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Alors-Pérez E, Pedraza-Arevalo S, Blázquez-Encinas R, García-Vioque V, Agraz-Doblas A, Yubero-Serrano EM, Sánchez-Frías ME, Serrano-Blanch R, Gálvez-Moreno MÁ, Gracia-Navarro F, Gahete MD, Arjona-Sánchez Á, Luque RM, Ibáñez-Costa A, Castaño JP. Altered CELF4 splicing factor enhances pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors aggressiveness influencing mTOR and everolimus response. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2024; 35:102090. [PMID: 38187140 PMCID: PMC10767201 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2023.102090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PanNETs) comprise a heterogeneous group of tumors with growing incidence. Recent molecular analyses provided a precise picture of their genomic and epigenomic landscape. Splicing dysregulation is increasingly regarded as a novel cancer hallmark influencing key tumor features. We have previously demonstrated that splicing machinery is markedly dysregulated in PanNETs. Here, we aimed to elucidate the molecular and functional implications of CUGBP ELAV-like family member 4 (CELF4), one of the most altered splicing factors in PanNETs. CELF4 expression was determined in 20 PanNETs, comparing tumor and non-tumoral adjacent tissue. An RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) dataset was analyzed to explore CELF4-linked interrelations among clinical features, gene expression, and splicing events. Two PanNET cell lines were employed to assess CELF4 function in vitro and in vivo. PanNETs display markedly upregulated CELF4 expression, which is closely associated with malignancy features, altered expression of key tumor players, and distinct splicing event profiles. Modulation of CELF4 influenced proliferation in vitro and reduced in vivo xenograft tumor growth. Interestingly, functional assays and RNA-seq analysis revealed that CELF4 silencing altered mTOR signaling pathway, enhancing the effect of everolimus. We demonstrate that CELF4 is dysregulated in PanNETs, where it influences tumor development and aggressiveness, likely by modulating the mTOR pathway, suggesting its potential as therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Alors-Pérez
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Córdoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Sergio Pedraza-Arevalo
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Córdoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Ricardo Blázquez-Encinas
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Córdoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Víctor García-Vioque
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Córdoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Antonio Agraz-Doblas
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Córdoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Elena M. Yubero-Serrano
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Córdoba, Spain
- Unidad de Gestión Clinica Medicina Interna, Lipids and Atherosclerosis Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Marina E. Sánchez-Frías
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
- Pathology Service, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Raquel Serrano-Blanch
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
- Medical Oncology Service, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
| | - María Ángeles Gálvez-Moreno
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Francisco Gracia-Navarro
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Córdoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Manuel D. Gahete
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Córdoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Álvaro Arjona-Sánchez
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
- Surgery Service, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Raúl M. Luque
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Córdoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Alejandro Ibáñez-Costa
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Córdoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Justo P. Castaño
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Córdoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
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He JR, Li D, Zhang QX, Liu T, Ding Y, Wu CY, Chen SS, Chen JL. Inhibiting KLRB1 expression is associated with impairing cancer immunity and leading to cancer progression and poor prognosis in breast invasive carcinoma patients. Aging (Albany NY) 2023; 15:13265-13286. [PMID: 37988189 DOI: 10.18632/aging.205239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The association between Killer cell lectin like receptor B1 (KLRB1) and cancer has been reported, but the roles of KLRB1 in breast invasive carcinoma (BRCA) has not been fully revealed. METHODS Our study utilized the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), Kaplan-Meier (K-M) Plotter, and TIMER databases to investigate the expression and clinical relevance of KLRB1 in BRCA and to explore its roles and mechanism in BRCA progression using gene set enrichment analysis, CCK-8, migration, apoptosis, and western blotting. We examined the relationship between KLRB1 expression and the BRCA immune microenvironment, using data from TCGA, and Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis (GEPIA) databases and validated these findings in K-M Plotter databases. RESULTS A significant decrease of KLRB1 expression was observed in BRCA patients. BRCA patients with low KLRB1 levels were associated with older age, advanced disease stage, HER2-positivity, poor prognosis, and a decreased survival probability compared to the high-expression group. Increased KLRB1 expression levels were correlated with inhibition of breast cancer cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, as well as promotion of cell apoptosis, possible through regulation of the NF-κB, PI3K/AKT, and TNF signaling pathways. Moreover, the study also indicated that decreased KLRB1 expression correlated with tumor purity, immune score, and immune cell infiltration (B cells, CD8+ T cells, CD4+ T cells, neutrophils, dendritic cells, among others), cell markers, and immunotherapy. CONCLUSION Decreased KLRB1 expression in BRCA is associated with poor prognosis and immune microenvironment. This study also highlights KLRB1 as a potential molecular marker for poor prognosis in BRCA patients, and therefore, it may provide clinical implications for the management of patients with BRCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Rong He
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Diagnosis of Hubei Province, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430014, Hubei, China
| | - Dan Li
- Department of Oncology, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan 442012, Hubei, China
| | - Qun-Xian Zhang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan 442012, Hubei, China
| | - Tao Liu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan 442012, Hubei, China
| | - Yu Ding
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Diagnosis of Hubei Province, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430014, Hubei, China
| | - Chuang-Yan Wu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, Hubei, China
| | - Shan-Shan Chen
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Diagnosis of Hubei Province, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430014, Hubei, China
| | - Jiu-Ling Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, Hubei, China
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PRPF8 increases the aggressiveness of hepatocellular carcinoma by regulating FAK/AKT pathway via fibronectin 1 splicing. Exp Mol Med 2023; 55:132-142. [PMID: 36609600 PMCID: PMC9898568 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-022-00917-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) pathogenesis is associated with alterations in splicing machinery components (spliceosome and splicing factors) and aberrant expression of oncogenic splice variants. We aimed to analyze the expression and potential role of the spliceosome component PRPF8 (pre-mRNA processing factor 8) in HCC. PRPF8 expression (mRNA/protein) was analyzed in a retrospective cohort of HCC patients (n = 172 HCC and nontumor tissues) and validated in two in silico cohorts (TCGA and CPTAC). PRPF8 expression was silenced in liver cancer cell lines and in xenograft tumors to understand the functional and mechanistic consequences. In silico RNAseq and CLIPseq data were also analyzed. Our results indicate that PRPF8 is overexpressed in HCC and associated with increased tumor aggressiveness (patient survival, etc.), expression of HCC-related splice variants, and modulation of critical genes implicated in cancer-related pathways. PRPF8 silencing ameliorated aggressiveness in vitro and decreased tumor growth in vivo. Analysis of in silico CLIPseq data in HepG2 cells demonstrated that PRPF8 binds preferentially to exons of protein-coding genes, and RNAseq analysis showed that PRPF8 silencing alters splicing events in multiple genes. Integrated and in vitro analyses revealed that PRPF8 silencing modulates fibronectin (FN1) splicing, promoting the exclusion of exon 40.2, which is paramount for binding to integrins. Consistent with this finding, PRPF8 silencing reduced FAK/AKT phosphorylation and blunted stress fiber formation. Indeed, HepG2 and Hep3B cells exhibited a lower invasive capacity in membranes treated with conditioned medium from PRPF8-silenced cells compared to medium from scramble-treated cells. This study demonstrates that PRPF8 is overexpressed and associated with aggressiveness in HCC and plays important roles in hepatocarcinogenesis by altering FN1 splicing, FAK/AKT activation and stress fiber formation.
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López‐Cánovas JL, Hermán‐Sánchez N, Moreno‐Montilla MT, del Rio‐Moreno M, Alors‐Perez E, Sánchez‐Frias ME, Amado V, Ciria R, Briceño J, de la Mata M, Castaño JP, Rodriguez‐Perálvarez M, Luque RM, Gahete MD. Spliceosomal profiling identifies EIF4A3 as a novel oncogene in hepatocellular carcinoma acting through the modulation of FGFR4 splicing. Clin Transl Med 2022; 12:e1102. [PMID: 36419260 PMCID: PMC9684617 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.1102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Altered splicing landscape is an emerging cancer hallmark; however, the dysregulation and implication of the cellular machinery controlling this process (spliceosome components and splicing factors) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is poorly known. This study aimed to comprehensively characterize the spliceosomal profile and explore its role in HCC. METHODS Expression levels of 70 selected spliceosome components and splicing factors and clinical implications were evaluated in two retrospective and six in silico HCC cohorts. Functional, molecular and mechanistic studies were implemented in three cell lines (HepG2, Hep3B and SNU-387) and preclinical Hep3B-induced xenograft tumours. RESULTS Spliceosomal dysregulations were consistently found in retrospective and in silico cohorts. EIF4A3, RBM3, ESRP2 and SRPK1 were the most dysregulated spliceosome elements in HCC. EIF4A3 expression was associated with decreased survival and greater recurrence. Plasma EIF4A3 levels were significantly elevated in HCC patients. In vitro EIF4A3-silencing (or pharmacological inhibition) resulted in reduced aggressiveness, and hindered xenograft-tumours growth in vivo, whereas EIF4A3 overexpression increased tumour aggressiveness. EIF4A3-silencing altered the expression and splicing of key HCC-related genes, specially FGFR4. EIF4A3-silencing blocked the cellular response to the natural ligand of FGFR4, FGF19. Functional consequences of EIF4A3-silencing were mediated by FGFR4 splicing as the restoration of non-spliced FGFR4 full-length version blunted these effects, and FGFR4 inhibition did not exert further effects in EIF4A3-silenced cells. CONCLUSIONS Splicing machinery is strongly dysregulated in HCC, providing a source of new diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic options in HCC. EIF4A3 is consistently elevated in HCC patients and associated with tumour aggressiveness and mortality, through the modulation of FGFR4 splicing.
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Gahete MD, Herman-Sanchez N, Fuentes-Fayos AC, Lopez-Canovas JL, Luque RM. Dysregulation of splicing variants and spliceosome components in breast cancer. Endocr Relat Cancer 2022; 29:R123-R142. [PMID: 35728261 DOI: 10.1530/erc-22-0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The dysregulation of the splicing process has emerged as a novel hallmark of metabolic and tumor pathologies. In breast cancer (BCa), which represents the most diagnosed cancer type among women worldwide, the generation and/or dysregulation of several oncogenic splicing variants have been described. This is the case of the splicing variants of HER2, ER, BRCA1, or the recently identified by our group, In1-ghrelin and SST5TMD4, which exhibit oncogenic roles, increasing the malignancy, poor prognosis, and resistance to treatment of BCa. This altered expression of oncogenic splicing variants has been closely linked with the dysregulation of the elements belonging to the macromolecular machinery that controls the splicing process (spliceosome components and the associated splicing factors). In this review, we compile the current knowledge demonstrating the altered expression of splicing variants and spliceosomal components in BCa, showing the existence of a growing body of evidence supporting the close implication of the alteration in the splicing process in mammary tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel D Gahete
- Maimónides Institute of Biomedical Research of Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Reina Sofía University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
- CIBER Pathophysiology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), Córdoba, Spain
| | - Natalia Herman-Sanchez
- Maimónides Institute of Biomedical Research of Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Reina Sofía University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
- CIBER Pathophysiology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), Córdoba, Spain
| | - Antonio C Fuentes-Fayos
- Maimónides Institute of Biomedical Research of Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Reina Sofía University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
- CIBER Pathophysiology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), Córdoba, Spain
| | - Juan L Lopez-Canovas
- Maimónides Institute of Biomedical Research of Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Reina Sofía University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
- CIBER Pathophysiology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), Córdoba, Spain
| | - Raúl M Luque
- Maimónides Institute of Biomedical Research of Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Reina Sofía University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
- CIBER Pathophysiology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), Córdoba, Spain
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Chen Y, Han X, Wang L, Wen Q, Li L, Sun L, Chen Q. Multiple roles of ghrelin in breast cancer. Int J Biol Markers 2022; 37:241-248. [PMID: 35763463 DOI: 10.1177/03936155221110247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is one of the most threatening malignant tumors in women worldwide; hence, investigators are continually performing novel research in this field. However, an accurate prediction of its prognosis and postoperative recovery remains difficult. The severity of breast cancer is patient-specific and affected by several health factors; thus, unknown mechanisms may affect its progression. This article analyzes existing literature on breast cancer, ranging from the discovery of ghrelin to its present use, and aims to provide a reference for future research into breast cancer mechanisms and treatment-plan improvement. Various parts of ghrelin have been associated with breast cancer by direct or indirect evidence. The ghrelin system may encompass the direction of expanding breast cancer treatment methods and prognostic indicators. Therefore, we compiled almost all studies on the relationship between the ghrelin system and breast cancer, including unacylated ghrelin, its GHRL gene, ghrelin O-acyltransferase, the receptor growth hormone secretagogue receptor, and several splice variants of ghrelin to lay the foundation for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiding Chen
- 176759Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.,Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuke Han
- 176759Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.,Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Lan Wang
- 176759Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.,Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Qing Wen
- 176759Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.,Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Liufu Li
- Pengshan District People's Hospital of Meishan City, Meishan, China
| | - Lisha Sun
- 176759Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.,Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiu Chen
- 176759Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.,Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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Ghrelin and Cancer: Examining the Roles of the Ghrelin Axis in Tumor Growth and Progression. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12040483. [PMID: 35454071 PMCID: PMC9032665 DOI: 10.3390/biom12040483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ghrelin, a hormone produced and secreted from the stomach, is prim arily known as an appetite stimulant. Recently, it has emerged as a potential regulator/biomarker of cancer progression. Inconsistent results on this subject make this body of literature difficult to interpret. Here, we attempt to identify commonalities in the relationships between ghrelin and various cancers, and summarize important considerations for future research. The main players in the ghrelin family axis are unacylated ghrelin (UAG), acylated ghrelin (AG), the enzyme ghrelin O-acyltransferase (GOAT), and the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR). GOAT is responsible for the acylation of ghrelin, after which ghrelin can bind to the functional ghrelin receptor GHSR-1a to initiate the activation cascade. Splice variants of ghrelin also exist, with the most prominent being In1-ghrelin. In this review, we focus primarily on the potential of In1-ghrelin as a biomarker for cancer progression, the unique characteristics of UAG and AG, the importance of the two known receptor variants GHSR-1a and 1b, as well as the possible mechanisms through which the ghrelin axis acts. Further understanding of the role of the ghrelin axis in tumor cell proliferation could lead to the development of novel therapeutic approaches for various cancers.
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Herrera-Martínez Y, Alzas Teomiro C, León Idougourram S, Molina Puertas MJ, Calañas Continente A, Serrano Blanch R, Castaño JP, Gálvez Moreno MÁ, Gahete MD, Luque RM, Herrera-Martínez AD. Sarcopenia and Ghrelin System in the Clinical Outcome and Prognosis of Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Neoplasms. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 14:cancers14010111. [PMID: 35008278 PMCID: PMC8750458 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14010111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Malnutrition and sarcopenia affect clinical outcomes in cancer patients. Nutritional evaluation in patients with neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) is not routinely performed. Currently, the evaluation of sarcopenia using CT scans is the gold standard in cancer patients, additionally, anthropometric, biochemical and molecular analysis of patients with gastroenteropancreatic NENs at diagnosis was perfomed. The expression levels of key ghrelin system components were assessed in 63 tumor samples. Results: Nutritional parameters were similar in GEP-NEN tumors of different origin. Relapsed disease was associated with decreased BMI. Patients who presented with weight loss at diagnosis had significantly lower overall survival (108 (25–302) vs. 263 (79–136) months). Ghrelin O-acyltransferase (GOAT) enzyme expression was higher in these patients. The prevalence of sarcopenia using CT images reached 87.2%. Mortality was observed only in patients with sarcopenia. Muscle evaluation was correlated with biochemical parameters but not with the expression of ghrelin system components. Conclusion: Survival is related to the nutritional status of patients with GEP-NENs and also to the molecular expression of some relevant ghrelin system components. Routine nutritional evaluation should be performed in these patients, in order to prescribe appropriate nutritional support, when necessary, for increasing quality of life and improving clinical outcomes. Abstract Background: Malnutrition and sarcopenia affect clinical outcomes and treatment response in cancer patients. Patients with neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) may present with additional symptoms related to tumor localization in the gastrointestinal tract and hormone secretion, increasing the risk and effects of sarcopenia. Aim: To explore the presence of malnutrition and sarcopenia in gastroenteropancreatic (GEP)-NEN patients, their relation to tumor characteristics, patient outcomes, survival and the molecular expression of ghrelin system components in the tumor. Patients and methods: One-hundred-and-four patients were included. Anthropometric, biochemical and CT-scans at diagnosis were evaluated. The expression levels of key ghrelin system components were assessed in 63 tumor samples. Results: Nutritional parameters were similar in GEP-NEN tumors of different origin. Relapsed disease was associated with decreased BMI. Patients who presented with weight loss at diagnosis had significantly lower overall survival (108 (25–302) vs. 263 (79–136) months). Ghrelin O-acyltransferase (GOAT) enzyme expression was higher in these patients. The prevalence of sarcopenia using CT images reached 87.2%. Mortality was observed only in patients with sarcopenia. Muscle evaluation was correlated with biochemical parameters but not with the expression of ghrelin system components. Conclusion: Survival is related to the nutritional status of patients with GEP-NENs and also to the molecular expression of some relevant ghrelin system components. Routine nutritional evaluation should be performed in these patients, in order to prescribe appropriate nutritional support, when necessary, for increasing quality of life and improving clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carlos Alzas Teomiro
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia University Hospital, 14004 Cordova, Spain; (C.A.T.); (S.L.I.); (M.J.M.P.); (A.C.C.); (R.S.B.); (J.P.C.); (M.Á.G.M.); (M.D.G.); (R.M.L.)
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, Reina Sofia University Hospital, 14004 Cordova, Spain
| | - Soraya León Idougourram
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia University Hospital, 14004 Cordova, Spain; (C.A.T.); (S.L.I.); (M.J.M.P.); (A.C.C.); (R.S.B.); (J.P.C.); (M.Á.G.M.); (M.D.G.); (R.M.L.)
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, Reina Sofia University Hospital, 14004 Cordova, Spain
| | - María José Molina Puertas
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia University Hospital, 14004 Cordova, Spain; (C.A.T.); (S.L.I.); (M.J.M.P.); (A.C.C.); (R.S.B.); (J.P.C.); (M.Á.G.M.); (M.D.G.); (R.M.L.)
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, Reina Sofia University Hospital, 14004 Cordova, Spain
| | - Alfonso Calañas Continente
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia University Hospital, 14004 Cordova, Spain; (C.A.T.); (S.L.I.); (M.J.M.P.); (A.C.C.); (R.S.B.); (J.P.C.); (M.Á.G.M.); (M.D.G.); (R.M.L.)
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, Reina Sofia University Hospital, 14004 Cordova, Spain
| | - Raquel Serrano Blanch
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia University Hospital, 14004 Cordova, Spain; (C.A.T.); (S.L.I.); (M.J.M.P.); (A.C.C.); (R.S.B.); (J.P.C.); (M.Á.G.M.); (M.D.G.); (R.M.L.)
- Medical Oncology Service, Reina Sofia University Hospital, 14004 Cordova, Spain
| | - Justo P. Castaño
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia University Hospital, 14004 Cordova, Spain; (C.A.T.); (S.L.I.); (M.J.M.P.); (A.C.C.); (R.S.B.); (J.P.C.); (M.Á.G.M.); (M.D.G.); (R.M.L.)
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, 14014 Cordova, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 14004 Cordova, Spain
| | - María Ángeles Gálvez Moreno
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia University Hospital, 14004 Cordova, Spain; (C.A.T.); (S.L.I.); (M.J.M.P.); (A.C.C.); (R.S.B.); (J.P.C.); (M.Á.G.M.); (M.D.G.); (R.M.L.)
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, Reina Sofia University Hospital, 14004 Cordova, Spain
| | - Manuel D. Gahete
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia University Hospital, 14004 Cordova, Spain; (C.A.T.); (S.L.I.); (M.J.M.P.); (A.C.C.); (R.S.B.); (J.P.C.); (M.Á.G.M.); (M.D.G.); (R.M.L.)
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, 14014 Cordova, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 14004 Cordova, Spain
| | - Raúl M. Luque
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia University Hospital, 14004 Cordova, Spain; (C.A.T.); (S.L.I.); (M.J.M.P.); (A.C.C.); (R.S.B.); (J.P.C.); (M.Á.G.M.); (M.D.G.); (R.M.L.)
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, 14014 Cordova, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 14004 Cordova, Spain
| | - Aura D. Herrera-Martínez
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia University Hospital, 14004 Cordova, Spain; (C.A.T.); (S.L.I.); (M.J.M.P.); (A.C.C.); (R.S.B.); (J.P.C.); (M.Á.G.M.); (M.D.G.); (R.M.L.)
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, Reina Sofia University Hospital, 14004 Cordova, Spain
- Correspondence:
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9
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Jiménez-Vacas JM, Montero-Hidalgo AJ, Gómez-Gómez E, Fuentes-Fayos AC, Ruiz-Pino F, Guler I, Camargo A, Anglada FJ, Carrasco-Valiente J, Tena-Sempere M, Sarmento-Cabral A, Castaño JP, Gahete MD, Luque RM. In1-Ghrelin Splicing Variant as a Key Element in the Pathophysiological Association Between Obesity and Prostate Cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2021; 106:e4956-e4968. [PMID: 34255835 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgab516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Recent studies emphasize the importance of considering the metabolic status to develop personalized medicine approaches. This is especially relevant in prostate cancer (PCa), wherein the diagnostic capability of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) dramatically drops when considering patients with PSA levels ranging from 3 to 10 ng/mL, the so-called grey zone. Hence, additional noninvasive diagnostic and/or prognostic PCa biomarkers are urgently needed, especially in the metabolic-status context. OBJECTIVE To assess the potential relation of urine In1-ghrelin (a ghrelin-splicing variant) levels with metabolic-related/pathological conditions (eg, obesity, diabetes, body mass index, insulin and glucose levels) and to define its potential clinical value in PCa (diagnostic/prognostic capacity) and relationship with PCa risk in patients with PSA in the grey zone. METHODS Urine In1-ghrelin levels were measured by radioimmunoassay in a clinically, metabolically, pathologically well-characterized cohort of patients without (n = 397) and with (n = 213) PCa with PSA in the grey zone. RESULTS Key obesity-related factors associated with PCa risk (BMI, diabetes, glucose and insulin levels) were strongly correlated to In1-ghrelin levels. Importantly, In1-ghrelin levels were higher in PCa patients compared to control patients with suspect of PCa but negative biopsy). Moreover, high In1-ghrelin levels were associated with increased PCa risk and linked to PCa aggressiveness (eg, tumor stage, lymphovascular invasion). In1-ghrelin levels added significant diagnostic value to a clinical model consisting of age, suspicious digital rectal exam, previous biopsy, and PSA levels. Furthermore, a multivariate model consisting of clinical and metabolic variables, including In1-ghrelin levels, showed high specificity and sensitivity to diagnose PCa (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve = 0.740). CONCLUSIONS Urine In1-ghrelin levels are associated with obesity-related factors and PCa risk and aggressiveness and could represent a novel and valuable noninvasive PCa biomarker, as well as a potential link in the pathophysiological relationship between obesity and PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan M Jiménez-Vacas
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), Cordoba, Spain
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), Cordoba, Spain
| | - Antonio J Montero-Hidalgo
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), Cordoba, Spain
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), Cordoba, Spain
| | - Enrique Gómez-Gómez
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), Cordoba, Spain
- Urology Service, HURS/IMIBIC, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Antonio C Fuentes-Fayos
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), Cordoba, Spain
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), Cordoba, Spain
| | - Francisco Ruiz-Pino
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), Cordoba, Spain
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), Cordoba, Spain
| | - Ipek Guler
- Leuven Biostatistics and Statistical Bioinformatics Centre (L-BioStat), Katholiek Universiteit (KU) Leuven, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Antonio Camargo
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), Cordoba, Spain
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), Cordoba, Spain
- Lipids and Atherosclerosis Unit, Internal Medicine Unit, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Francisco J Anglada
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), Cordoba, Spain
- Urology Service, HURS/IMIBIC, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Julia Carrasco-Valiente
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), Cordoba, Spain
- Urology Service, HURS/IMIBIC, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Manuel Tena-Sempere
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), Cordoba, Spain
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), Cordoba, Spain
| | - André Sarmento-Cabral
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), Cordoba, Spain
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), Cordoba, Spain
| | - Justo P Castaño
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), Cordoba, Spain
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), Cordoba, Spain
| | - Manuel D Gahete
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), Cordoba, Spain
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), Cordoba, Spain
| | - Raúl M Luque
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), Cordoba, Spain
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), Cordoba, Spain
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10
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Tegshee B, Kondo K, Soejima S, Muguruma K, Tsuboi M, Kajiura K, Kawakami Y, Kawakita N, Toba H, Yoshida M, Takizawa H, Tangoku A. GHSR methylation-dependent expression of a variant ligand and receptor of the ghrelin system induces thymoma tumorigenesis. Oncol Lett 2021; 22:793. [PMID: 34630704 PMCID: PMC8477069 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2021.13054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous study reported that the DNA methylation of growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR) was significantly higher in thymoma or thymic carcinoma (TC) than in normal thymic tissue samples. Thymic epithelial tumors (TETs) with higher GHSR DNA methylation were associated with significantly worse prognosis than those with lower levels of DNA methylation. Diversified components of the ghrelin-GHSR axis may exert opposing effects in cancer progression, depending on the cancer type in question. However, the precise function of the axis remains unclear. In the present study, the mRNA expression of five key components of the ghrelin system [native ligand ghrelin, variant ligand In-1 ghrelin, native receptor GHSR1a, variant receptor GHSR1b and acylation enzyme ghrelin O-acyltransferase (GOAT)] were examined in 58 TET samples by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR, and protein expression of GHSR1a and GHSR1b was assessed in 20 TETs using immunohistochemistry. The results revealed that In-1 ghrelin, GHSR1b (variant forms) and GOAT were more strongly expressed in thymoma compared with thymic-adjacent tissue. By contrast, no significant differences were observed in the expression of ghrelin and GHSR1a (native forms) between thymoma and thymic tissue. The mRNA expression of In-1 ghrelin and GHSR1b (variant forms) was positively associated with GHSR methylation in thymoma tissue samples. However, a relationship was not found between ghrelin, GHSR1a or GOAT expression (native forms) and GHSR methylation in thymoma. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that mRNA expression of GHSR1a and GHSR1b generally correlated with expression of the corresponding protein, and that the expression of GHSR1b was increased in advanced-stage TETs. These results indicate that the DNA methylation of GHSR is associated with a shift from native expression (ghrelin and GHSR1a) to variant expression (In-1 ghrelin and GHSR1b), which induces the tumorigenesis of thymoma, but not TC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilguun Tegshee
- Department of Oncological Medical Services, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Tokushima 770-8509, Japan
| | - Kazuya Kondo
- Department of Oncological Medical Services, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Tokushima 770-8509, Japan
| | - Shiho Soejima
- Department of Oncological Medical Services, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Tokushima 770-8509, Japan
| | - Kyoka Muguruma
- Department of Oncological Medical Services, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Tokushima 770-8509, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Tsuboi
- Department of Thoracic, Endocrine Surgery and Oncology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Koichiro Kajiura
- Department of Thoracic, Endocrine Surgery and Oncology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Yukikiyo Kawakami
- Department of Thoracic, Endocrine Surgery and Oncology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Naoya Kawakita
- Department of Thoracic, Endocrine Surgery and Oncology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Toba
- Department of Thoracic, Endocrine Surgery and Oncology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Mitsuteru Yoshida
- Department of Thoracic, Endocrine Surgery and Oncology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Takizawa
- Department of Thoracic, Endocrine Surgery and Oncology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Akira Tangoku
- Department of Thoracic, Endocrine Surgery and Oncology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
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11
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Spiridon IA, Ciobanu DGA, Giușcă SE, Căruntu ID. Ghrelin and its role in gastrointestinal tract tumors (Review). Mol Med Rep 2021; 24:663. [PMID: 34296307 PMCID: PMC8335721 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2021.12302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ghrelin, an orexigenic hormone, is a peptide that binds to the growth hormone secretagogue receptor; it is secreted mainly by enteroendocrine cells in the oxyntic glands of the stomach. Ghrelin serves a role in both local and systemic physiological processes, and is implicated in various pathologies, including neoplasia, with tissue expression in several types of malignancies in both in vitro and in vivo studies. However, the precise implications of the ghrelin axis in metastasis, invasion and cancer progression regulation has yet to be established. In the case of gastrointestinal (GI) tract malignancies, ghrelin has shown potential to become a prognostic factor or even a therapeutic target, although data in the literature are inconsistent and unsystematic, with reports untailored to a specific histological subtype of cancer or a particular localization. The evaluation of immunohistochemical expression shows a limited outlook owing to the low number of cases analyzed, and in vivo analyses have conflicting data regarding differences in ghrelin serum levels in patients with cancer. The aim of this review was to examine the relationship between ghrelin and GI tract malignancies to demonstrate the inconsistencies in current results and to highlight its clinical significance in the outcome of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Alexandra Spiridon
- Department of Pathology, 'Grigore T. Popa' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iași 700115, Romania
| | | | - Simona Eliza Giușcă
- Department of Pathology, 'Grigore T. Popa' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iași 700115, Romania
| | - Irina Draga Căruntu
- Department of Histology, 'Grigore T. Popa' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iași 700115, Romania
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12
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López-Cánovas JL, Del Rio-Moreno M, García-Fernandez H, Jiménez-Vacas JM, Moreno-Montilla MT, Sánchez-Frias ME, Amado V, L-López F, Fondevila MF, Ciria R, Gómez-Luque I, Briceño J, Nogueiras R, de la Mata M, Castaño JP, Rodriguez-Perálvarez M, Luque RM, Gahete MD. Splicing factor SF3B1 is overexpressed and implicated in the aggressiveness and survival of hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Lett 2021; 496:72-83. [PMID: 33038489 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2020.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Splicing alterations represent an actionable cancer hallmark. Splicing factor 3B subunit 1 (SF3B1) is a crucial splicing factor that can be targeted pharmacologically (e.g. pladienolide-B). Here, we show that SF3B1 is overexpressed (RNA/protein) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in two retrospective (n = 154 and n = 172 samples) and in five in silico cohorts (n > 900 samples, including TCGA) and that its expression is associated with tumor aggressiveness, oncogenic splicing variants expression (KLF6-SV1, BCL-XL) and decreased overall survival. In vitro, SF3B1 silencing reduced cell viability, proliferation and migration and its pharmacological blockade with pladienolide-B inhibited proliferation, migration, and formation of tumorspheres and colonies in liver cancer cell lines (HepG2, Hep3B, SNU-387), whereas its effects on normal-like hepatocyte-derived THLE-2 proliferation were negligible. Pladienolide-B also reduced the in vivo growth and the expression of tumor-markers in Hep3B-induced xenograft tumors. Moreover, SF3B1 silencing and/or blockade markedly modulated the activation of key signaling pathways (PDK1, GSK3b, ERK, JNK, AMPK) and the expression of cancer-associated genes (CDK4, CD24) and oncogenic SVs (KLF6-SV1). Therefore, the genetic and/or pharmacological inhibition of SF3B1 may represent a promising novel therapeutic strategy worth to be explored through randomized controlled trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan L López-Cánovas
- Maimónides Institute of Biomedical Research of Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, 14004, Spain; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, 14004, Spain; Reina Sofía University Hospital, Córdoba, 14004, Spain; CIBER Pathophysiology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), Córdoba, 14004, Spain
| | - Mercedes Del Rio-Moreno
- Maimónides Institute of Biomedical Research of Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, 14004, Spain; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, 14004, Spain; Reina Sofía University Hospital, Córdoba, 14004, Spain; CIBER Pathophysiology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), Córdoba, 14004, Spain
| | - Helena García-Fernandez
- Maimónides Institute of Biomedical Research of Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, 14004, Spain; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, 14004, Spain; Reina Sofía University Hospital, Córdoba, 14004, Spain; CIBER Pathophysiology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), Córdoba, 14004, Spain
| | - Juan M Jiménez-Vacas
- Maimónides Institute of Biomedical Research of Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, 14004, Spain; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, 14004, Spain; Reina Sofía University Hospital, Córdoba, 14004, Spain; CIBER Pathophysiology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), Córdoba, 14004, Spain
| | - M Trinidad Moreno-Montilla
- Maimónides Institute of Biomedical Research of Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, 14004, Spain; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, 14004, Spain; Reina Sofía University Hospital, Córdoba, 14004, Spain; CIBER Pathophysiology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), Córdoba, 14004, Spain
| | - Marina E Sánchez-Frias
- Maimónides Institute of Biomedical Research of Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, 14004, Spain; Reina Sofía University Hospital, Córdoba, 14004, Spain
| | - Víctor Amado
- Maimónides Institute of Biomedical Research of Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, 14004, Spain; Department of Hepatology and Liver Transplantation, Reina Sofía University Hospital, Córdoba, 14004, Spain; CIBER Hepatic and Digestive Diseases (CIBERehd), Córdoba, 14004, Spain
| | - Fernando L-López
- Maimónides Institute of Biomedical Research of Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, 14004, Spain; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, 14004, Spain; Reina Sofía University Hospital, Córdoba, 14004, Spain; CIBER Pathophysiology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), Córdoba, 14004, Spain
| | - Marcos F Fondevila
- CIBER Pathophysiology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), Córdoba, 14004, Spain; Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain
| | - Rubén Ciria
- Maimónides Institute of Biomedical Research of Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, 14004, Spain; Unit of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Reina Sofía University Hospital, Cordoba, 14004, Spain
| | - Irene Gómez-Luque
- Maimónides Institute of Biomedical Research of Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, 14004, Spain; Unit of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Reina Sofía University Hospital, Cordoba, 14004, Spain
| | - Javier Briceño
- Maimónides Institute of Biomedical Research of Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, 14004, Spain; Unit of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Reina Sofía University Hospital, Cordoba, 14004, Spain
| | - Rubén Nogueiras
- CIBER Pathophysiology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), Córdoba, 14004, Spain; Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain
| | - Manuel de la Mata
- Maimónides Institute of Biomedical Research of Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, 14004, Spain; Department of Hepatology and Liver Transplantation, Reina Sofía University Hospital, Córdoba, 14004, Spain; CIBER Hepatic and Digestive Diseases (CIBERehd), Córdoba, 14004, Spain
| | - Justo P Castaño
- Maimónides Institute of Biomedical Research of Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, 14004, Spain; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, 14004, Spain; Reina Sofía University Hospital, Córdoba, 14004, Spain; CIBER Pathophysiology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), Córdoba, 14004, Spain
| | - Manuel Rodriguez-Perálvarez
- Maimónides Institute of Biomedical Research of Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, 14004, Spain; Department of Hepatology and Liver Transplantation, Reina Sofía University Hospital, Córdoba, 14004, Spain; CIBER Hepatic and Digestive Diseases (CIBERehd), Córdoba, 14004, Spain
| | - Raúl M Luque
- Maimónides Institute of Biomedical Research of Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, 14004, Spain; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, 14004, Spain; Reina Sofía University Hospital, Córdoba, 14004, Spain; CIBER Pathophysiology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), Córdoba, 14004, Spain
| | - Manuel D Gahete
- Maimónides Institute of Biomedical Research of Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, 14004, Spain; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, 14004, Spain; Reina Sofía University Hospital, Córdoba, 14004, Spain; CIBER Pathophysiology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), Córdoba, 14004, Spain.
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13
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Soleyman-Jahi S, Sadeghi F, Pastaki Khoshbin A, Khani L, Roosta V, Zendehdel K. Attribution of Ghrelin to Cancer; Attempts to Unravel an Apparent Controversy. Front Oncol 2019; 9:1014. [PMID: 31681567 PMCID: PMC6805778 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.01014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ghrelin is an endogenous peptide hormone mainly produced in the stomach. It has been known to regulate energy homeostasis, stimulate secretion of growth hormone, and mediate many other physiologic effects. Various effects attributed to ghrelin contribute to many aspects of cancer development and progression. Accordingly, a large body of evidence has emerged about the association of ghrelin with several types of cancer in scales of cell-line, animal, and human studies. However, existing data are controversial. This controversy occurs in two main domains: one is the controversial results in local effects of ghrelin on different types of human cancer cell-lines; the second is the apparent disagreement in the results of in-vitro and clinical studies that investigated ghrelin association to one type of cancer. These inconsistencies have hampered the indications to consider ghrelin as a potential tumor biomarker or therapeutic agent in cancer patients. Previous studies have reviewed different parts of current literature about the ghrelin-cancer relationship. Although they have highlighted these controversial results in various ways, no specific recommendations have been given to address it. In this study, we comprehensively reviewed in-vitro, in-vivo, and clinical studies and attempted to use the following approaches to unravel the inconsistencies detected: (a) to distinguish local and systemic effects of ghrelin in interpreting its summary clinical role in each cancer; (b) scrutinizing factors that regulate local effects of ghrelin and could justify different effects of ghrelin on different cancer cell-lines. These approaches could have notable implications for future in-vitro and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Soleyman-Jahi
- Division of Gastroenterology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States.,Cancer Immunology Project, Universal Scientific Education and Research Network, St. Louis, MO, United States.,Cancer Research Center, Cancer Institute of Iran, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Sadeghi
- Cancer Research Center, Cancer Institute of Iran, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Cancer Immunology Project, Universal Scientific Education and Research Network, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amin Pastaki Khoshbin
- Cancer Immunology Project, Universal Scientific Education and Research Network, Tehran, Iran.,School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Khani
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Venus Roosta
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kazem Zendehdel
- Cancer Research Center, Cancer Institute of Iran, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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14
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Peptides derived from the extracellular domain of the somatostatin receptor splicing variant SST5TMD4 increase malignancy in multiple cancer cell types. Transl Res 2019; 211:147-160. [PMID: 30904441 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2019.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular fragments derived from plasma membrane receptors can play relevant roles in the development/progression of tumor pathologies, thereby offering novel diagnostic or therapeutic opportunities. The truncated variant of somatostatin receptor subtype-5, SST5TMD4, is an aberrantly spliced receptor with 4 transmembrane domains, highly overexpressed in several tumor types, whose C-terminal tail is exposed towards the extracellular matrix, and could therefore be the substrate for proteolytic enzymes. In silico analysis implemented herein predicted 2 possible cleavage sites for metalloproteases MMP2, 9, 14, and 16 in its sequence, which could generate 3 releasable peptides. Of note, expression of those MMPs was directly correlated with SST5TMD4 in several cancer-derived cell lines (ie neuroendocrine tumors and prostate, breast, and liver cancers). Moreover, incubation with SST5TMD4-derived peptides enhanced malignancy features in all cancer cell types tested (ie proliferation, migration, etc.) and blunted the antiproliferative response to somatostatin in QGP-1 cells, acting probably through PI3K/AKT and/or MEK/ERK signaling pathways and the modulation of key cancer-associated genes (eg MMPs, MKI67, ACTR2/3, CD24/44). These results suggest that SST5TMD4-derived peptides could contribute to the strong oncogenic role of SST5TMD4 observed in multiple tumor pathologies, and, therefore, represent potential candidates to identify novel diagnostic, prognostic, or therapeutic targets in cancer.
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del Río-Moreno M, Alors-Pérez E, González-Rubio S, Ferrín G, Reyes O, Rodríguez-Perálvarez M, Sánchez-Frías ME, Sánchez-Sánchez R, Ventura S, López-Miranda J, Kineman RD, de la Mata M, Castaño JP, Gahete MD, Luque RM. Dysregulation of the Splicing Machinery Is Associated to the Development of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2019; 104:3389-3402. [PMID: 30901032 PMCID: PMC6590982 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2019-00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a common obesity-associated pathology characterized by hepatic fat accumulation, which can progress to fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Obesity is associated with profound changes in gene-expression patterns of the liver, which could contribute to the onset of comorbidities. OBJECTIVE As these alterations might be linked to a dysregulation of the splicing process, we aimed to determine whether the dysregulation in the expression of splicing machinery components could be associated with NAFLD. PARTICIPANTS We collected 41 liver biopsies from nonalcoholic individuals with obesity, with or without hepatic steatosis, who underwent bariatric surgery. INTERVENTIONS The expression pattern of splicing machinery components was determined using a microfluidic quantitative PCR-based array. An in vitro approximation to determine lipid accumulation using HepG2 cells was also implemented. RESULTS The liver of patients with obesity and steatosis exhibited a severe dysregulation of certain splicing machinery components compared with patients with obesity without steatosis. Nonsupervised clustering analysis allowed the identification of three molecular phenotypes of NAFLD with a unique fingerprint of alterations in splicing machinery components, which also presented distinctive hepatic and clinical-metabolic alterations and a differential response to bariatric surgery after 1 year. In addition, in vitro silencing of certain splicing machinery components (i.e., PTBP1, RBM45, SND1) reduced fat accumulation and modulated the expression of key de novo lipogenesis enzymes, whereas conversely, fat accumulation did not alter spliceosome components expression. CONCLUSION There is a close relationship between splicing machinery dysregulation and NAFLD development, which should be further investigated to identify alternative therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes del Río-Moreno
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Emilia Alors-Pérez
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Sandra González-Rubio
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Gustavo Ferrín
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Oscar Reyes
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Department of Computer Sciences, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Manuel Rodríguez-Perálvarez
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Marina E Sánchez-Frías
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
- Anatomical Pathology Service, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Rafael Sánchez-Sánchez
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
- Anatomical Pathology Service, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Sebastián Ventura
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Department of Computer Sciences, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Department of Information Systems, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia Kingdom
| | - José López-Miranda
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Córdoba, Spain
- Lipids and Atherosclerosis Unit, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Rhonda D Kineman
- Research and Development Division, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Manuel de la Mata
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Justo P Castaño
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Manuel D Gahete
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Raúl M Luque
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Córdoba, Spain
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The β2-adrenergic receptor antagonist ICI-118,551 blocks the constitutively activated HIF signalling in hemangioblastomas from von Hippel-Lindau disease. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10062. [PMID: 31296894 PMCID: PMC6624208 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46448-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the major consequences of the lack of a functional VHL protein in von Hippel-Lindau disease, a rare cancer, is the constitutive activation of the HIF pathway. This activation ends up in the generation of Central Nervous System (CNS) Hemangioblastomas among other tumours along the lifespan of the patient. Nowadays, only surgery has been proven efficient as therapy since the systemic attempts have failed. Propranolol, a non-specific β1-and β2-adrenergic receptor antagonist, was recently designated as the first therapeutic (orphan) drug for VHL disease. Nevertheless, its β1 affinity provokes the decrease in blood pressure, being not recommended for low or regular blood pressure VHL patients. In order to overcome the β1-drawback, the properties of a high specific β2-adrenergic receptor blocker named ICI-118,551 have been studied. ICI-118,551 was able to decrease Hemangioblastomas cell viability in a specific manner, by triggering apoptosis. Moreover, ICI-118,551 also impaired the nuclear internalization of HIF-1α in Hemangioblastomas and hypoxic primary endothelial cells, reducing significantly the activation of HIF-target genes and halting the tumour-related angiogenic processes. In this work, we demonstrate the therapeutical properties of ICI-118,551 in VHL-derived CNS-Hemangioblastoma primary cultures, becoming a promising drug for VHL disease and other HIF-related diseases.
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17
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Herrera-Martínez AD, Gahete MD, Sánchez-Sánchez R, Alors-Perez E, Pedraza-Arevalo S, Serrano-Blanch R, Martínez-Fuentes AJ, Gálvez-Moreno MA, Castaño JP, Luque RM. Ghrelin-O-Acyltransferase (GOAT) Enzyme as a Novel Potential Biomarker in Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors. Clin Transl Gastroenterol 2018; 9:196. [PMID: 30297816 PMCID: PMC6175927 DOI: 10.1038/s41424-018-0058-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The association between the presence and alterations of the components of the ghrelin system and the development and progression of neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) is still controversial and remains unclear. METHODS Here, we systematically evaluated the expression levels (by quantitative-PCR) of key ghrelin system components of in gastroenteropancreatic (GEP)-NETs, as compared to non-tumor adjacent (NTA; n = 42) and normal tissues (NT; n = 14). Then, we analyzed their putative associations with clinical-histological characteristics. RESULTS The results indicate that ghrelin and its receptor GHSR1a are present in a high proportion of normal tissues, while the enzyme ghrelin-O-acyltransferase (GOAT) and the splicing variants In1-ghrelin and GHSR1b were present in a lower proportion of normal tissues. In contrast, all ghrelin system components were present in a high proportion of tumor and NTA tissues. GOAT was significantly overexpressed (by quantitative-PCR (qPCR)) in tumor samples compared to NTA, while a trend was found for ghrelin, In1-ghrelin and GHSR1a. In addition, expression of these components displayed significant correlations with key clinical parameters. The marked overexpression of GOAT in tumor samples compared to NTA regions was confirmed by IHC, revealing that this enzyme is particularly overexpressed in gastrointestinal NETs, where it is directly correlated with tumor diameter. CONCLUSIONS These results provide novel information on the presence and potential pathophysiological implications of the ghrelin system components in GEP-NETs, wherein GOAT might represent a novel diagnostic biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aura D Herrera-Martínez
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain.,Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Manuel D Gahete
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Córdoba, Spain.,Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Rafael Sánchez-Sánchez
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain.,Pathology Service, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Emilia Alors-Perez
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Córdoba, Spain.,Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Sergio Pedraza-Arevalo
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Córdoba, Spain.,Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Raquel Serrano-Blanch
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain.,Medical Oncology Service, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Antonio J Martínez-Fuentes
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Córdoba, Spain.,Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Maria A Gálvez-Moreno
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain. .,Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain.
| | - Justo P Castaño
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain. .,Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain. .,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Córdoba, Spain. .,Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain.
| | - Raúl M Luque
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain. .,Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain. .,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Córdoba, Spain. .,Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain.
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