin regulation and cell cycle regulation.
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5
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Aguida B, Bouceba T, Créchet JB, Hounguè H, Capo-Chichi C, Nakayama JI, Baouz S, Pelczar H, Woisard A, Jourdan N, Hountondji C. In Vitro Analysis of Protein:Protein Interactions in the Human Cancer-Pertinent rp.eL42-p53-Mdm2 Pathway. Open Biochem J 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1874091x01913010064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction:
We have recently demonstrated that the eukaryote-specific large subunit ribosomal protein
(rp) eL42 assists catalysis of peptide bond formation at the peptidyl transferase center of 80S
ribosomes in eukaryotic cells. Recently, several ribosomal proteins were shown to have extraribosomal
functions independent of protein biosynthesis. Such functions include regulation of
apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, cell proliferation, neoplastic transformation, cell migration and
invasion, and tumorigenesis through both Mdm2-p53-dependent and p53-independent
mechanisms. Our objective is to demonstrate that overexpression of eL42 in tumor may
incapacitate cell anti-tumor mechanism through interaction with the tumor suppressor protein
p53 and its partner Mdm2.
Methods:
Co-immunoprecipitation technique and the binding assays on Biacore were used to
probe interactions between recombinant eL42, p53 and Mdm2 proteins in a so-called rp-p53-Mdm2 axis.
Results:
We demonstrate that the ribosomal protein eL42, the tumor suppressor protein p53 and the ubiquitin E3 ligase Mdm2 interact with each other in a ternary rp.eL42:p53:Mdm2 complex. Precisely, the interaction between eL42 and p53 is characterized by a strong binding affinity (KD value in the nanomolar range) that is likely to trigger the sequestration of p53 and the inhibition of its tumor suppressor activity. Furthermore, the p53:Mdm2 and eL42:Mdm2 complexes exhibit comparable binding affinities in the micromolar range compatible with Mdm2 being the enzyme which ubiquitinates both the p53 and eL42 substrates. Interestingly, pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP), one of the active forms of vitamin B6, binds to eL42 and significantly inhibits the interaction between eL42 and p53, in accordance with the observation that vitamin B6 is associated with reduced risk of cancer.
Conclusion:
Our study emphasized one more major mechanism of p53 downregulation involving its sequestration by eL42 upon the overexpression of this ribosomal protein. The mechanism described in the present report complemented the well-known p53 downregulation triggered by proteasomal degradation mediated through its ubiquitination by Mdm2.
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6
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Sana B, Chee SMQ, Wongsantichon J, Raghavan S, Robinson RC, Ghadessy FJ. Development and structural characterization of an engineered multi-copper oxidase reporter of protein-protein interactions. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:7002-7012. [PMID: 30770473 PMCID: PMC6497955 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.007141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Revised: 02/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein–protein interactions (PPIs) are ubiquitous in almost all biological processes and are often corrupted in diseased states. A detailed understanding of PPIs is therefore key to understanding cellular physiology and can yield attractive therapeutic targets. Here, we describe the development and structural characterization of novel Escherichia coli CueO multi-copper oxidase variants engineered to recapitulate protein–protein interactions with commensurate modulation of their enzymatic activities. The fully integrated single-protein sensors were developed through modular grafting of ligand-specific peptides into a highly compliant and flexible methionine-rich loop of CueO. Sensitive detection of diverse ligand classes exemplified by antibodies, an E3 ligase, MDM2 proto-oncogene (MDM2), and protease (SplB from Staphylococcus aureus) was achieved in a simple mix and measure homogeneous format with visually observable colorimetric readouts. Therapeutic antagonism of MDM2 by small molecules and peptides in clinical development for treatment of cancer patients was assayed using the MDM2-binding CueO enzyme. Structural characterization of the free and MDM2-bound CueO variant provided functional insight into signal-transducing mechanisms of the engineered enzymes and highlighted the robustness of CueO as a stable and compliant scaffold for multiple applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barindra Sana
- From the p53 Laboratory, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Sharon M Q Chee
- From the p53 Laboratory, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Jantana Wongsantichon
- the Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand, and.,the Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, A*STAR, 61 Biopolis Drive, Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Sarada Raghavan
- From the p53 Laboratory, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Robert C Robinson
- the Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, A*STAR, 61 Biopolis Drive, Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Farid J Ghadessy
- From the p53 Laboratory, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, Singapore 138648, Singapore,
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7
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Li X, Elmira E, Rohondia S, Wang J, Liu J, Dou QP. A patent review of the ubiquitin ligase system: 2015-2018. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2018; 28:919-937. [PMID: 30449221 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2018.1549229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) has been validated as a novel anticancer drug target in the past 20 years. The UPS contains two distinct steps: ubiquitination of a substrate protein by ubiquitin activating enzyme (E1), ubiquitin conjugating enzyme (E2), and ubiquitin ligase (E3), and substrate degradation by the 26S proteasome complex. The E3 enzyme is the central player in the ubiquitination step and has a wide range of specific substrates in cancer cells, offering great opportunities for discovery and development of selective drugs. Areas covered: This review summarizes the recent advances in small molecule inhibitors of E1s, E2s, and E3s, with a focus on the latest patents (from 2015 to 2018) of E3 inhibitors and modulators. Expert opinion: One strategy to overcome limitations of current 20S proteasome inhibitors is to discover inhibitors of the upstream key components of the UPS, such as E3 enzymes. E3s play important roles in cancer development and determine the specificity of substrate ubiquitination, offering novel target opportunities. E3 modulators could be developed by rational design, natural compound or library screening, old drug repurposes, and application of other novel technologies. Further understanding of mechanisms of E3-substrate interaction will be essential for discovering and developing next-generation E3 inhibitors as effective anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- a Department of Biotechnology , Guangdong Polytechnic of Science and Trade , Guangzhou , Guangdong , China.,b Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, School of Food Science and Engineering , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou , Guangdong , China.,c Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, and Departments of Oncology, Pharmacology and Pathology, School of Medicine , Wayne State University , Detroit , MI , USA
| | - Ekinci Elmira
- c Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, and Departments of Oncology, Pharmacology and Pathology, School of Medicine , Wayne State University , Detroit , MI , USA
| | - Sagar Rohondia
- c Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, and Departments of Oncology, Pharmacology and Pathology, School of Medicine , Wayne State University , Detroit , MI , USA
| | - Jicang Wang
- c Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, and Departments of Oncology, Pharmacology and Pathology, School of Medicine , Wayne State University , Detroit , MI , USA.,d College of Animal Science and Technology , Henan University of Science and Technology , Luoyang , China
| | - Jinbao Liu
- e Protein Modification and Degradation Lab, School of Basic Medical Sciences , Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Q Ping Dou
- c Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, and Departments of Oncology, Pharmacology and Pathology, School of Medicine , Wayne State University , Detroit , MI , USA.,e Protein Modification and Degradation Lab, School of Basic Medical Sciences , Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou , China
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8
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Shakdofa MM, Mousa HA, Labib AA, Abd‐El‐All AS, El‐Beih AA, Abdalla MM. Synthesis and characterization of novel chromone Schiff base complexes as p53 activators. Appl Organomet Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.4345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad M.E. Shakdofa
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Arts, Khulais University of Jeddah Saudi Arabia
- Inorganic Chemistry Department National Research Center El‐bohouth Street Dokki Cairo 12622 Egypt
| | - Hanan A. Mousa
- Inorganic Chemistry Department National Research Center El‐bohouth Street Dokki Cairo 12622 Egypt
| | - Ammar A. Labib
- Inorganic Chemistry Department National Research Center El‐bohouth Street Dokki Cairo 12622 Egypt
| | - Amira S. Abd‐El‐All
- Division of Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Department Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products, National Research Centre Dokki Cairo 12622 Egypt
| | - Ahmed A. El‐Beih
- Division of Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Department Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products, National Research Centre Dokki Cairo 12622 Egypt
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Moscetti I, Cannistraro S, Bizzarri AR. Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensing of Biorecognition Interactions within the Tumor Suppressor p53 Network. SENSORS 2017; 17:s17112680. [PMID: 29156626 PMCID: PMC5713020 DOI: 10.3390/s17112680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) is a powerful technique to study the kinetics of biomolecules undergoing biorecognition processes, particularly suited for protein-protein interactions of biomedical interest. The potentiality of SPR was exploited to sense the interactions occurring within the network of the tumor suppressor p53, which is crucial for maintaining genome integrity and whose function is inactivated, mainly by down regulation or by mutation, in the majority of human tumors. This study includes p53 down-regulators, p53 mutants and also the p53 family members, p63 and p73, which could vicariate p53 protective function. Furthermore, the application of SPR was extended to sense the interaction of p53 with anti-cancer drugs, which might restore p53 function. An extended review of previous published work and unpublished kinetic data is provided, dealing with the interaction between the p53 family members, or their mutants and two anticancer molecules, Azurin and its cell-penetrating peptide, p28. All the kinetic results are discussed in connection with those obtained by a complementary approach operating at the single molecule level, namely Atomic Force Spectroscopy and the related literature data. The overview of the SPR kinetic results may significantly contribute to a deeper understanding of the interactions within p53 network, also in the perspective of designing suitable anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Moscetti
- Biophysics & Nanoscience Centre, DEB, Università della Tuscia, Largo dell'Università, 01100 Viterbo, Italy.
| | - Salvatore Cannistraro
- Biophysics & Nanoscience Centre, DEB, Università della Tuscia, Largo dell'Università, 01100 Viterbo, Italy.
| | - Anna Rita Bizzarri
- Biophysics & Nanoscience Centre, DEB, Università della Tuscia, Largo dell'Università, 01100 Viterbo, Italy.
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Adamkova K, Yi YJ, Petr J, Zalmanova T, Hoskova K, Jelinkova P, Moravec J, Kralickova M, Sutovsky M, Sutovsky P, Nevoral J. SIRT1-dependent modulation of methylation and acetylation of histone H3 on lysine 9 (H3K9) in the zygotic pronuclei improves porcine embryo development. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2017; 8:83. [PMID: 29118980 PMCID: PMC5664433 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-017-0214-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The histone code is an established epigenetic regulator of early embryonic development in mammals. The lysine residue K9 of histone H3 (H3K9) is a prime target of SIRT1, a member of NAD+-dependent histone deacetylase family of enzymes targeting both histone and non-histone substrates. At present, little is known about SIRT1-modulation of H3K9 in zygotic pronuclei and its association with the success of preimplantation embryo development. Therefore, we evaluated the effect of SIRT1 activity on H3K9 methylation and acetylation in porcine zygotes and the significance of H3K9 modifications for early embryonic development. Results Our results show that SIRT1 activators resveratrol and BML-278 increased H3K9 methylation and suppressed H3K9 acetylation in both the paternal and maternal pronucleus. Inversely, SIRT1 inhibitors nicotinamide and sirtinol suppressed methylation and increased acetylation of pronuclear H3K9. Evaluation of early embryonic development confirmed positive effect of selective SIRT1 activation on blastocyst formation rate (5.2 ± 2.9% versus 32.9 ± 8.1% in vehicle control and BML-278 group, respectively; P ≤ 0.05). Stimulation of SIRT1 activity coincided with fluorometric signal intensity of ooplasmic ubiquitin ligase MDM2, a known substrate of SIRT1 and known limiting factor of epigenome remodeling. Conclusions We conclude that SIRT1 modulates zygotic histone code, obviously through direct deacetylation and via non-histone targets resulting in increased H3K9me3. These changes in zygotes lead to more successful pre-implantation embryonic development and, indeed, the specific SIRT1 activation due to BML-278 is beneficial for in vitro embryo production and blastocyst achievement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Adamkova
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, 6-Suchdol, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Young-Joo Yi
- Division of Biotechnology, Safety, Environment and Life Science Institute, College of Environmental and Bioresource Sciences, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596 South Korea
| | - Jaroslav Petr
- Institute of Animal Science, 10-Uhrineves, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tereza Zalmanova
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, 6-Suchdol, Prague, Czech Republic.,Institute of Animal Science, 10-Uhrineves, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Kristyna Hoskova
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, 6-Suchdol, Prague, Czech Republic.,Institute of Animal Science, 10-Uhrineves, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavla Jelinkova
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, 6-Suchdol, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Moravec
- Proteomic Laboratory, Biomedical Center of Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Milena Kralickova
- Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine of Biomedical Center, Charles University, Pilsen, Czech Republic.,Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Miriam Sutovsky
- Division of Animal Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO USA
| | - Peter Sutovsky
- Division of Animal Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO USA.,Departments of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women's Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO USA
| | - Jan Nevoral
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, 6-Suchdol, Prague, Czech Republic.,Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine of Biomedical Center, Charles University, Pilsen, Czech Republic.,Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Pilsen, Czech Republic
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11
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Tackmann NR, Zhang Y. Mouse modelling of the MDM2/MDMX-p53 signalling axis. J Mol Cell Biol 2017; 9:34-44. [PMID: 28096294 PMCID: PMC5907827 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjx006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
It is evident that p53 activity is critical for tumour prevention and stress response through its transcriptional activation of genes affecting cellular senescence, apoptosis, cellular metabolism, and DNA repair. The regulation of p53 is highly complex, and MDM2 and MDMX are thought to be critical for deciding the fate of p53, both through inhibitory binding and post-translational modification. Many mouse models have been generated to study the regulation of p53 in vivo, and they have altered our interpretations of how p53 is regulated by MDM2 and MDMX. Although MDM2 is absolutely required for p53 regulation, certain functions are dispensable under unstressed conditions, including the ability of MDM2 to degrade p53. MDMX, on the other hand, may only be required in select situations, like embryogenesis. These models have also clarified how cellular stress signals modify the p53-inhibiting activities of MDM2 and MDMX in vivo. It is clear that more work will need to be performed to further understand the contexts for each of these signals and the requirements of various MDM2 and MDMX functions. Here, we will discuss what we have learned from mouse modelling of MDM2 and MDMX and underscore the ways in which these models could inform future therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole R Tackmann
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA.,Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Yanping Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA.,Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou 221002, China
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12
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Nomura K, Klejnot M, Kowalczyk D, Hock AK, Sibbet GJ, Vousden KH, Huang DT. Structural analysis of MDM2 RING separates degradation from regulation of p53 transcription activity. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2017; 24:578-587. [PMID: 28553961 PMCID: PMC6205632 DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.3414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
MDM2-MDMX complexes bind the p53 tumor-suppressor protein, inhibiting p53's transcriptional activity and targeting p53 for proteasomal degradation. Inhibitors that disrupt binding between p53 and MDM2 efficiently activate a p53 response, but their use in the treatment of cancers that retain wild-type p53 may be limited by on-target toxicities due to p53 activation in normal tissue. Guided by a novel crystal structure of the MDM2-MDMX-E2(UbcH5B)-ubiquitin complex, we designed MDM2 mutants that prevent E2-ubiquitin binding without altering the RING-domain structure. These mutants lack MDM2's E3 activity but retain the ability to limit p53's transcriptional activity and allow cell proliferation. Cells expressing these mutants respond more quickly to cellular stress than cells expressing wild-type MDM2, but basal p53 control is maintained. Targeting the MDM2 E3-ligase activity could therefore widen the therapeutic window of p53 activation in tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Nomura
- Cancer Research-UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, United Kingdom
| | - Marta Klejnot
- Cancer Research-UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, United Kingdom
| | - Dominika Kowalczyk
- Cancer Research-UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, United Kingdom
| | - Andreas K. Hock
- Cancer Research-UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, United Kingdom
| | - Gary J. Sibbet
- Cancer Research-UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, United Kingdom
| | | | - Danny T. Huang
- Cancer Research-UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, United Kingdom
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13
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Nguyen D, Liao W, Zeng SX, Lu H. Reviving the guardian of the genome: Small molecule activators of p53. Pharmacol Ther 2017; 178:92-108. [PMID: 28351719 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2017.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The tumor suppressor p53 is one of the most important proteins for protection of genomic stability and cancer prevention. Cancers often inactivate it by either mutating its gene or disabling its function. Thus, activating p53 becomes an attractive approach for the development of molecule-based anti-cancer therapy. The past decade and half have witnessed tremendous progress in this area. This essay offers readers with a grand review on this progress with updated information about small molecule activators of p53 either still at bench work or in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Tulane Cancer Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Ave, LA 70012, United States
| | - Wenjuan Liao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Tulane Cancer Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Ave, LA 70012, United States
| | - Shelya X Zeng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Tulane Cancer Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Ave, LA 70012, United States
| | - Hua Lu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Tulane Cancer Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Ave, LA 70012, United States.
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Carr MI, Jones SN. Regulation of the Mdm2-p53 signaling axis in the DNA damage response and tumorigenesis. Transl Cancer Res 2016; 5:707-724. [PMID: 28690977 PMCID: PMC5501481 DOI: 10.21037/tcr.2016.11.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The p53 tumor suppressor acts as a guardian of the genome in mammalian cells undergoing DNA double strand breaks induced by a various forms of cell stress, including inappropriate growth signals or ionizing radiation. Following damage, p53 protein levels become greatly elevated in cells and p53 functions primarily as a transcription factor to regulate the expression a wide variety of genes that coordinate this DNA damage response. In cells undergoing high amounts of DNA damage, p53 can promote apoptosis, whereas in cells undergoing less damage, p53 promotes senescence or transient cell growth arrest and the expression of genes involved in DNA repair, depending upon the cell type and level of damage. Failure of the damaged cell to undergo growth arrest or apoptosis, or to respond to the DNA damage by other p53-coordinated mechanisms, can lead to inappropriate cell growth and tumorigenesis. In cells that have successfully responded to genetic damage, the amount of p53 present in the cell must return to basal levels in order for the cell to resume normal growth and function. Although regulation of p53 levels and function is coordinated by many proteins, it is now widely accepted that the master regulator of p53 is Mdm2. In this review, we discuss the role(s) of p53 in the DNA damage response and in tumor suppression, and how post-translational modification of Mdm2 regulates the Mdm2-p53 signaling axis to govern p53 activities in the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael I Carr
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Stephen N Jones
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
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15
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An Y, Liu T, He J, Wu H, Chen R, Liu Y, Wu Y, Bai Y, Guo X, Zheng Q, Liu C, Yin J, Li D, Ren G. Recombinant Newcastle disease virus expressing P53 demonstrates promising antitumor efficiency in hepatoma model. J Biomed Sci 2016; 23:55. [PMID: 27465066 PMCID: PMC4964062 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-016-0273-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Numerous studies have demonstrated that the NDV-mediated gene therapy is a promising new approach for treatment of cancers. P53 plays a vital role in tumor suppression and surveillance. Therefore, we hypothesize that a recombinant NDV expressing P53 would be an ideal agent for the hepatoma therapy. Results In the essay, the human P53 gene was incorporated into the genome of a lentogenic strain (named rNDV-P53), which did not affect viral replication kinetics and magnitude in HepG2 cells. Compared to the vehicle virus, rNDV-P53 increased cell growth suppressor ratio and early apoptosis by 2 folds, and decreased the mitochondrial membrane potential in HepG2 cells. In vivo studies, treatment with rNDV-P53 reduced tumor volume of tumor-bearing mice by more than 4 folds, tumor weight by more than 5 folds comparing with rNDV. The 120-day survival rate of rNDV-P53-treated mice was 75 %, survival rate of rNDV-treated mice was 12.5 %. TUNEL analysis showed a significant increase in the apoptosis rate in the tumor tissues of rNDV-P53-treated mice than that of rNDV-treated mice. Moreover, serum chemistries revealed an insignificant change of blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine levels, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST) in rNDV-P53-treated group compared to normal mice, suggesting treatment with the recombinant virus was not toxic. Conclusion rNDV-P53 is a potent candidate for carcinoma therapy especially for hepatocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying An
- Biopharmaceutical Lab, College of Life Science, Northeast Agriculture University, Mucai Street 59, Xiangfang district, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianyan Liu
- Biopharmaceutical Lab, College of Life Science, Northeast Agriculture University, Mucai Street 59, Xiangfang district, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinjiao He
- Biopharmaceutical Lab, College of Life Science, Northeast Agriculture University, Mucai Street 59, Xiangfang district, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongsong Wu
- Biopharmaceutical Lab, College of Life Science, Northeast Agriculture University, Mucai Street 59, Xiangfang district, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Chen
- Biopharmaceutical Lab, College of Life Science, Northeast Agriculture University, Mucai Street 59, Xiangfang district, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunye Liu
- Biopharmaceutical Lab, College of Life Science, Northeast Agriculture University, Mucai Street 59, Xiangfang district, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunzhou Wu
- Biopharmaceutical Lab, College of Life Science, Northeast Agriculture University, Mucai Street 59, Xiangfang district, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yin Bai
- Biopharmaceutical Lab, College of Life Science, Northeast Agriculture University, Mucai Street 59, Xiangfang district, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaochen Guo
- Biopharmaceutical Lab, College of Life Science, Northeast Agriculture University, Mucai Street 59, Xiangfang district, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Zheng
- Biopharmaceutical Lab, College of Life Science, Northeast Agriculture University, Mucai Street 59, Xiangfang district, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Chang Liu
- Biopharmaceutical Lab, College of Life Science, Northeast Agriculture University, Mucai Street 59, Xiangfang district, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiechao Yin
- Biopharmaceutical Lab, College of Life Science, Northeast Agriculture University, Mucai Street 59, Xiangfang district, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Deshan Li
- Biopharmaceutical Lab, College of Life Science, Northeast Agriculture University, Mucai Street 59, Xiangfang district, Harbin, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biological Functional Gene, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China.
| | - Guiping Ren
- Biopharmaceutical Lab, College of Life Science, Northeast Agriculture University, Mucai Street 59, Xiangfang district, Harbin, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biological Functional Gene, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China.
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Karni-Schmidt O, Lokshin M, Prives C. The Roles of MDM2 and MDMX in Cancer. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY-MECHANISMS OF DISEASE 2016; 11:617-44. [PMID: 27022975 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathol-012414-040349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
For more than 25 years, MDM2 and its homolog MDMX (also known as MDM4) have been shown to exert oncogenic activity. These two proteins are best understood as negative regulators of the p53 tumor suppressor, although they may have additional p53-independent roles. Understanding the dysregulation of MDM2 and MDMX in human cancers and how they function either together or separately in tumorigenesis may improve methods of diagnosis and for assessing prognosis. Targeting the proteins themselves, or their regulators, may be a promising therapeutic approach to treating some forms of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orit Karni-Schmidt
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027;
| | - Maria Lokshin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027;
| | - Carol Prives
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027;
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17
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Hussein MMM, Amr AEGE, Abdalla MM, Al-Omar MA, Safwat HM, Elgamal MH. Synthesis of androstanopyridine and pyrimidine compounds as novel activators of the tumor suppressor protein p53. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 70:205-16. [PMID: 26426889 DOI: 10.1515/znc-2015-5033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A series of androstane derivatives 2-16 were synthesized from 3β-hydroxyandrostan-17-one derivatives (1a-e). Compounds (1a,b) were treated with ethyl cyanoacetate, cyanoacetamide, or malononitrile and gave the corresponding derivatives 2-7, respectively. Additionally, compounds (1a-e) were condensed with cyanothioacetamide, urea, or guanidine hydrochloride afforded the corresponding derivatives 8-12, which then by Moffat oxidation gave the oxidized derivatives 9, 11 and 13, respectively. Finally, compound (1) condensed with acetyl acetone or ethyl acetoacetate gave cyclohexene derivatives (14a-c) and (15a,b), respectively. Compound 15 was oxidized with a Moffat oxidizing agent and afforded the corresponding oxidized compound 16. The newly synthesized compounds activated the tumor suppressor p53 in cancer cells through inhibition of the p53-specific ubiquitin E3 ligase HDM2.
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18
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Rufini A, Cavallo F, Condò I, Fortuni S, De Martino G, Incani O, Di Venere A, Benini M, Massaro DS, Arcuri G, Serio D, Malisan F, Testi R. Highly specific ubiquitin-competing molecules effectively promote frataxin accumulation and partially rescue the aconitase defect in Friedreich ataxia cells. Neurobiol Dis 2015; 75:91-9. [PMID: 25549872 PMCID: PMC4358773 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2014.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Revised: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Friedreich ataxia is an inherited neurodegenerative disease that leads to progressive disability. There is currently no effective treatment and patients die prematurely. The underlying genetic defect leads to reduced expression of the mitochondrial protein frataxin. Frataxin insufficiency causes mitochondrial dysfunction and ultimately cell death, particularly in peripheral sensory ganglia. There is an inverse correlation between the amount of residual frataxin and the severity of disease progression; therefore, therapeutic approaches aiming at increasing frataxin levels are expected to improve patients' conditions. We previously discovered that a significant amount of frataxin precursor is degraded by the ubiquitin/proteasome system before its functional mitochondrial maturation. We also provided evidence for the therapeutic potential of small molecules that increase frataxin levels by docking on the frataxin ubiquitination site, thus preventing frataxin ubiquitination and degradation. We called these compounds ubiquitin-competing molecules (UCM). By extending our search for effective UCM, we identified a set of new and more potent compounds that more efficiently promote frataxin accumulation. Here we show that these compounds directly interact with frataxin and prevent its ubiquitination. Interestingly, these UCM are not effective on the ubiquitin-resistant frataxin mutant, indicating their specific action on preventing frataxin ubiquitination. Most importantly, these compounds are able to promote frataxin accumulation and aconitase rescue in cells derived from patients, strongly supporting their therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Rufini
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome "Tor Vergata," Via Montpellier 1, Rome 00133, Italy; Fratagene Therapeutics Ltd., 22 Northumberland Rd., Dublin, Ireland
| | - Francesca Cavallo
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome "Tor Vergata," Via Montpellier 1, Rome 00133, Italy
| | - Ivano Condò
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome "Tor Vergata," Via Montpellier 1, Rome 00133, Italy
| | - Silvia Fortuni
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome "Tor Vergata," Via Montpellier 1, Rome 00133, Italy; Fratagene Therapeutics Ltd., 22 Northumberland Rd., Dublin, Ireland
| | - Gabriella De Martino
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome "Tor Vergata," Via Montpellier 1, Rome 00133, Italy
| | - Ottaviano Incani
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome "Tor Vergata," Via Montpellier 1, Rome 00133, Italy
| | - Almerinda Di Venere
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome "Tor Vergata," Via Montpellier 1, Rome 00133, Italy
| | - Monica Benini
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome "Tor Vergata," Via Montpellier 1, Rome 00133, Italy
| | - Damiano Sergio Massaro
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome "Tor Vergata," Via Montpellier 1, Rome 00133, Italy
| | - Gaetano Arcuri
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome "Tor Vergata," Via Montpellier 1, Rome 00133, Italy
| | - Dario Serio
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome "Tor Vergata," Via Montpellier 1, Rome 00133, Italy
| | - Florence Malisan
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome "Tor Vergata," Via Montpellier 1, Rome 00133, Italy
| | - Roberto Testi
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome "Tor Vergata," Via Montpellier 1, Rome 00133, Italy; Fratagene Therapeutics Ltd., 22 Northumberland Rd., Dublin, Ireland.
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19
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USP22 promotes NSCLC tumorigenesis via MDMX up-regulation and subsequent p53 inhibition. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 16:307-20. [PMID: 25547493 PMCID: PMC4307248 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16010307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that ubiquitin-specific protease 22 (USP22) has great clinicopathologic significance in oncology. In this study, we investigated the role of USP22 in human NSCLC tumorigenesis along with the underlying mechanisms of action. First, we determined the expression of USP22 in human NSCLC, as well as normal tissues and cell lines. We then studied the effects of USP22 silencing by shRNA on NSCLC cell growth in vitro and tumorigenesis in vivo, along with the effect on the p53 pathway. We found that USP22 is overexpressed in human NSCLC tissues and cell lines. USP22 silencing by shRNA inhibits proliferation, induces apoptosis and arrests cells at the G0/G1 phases in NSCLC cells and curbs human NSCLC tumor growth in a mouse xenograft model. Additionally, USP22 silencing downregulates MDMX protein expression and activates the p53 pathway. Our co-immunoprecipitation analysis shows that USP22 interacts with MDMX in NSCLC cells. Furthermore, MDMX silencing leads to growth arrest and apoptosis in NSCLC cells, and over-expression of MDMX reverses the USP22 silencing-induced effects. Taken together, our results suggest that USP22 promotes NSCLC tumorigenesis in vitro and in vivo through MDMX upregulation and subsequent p53 inhibition. USP22 may represent a novel target for NSCLC treatment.
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20
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Pflaum J, Schlosser S, Müller M. p53 Family and Cellular Stress Responses in Cancer. Front Oncol 2014; 4:285. [PMID: 25374842 PMCID: PMC4204435 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
p53 is an important tumor suppressor gene, which is stimulated by cellular stress like ionizing radiation, hypoxia, carcinogens, and oxidative stress. Upon activation, p53 leads to cell-cycle arrest and promotes DNA repair or induces apoptosis via several pathways. p63 and p73 are structural homologs of p53 that can act similarly to the protein and also hold functions distinct from p53. Today more than 40 different isoforms of the p53 family members are known. They result from transcription via different promoters and alternative splicing. Some isoforms have carcinogenic properties and mediate resistance to chemotherapy. Therefore, expression patterns of the p53 family genes can offer prognostic information in several malignant tumors. Furthermore, the p53 family constitutes a potential target for cancer therapy. Small molecules (e.g., Nutlins, RITA, PRIMA-1, and MIRA-1 among others) have been objects of intense research interest in recent years. They restore pro-apoptotic wild-type p53 function and were shown to break chemotherapeutic resistance. Due to p53 family interactions small molecules also influence p63 and p73 activity. Thus, the members of the p53 family are key players in the cellular stress response in cancer and are expected to grow in importance as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Pflaum
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Regensburg , Regensburg , Germany
| | - Sophie Schlosser
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Regensburg , Regensburg , Germany
| | - Martina Müller
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Regensburg , Regensburg , Germany
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21
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Khoo KH, Hoe KK, Verma CS, Lane DP. Drugging the p53 pathway: understanding the route to clinical efficacy. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2014; 13:217-36. [PMID: 24577402 DOI: 10.1038/nrd4236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 555] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The tumour suppressor p53 is the most frequently mutated gene in human cancer, with more than half of all human tumours carrying mutations in this particular gene. Intense efforts to develop drugs that could activate or restore the p53 pathway have now reached clinical trials. The first clinical results with inhibitors of MDM2, a negative regulator of p53, have shown efficacy but hint at on-target toxicities. Here, we describe the current state of the development of p53 pathway modulators and new pathway targets that have emerged. The challenge of targeting protein-protein interactions and a fragile mutant transcription factor has stimulated many exciting new approaches to drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Khoo Kian Hoe
- p53 Laboratory (p53Lab), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06, Immunos, 138648 Singapore
| | - Chandra S Verma
- 1] Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 30 Biopolis Street #07-01, Matrix, 138671 Singapore. [2] School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, 637551 Singapore. [3] Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, 117543 Singapore
| | - David P Lane
- p53 Laboratory (p53Lab), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06, Immunos, 138648 Singapore
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22
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Zhao Y, Yu H, Hu W. The regulation of MDM2 oncogene and its impact on human cancers. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2014; 46:180-9. [PMID: 24389645 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmt147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor suppressor p53 plays a central role in preventing tumor formation. The levels and activity of p53 is under tight regulation to ensure its proper function. Murine double minute 2 (MDM2), a p53 target gene, is an E3 ubiquitin ligase. MDM2 is a key negative regulator of p53 protein, and forms an auto-regulatory feedback loop with p53. MDM2 is an oncogene with both p53-dependent and p53-independent oncogenic activities, and often has increased expression levels in a variety of human cancers. MDM2 is highly regulated; the levels and function of MDM2 are regulated at the transcriptional, translational and post-translational levels. This review provides an overview of the regulation of MDM2. Dysregulation of MDM2 impacts significantly upon the p53 functions, and in turn the tumorigenesis. Considering the key role that MDM2 plays in human cancers, a better understanding of the regulation of MDM2 will help us to develop novel and more effective cancer therapeutic strategies to target MDM2 and activate p53 in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhan Zhao
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
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23
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Hock AK, Vousden KH. The role of ubiquitin modification in the regulation of p53. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2014; 1843:137-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2013.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Revised: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Abstract
The tumor suppressor p53 plays a central role in anti-tumorigenesis and cancer therapy. It has been described as "the guardian of the genome", because it is essential for conserving genomic stability by preventing mutation, and its mutation and inactivation are highly related to all human cancers. Two important p53 regulators, MDM2 and MDMX, inactivate p53 by directly inhibiting its transcriptional activity and mediating its ubiquitination in a feedback fashion, as their genes are also the transcriptional targets of p53. On account of the importance of the p53-MDM2-MDMX loop in the initiation and development of wild type p53-containing tumors, intensive studies over the past decade have been aiming to identify small molecules or peptides that could specifically target individual protein molecules of this pathway for developing better anti-cancer therapeutics. In this chapter, we review the approaches for screening and discovering efficient and selective MDM2 inhibitors with emphasis on the most advanced synthetic small molecules that interfere with the p53-MDM2 interaction and are currently on Phase I clinical trials. Other therapeutically useful strategies targeting this loop, which potentially improve the prospects of cancer therapy and prevention, will also be discussed briefly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and Tulane Cancer Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Ave, Louisiana, LA, 70112, USA
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25
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Abstract
Discovered in 1987 and 1997 respectively, Mdm2 and MdmX represent two critical cellular regulators of the p53 tumor suppressor. This chapter reviews each from initial discovery to our current understanding of their deregulation in human cancer with a focus on how each regulator impacts p53 function. While p53 independent activities of Mdm2 and MdmX are noted the reader is directed to other reviews on this topic. The chapter concludes with an examination of the various mechanisms of Mdm-deregulation and an assessment of the current therapeutic approaches to target Mdm2 and MdmX overexpression.
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26
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Zhang W, Sidhu SS. Development of inhibitors in the ubiquitination cascade. FEBS Lett 2013; 588:356-67. [PMID: 24239534 PMCID: PMC7094371 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2013.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Revised: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) is essential in regulating myriad aspects of protein functions. It is therefore a fundamentally important regulatory mechanism that impacts most if not all aspects of cellular processes. Indeed, malfunction of UPS components is implicated in human diseases such as neurodegenerative and immunological disorders and many cancers. The success of proteasome inhibitors in cancer therapy suggests that modulating enzymes in the ubiquitination cascade would be clinically important for therapeutic benefits. In this review, we summarize advances in developing inhibitors of a variety of UPS components. In particular, we highlight recent work done on the protein engineering of ubiquitin as modulators of the UPS, a novel approach that may shed light on innovative drug discovery in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, Banting and Best Department of Medical Research, University of Toronto, 160 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S3E1, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, 160 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S3E1, Canada
| | - Sachdev S Sidhu
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, Banting and Best Department of Medical Research, University of Toronto, 160 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S3E1, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, 160 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S3E1, Canada.
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27
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Devine T, Dai MS. Targeting the ubiquitin-mediated proteasome degradation of p53 for cancer therapy. Curr Pharm Des 2013; 19:3248-62. [PMID: 23151129 DOI: 10.2174/1381612811319180009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Accepted: 11/01/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Within the past decade, there has been a revolution in the types of drugs developed to treat cancer. Therapies that selectively target cancer-specific aberrations, such as kinase inhibitors, have made a dramatic impact on a subset of patients. In spite of these successes, there is still a dearth of treatment options for the vast majority of patients. Therefore, there is a need to design therapies with broader efficacy. The p53 tumor suppressor pathway is one of the most frequently altered in human cancers. However, about half of all cancers retain wild-type p53, yet through various mechanisms, the p53 pathway is otherwise inactivated. Targeting this pathway for reactivation truly represents the "holy grail" in cancer treatment. Most commonly, destabilization of p53 by various components of ubiquitin- proteasome system, notably the ubiquitin ligase MDM2 and its partner MDMX as well as various deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs), render p53 inert and unresponsive to stress signals. Reinstating its function in cancer has been a long sought-after goal. Towards this end, a great deal of work has been devoted to the development of compounds that either interfere with the p53-MDM2 and p53- MDMX interactions, inhibit MDM2 E3 activity, or target individual DUBs. Here we review the current progress that has been made in the field, with a special emphasis on both MDM2 and DUB inhibitors. Developing inhibitors targeting the upstream of the p53 ubiquitination pathway will likely also be a valuable option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany Devine
- Department of Molecular & Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA
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28
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Dickens MP, Roxburgh P, Hock A, Mezna M, Kellam B, Vousden KH, Fischer PM. 5-Deazaflavin derivatives as inhibitors of p53 ubiquitination by HDM2. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:6868-77. [PMID: 24113239 PMCID: PMC3898830 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Revised: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Based on previous reports of certain 5-deazaflavin derivatives being capable of activating the tumour suppressor p53 in cancer cells through inhibition of the p53-specific ubiquitin E3 ligase HDM2, we have conducted an structure–activity relationship (SAR) analysis through systematic modification of the 5-deazaflavin template. This analysis shows that HDM2-inhibitory activity depends on a combination of factors. The most active compounds (e.g., 15) contain a trifluoromethyl or chloro substituent at the deazaflavin C9 position and this activity depends to a large extent on the presence of at least one additional halogen or methyl substituent of the phenyl group at N10. Our SAR results, in combination with the HDM2 RING domain receptor recognition model we present, form the basis for the design of drug-like and potent activators of p53 for potential cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Dickens
- School of Pharmacy & Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
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29
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Abstract
The MDM2 and MDMX (also known as HDMX and MDM4) proteins are deregulated in many human cancers and exert their oncogenic activity predominantly by inhibiting the p53 tumour suppressor. However, the MDM proteins modulate and respond to many other signalling networks in which they are embedded. Recent mechanistic studies and animal models have demonstrated how functional interactions in these networks are crucial for maintaining normal tissue homeostasis, and for determining responses to oncogenic and therapeutic challenges. This Review highlights the progress made and pitfalls encountered as the field continues to search for MDM-targeted antitumour agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Wade
- Center for Genomic Science of IIT@SEMM, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy
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