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Lee KH. Primary cilia: a novel research approach to overcome anticancer drug resistance. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1270639. [PMID: 37900915 PMCID: PMC10602908 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1270639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia are cellular organelles that consist of a microtubule skeleton surrounded by a membrane filled with cell signaling receptors. Many studies have shown that primary cilia are cellular antennas, which serve as signaling hubs and their assembly and disassembly are dynamically regulated throughout the cell cycle, playing an important role in regulating cellular homeostasis. Aberrant control of primary cilia dynamics causes a number of genetic disorders known as ciliopathies and is closely associated with tumorigenesis. Anticancer drug resistance is a primary cause of chemotherapy failure, although there is no apparent remedy. The recent identification of a relationship between anticancer drug resistance and primary ciliary dynamics has made primary cilia an important target subcellular organelle for overcoming anticancer drug resistance. Therefore, the research on primary ciliary dynamics may provide new strategies to overcome anticancer drug resistance, which is urgently needed. This review aims to summarize research on the relevance of primary cilia and anticancer drug resistance, as well as future possibilities for research on overcoming anticancer drug resistance utilizing primary cilia dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Ho Lee
- Chemical Biology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Ochang-eup, Republic of Korea
- Department of Bio-Molecular Science, KRIBB School of Bioscience, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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2
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Kimura S, Morita T, Hosoba K, Itoh H, Yamamoto T, Miyamoto T. Cholesterol in the ciliary membrane as a therapeutic target against cancer. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1160415. [PMID: 37006607 PMCID: PMC10060879 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1160415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary cilium is a non-motile, antenna-like structure that develops in the quiescent G0 phase-cell surface. It is composed of an array of axonemal microtubules polymerized from the centrosome/basal body. The plasma membrane surrounding the primary cilium, which is called the ciliary membrane, contains a variety of receptors and ion channels, through which the cell receives extracellular chemical and physical stimuli to initiate signal transduction. In general, primary cilia disappear when cells receive the proliferative signals to re-enter the cell cycle. Primary cilia thus cannot be identified in many malignant and proliferative tumors. In contrast, some cancers, including basal cell carcinoma, medulloblastoma, gastrointestinal stromal tumor, and other malignancies, retain their primary cilia. Importantly, it has been reported that the primary cilia-mediated oncogenic signals of Hedgehog, Wnt, and Aurora kinase A are involved in the tumorigenesis and tumor progression of basal cell carcinoma and some types of medulloblastoma. It has also been demonstrated that cholesterol is significantly more enriched in the ciliary membrane than in the rest of the plasma membrane to ensure Sonic hedgehog signaling. A series of epidemiological studies on statin drugs (cholesterol-lowering medication) demonstrated that they prevent recurrence in a wide range of cancers. Taken together, ciliary cholesterol could be a potential therapeutic target in primary cilia-dependent progressive cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sotai Kimura
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Ube, Japan
| | - Tomoka Morita
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Ube, Japan
| | - Kosuke Hosoba
- Program of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
- Program of Mathematical and Life Science, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Itoh
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Ube, Japan
| | - Takashi Yamamoto
- Program of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
- Program of Mathematical and Life Science, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Miyamoto
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Ube, Japan
- *Correspondence: Tatsuo Miyamoto,
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3
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Quesnelle DC, Huang C, Boudreau JR, Lam A, Paw J, Bendena WG, Chin-Sang ID. C. elegans vab-6 encodes a KIF3A kinesin and functions cell non-autonomously to regulate epidermal morphogenesis. Dev Biol 2023; 497:33-41. [PMID: 36893881 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2023.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
Cells undergo strict regulation to develop their shape in a process called morphogenesis. Caenorhabditis elegans with mutations in the variable abnormal (vab) class of genes have been shown to display epidermal and neuronal morphological defects. While several vab genes have been well-characterized, the function of the vab-6 gene remains unknown. Here, we show that vab-6 is synonymous with a subunit of the kinesin-II heterotrimeric motor complex called klp-20/Kif3a, a motor well-understood to be involved in developing sensory cilia in the nervous system. We show that certain klp-20 alleles cause animals to develop a bumpy body phenotype that is variable but most severe in mutants containing single amino-acid substitutions in the catalytic head-domain sites of the protein. Surprisingly, animals carrying a klp-20 null allele do not show the bumpy epidermal phenotype suggesting genetic redundancy and only when mutant versions of the KLP-20 protein are present, the epidermal phenotype is observed. The bumpy epidermal phenotype was not observed in other kinesin-2 mutants, suggesting that KLP-20 is functioning independently from its role in intraflagellar transport (IFT) during ciliogenesis. Interestingly, despite having such a prominent epidermal phenotype, KLP-20 is not expressed in the epidermis, strongly suggesting a cell non-autonomous role in which it regulates epidermal morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cindy Huang
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | | | - Annie Lam
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Jadine Paw
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | | | - Ian D Chin-Sang
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.
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4
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Liu S, He Y, Li S, Gao X, Yang F. Kinesin family member 3A induces related diseases via wingless-related integration site/β-catenin signaling pathway. Sci Prog 2023; 106:368504221148340. [PMID: 36594221 PMCID: PMC10358705 DOI: 10.1177/00368504221148340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Kinesin family member 3A is an important motor protein that participates in various physiological and pathological processes, including normal tissue development, homeostasis maintenance, tumor infiltration, and migration. The wingless-related integration site/β-catenin signaling pathway is essential for critical molecular mechanisms such as embryonic development, organogenesis, tissue regeneration, and carcinogenesis. Recent studies have examined the molecular mechanisms of kinesin family member 3A, among which the wingless-related integration site/β-catenin signaling pathway has gained attention. The interaction between kinesin family member 3A and the wingless-related integration site/β-catenin signaling pathway is compact and complex but is fascinating and worthy of further study. The upregulation and downregulation of kinesin family member 3A influence many diseases and patient survival through the wingless-related integration site/β-catenin signaling pathway. Therefore, this review mainly focuses on describing the kinesin family member 3A and wingless-related integration site/β-catenin signaling pathways and their associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shupeng Liu
- Hebei Key Laboratory for Organ Fibrosis Research, School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei Province, China
| | - Yang He
- Clinical Medicine College, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei province, China
| | - Shifeng Li
- Hebei Key Laboratory for Organ Fibrosis Research, School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei Province, China
| | - Xuemin Gao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Pneumoconiosis, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Fang Yang
- Hebei Key Laboratory for Organ Fibrosis Research, School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei Province, China
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5
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Hu Z, Meng J, Cai H, Ma N, Gao X, Li X, Xu Y. KIF3A inhibits nasopharyngeal carcinoma proliferation, migration and invasion by interacting with β-catenin to suppress its nuclear accumulation. Am J Cancer Res 2022; 12:5226-5240. [PMID: 36504907 PMCID: PMC9729906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a malignant epithelial tumor prevalent in southern China and Southeast Asia. Previous studies have shown that Kinesin Family Member 3A (KIF3A) plays a critical role in the oncogenesis of various cancer types. However, the role of KIF3A in NPC tumorigenesis and the mechanism underlying its function have not been reported. In this study, we found that KIF3A was significantly downregulated in NPC cells and tissues, and KIF3A expression in NPC patients was associated with tumor stage and was positively corrected with overall survival. In vitro and in vivo experiments indicated that overexpression of KIF3A inhibited NPC cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. Mechanistic studies found that KIF3A bound β-catenin and attenuated β-catenin aggregation in the nucleus. Moreover, rescue experiments demonstrated that the inhibitory effect of KIF3A on NPC proliferation, migration and invasion was partially dependent on β-catenin. Taken together, our data suggest that KIF3A interacts with β-catenin and attenuates NPC proliferation, migration, and invasion by suppressing the intranuclear aggregation of β-catenin. KIF3A may be a promising therapeutic target of patients with NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Hu
- Cancer Center, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhou 510315, Guangdong, China
| | - Jinlan Meng
- Department of Physiology, School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical UniversityGuangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Hongbing Cai
- Cancer Center, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhou 510315, Guangdong, China
| | - Na Ma
- Department of Physiology, School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical UniversityGuangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiujie Gao
- Department of Physiology, School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical UniversityGuangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaojuan Li
- Cancer Center, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhou 510315, Guangdong, China
| | - Yan Xu
- Cancer Center, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhou 510315, Guangdong, China
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Primary cilia contribute to the aggressiveness of atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumors. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:806. [PMID: 36127323 PMCID: PMC9489777 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-05243-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor (AT/RT) is a highly malignant brain tumor in infants that is characterized by loss of nuclear expression of SMARCB1 or SMARCA4 proteins. Recent studies show that AT/RTs comprise three molecular subgroups, namely AT/RT-TYR, AT/RT-MYC and AT/RT-SHH. The subgroups show distinct expression patterns of genes involved in ciliogenesis, however, little is known about the functional roles of primary cilia in the biology of AT/RT. Here, we show that primary cilia are present across all AT/RT subgroups with specific enrichment in AT/RT-TYR patient samples. Furthermore, we demonstrate that primary ciliogenesis contributes to AT/RT biology in vitro and in vivo. Specifically, we observed a significant decrease in proliferation and clonogenicity following disruption of primary ciliogenesis in AT/RT cell line models. Additionally, apoptosis was significantly increased via the induction of STAT1 and DR5 signaling, as detected by proteogenomic profiling. In a Drosophila model of SMARCB1 deficiency, concomitant knockdown of several cilia-associated genes resulted in a substantial shift of the lethal phenotype with more than 20% of flies reaching adulthood. We also found significantly extended survival in an orthotopic xenograft mouse model of AT/RT upon disruption of primary ciliogenesis. Taken together, our findings indicate that primary ciliogenesis or its downstream signaling contributes to the aggressiveness of AT/RT and, therefore, may constitute a novel therapeutic target.
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Kojima R, Hassan E, Ozawa F, Yamada‑Namikawa C, Ogawa S, Mase S, Goto S, Nishikawa R, Inagaki H, Kato Y, Sugiura‑Ogasawara M. Abnormal accumulation of OFD1 in endometrial cancer with poor prognosis inhibits ciliogenesis. Oncol Lett 2022; 24:214. [PMID: 35720483 PMCID: PMC9178698 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2022.13334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to examine primary cilia in endometrial tissue during the menstrual cycle and to clarify their morphological changes with different grades of endometrial cancer. Images of fluorescence immunostaining taken by confocal microscopy were used to count the number of primary cilia in normal endometrium and endometrioid carcinoma Grade 1 and Grade 3 specimens. To examine the association between autophagy and ciliogenesis in endometrioid carcinoma, the expression of p62/Sequestosome-1, a selective substrate for autophagy, and oral-facial-digital syndrome 1 protein (OFD1), a protein associated with ciliogenesis, were examined using images of fluorescence immunostaining taken by confocal microscopy. The level of p62 expression was confirmed by western blotting. In proliferative and secretory endometrial stromal cells, the percentage of cells that were ciliated was 7.2 and 32.7% (95% confidence interval=21.61-39.79; P<0.01), and the length of the primary cilia was 1.24 µm and 2.34 µm (0.92-1.26; P<0.01), respectively. In stromal cells of endometrioid carcinoma Grade 1 and Grade 3, the percentage of ciliated cells was 13.5 and 2.9% (7.89-15.05; P<0.001), and the length of the primary cilia was 2.02 and 1.14 µm (0.76-0.99; P<0.001), respectively. In both normal menstrual cycle tissue and endometrial carcinomas, the percentage of primary cilia was lower and their length was shorter in tissues with higher proliferative potential. The expression of OFD1 was significantly higher in Grade 3 compared with Grade 1 as indicated by quantifying the intensity of the fluorescence images (133–12248; P=0.046). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study concerning the distribution of primary cilia in normal endometrium and endometrial cancer tissues. Overall, fewer ciliated cells in the highly malignant endometrial cancer tissues may be associated not only to the proliferation of cancer cells, but also to the excessive accumulation of OFD1 due to dysfunctional autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuji Kojima
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi 467‑8601, Japan
| | - Esraa Hassan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi 467‑8601, Japan
| | - Fumiko Ozawa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi 467‑8601, Japan
| | - Chisato Yamada‑Namikawa
- Department of Cell Biology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi 467‑8601, Japan
| | - Shino Ogawa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi 467‑8601, Japan
| | - Shoko Mase
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi 467‑8601, Japan
| | - Shinobu Goto
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi 467‑8601, Japan
| | - Ryutaro Nishikawa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi 467‑8601, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Inagaki
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Diagnostics, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi 467‑8601, Japan
| | - Yoichi Kato
- Department of Cell Biology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi 467‑8601, Japan
| | - Mayumi Sugiura‑Ogasawara
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi 467‑8601, Japan
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8
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Wang W, Shiraishi R, Kawauchi D. Sonic Hedgehog Signaling in Cerebellar Development and Cancer. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:864035. [PMID: 35573667 PMCID: PMC9100414 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.864035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The sonic hedgehog (SHH) pathway regulates the development of the central nervous system in vertebrates. Aberrant regulation of SHH signaling pathways often causes neurodevelopmental diseases and brain tumors. In the cerebellum, SHH secreted by Purkinje cells is a potent mitogen for granule cell progenitors, which are the most abundant cell type in the mature brain. While a reduction in SHH signaling induces cerebellar structural abnormalities, such as hypoplasia in various genetic disorders, the constitutive activation of SHH signaling often induces medulloblastoma (MB), one of the most common pediatric malignant brain tumors. Based on the existing literature on canonical and non-canonical SHH signaling pathways, emerging basic and clinical studies are exploring novel therapeutic approaches for MB by targeting SHH signaling at distinct molecular levels. In this review, we discuss the present consensus on SHH signaling mechanisms, their roles in cerebellar development and tumorigenesis, and the recent advances in clinical trials for MB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanchen Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryo Shiraishi
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP), Tokyo, Japan
- Department of NCNP Brain Physiology and Pathology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kawauchi
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP), Tokyo, Japan
- *Correspondence: Daisuke Kawauchi,
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Loss of KAP3 decreases intercellular adhesion and impairs intracellular transport of laminin in signet ring cell carcinoma of the stomach. Sci Rep 2022; 12:5050. [PMID: 35322078 PMCID: PMC8943207 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-08904-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Signet-ring cell carcinoma (SRCC) is a unique subtype of gastric cancer that is impaired for cell-cell adhesion. The pathogenesis of SRCC remains unclear. Here, we show that expression of kinesin-associated protein 3 (KAP3), a cargo adaptor subunit of the kinesin superfamily protein 3 (KIF3), a motor protein, is specifically decreased in SRCC of the stomach. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene knockout experiments indicated that loss of KAP3 impairs the formation of circumferential actomyosin cables by inactivating RhoA, leading to the weakening of cell-cell adhesion. Furthermore, in KAP3 knockout cells, post-Golgi transport of laminin, a key component of the basement membrane, was inhibited, resulting in impaired basement membrane formation. Together, these findings uncover a potential role for KAP3 in the pathogenesis of SRCC of the stomach.
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Hor CHH, Lo JCW, Cham ALS, Leong WY, Goh ELK. Multifaceted Functions of Rab23 on Primary Cilium-Mediated and Hedgehog Signaling-Mediated Cerebellar Granule Cell Proliferation. J Neurosci 2021; 41:6850-6863. [PMID: 34210780 PMCID: PMC8360682 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3005-20.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling from the primary cilium drives cerebellar granule cell precursor (GCP) proliferation. Mutations of hedgehog (Hh) pathway repressors commonly cause medulloblastoma, the most prevalent and malignant childhood brain tumor that arises from aberrant GCP proliferation. We demonstrate that Nestin Cre-driven conditional knock-out (CKO) of a Shh pathway repressor-Rab23 in the mouse brain of both genders caused mis-patterning of cerebellar folia and elevated GCP proliferation during early development, but with no prevalent occurrence of medulloblastoma at adult stage. Strikingly, Rab23-depleted GCPs exhibited upregulated basal level of Shh pathway activities despite showing an abnormal ciliogenesis of primary cilia. In line with the compromised ciliation, Rab23-depleted GCPs were desensitized against Hh pathway activity stimulations by Shh ligand and Smoothened (Smo) agonist-SAG, and exhibited attenuated stimulation of Smo-localization on the primary cilium in response to SAG. These results implicate multidimensional actions of Rab23 on Hh signaling cascade. Rab23 represses the basal level of Shh signaling, while facilitating primary cilium-dependent extrinsic Shh signaling activation. Collectively, our findings unravel instrumental roles of Rab23 in GCP proliferation and ciliogenesis. Furthermore, Rab23's potentiation of Shh signaling pathway through the primary cilium and Smo suggests a potential new therapeutic strategy for Smo/primary cilium-driven medulloblastoma.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Primary cilium and Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling are known to regulate granule cell precursor (GCP) proliferation. Aberrant overactivation of Shh signaling pathway ectopically increases GCP proliferation and causes malignant childhood tumor called medulloblastoma. However, the genetic and molecular regulatory cascade of GCP tumorigenesis remains incompletely understood. Our finding uncovers Rab23 as a novel regulator of hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway activity and cell proliferation in GCP. Intriguingly, we demonstrated that Rab23 confers dual functions in regulating Shh signaling; it potentiates primary cilium and Shh/Smoothened (Smo)-dependent signaling activation, while antagonizes basal level Hh activity. Our data present a previously underappreciated aspect of Rab23 in mediating extrinsic Shh signaling upstream of Smo. This study sheds new light on the mechanistic insights underpinning Shh signaling-mediated GCP proliferation and tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C H H Hor
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Neuroscience Academic Clinical Programme, Singapore, 169857
| | - J C W Lo
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - A L S Cham
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - W Y Leong
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Neuroscience Academic Clinical Programme, Singapore, 169857
| | - E L K Goh
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Neuroscience Academic Clinical Programme, Singapore, 169857
- Department of Research, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, 308433
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Faculty, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 308232
- KK Research Center, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, 229899
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11
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Nita A, Abraham SP, Krejci P, Bosakova M. Oncogenic FGFR Fusions Produce Centrosome and Cilia Defects by Ectopic Signaling. Cells 2021; 10:1445. [PMID: 34207779 PMCID: PMC8227969 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A single primary cilium projects from most vertebrate cells to guide cell fate decisions. A growing list of signaling molecules is found to function through cilia and control ciliogenesis, including the fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFR). Aberrant FGFR activity produces abnormal cilia with deregulated signaling, which contributes to pathogenesis of the FGFR-mediated genetic disorders. FGFR lesions are also found in cancer, raising a possibility of cilia involvement in the neoplastic transformation and tumor progression. Here, we focus on FGFR gene fusions, and discuss the possible mechanisms by which they function as oncogenic drivers. We show that a substantial portion of the FGFR fusion partners are proteins associated with the centrosome cycle, including organization of the mitotic spindle and ciliogenesis. The functions of centrosome proteins are often lost with the gene fusion, leading to haploinsufficiency that induces cilia loss and deregulated cell division. We speculate that this complements the ectopic FGFR activity and drives the FGFR fusion cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandru Nita
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic; (A.N.); (S.P.A.); (P.K.)
| | - Sara P. Abraham
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic; (A.N.); (S.P.A.); (P.K.)
| | - Pavel Krejci
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic; (A.N.); (S.P.A.); (P.K.)
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics of the CAS, 60200 Brno, Czech Republic
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne’s University Hospital, 65691 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Bosakova
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic; (A.N.); (S.P.A.); (P.K.)
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics of the CAS, 60200 Brno, Czech Republic
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne’s University Hospital, 65691 Brno, Czech Republic
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12
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Cullen CL, O'Rourke M, Beasley SJ, Auderset L, Zhen Y, Pepper RE, Gasperini R, Young KM. Kif3a deletion prevents primary cilia assembly on oligodendrocyte progenitor cells, reduces oligodendrogenesis and impairs fine motor function. Glia 2020; 69:1184-1203. [PMID: 33368703 PMCID: PMC7986221 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Primary cilia are small microtubule‐based organelles capable of transducing signals from growth factor receptors embedded in the cilia membrane. Developmentally, oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) express genes associated with primary cilia assembly, disassembly, and signaling, however, the importance of primary cilia for adult myelination has not been explored. We show that OPCs are ciliated in vitro and in vivo, and that they disassemble their primary cilia as they progress through the cell cycle. OPC primary cilia are also disassembled as OPCs differentiate into oligodendrocytes. When kinesin family member 3a (Kif3a), a gene critical for primary cilium assembly, was conditionally deleted from adult OPCs in vivo (Pdgfrα‐CreER™:: Kif3afl/fl transgenic mice), OPCs failed to assemble primary cilia. Kif3a‐deletion was also associated with reduced OPC proliferation and oligodendrogenesis in the corpus callosum and motor cortex and a progressive impairment of fine motor coordination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlie L Cullen
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Megan O'Rourke
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Shannon J Beasley
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Loic Auderset
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Yilan Zhen
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Renee E Pepper
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Robert Gasperini
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Kaylene M Young
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
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13
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Yang Y, Liu X, Li R, Zhang M, Wang H, Qu Y. Kinesin family member 3A inhibits the carcinogenesis of non-small cell lung cancer and prolongs survival. Oncol Lett 2020; 20:348. [PMID: 33123259 PMCID: PMC7586287 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.12211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Kinesin family member 3A (KIF3A) plays a crucial role in the carcinogenesis of different types of human cancer. The present study aimed to identify the role of KIF3A in the carcinogenesis of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). KIF3A protein expression was determined in 163 patients with NSCLC using immunohistochemistry staining. The prognosis of patients with NSCLC was determined using Kaplan-Meier survival and Cox regression analyses. The function of KIF3A on the carcinogenesis and metastasis of NSCLC was determined in vitro. Furthermore, a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network of KIF3A was constructed and the potential interacting molecules were identified using bioinformatic analysis. The protein expression levels of KIF3A were significantly lower in the NSCLC tissues compared with that in the adjacent tissues, and low KIF3A expression level was associated with unfavorable survival outcomes in patients with NSCLC. Furthermore, KIF3A knockdown increased proliferation, invasion and metastasis, and inhibited apoptosis of NSCLC cells. KIF3A was demonstrated to interact with intraflagellar transport 57 (IFT57) in the PPI network. In addition, validation analyses indicated that KIF3A mRNA expression levels were positively correlated with IFT57 mRNA expression levels in clinical NSCLC samples and NSCLC cell lines. Taken together, the results of the present study suggested that KIF3A is a key tumor suppressor gene for carcinogenesis and metastasis of NSCLC, it may also function as a biomarker and interacts with IFT57 in the progression of NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yie Yang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, The First Hospital Affiliated with Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Xiao Liu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Rui Li
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Mengyu Zhang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, The First Hospital Affiliated with Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Yiqing Qu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
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14
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Ho EK, Tsai AE, Stearns T. Transient Primary Cilia Mediate Robust Hedgehog Pathway-Dependent Cell Cycle Control. Curr Biol 2020; 30:2829-2835.e5. [PMID: 32531277 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The regulation of proliferation is a primary function of Hedgehog (Hh) signaling in development. Hh signal transduction requires the primary cilium for several steps in the pathway [1-5]. Many cells only build a primary cilium upon cell cycle exit, in G0. In those proliferating cells that do make a cilium, it is a transient organelle, being assembled in G1 and disassembled sometime prior to mitosis [6-9]. Thus, the requirement for primary cilia presents a conundrum: how are proliferative signals conveyed through an organelle that is present for only part of the cell cycle? Here, we investigate this question in a mouse medulloblastoma cell line, SMB55, that requires cilium-mediated Hh pathway activity for proliferation [10]. We show that SMB55 cells, and the primary cerebellar granule neuron precursors (GNPs) from which they derive, are often ciliated beyond G1 into S phase, and the presence of the cilium in SMB55 cells determines the periods of Hh pathway activity. Using live imaging over multiple cell cycles, we demonstrate that Hh pathway activity in either G1-S of the previous cell cycle or G1 of the cell cycle in which the decision is made is sufficient for cell cycle entry. We also show that cyclin D1 contributes to the persistent effects of pathway activity over multiple cell cycles. Together, our results reveal that, even though the signaling organelle itself is transient, Hh pathway control of proliferation is remarkably robust. Further, primary cilium transience may have implications for other Hh-mediated events in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily K Ho
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Anaïs E Tsai
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Tim Stearns
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Genetics, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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15
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Peixoto E, Richard S, Pant K, Biswas A, Gradilone SA. The primary cilium: Its role as a tumor suppressor organelle. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 175:113906. [PMID: 32169416 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.113906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The primary cilium is an organelle that nearly all cells within the body contain. Its function is to sense the extracellular environment through its abundance of receptors and linked signaling pathways, working as an antenna. Ciliary defects lead to different pathologies. In particular, many tumors lose primary cilia, and this is linked with negative implications for the cell such as an increase in malignancy. In this work we will go through the knowledge of the role of primary cilia in normal conditions, how it is involved in diverse signaling pathways, and in disease, particularly in cancer, highlighting its tumor suppressor properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estanislao Peixoto
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN, USA; Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Seth Richard
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN, USA
| | - Kishor Pant
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN, USA
| | - Aalekhya Biswas
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN, USA
| | - Sergio A Gradilone
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN, USA; Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
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16
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Li Q, Zhao S, Lu J, Kang X, Zhang G, Zhao F, Nie J, Yang X, Xin X, Zhang H, Aisa HA. Quantitative proteomics analysis of the treatment of asthma rats with total flavonoid extract from chamomile. Biotechnol Lett 2020; 42:905-916. [PMID: 32048127 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-020-02825-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Asthma is a chronic immune disease that has become a serious public health problem. The currently available medications are not ideal because of their limitations and side effects; hence, new target proteins and signaling cascades for precise and safe therapy treatment are needed. This work established an ovalbumin-induced asthma rat model and treated it with total flavonoid extract from the Xinjiang chamomile. The proteins that were differentially expressed in the chamomile extract-treated asthmatic rats and the asthma and healthy rat groups were identified using isobaric tagging followed by LC-MS/MS. Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes pathway analysis of the differentially expressed proteins was performed. RESULTS Pathways involved in purine metabolism, herpes simplex infection, and JNK phosphorylation and activation mediated by activated human TAK1 were enriched, indicating the intrinsic links between the mechanism of asthma development and treatment effects. Furthermore, we constructed a protein-protein interaction network and identified KIF3A as a potential target protein of chamomile extract that affected the Hedgehog signaling pathway. CONCLUSIONS This study may provide new insights into the pathogenesis of asthma and reveal several proteins and pathways that could be exploited to develop novel treatment approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Plant Resources in Arid Regions, Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Indigenous Medicinal Plants Resource Utilization, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 40-1, Beijing Road, Urumqi, 830011, Xinjiang, China.,Department of Medicine Research, Hospital of Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830000, People's Republic of China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Shengjun Zhao
- Department of Medicine Research, Hospital of Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Lu
- Department of Medicine Research, Hospital of Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaolong Kang
- Department of Medicine Research, Hospital of Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830000, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Zhang
- Department of Medicine Research, Hospital of Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830000, People's Republic of China
| | - Feicui Zhao
- Department of Medicine Research, Hospital of Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jihong Nie
- Department of Medicine Research, Hospital of Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaomi Yang
- Department of Medicine Research, Hospital of Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuelei Xin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Plant Resources in Arid Regions, Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Indigenous Medicinal Plants Resource Utilization, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 40-1, Beijing Road, Urumqi, 830011, Xinjiang, China
| | - Hongping Zhang
- Scientific Research Department, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Liuzhou, 545001, People's Republic of China
| | - Haji Akber Aisa
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Plant Resources in Arid Regions, Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Indigenous Medicinal Plants Resource Utilization, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 40-1, Beijing Road, Urumqi, 830011, Xinjiang, China.
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17
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Atoh1 Controls Primary Cilia Formation to Allow for SHH-Triggered Granule Neuron Progenitor Proliferation. Dev Cell 2019; 48:184-199.e5. [PMID: 30695697 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2018.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
During cerebellar development, granule neuron progenitors (GNPs) proliferate by transducing Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) signaling via the primary cilium. Precise regulation of ciliogenesis, thus, ensures proper GNP pool expansion. Here, we report that Atoh1, a transcription factor required for GNPs formation, controls the presence of primary cilia, maintaining GNPs responsiveness to SHH. Loss of primary cilia abolishes the ability of Atoh1 to keep GNPs in a proliferative state. Mechanistically, Atoh1 promotes ciliogenesis by transcriptionally regulating Cep131, which facilitates centriolar satellite (CS) clustering to the basal body. Importantly, ectopic expression of Cep131 counteracts the effects of Atoh1 loss in GNPs by restoring proper localization of CS and ciliogenesis. This Atoh1-CS-primary cilium-SHH pro-proliferative pathway is also conserved in SHH-type medulloblastoma, a pediatric brain tumor arising from the GNPs. Together, our data reveal how Atoh1 modulates the primary cilium to regulate GNPs development.
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18
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Álvarez-Satta M, Moreno-Cugnon L, Matheu A. Primary cilium and brain aging: role in neural stem cells, neurodegenerative diseases and glioblastoma. Ageing Res Rev 2019; 52:53-63. [PMID: 31004829 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2019.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Brain aging is characterized by a progressive loss of tissue integrity and function as a consequence of impaired homeostasis and regeneration capacities. The primary cilium is a highly conserved organelle that projects from the cell surface in a single copy in virtually all mammalian cell types including neural stem/progenitors cells and neurons. Increasing evidence in the last decade points out that primary cilium could be a relevant mediator of neural stem cell activity, neurogenesis, neuronal maturation and maintenance, and brain tumorigenesis. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge about primary cilia roles in these processes. There is currently sufficient background to propose that defective primary cilia contribute to age-related cognitive decline and brain tumor development due to their critical roles in cell cycle control and signaling transduction. This might have potential applications on therapy against age-associated brain diseases.
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19
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Urdiciain A, Erausquin E, Meléndez B, Rey JA, Idoate MA, Castresana JS. Tubastatin A, an inhibitor of HDAC6, enhances temozolomide‑induced apoptosis and reverses the malignant phenotype of glioblastoma cells. Int J Oncol 2019; 54:1797-1808. [PMID: 30864703 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2019.4739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma or grade IV astrocytoma is the most common and lethal form of glioma. Current glioblastoma treatment strategies use surgery followed by chemotherapy with temozolomide. Despite this, numerous glioblastoma cases develop resistance to temozolomide treatments, resulting in a poor prognosis for the patients. Novel approaches are being investigated, including the inhibition of histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6), an enzyme that deacetylates α‑tubulin, and whose overexpression in glioblastoma is associated with the loss of primary cilia. The aim of the present study was to treat glioblastoma cells with a selective HDAC6 inhibitor, tubastatin A, to determine if the malignant phenotype may be reverted. The results demonstrated a notable increase in acetylated α‑tubulin levels in treated cells, which associated with downregulation of the sonic hedgehog pathway, and may hypothetically promote ciliogenesis in those cells. Treatment with tubastatin A also reduced glioblastoma clonogenicity and migration capacities, and accelerated temozolomide‑induced apoptosis. Finally, HDAC6 inhibition decreased the expression of mesenchymal markers, contributing to reverse epithelial‑mesenchymal transition in glioblastoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Urdiciain
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Navarra School of Sciences, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Elena Erausquin
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Navarra School of Sciences, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Bárbara Meléndez
- Molecular Pathology Research Unit, Virgen de la Salud Hospital, 45071 Toledo, Spain
| | - Juan A Rey
- IdiPaz Research Unit, La Paz University Hospital, 28046 Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel A Idoate
- Department of Pathology, University of Navarra Clinic, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Javier S Castresana
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Navarra School of Sciences, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
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20
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The Roles of Primary Cilia in Cardiovascular Diseases. Cells 2018; 7:cells7120233. [PMID: 30486394 PMCID: PMC6315816 DOI: 10.3390/cells7120233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia are microtubule-based organelles found in most mammalian cell types. Cilia act as sensory organelles that transmit extracellular clues into intracellular signals for molecular and cellular responses. Biochemical and molecular defects in primary cilia are associated with a wide range of diseases, termed ciliopathies, with phenotypes ranging from polycystic kidney disease, liver disorders, mental retardation, and obesity to cardiovascular diseases. Primary cilia in vascular endothelia protrude into the lumen of blood vessels and function as molecular switches for calcium (Ca2+) and nitric oxide (NO) signaling. As mechanosensory organelles, endothelial cilia are involved in blood flow sensing. Dysfunction in endothelial cilia contributes to aberrant fluid-sensing and thus results in vascular disorders, including hypertension, aneurysm, and atherosclerosis. This review focuses on the most recent findings on the roles of endothelial primary cilia within vascular biology and alludes to the possibility of primary cilium as a therapeutic target for cardiovascular disorders.
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21
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Hoang-Minh LB, Dutra-Clarke M, Breunig JJ, Sarkisian MR. Glioma cell proliferation is enhanced in the presence of tumor-derived cilia vesicles. Cilia 2018; 7:6. [PMID: 30410731 PMCID: PMC6219037 DOI: 10.1186/s13630-018-0060-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The mechanisms by which primary cilia affect glioma pathogenesis are unclear. Depending on the glioma cell line, primary cilia can promote or inhibit tumor development. Here, we used piggyBac-mediated transgenesis to generate patient-derived glioblastoma (GBM) cell lines that stably express Arl13b:GFP in their cilia. This allowed us to visualize and analyze the behavior of cilia and ciliated cells during live GBM cell proliferation. Results Time-lapse imaging of Arl13b:GFP+ cilia revealed their dynamic behaviors, including distal tip excision into the extracellular milieu. Recent studies of non-cancerous cells indicate that this process occurs during the G0 phase, prior to cilia resorption and cell cycle re-entry, and requires ciliary recruitment of F-actin and actin regulators. Similarly, we observed ciliary buds associated with Ki67- cells as well as scattered F-actin+ cilia, suggesting that quiescent GBM cells may also utilize an actin network-based mechanism for ciliary tip excision. Notably, we found that the proliferation of ciliated GBM cells was promoted by exposing them to conditioned media obtained from ciliated cell cultures when compared to conditioned media collected from cilia-defective cell cultures (depleted in either KIF3A or IFT88 using CRISPR/Cas9). These results suggest that GBM cilia may release mitogenic vesicles carrying factors that promote tumor cell proliferation. Although Arl13b is implicated in tumor growth, our data suggest that Arl13b released from GBM cilia does not mediate tumor cell proliferation. Conclusion Collectively, our results indicate that ciliary vesicles may represent a novel mode of intercellular communication within tumors that contributes to GBM pathogenesis. The mitogenic capacity of GBM ciliary vesicles and the molecular mediators of this phenomenon requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan B Hoang-Minh
- 1Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida College of Medicine, McKnight Brain Institute, Gainesville, FL 32610 USA.,2Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, University of Florida College of Medicine, McKnight Brain Institute, Gainesville, FL 32610 USA
| | - Marina Dutra-Clarke
- 3Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048 USA.,4Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048 USA.,5Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048 USA
| | - Joshua J Breunig
- 3Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048 USA.,4Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048 USA.,5Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048 USA
| | - Matthew R Sarkisian
- 1Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida College of Medicine, McKnight Brain Institute, Gainesville, FL 32610 USA.,2Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, University of Florida College of Medicine, McKnight Brain Institute, Gainesville, FL 32610 USA
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22
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Eguether T, Hahne M. Mixed signals from the cell's antennae: primary cilia in cancer. EMBO Rep 2018; 19:embr.201846589. [PMID: 30348893 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201846589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia (PC) are antenna-like organelles that protrude from most mammalian cells. They are essential for the regulation of several signaling pathways such as Hedgehog and WNT It is therefore not surprising that a dysfunction of PC is frequently associated with pathologies. Originally, PC were found to be involved in a variety of diseases commonly referred to as ciliopathies including cystic kidney diseases. Evidence is accumulating that PC play also an important role in cancer formation and regulation, which is the focus of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibaut Eguether
- École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, APHP, Laboratoire des Biomolécules (LBM), Sorbonne Université, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Michael Hahne
- IGMM, CNRS, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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23
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Álvarez-Satta M, Matheu A. Primary cilium and glioblastoma. Ther Adv Med Oncol 2018; 10:1758835918801169. [PMID: 30302130 PMCID: PMC6170955 DOI: 10.1177/1758835918801169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) represents the most common, malignant and lethal primary brain tumour in adults. The primary cilium is a highly conserved and dynamic organelle that protrudes from the apical surface of virtually every type of mammalian cell. There is increasing evidence that abnormal cilia are involved in cancer progression, since primary cilia regulate cell cycle and signalling transduction. In this review, we summarize the role of primary cilium specifically with regard to GBM, where there is evidence postulating it as a critical mediator of GBM tumorigenesis and progression. This opens the way to the application of cilia-targeted therapies (‘ciliotherapy’) as a new approach in the fight against this devastating tumour.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Álvarez-Satta
- Cellular Oncology group, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Ander Matheu
- Cellular Oncology group, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, Paseo Dr. Beguiristain s/n, CP 20014 San Sebastian, Spain CIBER de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERfes), Madrid, Spain IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation, Bilbao, Spain
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24
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Gradilone SA, Pisarello MJL, LaRusso NF. Primary Cilia in Tumor Biology: The Primary Cilium as a Therapeutic Target in Cholangiocarcinoma. Curr Drug Targets 2018; 18:958-963. [PMID: 25706257 DOI: 10.2174/1389450116666150223162737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cilia are microtubule-based organelles, which are ubiquitously expressed in epithelial cells. Cholangiocytes, the epithelial cells lining the biliary tree, have primary cilia extending from their apical plasma membrane into the ductal lumen, where the cilia function as multisensory organelles transducing environmental cues into the cell interior. The decrease or loss of primary cilia has been described in several malignancies, including cholangiocarcinoma, suggesting that the loss of cilia is a common occurrence in neoplastic transformation. In this short review, we describe the expression of cilia in several cancers, explore the mechanisms and consequences of ciliary loss, and discuss the potential use of the primary cilia as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio A Gradilone
- Cancer Cell Biology and Translational Research. The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota. 801 16th Avenue NE. Austin, MN 55912, United States
| | - Maria J Lorenzo Pisarello
- Center for Cell Signaling in Gastroenterology, Division of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Nicholas F LaRusso
- Center for Cell Signaling in Gastroenterology, Division of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN, United States
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25
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Bay SN, Long AB, Caspary T. Disruption of the ciliary GTPase Arl13b suppresses Sonic hedgehog overactivation and inhibits medulloblastoma formation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:1570-1575. [PMID: 29378965 PMCID: PMC5816136 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1706977115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Medulloblastoma (MB) is the most common malignant pediatric brain tumor, and overactivation of the Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) signaling pathway, which requires the primary cilium, causes 30% of MBs. Current treatments have known negative side effects or resistance mechanisms, so new treatments are necessary. Shh signaling mutations, like those that remove Patched1 (Ptch1) or activate Smoothened (Smo), cause tumors dependent on the presence of cilia. Genetic ablation of cilia prevents these tumors by removing Gli activator, but cilia are a poor therapeutic target since they support many biological processes. A more appropriate strategy would be to identify a protein that functionally disentangles Gli activation and ciliogenesis. Our mechanistic understanding of the ciliary GTPase Arl13b predicts that it could be such a target. Arl13b mutants retain short cilia, and loss of Arl13b results in ligand-independent, constitutive, low-level pathway activation but prevents maximal signaling without disrupting Gli repressor. Here, we show that deletion of Arl13b reduced Shh signaling levels in the presence of oncogenic SmoA1, suggesting Arl13b acts downstream of known tumor resistance mechanisms. Knockdown of ARL13B in human MB cell lines and in primary mouse MB cell culture decreased proliferation. Importantly, loss of Arl13b in a Ptch1-deleted mouse model of MB inhibited tumor formation. Postnatal depletion of Arl13b does not lead to any overt phenotypes in the epidermis, liver, or cerebellum. Thus, our in vivo and in vitro studies demonstrate that disruption of Arl13b inhibits cilia-dependent oncogenic Shh overactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah N Bay
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Program, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Alyssa B Long
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Tamara Caspary
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322;
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26
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Xia P, Chu S, Liu G, Chen G, Yi T, Feng S, Zhou H. High expression of KIF3A is a potential new parameter for the diagnosis and prognosis of breast cancer. Biomed Rep 2018. [PMID: 29541455 PMCID: PMC5838305 DOI: 10.3892/br.2018.1061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Kinesin Family Member 3A (KIF3A) was recognized as a key factor of ciliogenesis and transport system of primary cilia in normal cells. However, its possible function on cancer cells has yet to be identified. In the present study, microarray tissue chips, including 230 breast cancer samples, were applied to determine the KIF3A expression pattern by immunological histological chemistry. Statistical analysis on the KIF3A expression level and the currently used clinicopathological characteristics of breast cancer patients was carried out. Follow-up data of these patients over 10 years were also used to evaluate the relationship between KIF3A and the survival rate. The expression levels of KIF3A were significantly higher in 140 breast cancer tissues than those of 90 para-carcinoma samples, which served as controls (P<0.001). In addition, in a further 70 paired samples, the same higher expression level was observed in cancer tissues compared with their self-paired controls (P<0.001). Furthermore, the high expression of KIF3A in breast cancer tissue correlated with the status of estrogen receptor, androgen receptor, epidermal growth factor receptor and Ki-67 of breast cancer patients, and were also related to their pathology grade and lymph node metastasis. The survival analysis showed a better survival rate in the patients with a higher expression level of KIF3A. Collectively, the triadic associations of KIF3A, the currently used clinicopathological parameters and survival rate suggest that KIF3A is involved in the tumorigenesis and progression of breast cancer. Thus, KIF3A could be considered a promising novel prognostic index in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peixuan Xia
- Department of Human Anatomy, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Shihua Chu
- Department of Human Anatomy, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Geng Liu
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Guoqing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Tao Yi
- Biotherapy Laboratory of Gynecological Oncology, Key Laboratory of Obstetric and Gynecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects of the Ministry of Education, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Shi Feng
- Department of Human Anatomy, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Hongying Zhou
- Department of Human Anatomy, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
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27
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Essebier A, Lamprecht M, Piper M, Bodén M. Bioinformatics approaches to predict target genes from transcription factor binding data. Methods 2017; 131:111-119. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
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28
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Baek H, Shin HJ, Kim JJ, Shin N, Kim S, Yi MH, Zhang E, Hong J, Kang JW, Kim Y, Kim CS, Kim DW. Primary cilia modulate TLR4-mediated inflammatory responses in hippocampal neurons. J Neuroinflammation 2017; 14:189. [PMID: 28927423 PMCID: PMC5606072 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-0958-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The primary cilium is an organelle that can act as a master regulator of cellular signaling. Despite the presence of primary cilia in hippocampal neurons, their function is not fully understood. Recent studies have demonstrated that the primary cilium influences interleukin (IL)-1β-induced NF-κB signaling, ultimately mediating the inflammatory response. We, therefore, investigated ciliary function and NF-κB signaling in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced neuroinflammation in conjunction with ciliary length analysis. Methods Since TLR4/NF-κB signaling is a well-known inflammatory pathway, we measured ciliary length and inflammatory mediators in wild type (WT) and TLR4−/− mice injected with LPS. Next, to exclude the effects of microglial TLR4, we examined the ciliary length, ciliary components, inflammatory cytokine, and mediators in HT22 hippocampal neuronal cells. Results Primary ciliary length decreased in hippocampal pyramidal neurons after intracerebroventricular injection of LPS in WT mice, whereas it increased in TLR4−/− mice. LPS treatment decreased primary ciliary length, activated NF-κB signaling, and increased Cox2 and iNOS levels in HT22 hippocampal neurons. In contrast, silencing Kif3a, a key protein component of cilia, increased ARL13B ciliary protein levels and suppressed NF-κB signaling and expression of inflammatory mediators. Conclusions These data suggest that LPS-induced NF-κB signaling and inflammatory mediator expression are modulated by cilia and that the blockade of primary cilium formation by Kif3a siRNA regulates TLR4-induced NF-κB signaling. We propose that primary cilia are critical for regulating NF-κB signaling events in neuroinflammation and in the innate immune response. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12974-017-0958-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunjung Baek
- Department of Anatomy, Department of Medical Science, Brain Research Institute, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, 35015, Republic of Korea.,Department of Pediatrics, Chungnam National University Hospital, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, 35015, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Jung Shin
- Department of Anatomy, Department of Medical Science, Brain Research Institute, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, 35015, Republic of Korea
| | - Jwa-Jin Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Department of Medical Science, Brain Research Institute, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, 35015, Republic of Korea.,LES Corporation Inc., Gung-Dong 465-16, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon, 305-335, Republic of Korea
| | - Nara Shin
- Department of Anatomy, Department of Medical Science, Brain Research Institute, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, 35015, Republic of Korea.,Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, 35015, Republic of Korea
| | - Sena Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Department of Medical Science, Brain Research Institute, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, 35015, Republic of Korea.,Department of Plastic Surgery, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, 35015, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Hee Yi
- Department of Anatomy, Department of Medical Science, Brain Research Institute, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, 35015, Republic of Korea.,Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch School of Medicine, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Enji Zhang
- Department of Anatomy, Department of Medical Science, Brain Research Institute, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, 35015, Republic of Korea.,Department of Anesthesia Medicine, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanbian, 133000, China
| | - Jinpyo Hong
- Department of Anatomy, Department of Medical Science, Brain Research Institute, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, 35015, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Won Kang
- Department of Pediatrics, Chungnam National University Hospital, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, 35015, Republic of Korea
| | - Yonghyun Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487, USA
| | - Cuk-Seong Kim
- Department of Physiology, Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, 35015, Republic of Korea.
| | - Dong Woon Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Department of Medical Science, Brain Research Institute, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, 35015, Republic of Korea.
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29
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Conduit SE, Ramaswamy V, Remke M, Watkins DN, Wainwright BJ, Taylor MD, Mitchell CA, Dyson JM. A compartmentalized phosphoinositide signaling axis at cilia is regulated by INPP5E to maintain cilia and promote Sonic Hedgehog medulloblastoma. Oncogene 2017. [PMID: 28650469 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2017.208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) signaling at primary cilia drives the proliferation and progression of a subset of medulloblastomas, the most common malignant paediatric brain tumor. Severe side effects associated with conventional treatments and resistance to targeted therapies has led to the need for new strategies. SHH signaling is dependent on primary cilia for signal transduction suggesting the potential for cilia destabilizing mechanisms as a therapeutic target. INPP5E is an inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatase that hydrolyses PtdIns(4,5)P2 and more potently, the phosphoinositide (PI) 3-kinase product PtdIns(3,4,5)P3. INPP5E promotes SHH signaling during embryonic development via PtdIns(4,5)P2 hydrolysis at cilia, that in turn regulates the cilia recruitment of the SHH suppressor GPR161. However, the role INPP5E plays in cancer is unknown and the contribution of PI3-kinase signaling to cilia function is little characterized. Here, we reveal INPP5E promotes SHH signaling in SHH medulloblastoma by negatively regulating a cilia-compartmentalized PI3-kinase signaling axis that maintains primary cilia on tumor cells. Conditional deletion of Inpp5e in a murine model of constitutively active Smoothened-driven medulloblastoma slowed tumor progression, suppressed cell proliferation, reduced SHH signaling and promoted tumor cell cilia loss. PtdIns(3,4,5)P3, its effector pAKT and the target pGSK3β, which when non-phosphorylated promotes cilia assembly/stability, localized to tumor cell cilia. The number of PtdIns(3,4,5)P3/pAKT/pGSK3β-positive cilia was increased in cultured Inpp5e-null tumor cells relative to controls. PI3-kinase inhibition or expression of wild-type, but not catalytically inactive HA-INPP5E partially rescued cilia loss in Inpp5e-null tumor cells in vitro. INPP5E mRNA and copy number were reduced in human SHH medulloblastoma compared to other molecular subtypes and consistent with the murine model, reduced INPP5E was associated with improved overall survival. Therefore our study identifies a compartmentalized PtdIns(3,4,5)P3/AKT/GSK3β signaling axis at cilia in SHH-dependent medulloblastoma that is regulated by INPP5E to maintain tumor cell cilia, promote SHH signaling and thereby medulloblastoma progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Conduit
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cancer Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - V Ramaswamy
- Division of Haematology/Oncology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - M Remke
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - D N Watkins
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia.,St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Thoracic Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - B J Wainwright
- Division of Molecular Genetics and Development, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - M D Taylor
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - C A Mitchell
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cancer Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - J M Dyson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cancer Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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30
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Hoang-Minh LB, Deleyrolle LP, Siebzehnrubl D, Ugartemendia G, Futch H, Griffith B, Breunig JJ, De Leon G, Mitchell DA, Semple-Rowland S, Reynolds BA, Sarkisian MR. Disruption of KIF3A in patient-derived glioblastoma cells: effects on ciliogenesis, hedgehog sensitivity, and tumorigenesis. Oncotarget 2016; 7:7029-43. [PMID: 26760767 PMCID: PMC4872766 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
KIF3A, a component of the kinesin-2 motor, is necessary for the progression of diverse tumor types. This is partly due to its role in regulating ciliogenesis and cell responsiveness to sonic hedgehog (SHH). Notably, primary cilia have been detected in human glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) tumor biopsies and derived cell lines. Here, we asked whether disrupting KIF3A in GBM cells affected ciliogenesis, in vitro growth and responsiveness to SHH, or tumorigenic behavior in vivo. We used a lentiviral vector to create three patient-derived GBM cell lines expressing a dominant negative, motorless form of Kif3a (dnKif3a). In all unmodified lines, we found that most GBM cells were capable of producing ciliated progeny and that dnKif3a expression in these cells ablated ciliogenesis. Interestingly, unmodified and dnKif3a-expressing cell lines displayed differential sensitivities and pathway activation to SHH and variable tumor-associated survival following mouse xenografts. In one cell line, SHH-induced cell proliferation was prevented in vitro by either expressing dnKif3a or inhibiting SMO signaling using cyclopamine, and the survival times of mice implanted with dnKif3a-expressing cells were increased. In a second line, expression of dnKif3a increased the cells' baseline proliferation while, surprisingly, sensitizing them to SHH-induced cell death. The survival times of mice implanted with these dnKif3a-expressing cells were decreased. Finally, expression of dnKif3a in a third cell line had no effect on cell proliferation, SHH sensitivity, or mouse survival times. These findings indicate that KIF3A is essential for GBM cell ciliogenesis, but its role in modulating GBM cell behavior is highly variable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan B Hoang-Minh
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida College of Medicine, McKnight Brain Institute, Gainesville, Florida, USA.,Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, University of Florida College of Medicine, McKnight Brain Institute, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Loic P Deleyrolle
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, McKnight Brain Institute, Gainesville, Florida, USA.,Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, University of Florida College of Medicine, McKnight Brain Institute, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Dorit Siebzehnrubl
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida College of Medicine, McKnight Brain Institute, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - George Ugartemendia
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida College of Medicine, McKnight Brain Institute, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Hunter Futch
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, McKnight Brain Institute, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Benjamin Griffith
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, McKnight Brain Institute, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Joshua J Breunig
- Cedars-Sinai Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedar-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Medicine, UCLA Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Gabriel De Leon
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, McKnight Brain Institute, Gainesville, Florida, USA.,UF Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, University of Florida College of Medicine, McKnight Brain Institute, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Duane A Mitchell
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, McKnight Brain Institute, Gainesville, Florida, USA.,Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, University of Florida College of Medicine, McKnight Brain Institute, Gainesville, Florida, USA.,UF Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, University of Florida College of Medicine, McKnight Brain Institute, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Susan Semple-Rowland
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida College of Medicine, McKnight Brain Institute, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Brent A Reynolds
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, McKnight Brain Institute, Gainesville, Florida, USA.,Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, University of Florida College of Medicine, McKnight Brain Institute, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Matthew R Sarkisian
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida College of Medicine, McKnight Brain Institute, Gainesville, Florida, USA.,Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, University of Florida College of Medicine, McKnight Brain Institute, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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31
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Kim M, Suh YA, Oh JH, Lee BR, Kim J, Jang SJ. KIF3A binds to β-arrestin for suppressing Wnt/β-catenin signalling independently of primary cilia in lung cancer. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32770. [PMID: 27596264 PMCID: PMC5011747 DOI: 10.1038/srep32770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrant Wnt/β-catenin signalling is implicated in the progression of several human cancers, including non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, mutations in Wnt/β-catenin pathway components are uncommon in NSCLC, and their epigenetic control remains unclear. Here, we show that KIF3A, a member of the kinesin-2 family, plays a role in suppressing Wnt/β-catenin signalling in NSCLC cells. KIF3A knockdown increases both β-catenin levels and transcriptional activity with concomitant promotion of malignant potential, such as increased proliferation and migration and upregulation of stemness markers. Because KIF3A binds β-arrestin, KIF3A depletion allows β-arrestin to form a complex with DVL2 and axin, stabilizing β-catenin. Although primary cilia, whose biogenesis requires KIF3A, are thought to restrain the Wnt response, pharmacological inhibition of ciliogenesis failed to increase β-catenin activity in NSCLC cells. A correlation between KIF3A loss and a poorer NSCLC prognosis as well as β-catenin and cyclin D1 upregulation further suggests that KIF3A suppresses Wnt/β-catenin signalling and tumourigenesis in NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minsuh Kim
- Biomedical science and engineering interdisciplinary program, KAIST, Daejeon, South Korea.,Asan Institute for Life Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Young-Ah Suh
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ju-Hee Oh
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Bo Ra Lee
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Joon Kim
- Biomedical science and engineering interdisciplinary program, KAIST, Daejeon, South Korea.,Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Se Jin Jang
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea.,Asan Center for Cancer Genome Discovery, Department of Pathology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
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32
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Jiang S, Chen G, Feng L, Jiang Z, Yu M, Bao J, Tian W. Disruption of kif3a results in defective osteoblastic differentiation in dental mesenchymal stem/precursor cells via the Wnt signaling pathway. Mol Med Rep 2016; 14:1891-900. [PMID: 27432616 PMCID: PMC4991727 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The anterograde intraflagellar transport motor protein, kif3a, regulates the integrity of primary cilia and various cellular functions, however, the role of kif3a in dental mesenchymal stem/precursor cell differentiation remains to be fully elucidated. In the present study, the expression of kif3a was knocked down in human dental follicle cells (hDFCs) and human dental pulp cells (hDPCs) using short hairpin RNA. The results of subsequent immunofluorescence revealed that knocking down kif3a resulted in the loss of primary cilia, which led to impairment of substantial mineralization and expression of the differentiation-associated markers, including alkaline phosphatase, Runt-related transcription factor 2, dentin matrix protein 1 and dentin sialophosphoprotein in the hDFCs and hDPCs. The results of reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot analyses showed that the expression levels of Wnt3a-mediated active β-catenin and lymphoid enhancer-binding factor 1 were attenuated, whereas the expression of phosphorylated glycogen synthase kinase 3β was enhanced, in the kif3a-knockdown cells. In addition, exogenous Wnt3a partially rescued osteoblastic differentiation in the hDFCs and hDPCs. These results demonstrated that inhibition of kif3a in the hDFCs and hDPCs disrupted primary cilia formation and/or function, and indicated that kif3a is important in the differentiation of hDFCs and hDPCs through the Wnt pathway. These findings not only enhance current understanding of tooth development and diseases of tooth mineralization, but also indicate possible strategies to regulate mineralization during tooth repair and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sicong Jiang
- School of Life Sciences and Key Laboratory of Bio‑Resources and Eco‑Environment, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, P.R. China
| | - Guoqing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Lian Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Zongting Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Mei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Jinku Bao
- School of Life Sciences and Key Laboratory of Bio‑Resources and Eco‑Environment, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, P.R. China
| | - Weidong Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
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33
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Zhang W, Zhai L, Lu W, Boohaker RJ, Padmalayam I, Li Y. Discovery of Novel Allosteric Eg5 Inhibitors Through Structure-Based Virtual Screening. Chem Biol Drug Des 2016; 88:178-87. [PMID: 26864917 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mitotic kinesin Eg5 is an attractive anticancer drug target. Discovery of Eg5 inhibitors has been focused on targeting the 'monastrol-binding site'. However, acquired drug resistance has been reported for such inhibitors. Therefore, identifying new Eg5 inhibitors which function through a different mechanism(s) could complement current drug candidates and improve drug efficacy. In this study, we explored a novel allosteric site of Eg5 and identified new Eg5 inhibitors through structure-based virtual screening. Experiments with the saturation-transfer difference NMR demonstrated that the identified Eg5 inhibitor SRI35566 binds directly to Eg5 without involving microtubules. Moreover, SRI35566 and its two analogs significantly induced monopolar spindle formation in colorectal cancer HCT116 cells and suppressed cancer cell viability and colony formation. Together, our findings reveal a new allosteric regulation mechanism of Eg5 and a novel drug targeting site for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Drug Discovery Division, Southern Research Institute, 2000 9th Avenue South, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Ling Zhai
- Drug Discovery Division, Southern Research Institute, 2000 9th Avenue South, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Wenyan Lu
- Drug Discovery Division, Southern Research Institute, 2000 9th Avenue South, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Rebecca J Boohaker
- Drug Discovery Division, Southern Research Institute, 2000 9th Avenue South, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Indira Padmalayam
- Drug Discovery Division, Southern Research Institute, 2000 9th Avenue South, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Yonghe Li
- Drug Discovery Division, Southern Research Institute, 2000 9th Avenue South, Birmingham, AL, USA
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34
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De Luca A, Cerrato V, Fucà E, Parmigiani E, Buffo A, Leto K. Sonic hedgehog patterning during cerebellar development. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:291-303. [PMID: 26499980 PMCID: PMC11108499 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-2065-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Revised: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The morphogenic factor sonic hedgehog (Shh) actively orchestrates many aspects of cerebellar development and maturation. During embryogenesis, Shh signaling is active in the ventricular germinal zone (VZ) and represents an essential signal for proliferation of VZ-derived progenitors. Later, Shh secreted by Purkinje cells sustains the amplification of postnatal neurogenic niches: the external granular layer and the prospective white matter, where excitatory granule cells and inhibitory interneurons are produced, respectively. Moreover, Shh signaling affects Bergmann glial differentiation and promotes cerebellar foliation during development. Here we review the most relevant functions of Shh during cerebellar ontogenesis, underlying its role in physiological and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annarita De Luca
- Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi-Montalcini, University of Turin, 10126, Turin, Italy
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043, Orbassano, Turin, Italy
| | - Valentina Cerrato
- Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi-Montalcini, University of Turin, 10126, Turin, Italy
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043, Orbassano, Turin, Italy
| | - Elisa Fucà
- Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi-Montalcini, University of Turin, 10126, Turin, Italy
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043, Orbassano, Turin, Italy
| | - Elena Parmigiani
- Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi-Montalcini, University of Turin, 10126, Turin, Italy
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043, Orbassano, Turin, Italy
| | - Annalisa Buffo
- Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi-Montalcini, University of Turin, 10126, Turin, Italy
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043, Orbassano, Turin, Italy
| | - Ketty Leto
- Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi-Montalcini, University of Turin, 10126, Turin, Italy.
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043, Orbassano, Turin, Italy.
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35
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Larsen AR, Bai RY, Chung JH, Borodovsky A, Rudin CM, Riggins GJ, Bunz F. Repurposing the antihelmintic mebendazole as a hedgehog inhibitor. Mol Cancer Ther 2014; 14:3-13. [PMID: 25376612 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-14-0755-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway is activated in many types of cancer and therefore presents an attractive target for new anticancer agents. Here, we show that mebendazole, a benzamidazole with a long history of safe use against nematode infestations and hydatid disease, potently inhibited Hh signaling and slowed the growth of Hh-driven human medulloblastoma cells at clinically attainable concentrations. As an antiparasitic, mebendazole avidly binds nematode tubulin and causes inhibition of intestinal microtubule synthesis. In human cells, mebendazole suppressed the formation of the primary cilium, a microtubule-based organelle that functions as a signaling hub for Hh pathway activation. The inhibition of Hh signaling by mebendazole was unaffected by mutants in the gene that encodes human Smoothened (SMO), which are selectively propagated in cell clones that survive treatment with the Hh inhibitor vismodegib. Combination of vismodegib and mebendazole resulted in additive Hh signaling inhibition. Because mebendazole can be safely administered to adults and children at high doses over extended time periods, we propose that mebendazole could be rapidly repurposed and clinically tested as a prospective therapeutic agent for many tumors that are dependent on Hh signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Larsen
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, The Kimmel Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ren-Yuan Bai
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Kimmel Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jon H Chung
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, The Kimmel Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Alexandra Borodovsky
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Kimmel Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Charles M Rudin
- Memorial Hospital Research Laboratories, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Gregory J Riggins
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Kimmel Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland.
| | - Fred Bunz
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, The Kimmel Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland.
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36
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Menzl I, Lebeau L, Pandey R, Hassounah NB, Li FW, Nagle R, Weihs K, McDermott KM. Loss of primary cilia occurs early in breast cancer development. Cilia 2014; 3:7. [PMID: 24987519 PMCID: PMC4076761 DOI: 10.1186/2046-2530-3-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary cilia are microtubule-based organelles that protrude from the cell surface. Primary cilia play a critical role in development and disease through regulation of signaling pathways including the Hedgehog pathway. Recent mouse models have also linked ciliary dysfunction to cancer. However, little is known about the role of primary cilia in breast cancer development. Primary cilia expression was characterized in cancer cells as well as their surrounding stromal cells from 86 breast cancer patients by counting cilia and measuring cilia length. In addition, we examined cilia expression in normal epithelial and stromal cells from reduction mammoplasties as well as histologically normal adjacent tissue for comparison. RESULTS We observed a statistically significant decrease in the percentage of ciliated cells on both premalignant lesions as well as in invasive cancers. This loss of cilia does not correlate with increased proliferative index (Ki67-positive cells). However, we did detect rare ciliated cancer cells present in patients with invasive breast cancer and found that these express a marker of basaloid cancers that is associated with poor prognosis (Cytokeratin 5). Interestingly, the percentage of ciliated stromal cells associated with both premalignant and invasive cancers decreased when compared to stromal cells associated with normal tissue. To understand how cilia may be lost during cancer development we analyzed the expression of genes required for ciliogenesis and/or ciliary function and compared their expression in normal versus breast cancer samples. We found that expression of ciliary genes were frequently downregulated in human breast cancers. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that primary cilia are lost early in breast cancer development on both the cancer cells and their surrounding stromal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ina Menzl
- The University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Lauren Lebeau
- Department of Pathology, University of Arizona Medical Center, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Ritu Pandey
- The University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Nadia B Hassounah
- The University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Frank W Li
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Ray Nagle
- The University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA ; Department of Pathology, University of Arizona Medical Center, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Karen Weihs
- The University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA ; Department of Psychiatry, University of Arizona Medical Center, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Kimberly M McDermott
- The University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA ; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA ; Bio5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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Liu B, Chen S, Johnson C, Helms JA. A ciliopathy with hydrocephalus, isolated craniosynostosis, hypertelorism, and clefting caused by deletion of Kif3a. Reprod Toxicol 2014; 48:88-97. [PMID: 24887031 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2014.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2014] [Revised: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Malformations of the facial midline are a consistent feature among individuals with defects in primary cilia. Here, we provide a framework in which to consider how these primary cilia-dependent facial anomalies occur. We generated mice in which the intraflagellar transport protein Kif3a was deleted in cranial neural crest cells. The Kif3a phenotypes included isolated metopic craniosynostosis, delayed closure of the anterior fontanelles, and hydrocephalus, as well as midline facial anomalies including hypertelorism, cleft palate, and bifid nasal septum. Although all cranial neural crest cells had truncated primary cilia as a result of the conditional deletion, only those in the midline showed evidence of hyper-proliferation and ectopic Wnt responsiveness. Thus, cranial neural crest cells do not rely on primary cilia for their migration but once established in the facial prominences, midline cranial neural crest cells require Kif3a function in order to integrate and respond to Wnt signals from the surrounding epithelia.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Liu
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - S Chen
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - C Johnson
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, United States; College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States
| | - J A Helms
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, United States.
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Ferent J, Traiffort E. Hedgehog: Multiple Paths for Multiple Roles in Shaping the Brain and Spinal Cord. Neuroscientist 2014; 21:356-71. [PMID: 24743306 DOI: 10.1177/1073858414531457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of the segment polarity gene Hedgehog in Drosophila three decades ago, our knowledge of Hedgehog signaling pathway has considerably improved and paved the way to a wide field of investigations in the developing and adult central nervous system. Its peculiar transduction mechanism together with its implication in tissue patterning, neural stem cell biology, and neural tissue homeostasis make Hedgehog pathway of interest in a high number of normal or pathological contexts. Consistent with its role during brain development, misregulation of Hedgehog signaling is associated with congenital diseases and tumorigenic processes while its recruitment in damaged neural tissue may be part of the repairing process. This review focuses on the most recent data regarding the Hedgehog pathway in the developing and adult central nervous system and also its relevance as a therapeutic target in brain and spinal cord diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Ferent
- IRCM, Molecular Biology of Neural Development, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Elisabeth Traiffort
- INSERM-Université Paris Sud, Neuroprotection and Neuroregeneration: Small Neuroactive Molecules UMR 788, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
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Sarkisian MR, Siebzehnrubl D, Hoang-Minh L, Deleyrolle L, Silver DJ, Siebzehnrubl FA, Guadiana SM, Srivinasan G, Semple-Rowland S, Harrison JK, Steindler DA, Reynolds BA. Detection of primary cilia in human glioblastoma. J Neurooncol 2014; 117:15-24. [PMID: 24510433 PMCID: PMC4433742 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-013-1340-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common malignant adult brain tumor and carries a poor prognosis due to primary and acquired resistance. While many cellular features of GBM have been documented, it is unclear if cells within these tumors extend a primary cilium, an organelle whose associated signaling pathways may regulate proliferation, migration, and survival of neural precursor and tumor cells. Using immunohistochemical and electron microscopy (EM) techniques, we screened human GBM tumor biopsies and primary cell lines for cilia. Immunocytochemical staining of five primary GBM cell lines revealed that between 8 and 25 % of the cells in each line possessed gamma tubulin-positive basal bodies from which extended acetylated, alpha-tubulin-positive axonemes. EM analyses confirmed the presence of cilia at the cell surface and revealed that their axonemes contained organized networks of microtubules, a structural feature consistent with our detection of IFT88 and Arl13b, two trafficked cilia proteins, along the lengths of the axonemes. Notably, cilia were detected in each of 23 tumor biopsies (22 primary and 1 recurrent) examined. These cilia were distributed across the tumor landscape including regions proximal to the vasculature and within necrotic areas. Moreover, ciliated cells within these tumors co-stained with Ki67, a marker for actively dividing cells, and ZEB1, a transcription factor that is upregulated in GBM and linked to tumor initiation, invasion, and chemoresistance. Collectively, our data show that subpopulations of cells within human GBM tumors are ciliated. In view of mounting evidence supporting roles of primary cilia in tumor initiation and propagation, it is likely that further study of the effects of cilia on GBM tumor cell function will improve our understanding of GBM pathogenesis and may provide new directions for GBM treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Sarkisian
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA,
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