1
|
Pomyalov S, Minetti CA, Remeta DP, Bonala R, Johnson F, Zaitseva I, Iden C, Golebiewska U, Breslauer KJ, Shoham G, Sidorenko VS, Grollman AP. Structural and mechanistic insights into the transport of aristolochic acids and their active metabolites by human serum albumin. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:107358. [PMID: 38782206 PMCID: PMC11253539 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Aristolochic acids I and II (AA-I/II) are carcinogenic principles of Aristolochia plants, which have been employed in traditional medicinal practices and discovered as food contaminants. While the deleterious effects of AAs are broadly acknowledged, there is a dearth of information to define the mechanisms underlying their carcinogenicity. Following bioactivation in the liver, N-hydroxyaristolactam and N-sulfonyloxyaristolactam metabolites are transported via circulation and elicit carcinogenic effects by reacting with cellular DNA. In this study, we apply DNA adduct analysis, X-ray crystallography, isothermal titration calorimetry, and fluorescence quenching to investigate the role of human serum albumin (HSA) in modulating AA carcinogenicity. We find that HSA extends the half-life and reactivity of N-sulfonyloxyaristolactam-I with DNA, thereby protecting activated AAs from heterolysis. Applying novel pooled plasma HSA crystallization methods, we report high-resolution structures of myristic acid-enriched HSA (HSAMYR) and its AA complexes (HSAMYR/AA-I and HSAMYR/AA-II) at 1.9 Å resolution. While AA-I is located within HSA subdomain IB, AA-II occupies subdomains IIA and IB. ITC binding profiles reveal two distinct AA sites in both complexes with association constants of 1.5 and 0.5 · 106 M-1 for HSA/AA-I versus 8.4 and 9.0 · 105 M-1 for HSA/AA-II. Fluorescence quenching of the HSA Trp214 suggests variable impacts of fatty acids on ligand binding affinities. Collectively, our structural and thermodynamic characterizations yield significant insights into AA binding, transport, toxicity, and potential allostery, critical determinants for elucidating the mechanistic roles of HSA in modulating AA carcinogenicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sergei Pomyalov
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Conceição A Minetti
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers - The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - David P Remeta
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers - The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Radha Bonala
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Francis Johnson
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA; Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Irina Zaitseva
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Charles Iden
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Urszula Golebiewska
- Department of Physiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, Queensborough Community College, Bayside, New York, USA
| | - Kenneth J Breslauer
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers - The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA; Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA.
| | - Gil Shoham
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - Viktoriya S Sidorenko
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA.
| | - Arthur P Grollman
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Oe Y, Kim YC, Sidorenko VS, Zhang H, Kanoo S, Lopez N, Goodluck HA, Crespo-Masip M, Vallon V. SGLT2 inhibitor dapagliflozin protects the kidney in a murine model of Balkan nephropathy. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2024; 326:F227-F240. [PMID: 38031729 PMCID: PMC11198975 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00228.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Proximal tubular uptake of aristolochic acid (AA) forms aristolactam (AL)-DNA adducts, which cause a p53/p21-mediated DNA damage response and acute tubular injury. Recurrent AA exposure causes kidney function loss and fibrosis in humans (Balkan endemic nephropathy) and mice and is a model of (acute kidney injury) AKI to chronic kidney disease (CKD) transition. Inhibitors of the proximal tubule sodium-glucose transporter SGLT2 can protect against CKD progression, but their effect on AA-induced kidney injury remains unknown. C57BL/6J mice (15-wk-old) were administered vehicle or AA every 3 days for 3 wk (10 and 3 mg/kg ip in females and males, respectively). Dapagliflozin (dapa, 0.01 g/kg diet) or vehicle was initiated 7 days prior to AA injections. All dapa effects were sex independent, including a robust glycosuria. Dapa lowered urinary kidney-injury molecule 1 (KIM-1) and albumin (both normalized to creatinine) after the last AA injection and kidney mRNA expression of early DNA damage response markers (p53 and p21) 3 wk later at the study end. Dapa also attenuated AA-induced increases in plasma creatinine as well as AA-induced up-regulation of renal pro-senescence, pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic genes, and kidney collagen staining. When assessed 1 day after a single AA injection, dapa pretreatment attenuated AL-DNA adduct formation by 10 and 20% in kidney and liver, respectively, associated with reduced p21 expression. Initiating dapa application after the last AA injection also improved kidney outcome but in a less robust manner. In conclusion, the first evidence is presented that pretreatment with an SGLT2 inhibitor can attenuate the AA-induced DNA damage response and subsequent nephropathy.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Recurrent exposure to aristolochic acid (AA) causes kidney function loss and fibrosis in mice and in humans, e.g., in the form of the endemic Balkan nephropathy. Inhibitors of the proximal tubule sodium-glucose transporter SGLT2 can protect against CKD progression, but their effect on AA-induced kidney injury remains unknown. Here we provide the first evidence in a murine model that pretreatment with an SGLT2 inhibitor can attenuate the AA-induced DNA damage response and subsequent nephropathy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Oe
- Department of Medicine, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, United States
| | - Young Chul Kim
- Department of Medicine, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, United States
| | - Viktoriya S Sidorenko
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States
| | - Haiyan Zhang
- Department of Pathology, University of California-San Diego, San Diego, California, United States
| | - Sadhana Kanoo
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, United States
| | - Natalia Lopez
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, United States
| | - Helen A Goodluck
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, United States
| | - Maria Crespo-Masip
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, United States
| | - Volker Vallon
- Department of Medicine, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Li PL, Huang CH, Mao L, Li J, Sheng ZG, Zhu BZ. An unprecedented free radical mechanism for the formation of DNA adducts by the carcinogenic N-sulfonated metabolite of aristolochic acids. Free Radic Biol Med 2023; 205:332-345. [PMID: 37179032 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2023.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The carcinogenicity of aristolochic acids (AAs) has been attributed mainly to the formation of stable DNA-aristolactam (DNA-AL) adducts by its reactive N-sulfonated metabolite N-sulfonatooxyaristolactam (N-OSO3--AL). The most accepted mechanism for such DNA-AL adduct formation is via the postulated but never unequivocally-confirmed aristolactam nitrenium ion. Here we found that both sulfate radical and two ALI-derived radicals (N-centered and C-centered spin isomers) were produced by N-OSO3--ALI, which were detected and unequivocally identified by complementary applications of ESR spin-trapping, HPLC-MS coupled with deuterium-exchange methods. Both the formation of the three radical species and DNA-ALI adducts can be significantly inhibited (up to 90%) by several well-known antioxidants, typical radical scavengers, and spin-trapping agents. Taken together, we propose that N-OSO3--ALI decomposes mainly via a new N-O bond homolysis rather than the previously proposed heterolysis pathway, yielding reactive sulfate and ALI-derived radicals, which are together and in concert responsible for forming DNA-ALI adducts. This study presents strong and direct evidence for the production of free radical intermediates during N-OSO3--ALI decomposition, providing an unprecedented free radical perspective and conceptual breakthrough, which can better explain and understand the molecular mechanism for the formation of DNA-AA adducts, the carcinogenicity of AAs and their potential prevention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Lin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, PR China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Chun-Hua Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, PR China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China.
| | - Li Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, PR China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, PR China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Zhi-Guo Sheng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, PR China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Ben-Zhan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, PR China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China; Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Penning TM, Su AL, El-Bayoumy K. Nitroreduction: A Critical Metabolic Pathway for Drugs, Environmental Pollutants, and Explosives. Chem Res Toxicol 2022; 35:1747-1765. [PMID: 36044734 PMCID: PMC9703362 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.2c00175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Nitro group containing xenobiotics include drugs, cancer chemotherapeutic agents, carcinogens (e.g., nitroarenes and aristolochic acid) and explosives. The nitro group undergoes a six-electron reduction to form sequentially the nitroso-, N-hydroxylamino- and amino-functional groups. These reactions are catalyzed by nitroreductases which, rather than being enzymes with this sole function, are enzymes hijacked for their propensity to donate electrons to the nitro group either one at a time via a radical mechanism or two at time via the equivalent of a hydride transfer. These enzymes include: NADPH-dependent flavoenzymes (NADPH: P450 oxidoreductase, NAD(P)H-quinone oxidoreductase), P450 enzymes, oxidases (aldehyde oxidase, xanthine oxidase) and aldo-keto reductases. The hydroxylamino group once formed can undergo conjugation reactions with acetate or sulfate catalyzed by N-acetyltransferases or sulfotransferases, respectively, leading to the formation of intermediates containing a good leaving group which in turn can generate a nitrenium or carbenium ion for covalent DNA adduct formation. The intermediates in the reduction sequence are also prone to oxidation and produce reactive oxygen species. As a consequence, many nitro-containing xenobiotics can be genotoxic either by forming stable covalent adducts or by oxidatively damaging DNA. This review will focus on the general chemistry of nitroreduction, the enzymes responsible, the reduction of xenobiotic substrates, the regulation of nitroreductases, the ability of nitrocompounds to form DNA adducts and act as mutagens as well as some future directions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Karam El-Bayoumy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Penn State College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033-2360, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Das S, Thakur S, Korenjak M, Sidorenko VS, Chung FFL, Zavadil J. Aristolochic acid-associated cancers: a public health risk in need of global action. Nat Rev Cancer 2022; 22:576-591. [PMID: 35854147 DOI: 10.1038/s41568-022-00494-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Aristolochic acids (AAs) are a group of naturally occurring compounds present in many plant species of the Aristolochiaceae family. Exposure to AA is a significant risk factor for severe nephropathy, and urological and hepatobiliary cancers (among others) that are often recurrent and characterized by the prominent mutational fingerprint of AA. However, herbal medicinal products that contain AA continue to be manufactured and marketed worldwide with inadequate regulation, and possible environmental exposure routes receive little attention. As the trade of food and dietary supplements becomes increasingly globalized, we propose that further inaction on curtailing AA exposure will have far-reaching negative effects on the disease trends of AA-associated cancers. Our Review aims to systematically present the historical and current evidence for the mutagenicity and carcinogenicity of AA, and the effect of removing sources of AA exposure on cancer incidence trends. We discuss the persisting challenges of assessing the scale of AA-related carcinogenicity, and the obstacles that must be overcome in curbing AA exposure and preventing associated cancers. Overall, this Review aims to strengthen the case for the implementation of prevention measures against AA's multifaceted, detrimental and potentially fully preventable effects on human cancer development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samrat Das
- Epigenomics and Mechanisms Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer WHO, Lyon, France
| | - Shefali Thakur
- Epigenomics and Mechanisms Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer WHO, Lyon, France
- BIOCEV, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Vestec, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michael Korenjak
- Epigenomics and Mechanisms Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer WHO, Lyon, France
| | - Viktoriya S Sidorenko
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Felicia Fei-Lei Chung
- Epigenomics and Mechanisms Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer WHO, Lyon, France.
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Petaling Jaya, Malaysia.
| | - Jiri Zavadil
- Epigenomics and Mechanisms Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer WHO, Lyon, France.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To acquaint urologists with aristolochic acid nephropathy, an iatrogenic disease that poses a distinct threat to global public health. In China alone, 100 million people may currently be at risk. We illustrate the power of molecular epidemiology in establishing the cause of this disease. RECENT FINDINGS Molecular epidemiologic approaches and novel mechanistic information established a causative linkage between exposure to aristolochic acid and urothelial carcinomas of the bladder and upper urinary tract. Noninvasive tests are available that detect urothelial cancers through the genetic analysis of urinary DNA. Combined with cytology, some of these tests can detect 95% of patients at risk of developing bladder and/or upper urothelial tract cancer. Robust biomarkers, including DNA-adduct and mutational signature analysis, unequivocally identify aristolochic acid-induced tumours. The high mutational load associated with aristolochic acid-induced tumours renders them candidates for immune-checkpoint therapy. SUMMARY Guided by recent developments that facilitate early detection of urothelial cancers, the morbidity and mortality associated with aristolochic acid-induced bladder and upper tract urothelial carcinomas may be substantially reduced. The molecular epidemiology tools that define aristolochic acid-induced tumours may be applicable to other studies assessing potential environmental carcinogens.
Collapse
|
7
|
Chen CH, Grollman AP, Huang CY, Shun CT, Sidorenko VS, Hashimoto K, Moriya M, Turesky RJ, Yun BH, Tsai K, Wu S, Chuang PY, Tang CH, Yang WH, Tzai TS, Tsai YS, Dickman KG, Pu YS. Additive Effects of Arsenic and Aristolochic Acid in Chemical Carcinogenesis of Upper Urinary Tract Urothelium. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2020; 30:317-325. [PMID: 33277322 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-20-1090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aristolochic acids (AA) and arsenic are chemical carcinogens associated with urothelial carcinogenesis. Here we investigate the combined effects of AA and arsenic toward the risk of developing upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC). METHODS Hospital-based (n = 89) and population-based (2,921 cases and 11,684 controls) Taiwanese UTUC cohorts were used to investigate the association between exposure to AA and/or arsenic and the risk of developing UTUC. In the hospital cohort, AA exposure was evaluated by measuring aristolactam-DNA adducts in the renal cortex and by identifying A>T TP53 mutations in tumors. In the population cohort, AA exposure was determined from prescription health insurance records. Arsenic levels were graded from 0 to 3 based on concentrations in well water and the presence of arseniasis-related diseases. RESULTS In the hospital cohort, 43, 26, and 20 patients resided in grade 0, 1+2, and 3 arseniasis-endemic areas, respectively. Aristolactam-DNA adducts were present in >90% of these patients, indicating widespread AA exposure. A>T mutations in TP53 were detected in 28%, 44%, and 22% of patients residing in grade 0, 1+2, and 3 arseniasis-endemic areas, respectively. Population studies revealed that individuals who consumed more AA-containing herbs had a higher risk of developing UTUC in both arseniasis-endemic and nonendemic areas. Logistic regression showed an additive effect of AA and arsenic exposure on the risk of developing UTUC. CONCLUSIONS Exposure to both AA and arsenic acts additively to increase the UTUC risk in Taiwan. IMPACT This is the first study to investigate the combined effect of AA and arsenic exposure on UTUC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Hsin Chen
- Department of Urology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Arthur P Grollman
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York.,Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York
| | - Chao-Yuan Huang
- Department of Urology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Tung Shun
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Pathology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Viktoriya S Sidorenko
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York
| | - Keiji Hashimoto
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York
| | - Masaaki Moriya
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York
| | - Robert J Turesky
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Byeong Hwa Yun
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Karen Tsai
- School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York
| | - Stephanie Wu
- School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York
| | - Po-Ya Chuang
- School of Health Care Administration, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Hsiun Tang
- School of Health Care Administration, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Horng Yang
- Department of Urology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Tzong-Shin Tzai
- Department of Urology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yuh-Shyan Tsai
- Department of Urology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
| | - Kathleen G Dickman
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York. .,Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York
| | - Yeong-Shiau Pu
- Department of Urology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Osorio-Osorno YA, Arboleda Toro D, Arango JC, Parada-Sanchez MT. Optimized liquid-based cytology for the cellular and molecular analysis of oral keratinocytes: A promising diagnostic tool. Diagn Cytopathol 2020; 49:96-104. [PMID: 32877007 DOI: 10.1002/dc.24604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Liquid-based cytology (LBC) has improved exfoliative cytology by facilitating the extraction of more precise information from epithelial cells. The aim of this study was to optimize a protocol using a conventional cytobrush to perform LBC, obtaining oral keratinocytes for their further cellular and molecular analysis. METHODS LBC was performed in 30 healthy donors from buccal mucosa. We evaluated the use of diethyl pyrocarbonate (DEPC)-treated Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) medium right after the collection of the cells. Cell morphology and viability were determined by Orcein staining and flow cytometry, respectively. RNA was extracted by the trizol method, and evaluated with spectrometry and electrophoresis. Finally, RNA was copied into cDNA and GAPDH and TLR2 genes were amplified by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) using specific primers. RESULTS Only DEPC-treated DMEM preserved the viability of intact intraepithelial keratinocytes. RNA quantity and quality improves in samples treated with DEPC. RNA integrity is comparable with a cell line control. GAPDH gene was successfully amplified by RT-PCR and RT-qPCR. CONCLUSIONS Therefore, LBC performed under these conditions becomes a reproducible technique for the retrieval of intraepithelial oral keratinocytes with good cell viability for cytomorphometric analysis, and extraction of good RNA quality suitable for molecular analyses such as PCR. We propose this LBC protocol as a complementary method to the cellular and molecular study of oral mucosa pathologies; however, it requires further study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuliana Andrea Osorio-Osorno
- Departamento de Estudios Básicos Integrados, Grupo Estudios BioSociales del Cuerpo, School of Dentistry, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Antioquia, Colombia
| | - David Arboleda Toro
- Departamento de Estudios Básicos Integrados, Grupo Estudios BioSociales del Cuerpo, School of Dentistry, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Antioquia, Colombia
| | - Julian Camilo Arango
- Grupo Micología Médica y Experimental, School of Microbiology, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Antioquia, Colombia
| | - Monica Tatiana Parada-Sanchez
- Departamento de Estudios Básicos Integrados, Grupo Estudios BioSociales del Cuerpo, School of Dentistry, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Antioquia, Colombia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Anger EE, Yu F, Li J. Aristolochic Acid-Induced Nephrotoxicity: Molecular Mechanisms and Potential Protective Approaches. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E1157. [PMID: 32050524 PMCID: PMC7043226 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21031157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aristolochic acid (AA) is a generic term that describes a group of structurally related compounds found in the Aristolochiaceae plants family. These plants have been used for decades to treat various diseases. However, the consumption of products derived from plants containing AA has been associated with the development of nephropathy and carcinoma, mainly the upper urothelial carcinoma (UUC). AA has been identified as the causative agent of these pathologies. Several studies on mechanisms of action of AA nephrotoxicity have been conducted, but the comprehensive mechanisms of AA-induced nephrotoxicity and carcinogenesis have not yet fully been elucidated, and therapeutic measures are therefore limited. This review aimed to summarize the molecular mechanisms underlying AA-induced nephrotoxicity with an emphasis on its enzymatic bioactivation, and to discuss some agents and their modes of action to reduce AA nephrotoxicity. By addressing these two aspects, including mechanisms of action of AA nephrotoxicity and protective approaches against the latter, and especially by covering the whole range of these protective agents, this review provides an overview on AA nephrotoxicity. It also reports new knowledge on mechanisms of AA-mediated nephrotoxicity recently published in the literature and provides suggestions for future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ji Li
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China; (E.E.A.); (F.Y.)
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Sidorenko VS. Biotransformation and Toxicities of Aristolochic Acids. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1241:139-166. [PMID: 32383120 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-41283-8_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Environmental and iatrogenic exposures contribute significantly to human diseases, including cancer. The list of known human carcinogens has recently been extended by the addition of aristolochic acids (AAs). AAs occur primarily in Aristolochia herbs, which are used extensively in folk medicines, including Traditional Chinese Medicine. Ingestion of AAs results in chronic renal disease and cancer. Despite importation bans imposed by certain countries, herbal remedies containing AAs are readily available for purchase through the internet. With recent advancements in mass spectrometry, next generation sequencing, and the development of integrated organs-on-chips, our knowledge of cancers associated with AA exposure, and of the mechanisms involved in AA toxicities, has significantly improved. DNA adduction plays a central role in AA-induced cancers; however, significant gaps remain in our knowledge as to how cellular enzymes promote activation of AAs and how the reactive species selectively bind to DNA and kidney proteins. In this review, I describe pathways for AAs biotransformation, adduction, and mutagenesis, emphasizing novel methods and ideas contributing to our present understanding of AA toxicities in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Viktoriya S Sidorenko
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Okuno Y, Bonala R, Attaluri S, Johnson F, Grollman AP, Sidorenko VS, Oda Y. Bioactivation mechanisms of N-hydroxyaristolactams: Nitroreduction metabolites of aristolochic acids. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2019; 60:792-806. [PMID: 31374128 PMCID: PMC6899766 DOI: 10.1002/em.22321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Aristolochic acids (AAs) are human nephrotoxins and carcinogens found in concoctions of Aristolochia plants used in traditional medicinal practices worldwide. Genotoxicity of AAs is associated with the formation of active species catalyzed by metabolic enzymes, the full repertoire of which is unknown. Recently, we provided evidence that sulfonation is important for bioactivation of AAs. Here, we employ Salmonella typhimurium umu tester strains expressing human N-acetyltransferases (NATs) and sulfotransferases (SULTs), to study the role of conjugation reactions in the genotoxicities of N-hydroxyaristolactams (AL-I-NOH and AL-II-NOH), metabolites of AA-I and AA-II. Both N-hydroxyaristolactams show stronger genotoxic effects in umu strains expressing human NAT1 and NAT2, than in the parent strain. Additionally, AL-I-NOH displays increased genotoxicity in strains expressing human SULT1A1 and SULT1A2, whereas AL-II-NOH shows enhanced genotoxicity in SULT1A1/2 and SULT1A3 strains. 2,6-Dichloro-4-nitrophenol, SULTs inhibitor, reduced umuC gene expression induced by N-hydroxyaristolactams in SULT1A2 strain. N-hydroxyaristolactams are also mutagenic in parent strains, suggesting that an additional mechanism(s) may contribute to their genotoxicities. Accordingly, using putative SULT substrates and inhibitors, we found that cytosols obtained from human kidney HK-2 cells activate N-hydroxyaristolactams in aristolactam-DNA adducts with the limited involvement of SULTs. Removal of low-molecular-weight reactants in the 3.5-10 kDa range inhibits the formation of aristolactam-DNA by 500-fold, which could not be prevented by the addition of cofactors for SULTs and NATs. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that the genotoxicities of N-hydroxyaristolactams depend on the cell type and involve not only sulfonation but also N,O-acetyltransfer and an additional yet unknown mechanism(s). Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 2019. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiharu Okuno
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Institute of TechnologyWakayama College77 Noshima, Nada, Gobo‐shi, Wakayama644‐0023Japan
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Material Science and EngineeringWakayama National College of Technology, Gobo‐shiWakayama644‐0023Japan
| | - Radha Bonala
- Department of Pharmacological SciencesStony Brook UniversityStony BrookNew York11794USA
| | - Sivaprasad Attaluri
- Department of Pharmacological SciencesStony Brook UniversityStony BrookNew York11794USA
| | - Francis Johnson
- Department of Pharmacological SciencesStony Brook UniversityStony BrookNew York11794USA
- Department of ChemistryStony Brook UniversityStony BrookNew York11794USA
| | - Arthur P. Grollman
- Department of Pharmacological SciencesStony Brook UniversityStony BrookNew York11794USA
- Department of MedicineStony Brook UniversityStony BrookNew York11794USA
| | | | - Yoshimitsu Oda
- Institute of Life and Environmental SciencesOsaka Shin‐Ai College6‐2‐28 Tsurumi, Tsurumi‐ku, Osaka538‐0053Japan
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Wen B, Gorycki P. Bioactivation of herbal constituents: mechanisms and toxicological relevance. Drug Metab Rev 2019; 51:453-497. [DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2019.1655570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wen
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA, USA
| | - Peter Gorycki
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Han J, Xian Z, Zhang Y, Liu J, Liang A. Systematic Overview of Aristolochic Acids: Nephrotoxicity, Carcinogenicity, and Underlying Mechanisms. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:648. [PMID: 31244661 PMCID: PMC6580798 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aristolochic acids (AAs) are a group of toxins commonly present in the plants of genus Aristolochia and Asarum, which are spread all over the world. Since the 1990s, AA-induced nephropathy (AAN) and upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) have been reported in many countries. The underlying mechanisms of AAN and AA-induced UTUC have been extensively investigated. AA-derived DNA adducts are recognized as specific biomarkers of AA exposure, and a mutational signature predominantly characterized by A→T transversions has been detected in AA-induced UTUC tumor tissues. In addition, various enzymes and organic anion transporters are involved in AA-induced adverse reactions. The progressive lesions and mutational events initiated by AAs are irreversible, and no effective therapeutic regimen for AAN and AA-induced UTUC has been established until now. Because of several warnings on the toxic effects of AAs by the US Food and Drug Administration and the regulatory authorities of some other countries, the sale and use of AA-containing products have been banned or restricted in most countries. However, AA-related adverse events still occur, especially in the Asian and Balkan regions. Therefore, the use of AA-containing herbal remedies and the consumption of food contaminated by AAs still carry high risk. More strict precautions should be taken to protect the public from AA exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiayin Han
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhong Xian
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yushi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Aihua Liang
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Ishii Y, Kijima A, Takasu S, Ogawa K, Umemura T. Effects of inhibition of hepatic sulfotransferase activity on renal genotoxicity induced by lucidin-3-O-primeveroside. J Appl Toxicol 2018; 39:650-657. [PMID: 30874336 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Sulfotransferase 1A (SULT1A) expression is lower in the liver of humans than that of rodents. Therefore, species differences should be taken into consideration when assessing the risk of rodent hepatocarcinogens metabolically activated by SULT1A in humans. Although some renal carcinogens require SULT1A-mediated activation, it is unclear how SULT1A activity in the liver affects renal carcinogens. To explore the effects of SULT1A activity in the liver on genotoxicity induced by SULT1A-activated renal carcinogens, B6C3F1 mice or gpt delta mice of the same strain background were given lucidin-3-O-primeveroside (LuP), a hepatic and renal carcinogen of rodents, for 4 or 13 weeks, respectively, and pentachlorophenol (PCP) as a liver-specific SULT inhibitor, was given from 1 week before LuP treatment to the end of the experiment. A 4 week exposure of LuP induced lucidin-specific DNA adduct formation. The suppression of Sult1a expression was observed only in the liver but not in the kidneys of PCP-treated mice, but co-administration of PCP suppressed LuP-induced DNA adduct formation in both organs. Thirteen-week exposure of LuP increased mutation frequencies and cotreatment with PCP suppressed these increases in both organs. Given that intact levels of SULT activity in the liver were much higher than in the kidneys of rodents, SULT1A may predominantly activate LuP in the liver, consequently leading to genotoxicity not only in the liver but also in the kidney. Thus, species differences should be considered in human risk assessment of renal carcinogens activated by SULT1A as in the case of the corresponding liver carcinogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Ishii
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa, 210-9501, Japan
| | - Aki Kijima
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa, 210-9501, Japan
| | - Shinji Takasu
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa, 210-9501, Japan
| | - Kumiko Ogawa
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa, 210-9501, Japan
| | - Takashi Umemura
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa, 210-9501, Japan.,Faculty of Animal Health Technology, Yamazaki University of Animal Health Technology, 4-7-2, Minami-osawa, Hachihoji, Tokyo, 192-0364, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Chang SY, Weber EJ, Sidorenko VS, Chapron A, Yeung CK, Gao C, Mao Q, Shen D, Wang J, Rosenquist TA, Dickman KG, Neumann T, Grollman AP, Kelly EJ, Himmelfarb J, Eaton DL. Human liver-kidney model elucidates the mechanisms of aristolochic acid nephrotoxicity. JCI Insight 2017; 2:95978. [PMID: 29202460 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.95978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental exposures pose a significant threat to human health. However, it is often difficult to study toxicological mechanisms in human subjects due to ethical concerns. Plant-derived aristolochic acids are among the most potent nephrotoxins and carcinogens discovered to date, yet the mechanism of bioactivation in humans remains poorly understood. Microphysiological systems (organs-on-chips) provide an approach to examining the complex, species-specific toxicological effects of pharmaceutical and environmental chemicals using human cells. We microfluidically linked a kidney-on-a-chip with a liver-on-a-chip to determine the mechanisms of bioactivation and transport of aristolochic acid I (AA-I), an established nephrotoxin and human carcinogen. We demonstrate that human hepatocyte-specific metabolism of AA-I substantially increases its cytotoxicity toward human kidney proximal tubular epithelial cells, including formation of aristolactam adducts and release of kidney injury biomarkers. Hepatic biotransformation of AA-I to a nephrotoxic metabolite involves nitroreduction, followed by sulfate conjugation. Here, we identify, in a human tissue-based system, that the sulfate conjugate of the hepatic NQO1-generated aristolactam product of AA-I (AL-I-NOSO3) is the nephrotoxic form of AA-I. This conjugate can be transported out of liver via MRP membrane transporters and then actively transported into kidney tissue via one or more organic anionic membrane transporters. This integrated microphysiological system provides an ex vivo approach for investigating organ-organ interactions, whereby the metabolism of a drug or other xenobiotic by one tissue may influence its toxicity toward another, and represents an experimental approach for studying chemical toxicity related to environmental and other toxic exposures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Yu Chang
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences and
| | - Elijah J Weber
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Viktoriya S Sidorenko
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Alenka Chapron
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Catherine K Yeung
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Kidney Research Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Chunying Gao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Qingcheng Mao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Danny Shen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Joanne Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Thomas A Rosenquist
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Kathleen G Dickman
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | | | - Arthur P Grollman
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA.,Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Edward J Kelly
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jonathan Himmelfarb
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Kidney Research Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - David L Eaton
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences and
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
DNA Adducts Formed by Aristolochic Acid Are Unique Biomarkers of Exposure and Explain the Initiation Phase of Upper Urothelial Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18102144. [PMID: 29036902 PMCID: PMC5666826 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18102144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aristolochic acid (AA) is a plant alkaloid that causes aristolochic acid nephropathy (AAN) and Balkan endemic nephropathy (BEN), unique renal diseases frequently associated with upper urothelial cancer (UUC). This review summarizes the significance of AA-derived DNA adducts in the aetiology of UUC leading to specific A:T to T:A transversion mutations (mutational signature) in AAN/BEN-associated tumours, which are otherwise rare in individuals with UCC not exposed to AA. Therefore, such DNA damage produced by AA-DNA adducts is one rare example of the direct association of exposure and cancer development (UUC) in humans, confirming that the covalent binding of carcinogens to DNA is causally related to tumourigenesis. Although aristolochic acid I (AAI), the major component of the natural plant extract AA, might directly cause interstitial nephropathy, enzymatic activation of AAI to reactive intermediates capable of binding to DNA is a necessary step leading to the formation of AA-DNA adducts and subsequently AA-induced malignant transformation. Therefore, AA-DNA adducts can not only be utilized as biomarkers for the assessment of AA exposure and markers of AA-induced UUC, but also be used for the mechanistic evaluation of its enzymatic activation and detoxification. Differences in AA metabolism might be one of the reasons for an individual’s susceptibility in the multi-step process of AA carcinogenesis and studying associations between activities and/or polymorphisms of the enzymes metabolising AA is an important determinant to identify individuals having a high risk of developing AA-mediated UUC.
Collapse
|
17
|
Stiborová M, Arlt VM, Schmeiser HH. Balkan endemic nephropathy: an update on its aetiology. Arch Toxicol 2016; 90:2595-2615. [PMID: 27538407 PMCID: PMC5065591 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1819-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Balkan endemic nephropathy (BEN) is a unique, chronic renal disease frequently associated with upper urothelial cancer (UUC). It only affects residents of specific farming villages located along tributaries of the Danube River in Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Serbia, Bulgaria, and Romania where it is estimated that ~100,000 individuals are at risk of BEN, while ~25,000 have the disease. This review summarises current findings on the aetiology of BEN. Over the last 50 years, several hypotheses on the cause of BEN have been formulated, including mycotoxins, heavy metals, viruses, and trace-element insufficiencies. However, recent molecular epidemiological studies provide a strong case that chronic dietary exposure to aristolochic acid (AA) a principal component of Aristolochia clematitis which grows as a weed in the wheat fields of the endemic regions is the cause of BEN and associated UUC. One of the still enigmatic features of BEN that need to be resolved is why the prevalence of BEN is only 3-7 %. This suggests that individual genetic susceptibilities to AA exist in humans. In fact dietary ingestion of AA along with individual genetic susceptibility provides a scenario that plausibly can explain all the peculiarities of BEN such as geographical distribution and high risk of urothelial cancer. For the countries harbouring BEN implementing public health measures to avoid AA exposure is of the utmost importance because this seems to be the best way to eradicate this once mysterious disease to which the residents of BEN villages have been completely and utterly at mercy for so long.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marie Stiborová
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 2030, 128 40, Prague 2, Czech Republic.
| | - Volker M Arlt
- Analytical and Environmental Sciences Division, MRC-PHE Centre for Environmental and Health, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Health Impact of Environmental Hazards at King's College London in partnership with Public Health England, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Heinz H Schmeiser
- Division of Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry (E030), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Y-family DNA polymerase-independent gap-filling translesion synthesis across aristolochic acid-derived adenine adducts in mouse cells. DNA Repair (Amst) 2016; 46:55-60. [PMID: 27497692 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2016.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Translesion DNA synthesis (TLS) operates when replicative polymerases are blocked by DNA lesions. To investigate the mechanism of mammalian TLS, we employed a plasmid bearing a single 7-(deoxyadenosine-N6-yl)-aristolactam I (dA-AL-I) adduct, which is generated by the human carcinogen, aristolochic acid I, and genetically engineered mouse embryonic fibroblasts. This lesion induces A to T transversions at a high frequency. The simultaneous knockouts of the Polh, Poli and Polk genes did not influence the TLS efficiency or the coding property of dA-AL-I, indicating that an unknown DNA polymerase(s) can efficiently catalyze the insertion of a nucleotide opposite the adduct and subsequent extension. Similarly, knockout of the Rev1 gene did not significantly affect TLS. However, knockout of the Rev3l gene, coding for the catalytic subunit of polζ, drastically suppressed TLS and abolished dA-AL-I to T transversions. The results support the idea that Rev1 is not essential for the cellular TLS functions of polζ in mammalian cells. Furthermore, the frequency of dA-AL-I to T transversion was affected by a sequence context, suggesting that TLS, at least in part, contributes to the formation of mutational hot and cold spots observed in aristolochic acid-induced cancers.
Collapse
|