1
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Cockrell C, Axelrod DE. Combination Chemotherapy of Multidrug-resistant Early-stage Colon Cancer: Determining Optimal Dose Schedules by High-performance Computer Simulation. CANCER RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS 2023; 3:21-30. [PMID: 36685168 PMCID: PMC9851383 DOI: 10.1158/2767-9764.crc-22-0271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this project was to utilize mechanistic simulation to demonstrate a methodology that could determine drug combination dose schedules and dose intensities that would be most effective in eliminating multidrug resistant cancer cells in early-stage colon cancer. An agent-based model of cell dynamics in human colon crypts was calibrated using measurements of human biopsy specimens. Mutant cancer cells were simulated as cells that were resistant to each of two drugs when the drugs were used separately. The drugs, 5-flurouracil and sulindac, have different mechanisms of action. An artificial neural network was used to generate nearly two hundred thousand two-drug dose schedules. A high-performance computer simulated each dose schedule as a in silico clinical trial and evaluated each dose schedule for its efficiency to cure (eliminate) multidrug resistant cancer cells and its toxicity to the host, as indicated by continued crypt function. Among the dose schedules that were generated, 2430 dose schedules were found to cure all multidrug resistant mutants in each of the 50 simulated trials and retained colon crypt function. One dose schedule was optimal; it eliminated multidrug resistant cancer cells with the minimum toxicity and had a time schedule that would be practical for implementation in the clinic. These results demonstrate a procedure to identify which combination drug dose schedules could be most effective in eliminating drug resistant cancer cells. This was accomplished using a calibrated agent-based model of a human tissue, and a high-performance computer simulation of clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chase Cockrell
- Department of Surgery, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont
| | - David E. Axelrod
- Department of Genetics, and Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
- Corresponding Author: David E. Axelrod, Rutgers University, Nelson Biolabs, 604 Allison Rd, Piscataway, NJ 08854-8082. Phone: 848-445-2011; E-mail:
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2
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Wang Y, Boland CR, Goel A, Wodarz D, Komarova NL. Aspirin's effect on kinetic parameters of cells contributes to its role in reducing incidence of advanced colorectal adenomas, shown by a multiscale computational study. eLife 2022; 11:71953. [PMID: 35416770 PMCID: PMC9007589 DOI: 10.7554/elife.71953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspirin intake has been shown to lead to significant protection against colorectal cancer, for example with an up to twofold reduction in colorectal adenoma incidence rates at higher doses. The mechanisms contributing to protection are not yet fully understood. While aspirin is an anti-inflammatory drug and can thus influence the tumor microenvironment, in vitro and in vivo experiments have recently shown that aspirin can also have a direct effect on cellular kinetics and fitness. It reduces the rate of tumor cell division and increases the rate of cell death. The question arises whether such changes in cellular fitness are sufficient to significantly contribute to the epidemiologically observed protection. To investigate this, we constructed a class of mathematical models of in vivo evolution of advanced adenomas, parameterized it with available estimates, and calculated population level incidence. Fitting the predictions to age incidence data revealed that only a model that included colonic crypt competition can account for the observed age-incidence curve. This model was then used to predict modified incidence patterns if cellular kinetics were altered as a result of aspirin treatment. We found that changes in cellular fitness that were within the experimentally observed ranges could reduce advanced adenoma incidence by a sufficient amount to account for age incidence data in aspirin-treated patient cohorts. While the mechanisms that contribute to the protective effect of aspirin are likely complex and multi-factorial, our study demonstrates that direct aspirin-induced changes of tumor cell fitness can significantly contribute to epidemiologically observed reduced incidence patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Wang
- Department of Mathematics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, United States
| | - C Richard Boland
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, United States
| | - Ajay Goel
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics and Experimental Therapeutics, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, United States
| | - Dominik Wodarz
- Department of Mathematics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, United States.,Department of Population Health and Disease Prevention, University of California Irvine, Irvine, United States
| | - Natalia L Komarova
- Department of Mathematics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, United States
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3
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Leystra AA, Gilsdorf BJ, Wisinger AM, Warda ER, Wiegand S, Zahm CD, Matkowskyj KA, Deming DA, Khan N, Rosemarie Q, Sievers CK, Schwartz AR, Albrecht DM, Clipson L, Mukhtar H, Newton MA, Halberg RB. Multi-ancestral origin of intestinal tumors: Impact on growth, progression, and drug efficacy. Cancer Rep (Hoboken) 2021; 5:e1459. [PMID: 34245130 PMCID: PMC8842699 DOI: 10.1002/cnr2.1459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Data are steadily accruing that demonstrate that intestinal tumors are frequently derived from multiple founding cells, resulting in tumors comprised of distinct ancestral clones that might cooperate or alternatively compete, thereby potentially impacting different phases of the disease process. Aim We sought to determine whether tumors with a multi‐ancestral architecture involving at least two distinct clones show increased tumor number, growth, progression, or resistance to drug intervention. Methods Mice carrying the Min allele of Apc were generated that were mosaic with only a subset of cells in the intestinal epithelium expressing an activated form of PI3K, a key regulatory kinase affecting several important cellular processes. These cells were identifiable as they fluoresced green, whereas all other cells fluoresced red. Results Cell lineage tracing revealed that many intestinal tumors from our mouse model were derived from at least two founding cells, those expressing the activated PI3K (green) and those which did not (red). Heterotypic tumors with a multi‐ancestral architecture as evidenced by a mixture of green and red cells exhibited increased tumor growth and invasiveness. Clonal architecture also had an impact on tumor response to low‐dose aspirin. Aspirin treatment resulted in a greater reduction of heterotypic tumors derived from multiple founding cells as compared to tumors derived from a single founding cell. Conclusion These data indicate that genetically distinct tumor‐founding cells can contribute to early intratumoral heterogeneity. The coevolution of the founding cells and their progeny enhances colon tumor progression and impacts the response to aspirin. These findings are important to a more complete understanding of tumorigenesis with consequences for several distinct models of tumor evolution. They also have practical implications to the clinic. Mouse models with heterogenous tumors are likely better for predicting drug efficacy as compared to models in which the tumors are highly homogeneous. Moreover, understanding how interactions among different populations in a single heterotypic tumor with a multi‐ancestral architecture impact response to a single agent and combination therapies are necessary to fully develop personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa A Leystra
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Brock J Gilsdorf
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Amanda M Wisinger
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Elise R Warda
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Shanna Wiegand
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Christopher D Zahm
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Kristina A Matkowskyj
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.,University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Dustin A Deming
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.,Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Naghma Khan
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.,Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Quincy Rosemarie
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Chelsie K Sievers
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Alexander R Schwartz
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Dawn M Albrecht
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Linda Clipson
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Hasan Mukhtar
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.,Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Michael A Newton
- Department of Statistics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.,Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Richard B Halberg
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.,University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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4
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Sphyris N, Hodder MC, Sansom OJ. Subversion of Niche-Signalling Pathways in Colorectal Cancer: What Makes and Breaks the Intestinal Stem Cell. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:1000. [PMID: 33673710 PMCID: PMC7957493 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13051000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium fulfils pleiotropic functions in nutrient uptake, waste elimination, and immune surveillance while also forming a barrier against luminal toxins and gut-resident microbiota. Incessantly barraged by extraneous stresses, the intestine must continuously replenish its epithelial lining and regenerate the full gamut of specialized cell types that underpin its functions. Homeostatic remodelling is orchestrated by the intestinal stem cell (ISC) niche: a convergence of epithelial- and stromal-derived cues, which maintains ISCs in a multipotent state. Following demise of homeostatic ISCs post injury, plasticity is pervasive among multiple populations of reserve stem-like cells, lineage-committed progenitors, and/or fully differentiated cell types, all of which can contribute to regeneration and repair. Failure to restore the epithelial barrier risks seepage of toxic luminal contents, resulting in inflammation and likely predisposing to tumour formation. Here, we explore how homeostatic niche-signalling pathways are subverted in tumorigenesis, enabling ISCs to gain autonomy from niche restraints ("ISC emancipation") and transform into cancer stem cells capable of driving tumour initiation, progression, and therapy resistance. We further consider the implications of the pervasive plasticity of the intestinal epithelium for the trajectory of colorectal cancer, the emergence of distinct molecular subtypes, the propensity to metastasize, and the development of effective therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Sphyris
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK; (N.S.); (M.C.H.)
| | - Michael C. Hodder
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK; (N.S.); (M.C.H.)
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Owen J. Sansom
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK; (N.S.); (M.C.H.)
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
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5
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Kay JE, Mirabal S, Briley WE, Kimoto T, Poutahidis T, Ragan T, So PT, Wadduwage DN, Erdman SE, Engelward BP. Analysis of mutations in tumor and normal adjacent tissue via fluorescence detection. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2021; 62:108-123. [PMID: 33314311 PMCID: PMC7880898 DOI: 10.1002/em.22419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation is a major risk factor for many types of cancer, including colorectal. There are two fundamentally different mechanisms by which inflammation can contribute to carcinogenesis. First, reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) can damage DNA to cause mutations that initiate cancer. Second, inflammatory cytokines and chemokines promote proliferation, migration, and invasion. Although it is known that inflammation-associated RONS can be mutagenic, the extent to which they induce mutations in intestinal stem cells has been little explored. Furthermore, it is now widely accepted that cancer is caused by successive rounds of clonal expansion with associated de novo mutations that further promote tumor development. As such, we aimed to understand the extent to which inflammation promotes clonal expansion in normal and tumor tissue. Using an engineered mouse model that is prone to cancer and within which mutant cells fluoresce, here we have explored the impact of inflammation on de novo mutagenesis and clonal expansion in normal and tumor tissue. While inflammation is strongly associated with susceptibility to cancer and a concomitant increase in the overall proportion of mutant cells in the tissue, we did not observe an increase in mutations in normal adjacent tissue. These results are consistent with opportunities for de novo mutations and clonal expansion during tumor growth, and they suggest protective mechanisms that suppress the risk of inflammation-induced accumulation of mutant cells in normal tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer E. Kay
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
| | - Sheyla Mirabal
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
| | | | - Takafumi Kimoto
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
| | - Theofilos Poutahidis
- Laboratory of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - Peter T. So
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
| | - Dushan N. Wadduwage
- The John Harvard Distinguished Science Fellows Program, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA
- Center for Advanced Imaging, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Susan E. Erdman
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
| | - Bevin P. Engelward
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
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6
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Cockrell C, Teague J, Axelrod DE. Prevention of Colon Cancer Recurrence From Minimal Residual Disease: Computer Optimized Dose Schedules of Intermittent Apoptotic Adjuvant Therapy. JCO Clin Cancer Inform 2020; 4:514-520. [PMID: 32510974 DOI: 10.1200/cci.20.00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Adjuvant chemotherapy is used after surgery for stages II and III colorectal cancer to reduce recurrence. Nevertheless, recurrence may occur years later with the emergence of initially undetected minimal residual disease (MRD). Attempts to reduce recurrence by increasing the dose intensity and increasing the time of adjuvant therapy have been limited by the adverse effects of the recommended cytotoxic agents. The goals of this study were to suggest an alternative to the recommended cytotoxic agents and to determine optimal adjuvant therapy dose schedules that would reduce the percentage of recurrence at 5 years while retaining colon crypt function. METHODS A total of 84,400 dose schedules with different duration, interval between doses, and intensity of treatment were simulated with a high-performance computer. Simulated treatments used the drug sulindac, which had previously been used in primary prevention. With appropriate dose schedules, it can induce apoptosis at the crypt lumen surface while retaining crypt function. We used a computer model of cell dynamics in colon crypts that had been calibrated with measurements of human biopsy specimens. Proliferating mutant cells were assumed to emerge from MRD within crypts. Simulated outcomes included the recurrence percentage at 5 years and the retention of crypt function. RESULTS Optimal dose schedules were determined for adjuvant treatment of MRD that reduced the percentage of recurrence at 5 years of stages I, II, and III colon cancer to zero. CONCLUSION A new adjuvant therapy for colon cancer based upon optimum dose schedules of intermittent apoptotic treatment may prevent the recurrence of colon cancer from MRD and avoid the adverse effects of cytotoxic treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chase Cockrell
- Department of Surgery, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT
| | - Joseph Teague
- Department of Surgery, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT
| | - David E Axelrod
- Department of Genetics and Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ
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7
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Singh R, Das S, Datta S, Mazumdar A, Biswas NK, Maitra A, Majumder PP, Ghose S, Roy B. Study of Caspase 8 mutation in oral cancer and adjacent precancer tissues and implication in progression. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233058. [PMID: 32492030 PMCID: PMC7269231 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
It is hypothesized that same driver gene mutations should be present in both oral leukoplakia and cancer tissues. So, we attempted to find out mutations at one of the driver genes, CASP8, in cancer and adjacent leukoplakia tissues. Patients (n = 27), affected by both of cancer and adjacent leukoplakia, were recruited for the study. Blood and tissue DNA samples were used to identify somatic mutations at CASP8 by next generation sequencing method. In total, 56% (15 out of 27) cancer and 30% (8 out of 27) leukoplakia tissues had CASP8 somatic mutations. In 8 patients, both cancer and adjacent leukoplakia tissues, located within 2-5 cm of tumor sites, had identical somatic mutations. But, in 7 patients, cancer samples had somatic mutations but none of the leukoplakia tissues, located beyond 5cm of tumor sites, had somatic mutations. Mutated allele frequencies at CASP8 were found to be more in cancer compared to adjacent leukoplakia tissues. This study provides mutational evidence that oral cancer might have progressed from previously grown leukoplakia lesion. Leukoplakia tissues, located beyond 5cm of cancer sites, were free from mutation. The study implies that CASP8 mutation could be one of the signatures for some of the leukoplakia to progress to oral cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richa Singh
- Human Genetics Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata, India
| | - Shreya Das
- Dr. R. Ahmed Dental College and Hospital, Kolkata, India
| | - Sila Datta
- Dr. R. Ahmed Dental College and Hospital, Kolkata, India
| | | | - Nidhan K. Biswas
- National Institute of Biomedical Genomics, Kalyani, West Bengal, India
| | - Arindam Maitra
- National Institute of Biomedical Genomics, Kalyani, West Bengal, India
| | | | - Sandip Ghose
- Dr. R. Ahmed Dental College and Hospital, Kolkata, India
- * E-mail: (BR); (SG)
| | - Bidyut Roy
- Human Genetics Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata, India
- * E-mail: (BR); (SG)
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8
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Boone PG, Rochelle LK, Ginzel JD, Lubkov V, Roberts WL, Nicholls PJ, Bock C, Flowers ML, von Furstenberg RJ, Stripp BR, Agarwal P, Borowsky AD, Cardiff RD, Barak LS, Caron MG, Lyerly HK, Snyder JC. A cancer rainbow mouse for visualizing the functional genomics of oncogenic clonal expansion. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5490. [PMID: 31792216 PMCID: PMC6889384 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13330-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Field cancerization is a premalignant process marked by clones of oncogenic mutations spreading through the epithelium. The timescales of intestinal field cancerization can be variable and the mechanisms driving the rapid spread of oncogenic clones are unknown. Here we use a Cancer rainbow (Crainbow) modelling system for fluorescently barcoding somatic mutations and directly visualizing the clonal expansion and spread of oncogenes. Crainbow shows that mutations of ß-catenin (Ctnnb1) within the intestinal stem cell results in widespread expansion of oncogenes during perinatal development but not in adults. In contrast, mutations that extrinsically disrupt the stem cell microenvironment can spread in adult intestine without delay. We observe the rapid spread of premalignant clones in Crainbow mice expressing oncogenic Rspondin-3 (RSPO3), which occurs by increasing crypt fission and inhibiting crypt fixation. Crainbow modelling provides insight into how somatic mutations rapidly spread and a plausible mechanism for predetermining the intratumor heterogeneity found in colon cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter G Boone
- Division of Surgical Sciences, Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Lauren K Rochelle
- Division of Surgical Sciences, Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Joshua D Ginzel
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Veronica Lubkov
- Division of Surgical Sciences, Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Wendy L Roberts
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - P J Nicholls
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Cheryl Bock
- Transgenic Mouse Facility, Duke Cancer Institute, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Mei Lang Flowers
- Transgenic Mouse Facility, Duke Cancer Institute, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Richard J von Furstenberg
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Barry R Stripp
- Department of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Pankaj Agarwal
- Division of Surgical Sciences, Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Alexander D Borowsky
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and The Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Robert D Cardiff
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and The Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Larry S Barak
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Marc G Caron
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - H Kim Lyerly
- Division of Surgical Sciences, Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Joshua C Snyder
- Division of Surgical Sciences, Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
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9
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Khan N, Jajeh F, Eberhardt EL, Miller DD, Albrecht DM, Van Doorn R, Hruby MD, Maresh ME, Clipson L, Mukhtar H, Halberg RB. Fisetin and 5-fluorouracil: Effective combination for PIK3CA-mutant colorectal cancer. Int J Cancer 2019; 145:3022-3032. [PMID: 31018249 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.32367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The normal colon epithelium is transformed into its neoplastic counterpart through a series of genetic alterations in driver genes including activating mutations in PIK3CA. Treatment often involves surgery followed by 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) based therapy, which has limited efficiency and serious side effects. We sought to determine whether fisetin, a dietary flavonoid, alone or in combination with 5-FU affected tumorigenesis in the mammalian intestine. We first determined the effect of fisetin, 5-FU or their combination on PIK3CA-mutant and PIK3CA wild-type colon cancer cells by assessing cell viability, colony formation, apoptosis and effects on PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling. Treatment of PIK3CA-mutant cells with fisetin and 5-FU reduced the expression of PI3K, phosphorylation of AKT, mTOR, its target proteins, constituents of mTOR signaling complex and this treatment increased the phosphorylation of AMPKα. We then determined whether fisetin and 5-FU together or singly affected tumorigenesis in ApcMin/+ mice that also express constitutively active PI3K in the distal small intestine and colon. Tumor incidence was markedly lower in fisetin-treated FC1 3K1 ApcMin/+ mice that also express constitutively active PI3K in distal small intestine and colon, as compared to control animals, indicating that fisetin is a strong preventive agent. In addition, the combination of fisetin and 5-FU also reduced the total number of intestinal tumors. Fisetin could be used as a preventive agent plus an adjuvant with 5-FU for the treatment of PIK3CA-mutant colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naghma Khan
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI.,University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, WI
| | - Farah Jajeh
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Emily L Eberhardt
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Devon D Miller
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Dawn M Albrecht
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Rachel Van Doorn
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Melissa D Hruby
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Morgan E Maresh
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Linda Clipson
- Department of Oncology, McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Hasan Mukhtar
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI.,University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, WI
| | - Richard B Halberg
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, WI.,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI.,Department of Oncology, McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
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10
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Miller TJ, Mccoy MJ, Hemmings C, Iacopetta B, Platell CF. Expression of PD-L1 and SOX2 during rectal tumourigenesis: Potential mechanisms for immune escape and tumour cell invasion. Oncol Lett 2018; 16:5761-5768. [PMID: 30405752 PMCID: PMC6202476 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.9337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunoediting is defined as a process whereby tumour cells develop the capacity to escape immune cell recognition. Accumulating evidence suggests that cancer stem-like cells (CSCs) have an enhanced capacity to interact with the immune system. The expression of CSCs and immune cell-associated markers has been demonstrated to change with disease progression from premalignant lesions to invasive cancer. The present study investigated the expression of putative CSC and immune cell-associated markers in different stages of progression from dysplasia to invasive malignancy in rectal lesions. Immunohistochemistry was performed for the CSC markers Lgr5 and SOX2 and the immune-associated markers CD8, Foxp3 and PD-L1 in 79 cases of endoscopically-excised rectal lesions, ranging from low grade adenoma (LG) to invasive adenocarcinoma (AdCa). CD8 and Foxp3 expression significantly increased with advances in disease progression [AdCa vs. LG: Odds ratio (OR) 4.33; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.16–16.3; P=0.03 and OR, 40.5; 95% CI, 6.57–249.6; P<0.0001, respectively]. An increase in programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression was also observed with disease progression (OR, 24.0; 95% CI, 4.23–136.2; P=0.0003). The expression of sex determining region Y-box 2 (SOX2) did not correlate with disease progression, although an elevated expression was observed in areas with high grade dysplasia. Increased PD-L1 expression may be a mechanism by which tumour cells evade immune recognition, facilitating tumour cell invasion in rectal cancer. The expression of SOX2 in areas with high grade dysplasia may indicate the de-differentiation of tumour cells, or the activation of migration pathways for invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim J Miller
- Medical School, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia.,Colorectal Research Unit, St John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, WA 6904, Australia
| | - Melanie J Mccoy
- Colorectal Research Unit, St John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, WA 6904, Australia.,School of Biomedical Science, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Christine Hemmings
- Medical School, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia.,Department of Anatomic Pathology, Canterbury Health Laboratories, Christchurch 8011, New Zealand
| | - Barry Iacopetta
- School of Biomedical Science, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Cameron F Platell
- Medical School, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia.,Colorectal Research Unit, St John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, WA 6904, Australia
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11
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Parsons BL. Multiclonal tumor origin: Evidence and implications. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2018; 777:1-18. [PMID: 30115427 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2018.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
An accurate understanding of the clonal origins of tumors is critical for designing effective strategies to treat or prevent cancer and for guiding the field of cancer risk assessment. The intent of this review is to summarize evidence of multiclonal tumor origin and, thereby, contest the commonly held assumption of monoclonal tumor origin. This review describes relevant studies of X chromosome inactivation, analyses of tumor heterogeneity using other markers, single cell sequencing, and lineage tracing studies in aggregation chimeras and engineered rodent models. Methods for investigating tumor clonality have an inherent bias against detecting multiclonality. Despite this, multiclonality has been observed within all tumor stages and within 53 different types of tumors. For myeloid tumors, monoclonal tumor origin may be the predominant path to cancer and a monoclonal tumor origin cannot be ruled out for a fraction of other cancer types. Nevertheless, a large body of evidence supports the conclusion that most cancers are multiclonal in origin. Cooperation between different cell types and between clones of cells carrying different genetic and/or epigenetic lesions is discussed, along with how polyclonal tumor origin can be integrated with current perspectives on the genesis of tumors. In order to develop biologically sound and useful approaches to cancer risk assessment and precision medicine, mathematical models of carcinogenesis are needed, which incorporate multiclonal tumor origin and the contributions of spontaneous mutations in conjunction with the selective advantages conferred by particular mutations and combinations of mutations. Adherence to the idea that a growth must develop from a single progenitor cell to be considered neoplastic has outlived its usefulness. Moving forward, explicit examination of tumor clonality, using advanced tools, like lineage tracing models, will provide a strong foundation for future advances in clinical oncology and better training for the next generation of oncologists and pathologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara L Parsons
- US Food and Drug Administration, National Center for Toxicological Research, Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, 3900 NCTR Rd., Jefferson, AR 72079, United States.
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12
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Raffort J, Lareyre F, Massalou D, Fénichel P, Panaïa-Ferrari P, Chinetti G. Insights on glicentin, a promising peptide of the proglucagon family. Biochem Med (Zagreb) 2017; 27:308-324. [PMID: 28736498 PMCID: PMC5508206 DOI: 10.11613/bm.2017.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Glicentin is a proglucagon-derived peptide mainly produced in the L-intestinal cells. While the roles of other members of the proglucagon family including glucagon-like peptide 1, glucagon-like peptide 2 and oxyntomodulin has been well studied, the functions and variation of glicentin in human are not fully understood. Experimental and clinical studies have highlighted its role in both intestinal physiology and glucose metabolism, pointing to its potential interest in a wide range of pathological states including gastrointestinal and metabolic disorders. Due to its structure presenting many similarities with the other proglucagon-derived peptides, its measurement is technically challenging. The recent commercialization of specific detection methods has offered new opportunities to go further in the understanding of glicentin physiology. Here we summarize the current knowledge on glicentin biogenesis and physiological roles. In the limelight of clinical studies investigating glicentin variation in human, we discuss future directions for potential applications in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliette Raffort
- Clinical Chemistry Laboratory, University Hospital of Nice, Nice, France.,Université Côte d'Azur, Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging, Nice, France
| | - Fabien Lareyre
- Université Côte d'Azur, Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging, Nice, France.,Department of Vascular Surgery, University Hospital of Nice, Nice, France
| | - Damien Massalou
- Department of General Surgery and Digestive Cancerology, University Hospital of Nice, Nice, France
| | - Patrick Fénichel
- Department of Endocrinology, University Hospital of Nice, Nice, France
| | - Patricia Panaïa-Ferrari
- Clinical Chemistry Laboratory, University Hospital of Nice, Nice, France.,Université Côte d'Azur, Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging, Nice, France
| | - Giulia Chinetti
- Clinical Chemistry Laboratory, University Hospital of Nice, Nice, France.,Université Côte d'Azur, Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging, Nice, France
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13
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Sievers CK, Grady WM, Halberg RB, Pickhardt PJ. New insights into the earliest stages of colorectal tumorigenesis. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 11:723-729. [PMID: 28503955 PMCID: PMC5859121 DOI: 10.1080/17474124.2017.1330150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Tumors in the large intestine have been postulated to arise via a stepwise accumulation of mutations, a process that takes up to 20 years. Recent advances in lineage tracing and DNA sequencing, however, are revealing new evolutionary models that better explain the vast amount of heterogeneity observed within and across colorectal tumors. Areas covered: A review of the literature supporting a novel model of colorectal tumor evolution was conducted. The following commentary examines the basic science and clinical evidence supporting a modified view of tumor initiation and progression in the colon. Expert commentary: The proposed 'cancer punctuated equilibrium' model of tumor evolution better explains the variability seen within and across polyps of the colon and rectum. Small colorectal polyps (6-9mm) followed longitudinally by interval imaging with CT colonography have been reported to have multiple fates: some growing, some remaining static in size, and others regressing in size over time. This new model allows for this variability in growth behavior and supports the hypothesis that some tumors can be 'born to be bad' as originally postulated by Sottoriva and colleagues, with very early molecular events impacting tumor fitness and growth behavior in the later stages of the disease process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsie K. Sievers
- Department of Oncology, McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - William M. Grady
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA; Department of Medicine, University of Washington Medical School, Seattle, WA
| | - Richard B. Halberg
- Department of Oncology, McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA,Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Perry J. Pickhardt
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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14
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Sakita JY, Gasparotto B, Garcia SB, Uyemura SA, Kannen V. A critical discussion on diet, genomic mutations and repair mechanisms in colon carcinogenesis. Toxicol Lett 2017; 265:106-116. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2016.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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15
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Single cell lineage tracing reveals a role for TgfβR2 in intestinal stem cell dynamics and differentiation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:12192-12197. [PMID: 27791005 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1611980113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal stem cells (ISCs) are maintained by a niche mechanism, in which multiple ISCs undergo differential fates where a single ISC clone ultimately occupies the niche. Importantly, mutations continually accumulate within ISCs creating a potential competitive niche environment. Here we use single cell lineage tracing following stochastic transforming growth factor β receptor 2 (TgfβR2) mutation to show cell autonomous effects of TgfβR2 loss on ISC clonal dynamics and differentiation. Specifically, TgfβR2 mutation in ISCs increased clone survival while lengthening times to monoclonality, suggesting that Tgfβ signaling controls both ISC clone extinction and expansion, independent of proliferation. In addition, TgfβR2 loss in vivo reduced crypt fission, irradiation-induced crypt regeneration, and differentiation toward Paneth cells. Finally, altered Tgfβ signaling in cultured mouse and human enteroids supports further the in vivo data and reveals a critical role for Tgfβ signaling in generating precursor secretory cells. Overall, our data reveal a key role for Tgfβ signaling in regulating ISCs clonal dynamics and differentiation, with implications for cancer, tissue regeneration, and inflammation.
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16
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Hanley MP, Kadaveru K, Perret C, Giardina C, Rosenberg DW. Dietary Methyl Donor Depletion Suppresses Intestinal Adenoma Development. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2016; 9:812-820. [PMID: 27530130 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-16-0042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The role of folate one-carbon metabolism in colorectal cancer development is controversial, with nutritional intervention studies producing conflicting results. It has been reported that ApcMin/+ mice maintained on a diet deficient in the methyl donors folic acid, methionine, choline, and vitamin B12, and supplemented with homocysteine, show a greater than 95% reduction in intestinal tumor development. The present study extends these findings and shows that tumor protection afforded by dietary methyl donor deficiency (MDD) is long-lasting. After 11 weeks of MDD, tumor protection persisted for at least an additional 7 weeks of methyl donor repletion (22.2 ± 3.5 vs. 70.2 ± 4.6 tumors per mouse; P < 0.01). Sustained tumor protection was associated with a reduction in intestinal crypt length (26%, P < 0.01), crypt cell division and crypt fission, and an increase in apoptosis of both normal crypts and tumors (4.9- and 3.2-fold, respectively, P < 0.01). MDD also caused a significant reduction in the number of Dclk1-positive cells in the intestine (62%, P < 0.01), a long-lived crypt cell with cancer stem cell potential. Several undesirable effects associated with methyl donor restriction (e.g., reduced body weight gain) were shown to be transient and readily reversible following methyl donor repletion. Taken together, these results indicate that even temporary dietary methyl donor restriction in adenoma-prone mice can induce persistent changes to the intestinal epithelium and provide long-lasting tumor protection. These data also suggest that transient reductions in dietary methyl donor consumption should be considered when studying the impact of folate on colon cancer risk in humans. Cancer Prev Res; 9(10); 812-20. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew P Hanley
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Neag Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut
| | | | - Christine Perret
- Institut Cochin de Génétique Moléculaire INSERM U129, Paris, France
| | - Charles Giardina
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - Daniel W Rosenberg
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Neag Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut.
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17
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Sievers CK, Leystra AA, Clipson L, Dove WF, Halberg RB. Understanding Intratumoral Heterogeneity: Lessons from the Analysis of At-Risk Tissue and Premalignant Lesions in the Colon. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2016; 9:638-41. [PMID: 27199343 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-16-0096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Advances in DNA sequencing have created new opportunities to better understand the biology of cancers. Attention is currently focused on precision medicine: does a cancer carry a mutation that is targetable with already available drugs? But, the timing at which multiple, targetable mutations arise during the adenoma to carcinoma sequence remains unresolved. Borras and colleagues identified mutations and allelic imbalance in at-risk mucosa and early polyps in the human colon. Their analyses indicate that mutations in key genes can arise quite early during tumorigenesis and that polyps are often multiclonal with at least two clones. These results are consistent with the "Big Bang" model of tumorigenesis, which postulates that intratumoral heterogeneity is a consequence of a mutational burst in the first few cell divisions following initiation that drives divergence from a single founder with unique but related clones coevolving. Emerging questions center around the ancestry of the tumor and impact of early intratumoral heterogeneity on tumor establishment, growth, progression, and most importantly, response to therapeutic intervention. Additional sequencing studies in which samples, especially at-risk tissue and premalignant neoplasms, are analyzed from animal models and humans will further our understanding of tumorigenesis and lead to more effective strategies for prevention and treatment. Cancer Prev Res; 9(8); 638-41. ©2016 AACRSee related article by Borras, et al., Cancer Prev Res 2016;9(6):417-427.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsie K Sievers
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin. Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Alyssa A Leystra
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin. Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Linda Clipson
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - William F Dove
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin. Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Richard B Halberg
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin. Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin. University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, Wisconsin.
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18
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Zahm CD, Szulczewski JM, Leystra AA, Paul Olson TJ, Clipson L, Albrecht DM, Middlebrooks M, Thliveris AT, Matkowskyj KA, Washington MK, Newton MA, Eliceiri KW, Halberg RB. Advanced Intestinal Cancers often Maintain a Multi-Ancestral Architecture. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0150170. [PMID: 26919712 PMCID: PMC4769224 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A widely accepted paradigm in the field of cancer biology is that solid tumors are uni-ancestral being derived from a single founder and its descendants. However, data have been steadily accruing that indicate early tumors in mice and humans can have a multi-ancestral origin in which an initiated primogenitor facilitates the transformation of neighboring co-genitors. We developed a new mouse model that permits the determination of clonal architecture of intestinal tumors in vivo and ex vivo, have validated this model, and then used it to assess the clonal architecture of adenomas, intramucosal carcinomas, and invasive adenocarcinomas of the intestine. The percentage of multi-ancestral tumors did not significantly change as tumors progressed from adenomas with low-grade dysplasia [40/65 (62%)], to adenomas with high-grade dysplasia [21/37 (57%)], to intramucosal carcinomas [10/23 (43%]), to invasive adenocarcinomas [13/19 (68%)], indicating that the clone arising from the primogenitor continues to coexist with clones arising from co-genitors. Moreover, neoplastic cells from distinct clones within a multi-ancestral adenocarcinoma have even been observed to simultaneously invade into the underlying musculature [2/15 (13%)]. Thus, intratumoral heterogeneity arising early in tumor formation persists throughout tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D. Zahm
- Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Joseph M. Szulczewski
- Laboratory for Optical and Computational Instrumentation (LOCI), University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Alyssa A. Leystra
- Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Terrah J. Paul Olson
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Linda Clipson
- Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Dawn M. Albrecht
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Malisa Middlebrooks
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Andrew T. Thliveris
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Kristina A. Matkowskyj
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Mary Kay Washington
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Michael A. Newton
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics and Department of Statistics, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Kevin W. Eliceiri
- Laboratory for Optical and Computational Instrumentation (LOCI), University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Richard B. Halberg
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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19
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An intact Pms2 ATPase domain is not essential for male fertility. DNA Repair (Amst) 2015; 39:46-51. [PMID: 26753533 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2015.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The DNA mismatch repair (MMR) machinery in mammals plays critical roles in both mutation avoidance and spermatogenesis. Meiotic analysis of knockout mice of two different MMR genes, Mlh1 and Mlh3, revealed both male and female infertility associated with a defect in meiotic crossing over. In contrast, another MMR gene knockout, Pms2 (Pms2(ko/ko)), which contained a deletion of a portion of the ATPase domain, produced animals that were male sterile but female fertile. However, the meiotic phenotype of Pms2(ko/ko) males was less clear-cut than for Mlh1- or Mlh3-deficient meiosis. More recently, we generated a different Pms2 mutant allele (Pms2(cre)), which results in deletion of the same portion of the ATPase domain. Surprisingly, Pms2(cre/cre) male mice were completely fertile, suggesting that the ATPase domain of Pms2 is not required for male fertility. To explore the difference in male fertility, we examined the Pms2 RNA and found that alternative splicing of the Pms2(cre) allele results in a predicted Pms2 containing the C-terminus, which contains the Mlh1-interaction domain, a possible candidate for stabilizing Mlh1 levels. To study further the basis of male fertility, we examined Mlh1 levels in testes and found that whereas Pms2 loss in Pms2(ko/ko) mice results in severely reduced levels of Mlh1 expression in the testes, Mlh1 levels in Pms2(cre/cre) testes were reduced to a lesser extent. Thus, we propose that a primary function of Pms2 during spermatogenesis is to stabilize Mlh1 levels prior to its critical crossing over function with Mlh3.
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20
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Hou X, Du Y, Deng Y, Wu J, Cao G. Sleeping Beauty transposon system for genetic etiological research and gene therapy of cancers. Cancer Biol Ther 2015; 16:8-16. [PMID: 25455252 DOI: 10.4161/15384047.2014.986944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Carcinogenesis is etiologically associated with somatic mutations of critical genes. Recently, a number of somatic mutations and key molecules have been found to be involved in functional networks affecting cancer progression. Suitable animal models are required to validate cancer-promoting or -inhibiting capacities of these mutants and molecules. Sleeping Beauty transposon system consists of a transposon that carries gene(s) of interest and a transposase that recognizes, excises, and reinserts genes in given location of the genome. It can create both gain-of-function and loss-of-function mutations, thus being frequently chosen to investigate the etiological mechanisms and gene therapy for cancers in animal models. In this review, we summarized current advances of Sleeping Beauty transposon system in revealing molecular mechanism of cancers and improving gene therapy. Understanding molecular mechanisms by which driver mutations contribute to carcinogenesis and metastasis may pave the way for the development of innovative prophylactic and therapeutic strategies against malignant diseases.
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Key Words
- 7, 12-dimethylbenzanthracene/12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate
- Alb-Cre, Albumin promoter-Cre
- CAG promoter, CMV enhancer/chicken β-actin promoter
- CAR, chimeric antigen receptor
- CIS, common insertion site
- CMV, chimeric cytomegalovirus
- CRC, colorectal cancer
- Cre, cyclization recombination enzyme
- DDE, Asp, Asp, Glu
- DMBA/TPA
- DR, direct orientation
- Fah, fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase gene
- GWAS, gnome wide analysis study
- HBV, Hepatitis B Virus
- HBx, HBV X protein
- HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma
- IRs, inverted repeat sequences
- LsL, loxP-stop-loxP
- MPNSTs, malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor
- MSCV, murine stem cell virus
- PAI, Pro, Ala, Ile
- PBMCs, peripheral blood mononuclear cells
- RED, Arg, Glu, Asp
- RosaSBaseLsL, Cre-inducible SBase allele
- Rtl1, Retrotransposon-like 1
- SB, Sleeping Beauty
- SBase, Sleeping Beauty transposase
- Sleeping Beauty transposon system
- StatinAE, angiostatin-endostatin fusion gene
- Trp53, transformation related protein 53
- animal model
- driver
- gene function
- gene therapy
- malignant diseases
- sgRNA, single guide RNA
- shp53, short hairpin RNA against the Trp53 gene
- somatic mutation
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomei Hou
- a Department of Epidemiology ; Second Military Medical University ; Shanghai , China
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Abstract
Various clinical and epidemiologic studies show that nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), including aspirin and cyclooxygenase inhibitors (COXIBs) help prevent cancer. Since eicosanoid metabolism is the main inhibitory targets of these drugs the resulting molecular and biological impact is generally accepted. As our knowledge base and technology progress we are learning that additional targets may be involved. This review attempts to summarize these new developments in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asad Umar
- Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Vernon E Steele
- Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - David G Menter
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Division of Cancer Prevention and Population Sciences, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ernest T Hawk
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Division of Cancer Prevention and Population Sciences, Houston, TX, USA
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22
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Wojciechowicz K, Cantelli E, Van Gerwen B, Plug M, Van Der Wal A, Delzenne-Goette E, Song JY, De Vries S, Dekker M, Te Riele H. Temozolomide increases the number of mismatch repair-deficient intestinal crypts and accelerates tumorigenesis in a mouse model of Lynch syndrome. Gastroenterology 2014; 147:1064-72.e5. [PMID: 25088490 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2014.07.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Revised: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Lynch syndrome, a nonpolyposis form of hereditary colorectal cancer, is caused by inherited defects in DNA mismatch repair (MMR) genes. Most patients carry a germline mutation in 1 allele of the MMR genes MSH2 or MLH1. With spontaneous loss of the wild-type allele, cells with defects in MMR exist among MMR-proficient cells, as observed in healthy intestinal tissues from patients with Lynch syndrome. We aimed to create a mouse model of this situation to aid in identification of environmental factors that affect MMR-defective cells and their propensity for oncogenic transformation. METHODS We created mice in which the MMR gene Msh2 can be inactivated in a defined fraction of crypt base columnar stem cells to generate MSH2-deficient intestinal crypts among an excess of wild-type crypts (Lgr5-CreERT2;Msh2(flox/-) mice). Intestinal tissues were collected; immunohistochemical analyses were performed for MSH2, along with allele-specific PCR assays. We traced the fate of MSH2-deficient crypts under the influence of different external factors. RESULTS Lgr5-CreERT2;Msh2(flox/-) mice developed more adenomas and adenocarcinomas than control mice; all tumors were MSH2 deficient. Exposure of Lgr5-CreERT2;Msh2(flox/-) mice to the methylating agent temozolomide caused MSH2-deficient intestinal stem cells to proliferate more rapidly than wild-type stem cells. The MSH2-deficient intestinal stem cells were able to colonize the intestinal epithelium and many underwent oncogenic transformation, forming intestinal neoplasias. CONCLUSIONS We developed a mouse model of Lynch syndrome (Lgr5-CreERT2;Msh2(flox/-) mice) and found that environmental factors can modify the number and mutability of the MMR-deficient stem cells. These findings provide evidence that environmental factors can promote development of neoplasias and tumors in patients with Lynch syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Wojciechowicz
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Division of Biological Stress Response, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Erika Cantelli
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Division of Biological Stress Response, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bastiaan Van Gerwen
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Division of Biological Stress Response, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mirjam Plug
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Division of Biological Stress Response, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anja Van Der Wal
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Division of Biological Stress Response, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Elly Delzenne-Goette
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Division of Biological Stress Response, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ji-Ying Song
- Department of Animal Pathology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sandra De Vries
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Division of Biological Stress Response, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marleen Dekker
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Division of Biological Stress Response, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hein Te Riele
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Division of Biological Stress Response, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
Intestinal stem cells (ISCs) and colorectal cancer (CRC) biology are tightly linked in many aspects. It is generally thought that ISCs are the cells of origin for a large proportion of CRCs and crucial ISC-associated signalling pathways are often affected in CRCs. Moreover, CRCs are thought to retain a cellular hierarchy that is reminiscent of the intestinal epithelium. Recent studies offer quantitative insights into the dynamics of ISC behaviour that govern homeostasis and thereby provide the necessary baseline parameters to begin to apply these analyses during the various stages of tumour development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Vermeulen
- 1] Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology, Center for Experimental Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. [2] Cancer Research UK - Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Robinson Way, CB2 0RE, Cambridge, UK
| | - Hugo J Snippert
- Molecular Cancer Research and Cancer Genomics Netherlands, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
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