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Boone PG, Rochelle LK, Ginzel JD, Lubkov V, Roberts WL, Nicholls PJ, Bock C, Flowers ML, von Furstenberg RJ, Stripp BR, Agarwal P, Borowsky AD, Cardiff RD, Barak LS, Caron MG, Lyerly HK, Snyder JC. A cancer rainbow mouse for visualizing the functional genomics of oncogenic clonal expansion. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5490. [PMID: 31792216 PMCID: PMC6889384 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13330-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Field cancerization is a premalignant process marked by clones of oncogenic mutations spreading through the epithelium. The timescales of intestinal field cancerization can be variable and the mechanisms driving the rapid spread of oncogenic clones are unknown. Here we use a Cancer rainbow (Crainbow) modelling system for fluorescently barcoding somatic mutations and directly visualizing the clonal expansion and spread of oncogenes. Crainbow shows that mutations of ß-catenin (Ctnnb1) within the intestinal stem cell results in widespread expansion of oncogenes during perinatal development but not in adults. In contrast, mutations that extrinsically disrupt the stem cell microenvironment can spread in adult intestine without delay. We observe the rapid spread of premalignant clones in Crainbow mice expressing oncogenic Rspondin-3 (RSPO3), which occurs by increasing crypt fission and inhibiting crypt fixation. Crainbow modelling provides insight into how somatic mutations rapidly spread and a plausible mechanism for predetermining the intratumor heterogeneity found in colon cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter G Boone
- Division of Surgical Sciences, Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Lauren K Rochelle
- Division of Surgical Sciences, Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Joshua D Ginzel
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Veronica Lubkov
- Division of Surgical Sciences, Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Wendy L Roberts
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - P J Nicholls
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Cheryl Bock
- Transgenic Mouse Facility, Duke Cancer Institute, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Mei Lang Flowers
- Transgenic Mouse Facility, Duke Cancer Institute, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Richard J von Furstenberg
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Barry R Stripp
- Department of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Pankaj Agarwal
- Division of Surgical Sciences, Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Alexander D Borowsky
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and The Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Robert D Cardiff
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and The Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Larry S Barak
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Marc G Caron
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - H Kim Lyerly
- Division of Surgical Sciences, Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Joshua C Snyder
- Division of Surgical Sciences, Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
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Nicholls PJ, Donohoe S, Gallimore MJ, Winter M, Jones DW. Antibodies to Factor XII Are Distinct from Antibodies to Prothrombin in Patients with the Anti-phospholipid Syndrome. Thromb Haemost 2017. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0037-1613021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
SummaryPatients with the anti-phospholipid syndrome (APS) have antiphospholipid antibodies (aPA) which are often targeted towards phospholipid binding proteins such as β2-glycoprotein I and prothrombin. Antibodies to factor XII (FXIIabs) have also been identified in some patients with APS. Factor XII (FXII) is a member of the kringle family of proteins which include plasminogen and prothrombin. Antibodies to prothrombin have been associated with myocardial infarction and have been shown to cross react with plasminogen.Sixteen patients with APS and FXIIabs were investigated for the presence of antibodies to prothrombin, by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay in a calcium (Ca++) independent assay. All sixteen showed different antibody binding patterns than those observed for antibodies to FXII.Eight patients were further investigated using surface plasmon resonance (SPR) for antibody binding to covalently bound FXII and to covalently bound prothrombin in both Ca++ dependent and independent systems. Of three patients demonstrating antibody binding to FXII by SPR, none demonstrated antibody binding to prothrombin in a Ca++ independent system with one demonstrating antibody binding to prothrombin that was Ca++ dependent. Of five patients who did not bind FXII by SPR, one demonstrated antibody binding to prothrombin in a Ca++ independent system while two demonstrated antibody binding to prothrombin in a Ca++ dependent system. Antibodies to FXII in patients with APS appear to be distinct from antibodies to prothrombin.
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Zhang X, Nicholls PJ, Laje G, Sotnikova TD, Gainetdinov RR, Albert PR, Rajkowska G, Stockmeier CA, Speer MC, Steffens DC, Austin MC, McMahon FJ, Krishnan KRR, Garcia-Blanco MA, Caron MG. A functional alternative splicing mutation in human tryptophan hydroxylase-2. Mol Psychiatry 2011; 16:1169-76. [PMID: 20856248 PMCID: PMC3021090 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2010.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The brain serotonergic system has an essential role in the physiological functions of the central nervous system and dysregulation of serotonin (5-HT) homeostasis has been implicated in many neuropsychiatric disorders. The tryptophan hydroxylase-2 (TPH2) gene is the rate-limiting enzyme in brain 5-HT synthesis, and thus is an ideal candidate gene for understanding the role of dysregulation of brain serotonergic homeostasis. Here, we characterized a common, but functional single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP rs1386493) in the TPH2 gene, which decreases efficiency of normal RNA splicing, resulting in a truncated TPH2 protein (TPH2-TR) by alternative splicing. TPH2-TR, which lacks TPH2 enzyme activity, dominant-negatively affects full-length TPH2 function, causing reduced 5-HT production. The predicted mRNA for TPH2-TR is present in postmortem brain of rs1386493 carriers. The rs13864923 variant does not appear to be overrepresented in either global or multiplex depression cohorts. However, in combination with other gene variants linked to 5-HT homeostasis, this variant may exhibit important epistatic influences.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| | - P J Nicholls
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - G Laje
- Unit on Genetic Basis of Mood & Anxiety Disorders, National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - T D Sotnikova
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA,Department of Neuroscience, Italian Institute of Technology, Genova, Italy
| | - R R Gainetdinov
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA,Department of Neuroscience, Italian Institute of Technology, Genova, Italy
| | - P R Albert
- OHRI (Neuroscience), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - G Rajkowska
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - C A Stockmeier
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - M C Speer
- Center for Human Genetics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - D C Steffens
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - M C Austin
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - F J McMahon
- Unit on Genetic Basis of Mood & Anxiety Disorders, National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - K R R Krishnan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - M A Garcia-Blanco
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - M G Caron
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA,Department of Cell Biology, 487 CARL Building, Box 3287, Duke University Medical Center Durham, NC 27710, USA. E-mail:
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Nolan
- The Welsh School of Pharmacy, P.O. Box 13, Cardiff CF1 3XF
| | - M J Daly
- The Welsh School of Pharmacy, P.O. Box 13, Cardiff CF1 3XF
| | - K R Brain
- The Welsh School of Pharmacy, P.O. Box 13, Cardiff CF1 3XF
| | - P J Nicholls
- The Welsh School of Pharmacy, P.O. Box 13, Cardiff CF1 3XF
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Alshowaier IA, El-Yazigi A, Ezzat A, El-Warith A, Nicholls PJ. Pharmacokinetics of the S- and R-enantiomers of aminoglutethimide in saliva of breast cancer patients: Correlations with plasma. J Pharm Pharmacol 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1998.tb02398.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- I A Alshowaier
- Pharmacokinetics Laboratory, Department of Biological and Paediatric Gastroenterology, Department of Paediatrics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - A El-Yazigi
- Pharmacokinetics Laboratory, Department of Biological and Paediatric Gastroenterology, Department of Paediatrics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - A Ezzat
- Pharmacokinetics Laboratory, Department of Biological and Paediatric Gastroenterology, Department of Paediatrics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - A El-Warith
- Pharmacokinetics Laboratory, Department of Biological and Paediatric Gastroenterology, Department of Paediatrics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - P J Nicholls
- Welsh School of Pharmacy, University of Wales Cardiff, Cardiff CF1 3XF
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Khodarahmi GA, Smith HJ, Nicholls PJ, Ahmadi M. Enantioselectivity of some 1-(benzofuran-2-yl)-1-(1-H-imidaz-1-yl) alkanes as inhibitors of P450 AROM. J Pharm Pharmacol 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1998.tb02407.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G A Khodarahmi
- Welsh School of Pharmacy, University of Wales Cardiff, Cardiff CF1 3XF
| | - H J Smith
- Welsh School of Pharmacy, University of Wales Cardiff, Cardiff CF1 3XF
| | - P J Nicholls
- Welsh School of Pharmacy, University of Wales Cardiff, Cardiff CF1 3XF
| | - M Ahmadi
- Welsh School of Pharmacy, University of Wales Cardiff, Cardiff CF1 3XF
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Gregory CJ, Nicholls PJ. Effect of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and (1→3)-β-D glucan either alone or in combination on rat peritoneal mast cells: A preliminary study. J Pharm Pharmacol 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1998.tb02275.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C J Gregory
- Welsh School of Pharmacy, Cardiff University, Cathays Park Cardiff CF1 3XF
| | - P J Nicholls
- Welsh School of Pharmacy, Cardiff University, Cathays Park Cardiff CF1 3XF
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Cruz RH, Gumbleton M, Nicholls PJ. Rat Renal Tubule Fragments: A Sensitive Preparation for the Study of Drug Induced Nephrotoxicity. J Pharm Pharmacol 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1985.tb14171.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - M Gumbleton
- Welsh School of Pharmacy, UWIST, PO Box 13, Cardiff CF1 3XF, UK
| | - P J Nicholls
- Welsh School of Pharmacy, UWIST, PO Box 13, Cardiff CF1 3XF, UK
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ali
- Welsh School of Pharmacy, UWIST, PO Box 13, Cardiff, CF1 3XF
| | - P J Nicholls
- Welsh School of Pharmacy, UWIST, PO Box 13, Cardiff, CF1 3XF
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10
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Cariuk P, Pearce S, Nicholls PJ, Smith HJ. C17,20 Lyase: Inhibition of Rat Testicular Microsomes and Purified Leydig Cells by Aminoglutethimide In-Vitro. J Pharm Pharmacol 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1990.tb14545.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P Cariuk
- Welsh School of Pharmacy, University of Wales' College of Cardiff, PO Box 13, Cardiff CF1 3XF
| | - S Pearce
- Welsh School of Pharmacy, University of Wales' College of Cardiff, PO Box 13, Cardiff CF1 3XF
| | - PJ Nicholls
- Welsh School of Pharmacy, University of Wales' College of Cardiff, PO Box 13, Cardiff CF1 3XF
| | - HJ Smith
- Welsh School of Pharmacy, University of Wales' College of Cardiff, PO Box 13, Cardiff CF1 3XF
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ali
- Welsh School of Pharmacy, UWIST, PO Box 13, Cardiff CF1 3XF, UK
| | - P J Nicholls
- Welsh School of Pharmacy, UWIST, PO Box 13, Cardiff CF1 3XF, UK
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12
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Affiliation(s)
- MK Al-Hindawi
- Welsh School of Pharmacy, UWIST, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff CF1 3NU
| | - KC James
- Welsh School of Pharmacy, UWIST, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff CF1 3NU
| | - PJ Nicholls
- Welsh School of Pharmacy, UWIST, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff CF1 3NU
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13
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Affiliation(s)
- MY Hasan
- Division of Pharmacology, Welsh School of Pharmacy, UWCC, PO Box 13, Cardiff CF1 3XF
| | - RDE Sewell
- Division of Pharmacology, Welsh School of Pharmacy, UWCC, PO Box 13, Cardiff CF1 3XF
| | - PJ Nicholls
- Division of Pharmacology, Welsh School of Pharmacy, UWCC, PO Box 13, Cardiff CF1 3XF
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14
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Jones A, Nicholls PJ. Does exposure to (1→3)-β-D-glucan cause release of EpDIF from guinea-pig isolated trachea? J Pharm Pharmacol 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1998.tb02276.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A Jones
- Welsh School of Pharmacy, Cardiff University, Cathays Park Cardiff CF1 3XF
| | - P J Nicholls
- Welsh School of Pharmacy, Cardiff University, Cathays Park Cardiff CF1 3XF
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15
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Bates PJ, Nicholls PJ, Farr SJ. The Influence of Organic Fibre Dust Extracts on Airway Permeability in the Guinea-Pig. J Pharm Pharmacol 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1990.tb14388.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P J Bates
- Welsh School of Pharmacy, University of Wales, College of Cardiff, PO Box 13, Cardiff CF1 3XF
| | - P J Nicholls
- Welsh School of Pharmacy, University of Wales, College of Cardiff, PO Box 13, Cardiff CF1 3XF
| | - S J Farr
- Welsh School of Pharmacy, University of Wales, College of Cardiff, PO Box 13, Cardiff CF1 3XF
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16
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Rao S, Nicholls PJ. Interactions of Aminoglutethimide with Analgesics in the Mouse. J Pharm Pharmacol 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1986.tb14322.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sheila Rao
- The Welsh School of Pharmacy, UWIST, PO Box 13, Cardiff, CF1 3XF
| | - P J Nicholls
- The Welsh School of Pharmacy, UWIST, PO Box 13, Cardiff, CF1 3XF
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17
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Grover N, Beudekker W, Young RS, Nicholls PJ. Differences in species response to hyperactivity induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Escherichia coli. J Pharm Pharmacol 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1998.tb02273.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N Grover
- Welsh School of Pharmacy, Cardiff University, Cathays Park Cardiff CF1 3XF
| | - W Beudekker
- Welsh School of Pharmacy, Cardiff University, Cathays Park Cardiff CF1 3XF
| | - R S Young
- Welsh School of Pharmacy, Cardiff University, Cathays Park Cardiff CF1 3XF
| | - P J Nicholls
- Welsh School of Pharmacy, Cardiff University, Cathays Park Cardiff CF1 3XF
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18
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Nazareth WMA, Jones GW, James MI, Daly MJ, Nicholls PJ, Smith HJ, Rowlands MG. Structural Requirements in Non-Steroidal Aromatase Inhibitors as Potential Agents in Oestrogen-Dependent Breast Cancer. J Pharm Pharmacol 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1986.tb14334.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - G W Jones
- Welsh School of Pharmacy, UWIST, Cardiff
| | - M I James
- Welsh School of Pharmacy, UWIST, Cardiff
| | - M J Daly
- Welsh School of Pharmacy, UWIST, Cardiff
| | | | - H J Smith
- Welsh School of Pharmacy, UWIST, Cardiff
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Affiliation(s)
| | - P J Nicholls
- Welsh School of Pharmacy, UWIST, Cardiff, CF1 3XF
| | - S Rao
- Welsh School of Pharmacy, UWIST, Cardiff, CF1 3XF
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Douglas
- Welsh School of Pharmacy, Welsh College of Advanced Technology, Cardiff
| | - P J Nicholls
- Welsh School of Pharmacy, Welsh College of Advanced Technology, Cardiff
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21
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Khodarahmi GA, Saeed G, Smith HJ, Nicholls PJ. Some 2-(1-phenyl-1-(prop-2′-ynyloxy)methyl) benzofurans as irreversible inhibitors of aromatase (P450 AROM). J Pharm Pharmacol 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1998.tb02406.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G A Khodarahmi
- Welsh School of Pharmacy, University of Wales Cardiff, Cardiff CF1 3XF
| | - G Saeed
- Welsh School of Pharmacy, University of Wales Cardiff, Cardiff CF1 3XF
| | - H J Smith
- Welsh School of Pharmacy, University of Wales Cardiff, Cardiff CF1 3XF
| | - P J Nicholls
- Welsh School of Pharmacy, University of Wales Cardiff, Cardiff CF1 3XF
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22
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Pourgholami MH, Daly MJ, Hallam AH, Nicholls PJ. Interaction with 4-Nitroanisole Demethylase by Some Pyrrolidine-2,5- and Imidazolidine-2,4-Diones. J Pharm Pharmacol 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1985.tb14090.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M H Pourgholami
- The Welsh School of Pharmacy, UWIST, P.O. Box 13, Cardiff CF1 3XF
| | - M J Daly
- The Welsh School of Pharmacy, UWIST, P.O. Box 13, Cardiff CF1 3XF
| | - A H Hallam
- The Welsh School of Pharmacy, UWIST, P.O. Box 13, Cardiff CF1 3XF
| | - P J Nicholls
- The Welsh School of Pharmacy, UWIST, P.O. Box 13, Cardiff CF1 3XF
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Greenwood PL, Finn JA, May TJ, Nicholls PJ. Management of young goats during prolonged fasting affects carcass characteristics but not pre-slaughter liveweight or cortisol. Anim Prod Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1071/an10006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Effects of pre-slaughter management (72 h continual fasting; 24 h feeding within 72 h fasting; 24 h feeding plus 6 h additional transport within 72 h fasting) and of water availability, gender, weaning 3 weeks before slaughter, initial liveweight (LW) and body condition score (CS) on LW, plasma cortisol and carcass characteristics were studied in young goats. The goats (n = 229) were ~16 weeks of age, with a mean ± s.d. LW of 13.7 ± 2.4 kg. Pre-slaughter treatment did not significantly affect LW or carcass weight at slaughter, but goats fed within the fasting period had lighter-coloured meat compared with the continually fasted goats and the goats fed and transported during the fasting period. Interactions between fasting treatment and gender were evident for hot carcass weight (HCW), retail yield (kg) and dress (% pre-fasting LW). Fasting treatment also interacted with water availability for HCW and with weaning status for GR (12th rib, 110 mm from mid-line) tissue depth. Interactions were evident between gender and water availability for LW at slaughter, and between gender and weaning status for retail yield (% HCW). Weaning status interacted with pre-fasting LW to influence LW at slaughter, and fasting treatment interacted with pre-fasting body CS to influence dress (% pre-slaughter LW). The effects of gender, weaning status, water availability, initial LW and CS on the pre-slaughter LW and carcass characteristics were generally consistent with our previous findings on time off feed. The results show benefits of providing high-quality feed and water and of minimising transport of goat kids during prolonged pre-slaughter fasting. They provide additional information for estimation of carcass characteristics of young goats to be marketed for meat and to aid in the further development of welfare standards for goats. Further research on interactions between gender and pre-slaughter management factors that influence goat carcass characteristics and meat quality is warranted.
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Healy PJ, Dennis JA, Nicholls PJ, Reichmann KG. Haemopoietic chimaerism: a complication in heterozygote detection tests for inherited defects in cattle. Anim Genet 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2052.1994.tb00439.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Healy PJ, Dennis JA, Nicholls PJ, Reichmann KG. Haemopoietic chimaerism: a complication in heterozygote detection tests for inherited defects in cattle. Anim Genet 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2052.1994.tb00047.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Greer VP, Mason P, Kirby AJ, Smith HJ, Nicholls PJ, Simons C. Some 1,2-Diphenylethane Derivatives as Inhibitors of Retinoic Acid—Metabolising Enzymes. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2008; 18:431-43. [PMID: 14692511 DOI: 10.1080/1475636031000155427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In a search for novel inhibitors of RA-metabolising enzyme inhibitors as potential anti-cancer agents some 1,2-ethandiones, 2-hydroxyethanones and 1-ethylenedioxyethanones based on aryl-substituted 1,2-diphenylethane have been examined. Several of the compounds were weak inhibitors of the non-specific rat liver microsomal P450 enzymes and moderate inhibitors of the RA-induced enzymes in cultured human genital fibroblasts, where the RA-specific enzyme CYP26 is probably expressed. The 2-hydroxyethanone (13) with a 1-(4-dimethylaminophenyl) substituent was overall the most potent compound for rat liver microsomal enzyme (IC50 = 52.1 microM; ketoconazole, 2.8 microM) and the RA-induced enzyme (100 microM, 65.9% inhibition; ketoconazole, 20 microM, 75.0%). Modification of the dimethylamino group in (13) with more hydrophobic dialkylamino functions or separate modification of the 2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl) function did not improve potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- V P Greer
- Welsh School of Pharmacy, Cardiff University, Cathays Park, Cardiff, CF10 3XF, UK
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Greenwood PL, Finn JA, May TJ, Nicholls PJ. Preslaughter management practices influence carcass characteristics of young goats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1071/ea08030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Effects of sex, weaning 3 weeks before slaughter, continuous fasting and water deprivation for up to 72 h, and initial liveweight (LW) and body condition score (CS) on LW and carcass characteristics were studied in 231 goats of ~16 weeks of age with a LW of 13.6 ± 2.4 kg (mean ± s.d.). Overall, the animals lost 5.9% of initial LW during the first 12 h of fasting, 7.5% by 24 h, 10.8% by 48 h and 14.1% by 72 h. Weaned goats lost 2.6% more LW than non-weaned goats after 48 h fasting, and animals denied access to water lost 1.5% more LW than those with access to water. Fasting period, weaning status, water availability and CS influenced dressing out percentage determined as percentage initial LW or percentage preslaughter LW. All six factors investigated significantly influenced hot carcass weight (HCW), retail meat yield (kg) and L2 (lumbar eye muscle site) tissue depth. Sex, weaning, fasting period, and initial LW and CS influenced retail meat yield (as a percentage of HCW) and GR (12th rib) tissue depth. Muscle colour score was affected by initial LW, water availability and fasting period. There was also a fasting period × sex interaction for muscle colour. The results provide information for estimation of carcass characteristics of young goats marketed for meat and demonstrate that preslaughter management of young goats influences factors that affect economic returns. They reinforce the need to minimise time off feed and water before slaughter of young goat kids, from both a welfare and an economic perspective, and for further research on preslaughter management factors that may influence welfare of goats and goat meat quality.
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Pym RAE, Nicholls PJ. Selection for food conversion in broilers: Direct and correlated responses to selection for body‐weight gain, food consumption and food conversion ratio. Br Poult Sci 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/00071667908416551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Harris SL, Jones DW, Gallimore MJ, Nicholls PJ, Winter M. The antigenic binding site(s) of antibodies to factor XII associated with the antiphospholipid syndrome. J Thromb Haemost 2005; 3:969-75. [PMID: 15869593 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2005.01334.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipid binding proteins, including factor XII (FXII), are known to be targeted by antiphospholipid antibodies (aPA). Factor XII antibodies (FXIIab) have been described in some patients with the antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) and have been shown to lead to reduced levels of FXII. The antigenic binding site(s) and the pathophysiological effects of FXIIab are unknown. In an attempt to elucidate the binding site of these antibodies, immobilized plasma kallikrein was used to cleave FXII into its 52-kDa heavy-chain (HCFXII) and 28-kDa light-chain (LCFXII) components. Plasma samples from 12 female patients with definite APS and FXIIab were investigated for the presence of antibodies to FXII, HCFXII and LCFXII. All but one patient's plasma reacted to FXII, HCFXII and LCFXII in a similar manner. One patient gave markedly reduced positivity to HCFXII and LCFXII, suggesting that the FXIIab in this patient had a higher affinity for the intact FXII molecule. To further investigate the antigenic binding site(s) of FXII, 150 biotinylated peptides of the known FXII sequence were synthesized using a Multipin(TM) peptide synthesis procedure. The IgG and IgM fractions of the 12 patients' plasma were purified by affinity chromatography. The synthesized peptides were captured on streptavidin plates and individual patients' purified FXIIab assayed against the peptides in a modified enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Two regions were identified as possible antigenic binding site(s) for FXIIab: one in the growth factor domain and the other in the catalytic domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Harris
- Kent Haemophilia Centre, Kent and Canterbury Hospital, Canterbury, Kent, UK.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objectives of this study were to describe and examine the pattern of medication use, including age and gender differences among adolescents in Kuwait, and to establish the sources of information on medicines in this age group. SUBJECTS AND METHODS A cross-sectional survey of 1,110 male and female students (14-21 years) from 10 randomly selected public schools in Kuwait was conducted. The prevalence of self-medication was estimated. RESULTS The prevalence of self-medication among the high school students was 92%. The prevalence increased by age from 87% among 14-year-olds to 95% among 18-year-olds. Sixty-five percent of medicines used were for pain relief, 54% for respiratory conditions, 39% for allergic conditions, and 37% for dermatological conditions. Twenty-two percent of medicines were nutritional supplements and vitamins, 21% gastrointestinal products, 17% antidandruff products, 15% hair products, 13% for migraine while 8% were for athlete's foot. Pain relief, respiratory, dermatologic and hair products were more prevalent in female adolescents than in male while antidandruff and athlete's foot preparations were used more by male adolescents. The most common sources of information on medicines were parents. CONCLUSION The prevalence of self-medication among adolescents in Kuwait is high. Self-medication tended to increase with age and differed between male and female students. Few students consulted pharmacists for information on drugs. There is need to promote the image of the pharmacist in Kuwait as a provider of medication information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman Abahussain
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait
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Williams WR, Pugh WJ, Nicholls PJ. Receptor regulatory properties evident in the molecular similarity of serotonin receptor ligands and purine nucleotides. J Pharm Pharmacol 2005; 56:1563-72. [PMID: 15563764 DOI: 10.1211/0022357044940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Previous computational studies have explored the relative molecular similarity inherent in the ligands of neurotransmitter-regulated cell receptors and purine nucleotides. This study presents the results of an investigation of the major serotonin (5-HT) receptor classes, using molecular superimposition and fitting data. Ligands for 5HT(1B/C/D) and 5HT(4/7) receptors identified pharmacophores in the adenine ring of ATP. 5-HT(2) and 5-HT(3) receptor ligands identified pharmacophores in the guanosine nucleotide and cyclic nucleotide, respectively. The described molecular similarity is consistent with the cyclic nucleotide responses observed during signal transduction events initiated by 5-HT, and the reported similarity between ligands of the 5-HT(1B) and 5-HT(1D), 5-HT(1A) and 5-HT(7), and 5-HT(4) and 5-HT(3) receptors. The results are discussed in terms of current pharmacophoric models and signal transduction events involving interaction between G-protein receptors and catalytic sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- W R Williams
- School of Care Sciences, University of Glamorgan, Wales, UK
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Njenga FG, Nicholls PJ, Nyamai C, Kigamwa P, Davidson JRT. Post-traumatic stress after terrorist attack: psychological reactions following the US embassy bombing in Nairobi: Naturalistic study. Br J Psychiatry 2004; 185:328-33. [PMID: 15458993 DOI: 10.1192/bjp.185.4.328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most studies of post-traumatic stress disorder following terrorist attacks are of small samples in industrialised nations and take place months or years after the incident. AIMS To describe reactions following the US embassy bombing in Nairobi and the characteristic features of and risk factors for post-traumatic stress symptoms in a large, non-Western sample soon after the attack. METHOD A self-report questionnaire which assessed potential risk factors and identified symptoms matching DSM-IV criteria for post-traumatic stress disorder was answered by 2883 Kenyans, 1-3 months after the bombing. RESULTS Symptoms approximating to the criteria for post-traumatic stress disorder occurred in 35%. Factors associated with post-traumatic stress included female gender, unmarried status, lack of college education, seeing the blast, injury, not recovering from injury, not confiding in a friend, bereavement and financial difficulty since the blast. Many other factors were not significant. CONCLUSIONS Specific factors often cited to predict marked short-term post-traumatic stress were confirmed in this large, non-Western sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank G Njenga
- Department of Psychiatry, Upper Hill Medical Centre, Nairobi, Kenya
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Williams WR, Pugh WJ, Nicholls PJ. Receptor regulatory properties evident in the molecular similarity of dopamine receptor ligands and purine nucleotides. J Pharm Pharmacol 2002; 54:671-9. [PMID: 12005362 DOI: 10.1211/0022357021778826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Computational studies have revealed similarities in the relative configurations of purine nucleotides and ligands for histamine, acetylcholine and adrenergic receptors. In common with other G-protein-regulated receptors, dopamine receptors are associated with specific changes in nucleotide levels during signal transduction processes. The purpose of this study was to investigate molecular similarity in dopamine receptor ligands and purine nucleotides. Molecular superimposition and fitting data for D1-like receptor ligands identified a pharmacophore in the adenine and ribose rings of ATP. D2-like agonists and antagonists related to a pharmacophore in the guanine and ribose rings of GTP. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that the dopamine receptor family may have evolved from receptors for the ATP and GTP nucleotides.
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Affiliation(s)
- W R Williams
- School of Care Sciences, University of Glamorgan, Wales, UK.
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LE Lain R, Barrell KJ, Saeed GS, Nicholls PJ, Simons C, Kirby A, Smith HJ. Some coumarins and triphenylethene derivatives as inhibitors of human testes microsomal 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17beta-HSD type 3): further studies with tamoxifen on the rat testes microsomal enzyme. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2002; 17:93-100. [PMID: 12420755 DOI: 10.1080/14756360290026441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The 7-hydroxycoumarins, umbelliferone and 4-methylumbelliferone (IC50 = 1.4 and 1.9 microM, respectively) were potent inhibitors of human testes microsomal 17beta-HSD (type 3) enzyme whereas 7-methoxycoumarin, 4-hydroxycoumarin and 7-ethoxycoumarin had little or no inhibitory activity. Analogues of the weak inhibitory triphenylethenes tamoxifen and clomiphene but lacking the basic substituent, were weak inhibitors of the human microsomal enzyme. Inhibitory activity was improved by replacement of the triphenylethene structure with a triphenylmethyl (17, 52.6% inhibition) or phenylpropyl (16, 94.8%, IC50 = 42.1 microM) skeleton. Further studies on tamoxifen using rat testes microsomal 17beta-HSD showed that the inhibition was time-dependent and irreversible but not specifically mechanism-based.
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Affiliation(s)
- R LE Lain
- Welsh School of Pharmacy, Cardiff University, UK
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Jone DW, Nicholls PJ, Donohoe S, Gallimore MJ, Winter M. Antibodies to factor XII are distinct from antibodies to prothrombin in patients with the anti-phospholipid syndrome. Thromb Haemost 2002; 87:426-30. [PMID: 11916074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Patients with the anti-phospholipid syndrome (APS) have antiphospholipid antibodies (aPA) which are often targeted towards phospholipid binding proteins such as beta2-glycoprotein I and prothrombin. Antibodies to factor XII (FXIIabs) have also been identified in some patients with APS. Factor XII (FXII) is a member of the kringle family of proteins which include plasminogen and prothrombin. Antibodies to prothrombin have been associated with myocardial infarction and have been shown to cross react with plasminogen. Sixteen patients with APS and FXIIabs were investigated for the presence of antibodies to prothrombin, by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay in a calcium (Ca++) independent assay. All sixteen showed different antibody binding patterns than those observed for antibodies to FXII. Eight patients were further investigated using surface plasmon resonance (SPR) for antibody binding to covalently bound FXII and to covalently bound prothrombin in both Ca++ dependent and independent systems. Of three patients demonstrating antibody binding to FXII by SPR, none demonstrated antibody binding to prothrombin in a Ca++ independent system with one demonstrating antibody binding to prothrombin that was Ca++ dependent. Of five patients who did not bind FXII by SPR, one demonstrated antibody binding to prothrombin in a Ca++ independent system while two demonstrated antibody binding to prothrombin in a Ca++ dependent system. Antibodies to FXII in patients with APS appear to be distinct from antibodies to prothrombin.
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Affiliation(s)
- D W Jone
- Kent Haemophilia Centre, United Kingdom.
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Abstract
A series of 4-aryl substituted 7-hydroxy-flavones were prepared using the three-step Baker-Venkataraman synthesis in good overall yields. The flavones were all evaluated in vitro for inhibitory activity against aromatase (P450AROM, CYP19), using human placental microsomes, and for inhibitory activity against 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (17beta-HSD-1) using human placental cytosol. The phenyl, 4-fluoro-phenyl and 4-bromo-phenyl derivatives displayed moderate inhibitory activity against P450AROM (IC50 17.2, 13.5 and 10.1 microM, respectively), none of the flavones, including the standard genistein, displayed any inhibitory activity against 17beta-HSD type 1 at 100 microM concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- T K Vinh
- Medicinal Chemistry Division, Welsh School of Pharmacy, Cardiff University, UK
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Khodarahmi GA, Laughton CA, Smith HJ, Nicholls PJ. Enantioselectivity of some 1-[(benzofuran-2-yl) phenylmethyl] imidazoles as aromatase (P450AROM) inhibitors. J Enzyme Inhib 2001; 16:401-16. [PMID: 11916146 DOI: 10.1080/14756360109162389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The enantioselectivity ratio ((+)-:(-)-forms) of three substituted 1-[(benzofuran-2-yl) phenylmethyl] imidazoles as inhibitors of aromatase (P450AROM) was 2.16, 12.3 and 1.0 for the 4-methyl-, 4-fluoro- and 4-chloro-substituted compounds, respectively. The (+/-)-compounds were all >1000 times more potent than (+/-)-aminoglutethimide (IC50 = 12 x 10(3) nM). High potency (5.3-65.0 nM) for all the enantiomers studied is unusual since activity usually resides in one form for chiral inhibitors of P450AROM. The 4-methyl derivative was fitted into the model [Furet, P., Batzl, C., Bhatnager, A.S., Francotte, E., Rihs, G. and Lang, M. (1993) J. Med. Chem. 36, pp. 1393-1400] for binding of S-(-)-fadrazole to the active site and the (R)- and (S)- forms both gave a good fitting pattern with (S)-(-)-fadrazole so accounting for their close activity. Docking of both forms into the active site model for P450AROM [Laughton, C.A., Zvelebil, M.J.J.M. and Neidel, S. (1993) J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 44, pp. 399-407], using the orientation of (S)-(-)-fadrazole, gave similar strong binding along the position of the C and D rings of the steroid substrate and in the hydrophobic cavity below the A/B rings. The site was probed for group size accommodation using the less potent 4-phenyl analogue (IC50(+/-) = 242 nM): the (S)-form showed restricted access to the region under the A ring due to the extended bulk of the biphenyl group.
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Vinh TK, Yee SW, Kirby AJ, Nicholls PJ, Simons C. 1-[(Benzofuran-2-yl)phenylmethyl]triazoles as steroidogenic inhibitors: synthesis and in vitro inhibition of human placental CYP19 aromatase. Anticancer Drug Des 2001; 16:217-25. [PMID: 12049480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Hormone-dependent breast cancer is stimulated by the female hormones oestrone and oestradiol, therefore compounds which inhibit the specific enzymes involved in the formation of the nitogenic hormones, namely CYP19 aromatase (P450arom) and 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17beta-HSD) type 1, are targets of therapeutic interest for the treatment of breast cancer. A series of novel 1-[(benzofuran-2-yl)phenylmethyl]1,2,4-triazoles were prepared using a three-step synthesis and evaluated for their inhibitory activity against human placental aromatase in vitro, using [1,2,6,7-3H]androstenedione as the substrate for the aromatase enzyme. Inhibitory activity was dependent on both substituent and position of substitution, with introduction of small electron-withdrawing groups in the phenyl ring showing optimum activity (IC50 ranging from 0.065 to 2.02 microm). Substitution in the benzofuran ring resulted in a loss of activity when substituted at C-5 (IC50 > 20 microm). The compounds were all shown to exhibit weak inhibitory activity against rat testes P450 17 (17,20-lyase), indicating good selectivity towards P450arom.
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Affiliation(s)
- T K Vinh
- Medicinal Chemistry, Welsh School of Pharmacy, Cardiff University, UK
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Matar KM, Nicholls PJ, Bawazir SA, Al-Khamis KI, Al-Hassan MI. Effect of lamotrigine on the pharmacokinetics of carbamazepine and its active metabolite in dogs. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2001; 26:149-53. [PMID: 11695714 DOI: 10.1007/bf03190390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The effect of lamotrigine (LTG) on the pharmacokinetics of carbamazepine (CBZ) and its active metabolite; carbamazepine-epoxine (CBZ-E), was investigated in dogs. Five male dogs received CBZ (2 x 200 mg tab, p.o.) daily for a period of 1 week. After the end of this period, blood samples were collected serially for up to 24 hrs. After a wash-out period of I week, LTG (100 mg tab, p.o.) was coadministered with the CBZ dose (2 x 200 mg tab, p.o.) for 7 days. Blood samples were again serially collected and plasma levels of CBZ and CBZ-E were analysed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Concurrent administration of LTG with CBZ did not have any significant effect on the pharmacokinetic parameters of CBZ. There was also no significant difference between the plasma concentration ratio (CBZ-E to CBZ) vs time profiles in the two schedules of drug administration signifying the absence of pharmacokinetic interaction between LTG and CBZ or its active metabolite in this animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Matar
- Dept of Applied Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, Safat
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41
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Nicholls PJ, Berg E, Bliven FE, Kling JM. X-ray diagnosis of healing fractures in rabbits. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2001:234-6. [PMID: 498640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Do X-rays adequately reflect the strength of callus post fracture? Eleven rabbit tibiae were manually fractured and allowed to heal in plaster. At varying times post fracture, the rabbits were sacrificed and the tibiae were removed. AP and lateral X-rays of each tibia were obtained and shown to 27 orthopedists and radiologists who were asked to rank the bones in order of strength. The valid ranking was done using data obtained by loading the bones axially to failure in an Instron machine. Each physician's ranking was compared with that obtained from the Instron with a median correlation level p=0.0668. This implies that a physician, whether an orthopedist or radiologist, is not very reliable at determining early osseous union.
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Le Lain R, Nicholls PJ, Smith HJ, Maharlouie FH. Inhibitors of human and rat testes microsomal 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17beta-HSD) as potential agents for prostatic cancer. J Enzyme Inhib 2001; 16:35-45. [PMID: 11496833 DOI: 10.1080/14756360109162353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
In a screening programme for inhibitors of human testis 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17beta-HSD type 3), as potential agents for the treatment of hormone-dependent prostatic cancer, we have used crude human testis microsomal 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase as a convenient source of the enzyme. Crude human enzyme was shown to have a similar substrate profile to recombinant Type 3 17beta-HSD from the same source as determined by the low Km/Vmax ratio for the reduction of androstenedione compared to the oxidation of testosterone, and a low level of activity in reduction of oestrone. Screening of a wide range of compounds of different structural types as potential inhibitors of the microsomal enzyme in the reduction step revealed that certain p-benzoquinones and flavones/isoflavones were potent inhibitors of the enzyme, diphenyl-p-benzoquinone (2.7 microM), phenyl-p-benzoquinone (5.7 microM), 7-hydroxyflavone (9.0 microM), baicalein (9.3 microM) and biochanin A (10.8 microM). Some structure-activity relationships within the flavone/isoflavone series are discussed. Studies with rat testis microsomal 17beta-HSD showed that it differed from the human enzyme mainly in its greater ability to accept oestrone as substrate and the pH-optimum for oxidation of testosterone. It was found to be much less sensitive to inhibition by the compounds studied so negating it use as a more readily available tissue for the screening of potential inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Le Lain
- Welsh School of Pharmacy, Cardiff University, UK
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Abstract
This study was aimed at investigating whether or not the kinetics of intravenously administered phenytoin (PT) was altered by oral administration of vigabatrin (VGB) or gabapentin (GBP). A daily dose of PT (12 mgkg(-1)i.v.) was given to a group of five beagle dogs for a period of 1 week. On day eight, plasma samples were serially collected over 24 h, after administration of the PT dose. PT administration was continued, along with supplementary oral VGB (60 mgkg(-1)) for another week and then plasma samples were collected for analysis of PT levels. The same protocol was followed for the PT (12 mgkg(-1), i.v.)-GBP (300 mg caps., p.o.) study on a separate group (n= 5) of dogs. Orally administered GBP did not significantly alter the pharmacokinetic parameters of parenteral PT. However VGB markedly changed the drug's kinetics, as evidenced by a 31% (P= 0.015) reduction in total body clearance (CL) and an increase of over 45% in half-life (t(1/2)), (P= 0.013) and area under the plasma PT concentration-time curve (AUC), (P= 0.044). GBP does not appear to have any pharmacokinetic interaction with PT, while coadministration of VGB and PT results in a marked reduction in systemic clearance of the latter in the dog.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Matar
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
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Aboul-Enein HY, Ali I, Gübitz G, Simons C, Nicholls PJ. HPLC enantiomeric resolution of novel aromatase inhibitors on cellulose- and amylose-based chiral stationary phases under reversed phase mode. Chirality 2000; 12:727-33. [PMID: 11054831 DOI: 10.1002/1520-636x(2000)12:10<727::aid-chir5>3.0.co;2-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The chiral resolution of seven aromatase inhibitors (four triazole derivatives (Ia, Ib, Ic, and Id) and three tetrazole derivatives (IIa, IIb, and IIc)) was achieved on Chiralcel OJ-R [cellulose tris (4-methyl benzoate)], Chiralcel OD-RH [cellulose tris (3,5-dimethylphenyl carbamate)], and Chiralpak AD-RH [amylose tris (3,5-dimethylphenyl carbamate)] chiral stationary phases. The mobile phases used were A: 2-PrOH-MeCN (90:10, v/v); B: 2-PrOH-MeCN (50:50, v/v); C: MeCN-H(2)O (50:50, v/v); D: MeCN-H(2)O (80:20, v/v); and E: MeCN-H(2)O (95:05, v/v). The flow rate was 0.5 mL/min for all the mobile phases. The resolution capability of these chiral stationary phases were in the order Chiralpak AD-RH > Chiralcel OD-RH > Chiralcel OJ-R. The values of alpha and Rs of the resolved enantiomers of the aromatase inhibitors varied from 1.02-5.63 and 1. 12-6.72, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Y Aboul-Enein
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Laboratory, Biological and Medical Research Department (MBC-03), King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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Le Borgne M, Duflos M, Le Baut G, Nicholls PJ, Hartmann RW. [Synthesis and biological evaluation of indole derivatives acting as anti-inflammatory or antitumoral drugs]. Ann Pharm Fr 2000; 58:316-20. [PMID: 11060408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Two axes of research have been explored, one about promising non-acidic non-steroidal anti-inflammatory derivatives, with indolin-2-one as structural core and another one about aromatase inhibitors, characterized by azolylmethyl or alpha-azolylbenzyl chain on indole nucleus. Knoevenagel reaction led to indolin-2-ones substituted by either 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol chain or 1, 4-dihydropyridine chain, revealing antioxydant or anti-inflammatory activities. Aromatase is a logical target in the treatment of hormono-dependent breast cancer in postmenopausal women. Among non steroidal inhibitors of this enzyme, diverse compounds with anilino or azaheterocyclic moiety are currently used or undergoing clinical trials. Our pharmacomodulation in azolylmethylindole or alpha-azolylbenzylindole series led to compounds with high level aromatase inhibitory activity. Work to determine their selectivity by measuring their inhibitory effect on P450 17alpha enzyme was also carried out. A first molecular modeling approach with Discover software was performed to evaluate interactions between our molecules and the catalytic site of P450cam.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Le Borgne
- Laboratoires de Chimie Organique et de Chimie Thérapeutique, Faculté de Pharmacie, 1, rue Gaston Veil, F-44035 Nantes
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Matar KM, Nicholls PJ, Tekle A, Bawazir SA, al-Hassan MI. Effect of vigabatrin and gabapentin on phynytoin pharmacokinetics in the dog. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2000; 25:189-93. [PMID: 11420888 DOI: 10.1007/bf03192312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/29/2022]
Abstract
The study was aimed at investigating whether or not the kinetics of intravenously administered phenytoin (PT) was altered by oral administration of vigabatrin (VGB) or gabapentin (GBP). A group of five beagle dogs were given a daily dose of PT (12 mg/kg, i.v.) for a period of 1 week. On day 8, plasma samples were serially collected over 24 hr. after administration of the PT dose. PT administration was continued with oral supplementary dose of VGB (60 mg/kg) for another week and then plasma samples were collected for analysis of PT levels. The same protocol was followed for the PT (12 mg/kg, i.v.)-GBP (300 mg caps., p.o.) study on a separate group (n = 5) of dogs. Orally administered GBP did not significantly alter the pharmacokinetic parameters of parental PT. VGB, however markedly changed the drug's kinetics as evidenced by a 31% (P = 0.015) reduction in total body clearance (CL) and increase of over 45% in half-life (t1/2), (P = 0.013) and area under the plasma PT concentration-time curve (AUC), (P = 0.044). GBP does not appear to have any pharmacokinetic interaction with PT, while coadministration of VGB and PT results in marked reduction in systemic clearance of the latter in the dog.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Matar
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, College of Pharmacy King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, 11451 Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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47
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Abstract
Engagement of interleukin-2 (IL-2) mediates the heterodimeridation of the common beta chain (beta(c)) and common gamma chain (gamma(c)) of the IL-2 receptor (IL-2R). This is sufficient and necessary for receptor activation and signal transduction. It is generally held that the IL-2R is activated by the trans-activity of the protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) Jak1 and Jak3 associated with beta(c) and gamma(c) respectively. Transduction of proliferative signals requires Jak3 activity. A Jak3 independent signalling pathway involving p56(lck), generating anti-apoptotic signals, can be observed and requires the PROX domain of gamma(c). p56(lck) can be activated by dephosphorylation of an inhibitory carboxyl terminal phosphorylated tyrosine residue (Y505). We propose that this is mediated by a PROX domain associated protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP). Activation of p56(lck) alone is insufficient for transduction of proliferative signals and thus works in concert with Jak3 mediated receptor activation. This indicates that both gamma(c) domains are vital for signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Ellery
- Department of Biosciences University of Kent at Canterbury, Canterbury, United Kingdom
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48
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Abstract
Significant differences between the metabolism of retinoic acid by different tissues might be an important determinant of the effectiveness of a systemically administered inhibitor at a particular tissue site. Here the metabolism of retinoic acid has been studied in microsomal fractions from different tissues (liver, kidney, intestinal mucosa, lung, skin, brain) of the male rat to determine their relative metabolic activity. Kinetic analysis revealed major differences between the activity of different tissue microsomes. This is shown by the Vmax values for the metabolism of retinoic acid-liver (102+/-39.0 pmol (mg protein)(-1) min(-1)) was 100 times more active than the lung (1+/-0.03 pmol (mg protein)(-1) min(-1)), which was the least active. The range of Km values for microsomes from the different tissues was narrow (0.48-1.40 microM). Taking into account the mass of the tissue, the gross activity ranking for metabolism of retinoic acid was liver >> skin = kidney > brain > intestinal mucosa >> lung. It is concluded that metabolism of administered retinoic acid occurs mainly in the liver but that cellular retinoic acid levels in some other tissues (skin, kidney, brain) could be reduced (metabolized) to such an extent that higher levels might be observed after the use of inhibitors of retinoic acid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ahmad
- Welsh School of Pharmacy, Cardiff University, UK
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Ahmad M, Nicholls PJ, Smith HJ, Ahmadi M. Effect of P450 isozyme-selective inhibitors on in-vitro metabolism of retinoic acid by rat hepatic microsomes. J Pharm Pharmacol 2000; 52:311-4. [PMID: 10757419 DOI: 10.1211/0022357001774002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450-mediated 4-hydroxylation of retinoic acid is an important pathway in the termination of its biological action and the activity of certain P450 isozymes has been studied in non-induced male rat hepatic microsomes using isozyme-selective inhibitors. The importance of the activity of the isozyme to retinoic acid metabolism was, 2A6 (diethyl dithiocarbamate as selective inhibitor) > 1A1/1A2 (7,8-benzoflavone) >> 1A1 (ellipticine) > 3A4 (naringenin, ketoconazole) as shown by the respective apparent IC50 values of 0.12, 0.34, 2.7, 9.25 and 13.5 microM with 2C8-10, 2D6 and 2E1 having little effect on metabolism. It is concluded that although the P450 3A family normally constitutes half the total rat hepatic P450 activity, other hepatic isozymes (1A1, 1A2 and 2A6) are also involved in retinoic acid metabolism. This suggests that the horizons for the design of potential anticancer agents acting through inhibition of retinoic acid metabolism may be widened to include structures which do not resemble the established hetereocyclic base P450 3A4 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ahmad
- Welsh School of Pharmacy, Cardiff University, UK
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50
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Abstract
Several chiral drugs are produced and administered as pure enantiomers, whereas many others, especially of synthetic origin, are used mainly in the form of racemates. The biological and pharmacological activity of chiral compounds depends on their configuration. The racemic drugs may exhibit quite different activity from the optically pure drugs. Often only one of the enantiomers is pharmacologically active and/or even can be toxic. Since numerous enantiomers have been shown to behave differently from at least one point of view, whether pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, toxicological or interaction, there seems to be hardly any exception to the general rule that a racemate cannot be considered as a single drug entity. A variety of chromatographic methods have been developed for optical resolution recently. Usually direct separation of the enantiomers is carried out on HPTLC chiral precoated plates or on plates impregnated with chiral substances. TLC techniques are a developing branch of separation and quantitation of drugs, both in pharmaceutical dosage forms and in biological material. This review presents an overview of the current successful enantioseparations of drugs by TLC and their potential in the analysis of the drug racemates.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Y Aboul-Enein
- Bioanalytical and Drug Development Laboratory, Biological and Medical Research Department (MBC-03), King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh-11211, Saudi Arabia.
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