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Jiang H, Bu L. Progress in the treatment of lung adenocarcinoma by integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine. Front Med (Lausanne) 2024; 10:1323344. [PMID: 38259856 PMCID: PMC10802683 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1323344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) overwhelmingly represents the predominant histological subtype of lung cancer, with lung adenocarcinoma emerging as the most prevalent form. Conventional Western medical treatments encompass a spectrum of modalities, including surgical interventions, cytotoxic chemotherapy, radiotherapy, targeted pharmacotherapy, and immunotherapy. In contrast, Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) methodologies encompass traditional Chinese medicine treatments, acupuncture therapies, and tuina treatments. While conventional Western medicine has made remarkable strides in the treatment of lung cancer, it is important to acknowledge the limitations inherent in singular treatment approaches. Consequently, the quest for a more comprehensive and integrative therapeutic paradigm becomes imperative. A deficiency of evaluation criteria specific to lung adenocarcinoma treatment in the realm of TCM represents an outstanding challenge in need of resolution. Nonetheless, in the backdrop of the continuous evolution of lung adenocarcinoma treatment modalities, the amalgamation of Chinese and Western medical approaches for treating this condition has exhibited a promising trajectory. It not only contributes to mitigating toxicity and augmenting efficacy but also serves to reduce a spectrum of postoperative complications, thereby enhancing the quality of patients' survival and extending life expectancy. This article furnishes a comprehensive survey of the research advancements in the integration of Chinese and Western medical approaches for treating lung adenocarcinoma. It elucidates the merits and demerits of individual and combined therapeutic strategies, surmounts current limitations, underscores the virtues of amalgamating Chinese and Western medical paradigms, and offers a more holistic, integrated, and efficacious treatment blueprint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxin Jiang
- The College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lina Bu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Xi’an No.3 Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Xi’an, China
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2
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Behrend SJ, Giotopoulou GA, Spella M, Stathopoulos GT. A role for club cells in smoking-associated lung adenocarcinoma. Eur Respir Rev 2021; 30:30/162/210122. [PMID: 34670807 PMCID: PMC9488964 DOI: 10.1183/16000617.0122-2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The cellular origin of lung adenocarcinoma remains a focus of intense research efforts. The marked cellular heterogeneity and plasticity of the lungs, as well as the vast variety of molecular subtypes of lung adenocarcinomas perplex the field and account for the extensive variability of experimental results. While most experts would agree on the cellular origins of other types of thoracic tumours, great controversy exists on the tumour-initiating cells of lung adenocarcinoma, since this histologic subtype of lung cancer arises in the distal pulmonary regions where airways and alveoli converge, occurs in smokers as well as nonsmokers, is likely caused by various environmental agents, and is marked by vast molecular and pathologic heterogeneity. Alveolar type II, club, and their variant cells have all been implicated in lung adenocarcinoma progeny and the lineage hierarchies in the distal lung remain disputed. Here we review the relevant literature in this rapidly expanding field, including results from mouse models and human studies. In addition, we present a case for club cells as cells of origin of lung adenocarcinomas that arise in smokers. Multiple lung epithelial cells are targets of carcinogenic hits. Club cells are such cells that can metabolically activate tobacco pre-carcinogens, being thus positioned as cells of origin of lung adenocarcinomas in smokers.https://bit.ly/3iOshcy
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine J Behrend
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC) and Institute for Lung Biology and Disease (iLBD); Helmholtz Center Munich-German Research Center for Environmental Health (HMGU) and Ludwig-Maximilian-University (LMU) Munich, Munich, Germany .,German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
| | - Georgia A Giotopoulou
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC) and Institute for Lung Biology and Disease (iLBD); Helmholtz Center Munich-German Research Center for Environmental Health (HMGU) and Ludwig-Maximilian-University (LMU) Munich, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
| | - Magda Spella
- Laboratory for Molecular Respiratory Carcinogenesis, Dept of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Georgios T Stathopoulos
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC) and Institute for Lung Biology and Disease (iLBD); Helmholtz Center Munich-German Research Center for Environmental Health (HMGU) and Ludwig-Maximilian-University (LMU) Munich, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
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3
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Lamort AS, Kaiser JC, Pepe MAA, Lilis I, Ntaliarda G, Somogyi K, Spella M, Behrend SJ, Giotopoulou GA, Kujawa W, Lindner M, Koch I, Hatz RA, Behr J, Sotillo R, Schamberger AC, Stathopoulos GT. Prognostic phenotypes of early-stage lung adenocarcinoma. Eur Respir J 2021; 60:13993003.01674-2021. [PMID: 34887322 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.01674-2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Survival after curative resection of early-stage lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) varies and prognostic biomarkers are urgently needed. METHODS Large-format tissue samples from a prospective cohort of 200 patients with resected LUAD were immunophenotyped for cancer hallmarks TP53, NF1, CD45, PD-1, PCNA, TUNEL, and FVIII, and were followed for median (95%CI)=2.34 (1.71-3.49) years. RESULTS Unsupervised hierarchical clustering revealed two patient subgroups with similar clinicopathologic features and genotype, but with markedly different survival: "proliferative" patients (60%) with elevated TP53, NF1, CD45, and PCNA expression had 50% 5-year overall survival while "apoptotic" patients (40%) with high TUNEL had 70% 5-year survival [HR95%CI=2.23 (1.33-3.80); p=0.0069]. Cox regression and machine learning algorithms including random forests built clinically useful models: a score to predict overall survival and a formula and nomogram to predict tumour phenotype. The distinct LUAD phenotypes were validated in TCGA and KMplotter data and showed prognostic power supplementary to IASLC TNM stage and WHO histologic classification. CONCLUSIONS Two molecular subtypes of LUAD exist and their identification provides important prognostic information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Sophie Lamort
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC) and Institute for Lung Biology and Disease (iLBD), Helmholtz Center Munich-German Research Center for Environmental Health (HMGU), Munich, Bavaria, Germany.,German Center for Lung Research, Gießen, Hesse, Germany.,Equally contributing authors
| | - Jan Christian Kaiser
- Institute of Radiation Medicine (IRM), Helmholtz Center Munich-German Research Center for Environmental Health (HMGU), Neuherberg, Bavaria, Germany.,Equally contributing authors
| | - Mario A A Pepe
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC) and Institute for Lung Biology and Disease (iLBD), Helmholtz Center Munich-German Research Center for Environmental Health (HMGU), Munich, Bavaria, Germany.,German Center for Lung Research, Gießen, Hesse, Germany
| | - Ioannis Lilis
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Patras, Rio, Achaia, Greece
| | - Giannoula Ntaliarda
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Patras, Rio, Achaia, Greece
| | - Kalman Somogyi
- German Center for Lung Research, Gießen, Hesse, Germany.,Division of Molecular Thoracic Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Magda Spella
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Patras, Rio, Achaia, Greece
| | - Sabine J Behrend
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC) and Institute for Lung Biology and Disease (iLBD), Helmholtz Center Munich-German Research Center for Environmental Health (HMGU), Munich, Bavaria, Germany.,German Center for Lung Research, Gießen, Hesse, Germany
| | - Georgia A Giotopoulou
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC) and Institute for Lung Biology and Disease (iLBD), Helmholtz Center Munich-German Research Center for Environmental Health (HMGU), Munich, Bavaria, Germany.,German Center for Lung Research, Gießen, Hesse, Germany
| | - Willem Kujawa
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC) and Institute for Lung Biology and Disease (iLBD), Helmholtz Center Munich-German Research Center for Environmental Health (HMGU), Munich, Bavaria, Germany.,German Center for Lung Research, Gießen, Hesse, Germany
| | - Michael Lindner
- German Center for Lung Research, Gießen, Hesse, Germany.,Center for Thoracic Surgery Munich, Ludwig-Maximilian-University of Munich and Asklepios Medical Center, Gauting, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Ina Koch
- German Center for Lung Research, Gießen, Hesse, Germany.,Center for Thoracic Surgery Munich, Ludwig-Maximilian-University of Munich and Asklepios Medical Center, Gauting, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Rudolf A Hatz
- German Center for Lung Research, Gießen, Hesse, Germany.,Center for Thoracic Surgery Munich, Ludwig-Maximilian-University of Munich and Asklepios Medical Center, Gauting, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Juergen Behr
- German Center for Lung Research, Gießen, Hesse, Germany.,Department of Medicine V, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Rocio Sotillo
- German Center for Lung Research, Gießen, Hesse, Germany.,Division of Molecular Thoracic Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TRLC), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andrea C Schamberger
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC) and Institute for Lung Biology and Disease (iLBD), Helmholtz Center Munich-German Research Center for Environmental Health (HMGU), Munich, Bavaria, Germany.,German Center for Lung Research, Gießen, Hesse, Germany
| | - Georgios T Stathopoulos
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC) and Institute for Lung Biology and Disease (iLBD), Helmholtz Center Munich-German Research Center for Environmental Health (HMGU), Munich, Bavaria, Germany .,German Center for Lung Research, Gießen, Hesse, Germany.,Equally contributing authors
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4
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Cléro E, Bisson M, Nathalie V, Blanchardon E, Thybaud E, Billarand Y. Cancer risk from chronic exposures to chemicals and radiation: a comparison of the toxicological reference value with the radiation detriment. RADIATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOPHYSICS 2021; 60:531-547. [PMID: 34487227 DOI: 10.1007/s00411-021-00938-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This article aims at comparing reference methods for the assessment of cancer risk from exposure to genotoxic carcinogen chemical substances and to ionizing radiation. For chemicals, cancer potency is expressed as a toxicological reference value (TRV) based on the most sensitive type of cancer generally observed in animal experiments of oral or inhalation exposure. A dose-response curve is established by modelling experimental data adjusted to apply to human exposure. This leads to a point of departure from which the TRV is derived as the slope of a linear extrapolation to zero dose. Human lifetime cancer risk can then be assessed as the product of dose by TRV and it is generally considered to be tolerable in a 10-6-10-4 range for the public in a normal situation. Radiation exposure is assessed as an effective dose corresponding to a weighted average of energy deposition in body organs. Cancer risk models were derived from the epidemiological follow-up of atomic bombing survivors. Considering a linear-no-threshold dose-risk relationship and average baseline risks, lifetime nominal risk coefficients were established for 13 types of cancers. Those are adjusted according to the severity of each cancer type and combined into an overall indicator denominated radiation detriment. Exposure to radiation is subject to dose limits proscribing unacceptable health detriment. The differences between chemical and radiological cancer risk assessments are discussed and concern data sources, extrapolation to low doses, definition of dose, considered health effects and level of conservatism. These differences should not be an insuperable impediment to the comparison of TRVs with radiation risk, thus opportunities exist to bring closer the two types of risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enora Cléro
- Health and Environment Division, Institute for Radiological Protection and Nuclear Safety (IRSN), BP 17, 92262, Fontenay-aux-Roses Cedex, France
| | - Michèle Bisson
- Chronic Risks Division, French National Institute for Industrial Environment and Risks (INERIS), Parc technologique Alata - BP 2, 60550 , Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Velly Nathalie
- Chronic Risks Division, French National Institute for Industrial Environment and Risks (INERIS), Parc technologique Alata - BP 2, 60550 , Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Eric Blanchardon
- Health and Environment Division, Institute for Radiological Protection and Nuclear Safety (IRSN), BP 17, 92262, Fontenay-aux-Roses Cedex, France
| | - Eric Thybaud
- Chronic Risks Division, French National Institute for Industrial Environment and Risks (INERIS), Parc technologique Alata - BP 2, 60550 , Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Yann Billarand
- Health and Environment Division, Institute for Radiological Protection and Nuclear Safety (IRSN), BP 17, 92262, Fontenay-aux-Roses Cedex, France.
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5
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Hu AE, French B, Sakata R, Bhatti P, Bockwoldt B, Grant EJ, Phipps AI. The possible impact of passive smoke exposure on radiation-related risk estimates for lung cancer among women: the life span study of atomic bomb survivors. Int J Radiat Biol 2021; 97:1548-1554. [PMID: 34473600 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2021.1976863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Analyses of the Life Span Study cohort of atomic bomb survivors have shown a statistically significant sex difference in the excess risk of incident lung cancer due to radiation exposure, with the radiation-related excess relative risk per gray (ERR/Gy) for women approximately 4 times that for men, after accounting for active smoking. We sought to determine the extent to which this risk difference could be explained by adjustment for passive smoke exposure, which is a known risk factor for lung cancer that was not measured among Life Span Study participants, and which could be particularly influential among female never-smokers. MATERIALS AND METHODS The Life Span Study includes survivors of the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki and city residents who were not in either city at the time of the bombings, matched to survivors on city, sex, and age. First primary lung cancers were identified from population-based cancer registries between 1958 and 2009. Data on active smoking were obtained from mailed surveys and in-person questionnaires (1965-1991). We calculated passive smoke exposure for female never-smokers by attributing smoking pack-years at various intensities (5-50%) based on smoking patterns among men, stratified by city, birth year, radiation dose, and lung cancer status. Poisson regression models with additive and multiplicative interactions between radiation dose and smoking were used to estimate sex-specific radiation-related excess relative risks for lung cancer. RESULTS During the study period, 2,446 first primary lung cancers were identified among 105,444 study participants. On average, male smokers started smoking 19.5 cigarettes per day at 21.5 years old. Partially attributing male smoking patterns to female never-smokers-to approximate passive smoke exposure-yielded lower radiation-related ERR/Gy estimates for women under a multiplicative radiation-smoking interaction model, leading to a lower female-to-male ratio of ERR/Gy estimates; however, this difference was evident only at very high passive smoke intensities. Under an additive radiation-smoking interaction model, the results were unchanged. CONCLUSIONS Our results are consistent with the possibility that failure to account for passive smoke might contribute, in small part, to the higher radiation risk estimates for lung cancer among women compared to men in the Life Span Study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey E Hu
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Benjamin French
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Ritsu Sakata
- Department of Epidemiology, Radiation Effects Research Foundation, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Parveen Bhatti
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Cancer Control Research, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Brandie Bockwoldt
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Eric J Grant
- Department of Epidemiology, Radiation Effects Research Foundation, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Amanda I Phipps
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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6
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NMU Is a Poor Prognostic Biomarker in Patients with Lung Adenocarcinoma. DISEASE MARKERS 2021; 2021:5031479. [PMID: 34336003 PMCID: PMC8292091 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5031479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is the most prevalent histologic type of lung cancer, associated with a high incidence rate and substantial mortality rate worldwide. Accumulating evidence shows that the aberrant expression of neuromedin U (NMU) contributes to the initiation and progression of cancer. Herein, we explored whether NMU could be adopted as a new diagnostic and therapeutic marker in LUAD. The UALCAN and GEPIA web resources were employed to assess data on the NMU expression in LUAD. The STRING web resource was used to develop the PPI (protein-protein interaction) network of NMU, whereas Cytoscape was applied for module analysis. The Gene Ontology (GO) and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses of NMU and the interacting proteins were examined using the WebGestalt tool. Survival analysis was performed with the Kaplan-Meier plotter tool. Results revealed that the NMU expression in LUAD was significantly higher than in the nonmalignant tissues. Moreover, higher NMU levels were dramatically related to shorter overall survival, first progression survival, and postprogression survival. The specific gene mutations G45V, R143T, and F152L of NMU occurred in LUAD samples and were associated with a worse prognosis in patients. KEGG and western blot analyses demonstrated an association of NMU with the cell cycle and the cAMP signaling cascade. Bioinformatic analysis and the in vitro experiments implicated NMU as a promising prognostic signature and treatment target for LUAD.
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7
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Li L, Shao M, He X, Ren S, Tian T. Risk of lung cancer due to external environmental factor and epidemiological data analysis. MATHEMATICAL BIOSCIENCES AND ENGINEERING : MBE 2021; 18:6079-6094. [PMID: 34517524 DOI: 10.3934/mbe.2021304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
Lung cancer is a cancer with the fastest growth in the incidence and mortality all over the world, which is an extremely serious threat to human's life and health. Evidences reveal that external environmental factors are the key drivers of lung cancer, such as smoking, radiation exposure and so on. Therefore, it is urgent to explain the mechanism of lung cancer risk due to external environmental factors experimentally and theoretically. However, it is still an open issue regarding how external environment factors affect lung cancer risk. In this paper, we summarize the main mathematical models involved the gene mutations for cancers, and review the application of the models to analyze the mechanism of lung cancer and the risk of lung cancer due to external environmental exposure. In addition, we apply the model described and the epidemiological data to analyze the influence of external environmental factors on lung cancer risk. The result indicates that radiation can cause significantly an increase in the mutation rate of cells, in particular the mutation in stability gene that leads to genomic instability. These studies not only can offer insights into the relationship between external environmental factors and human lung cancer risk, but also can provide theoretical guidance for the prevention and control of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Li
- School of Science, Xi'an Polytechnic University, Xi'an 710048, China
| | - Mengyao Shao
- School of Science, Xi'an Polytechnic University, Xi'an 710048, China
| | - Xingshi He
- School of Science, Xi'an Polytechnic University, Xi'an 710048, China
| | - Shanjing Ren
- School of Mathematics and Big Data, GuiZhou Education University, Guiyang 550018, China
| | - Tianhai Tian
- School of Mathematical Science, Monash University, Melbourne Vic 3800, Australia
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8
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Walsh L, Hafner L, Straube U, Ulanowski A, Fogtman A, Durante M, Weerts G, Schneider U. A bespoke health risk assessment methodology for the radiation protection of astronauts. RADIATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOPHYSICS 2021; 60:213-231. [PMID: 33929575 PMCID: PMC8116305 DOI: 10.1007/s00411-021-00910-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
An alternative approach that is particularly suitable for the radiation health risk assessment (HRA) of astronauts is presented. The quantity, Radiation Attributed Decrease of Survival (RADS), representing the cumulative decrease in the unknown survival curve at a certain attained age, due to the radiation exposure at an earlier age, forms the basis for this alternative approach. Results are provided for all solid cancer plus leukemia incidence RADS from estimated doses from theoretical radiation exposures accumulated during long-term missions to the Moon or Mars. For example, it is shown that a 1000-day Mars exploration mission with a hypothetical mission effective dose of 1.07 Sv at typical astronaut ages around 40 years old, will result in the probability of surviving free of all types of solid cancer and leukemia until retirement age (65 years) being reduced by 4.2% (95% CI 3.2; 5.3) for males and 5.8% (95% CI 4.8; 7.0) for females. RADS dose-responses are given, for the outcomes for incidence of all solid cancer, leukemia, lung and female breast cancer. Results showing how RADS varies with age at exposure, attained age and other factors are also presented. The advantages of this alternative approach, over currently applied methodologies for the long-term radiation protection of astronauts after mission exposures, are presented with example calculations applicable to European astronaut occupational HRA. Some tentative suggestions for new types of occupational risk limits for space missions are given while acknowledging that the setting of astronaut radiation-related risk limits will ultimately be decided by the Space Agencies. Suggestions are provided for further work which builds on and extends this new HRA approach, e.g., by eventually including non-cancer effects and detailed space dosimetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Walsh
- Department of Physics, Science Faculty, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Luana Hafner
- Department of Physics, ETH Zurich, Otto-Stern-Weg 1, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ulrich Straube
- Medical Operations and Space Medicine, HRE-OM, European Space Agency, ESA, European Astronaut Centre, EAC, Cologne, Germany
| | - Alexander Ulanowski
- Present Address: Environment Laboratories, International Atomic Energy Agency, 2444 Seibersdorf, Austria
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Helmholtz Zentrum München- German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Anna Fogtman
- Medical Operations and Space Medicine, HRE-OM, European Space Agency, ESA, European Astronaut Centre, EAC, Cologne, Germany
| | - Marco Durante
- Biophysics Department, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
- Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Guillaume Weerts
- Medical Operations and Space Medicine, HRE-OM, European Space Agency, ESA, European Astronaut Centre, EAC, Cologne, Germany
| | - Uwe Schneider
- Department of Physics, Science Faculty, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
- Radiotherapy Hirslanden, Witellikerstrasse 40, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
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9
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Chauhan V, Villeneuve D, Cool D. Collaborative efforts are needed among the scientific community to advance the adverse outcome pathway concept in areas of radiation risk assessment. Int J Radiat Biol 2021; 97:815-823. [PMID: 33253609 PMCID: PMC8312481 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2020.1857456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Disease prevention and prediction have led to the generation of phenotypically based methods for deriving the limits of safety across toxicological disciplines. In the ionizing radiation field, human data has formed the basis of the linear-no-threshold (LNT) model for risk estimates. However, uncertainties around its accuracy at low doses and low dose-rates have led to passionate debates on its effectiveness to derive radiation risk estimates under these conditions. Concerns arise from the linear extrapolation of data from high doses to low doses, below 0.1 Gy where there is considerable variability in the scientific literature. Efforts to address these controversies have led to a mountain of mechanistic data to improve the understanding of molecular and cellular effects related to phenotypic changes. These data provide fragments of information that have yet to be combined and used effectively to improve modeling, reduce uncertainties, and update radiation protection approaches. This paper suggests a better consolidation of mechanistic research may serve to guide priority research and facilitate translation to risk assessment. An effective approach that may be implemented is the organization of data using the adverse outcome pathway (AOP) framework, a programme that has been launched by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development in the chemical toxicology field. The AOP concept has proved beneficial to human health and ecological toxicological fields, demonstrating possibilities for better linkages of mechanistic data to phenotypic effects. A similar approach may be beneficial to the field of radiation research. However, for this to work effectively, collaborative efforts are needed among the scientific communities in the area of AOP development and documentation. Studies will need to be evaluated, re-organized and integrated into AOPs. Here, details of the AOP approach and areas it could support in the radiation field are discussed. In addition, challenges are highlighted and steps to integration are outlined. Organizing studies in this manner will facilitate a better understanding of our current knowledge in the radiation field and help identify areas where more focused work can be undertaken. This will, in turn, allow for improved linkage of mechanistic data to human relevance and better support radiation risk assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinita Chauhan
- Environmental Health Science Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Daniel Villeneuve
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, Duluth, MN 55804, USA
| | - Donald Cool
- Electric Power Research Institute, Charlotte, NC, US
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10
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Abstract
RAS mutation is the most frequent oncogenic alteration in human cancers. KRAS is the most frequently mutated followed by NRAS. The emblematic KRAS mutant cancers are pancreatic, colorectal, lung adenocarcinomas and urogenital cancers. KRAS mutation frequencies are relatively stable worldwide in various cancer types with the one exception of lung adenocarcinoma. The frequencies of KRAS variant alleles appears cancer type specific, reflecting the various carcinogenic processes. In addition to point mutation KRAS, allelic imbalances are also frequent in human cancers leading to the predominance of a mutant allele. KRAS mutant cancers are characterized by typical, cancer-type-specific co-occurring mutations and distinct gene expression signatures. The heterogeneity of KRAS mutant primary cancers is significant, affecting the variant allele frequency, which could lead to unpredictable branching development in metastases. Selection of minute mutant subclones in the primary tumors or metastases during target therapies can also occur frequently in lung or colorectal cancers leading to acquired resistance. Ultrahigh sensitivity techniques are now routinely available for diagnostic purposes, but the proper determination of mutant allele frequency of KRAS in the primary or metastatic tissues may have larger clinical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jozsef Timar
- 2nd Department of Pathology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Karl Kashofer
- Diagnostic and Research Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerpl. 2, 8036, Graz, Austria
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11
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Gremke N, Polo P, Dort A, Schneikert J, Elmshäuser S, Brehm C, Klingmüller U, Schmitt A, Reinhardt HC, Timofeev O, Wanzel M, Stiewe T. mTOR-mediated cancer drug resistance suppresses autophagy and generates a druggable metabolic vulnerability. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4684. [PMID: 32943635 PMCID: PMC7499183 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18504-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells have a characteristic metabolism, mostly caused by alterations in signal transduction networks rather than mutations in metabolic enzymes. For metabolic drugs to be cancer-selective, signaling alterations need to be identified that confer a druggable vulnerability. Here, we demonstrate that many tumor cells with an acquired cancer drug resistance exhibit increased sensitivity to mechanistically distinct inhibitors of cancer metabolism. We demonstrate that this metabolic vulnerability is driven by mTORC1, which promotes resistance to chemotherapy and targeted cancer drugs, but simultaneously suppresses autophagy. We show that autophagy is essential for tumor cells to cope with therapeutic perturbation of metabolism and that mTORC1-mediated suppression of autophagy is required and sufficient for generating a metabolic vulnerability leading to energy crisis and apoptosis. Our study links mTOR-induced cancer drug resistance to autophagy defects as a cause of a metabolic liability and opens a therapeutic window for the treatment of otherwise therapy-refractory tumor patients. mTORC1 is a key mediator of drug resistance and also regulates autophagy. In this study, the authors demonstrate that cancer cells with acquired drug resistance exibit metabolic vulnerabilities mediated by high levels of mTORC1 and the consequent inhibition of autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Gremke
- Institute of Molecular Oncology, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany
| | | | - Aaron Dort
- Institute of Molecular Oncology, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Jean Schneikert
- Institute of Molecular Oncology, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany
| | | | - Corinna Brehm
- Institute of Pathology, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Ursula Klingmüller
- Division Systems Biology of Signal Transduction, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anna Schmitt
- Clinic for Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Essen, Germany
| | - Hans Christian Reinhardt
- Clinic for Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Essen, Germany
| | - Oleg Timofeev
- Institute of Molecular Oncology, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Michael Wanzel
- Institute of Molecular Oncology, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany.,Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Marburg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Stiewe
- Institute of Molecular Oncology, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany. .,Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Marburg, Germany. .,Genomics Core Facility, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany.
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12
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Samet JM. Carcinogenesis and lung cancer: 70 years of progress and more to come. Carcinogenesis 2020; 41:1309-1317. [DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgaa094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
This commentary celebrates the 40th year of Carcinogenesis, spanning 1980–2020 with a focus on lung cancer. For lung cancer, these 40 years come toward the end of a century of scientific inquiry that began with descriptions of this highly fatal malignancy and that closes with emphasis on molecular processes and genomics. This commentary gives a historical perspective of lung cancer research as well as a look into the questions that remain to be addressed. Over the 20th century and into the first two decades of the 21st, a series of issues have more or less sequentially been the focus of epidemiological investigation of lung cancer, as questions have been answered and methodologies have evolved. These questions began with whether an epidemic was occurring and continue now with exploration of causal mechanisms and molecular risk predictors. With tobacco smoking firmly established decades ago as a cause of lung cancer, the evidence has long been sufficient to motivate tobacco prevention and control. There is unfinished business as tobacco smoking remains widespread and the industry continues to market new, addicting, products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Samet
- Office of the Dean, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, CO, USA
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13
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Kaiser JC, Blettner M, Stathopoulos GT. Biologically based models of cancer risk in radiation research. Int J Radiat Biol 2020; 97:2-11. [PMID: 32573309 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2020.1784490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Christian Kaiser
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Maria Blettner
- Epidemiology and Informatics, Institute of Medical Biometry, Johannes-Gutenberg Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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14
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Kaiser JC, Misumi M, Furukawa K. Biologically-based modeling of radiation risk and biomarker prevalence for papillary thyroid cancer in Japanese a-bomb survivors 1958-2005. Int J Radiat Biol 2020; 97:19-30. [PMID: 32573332 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2020.1784488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Thyroid cancer of papillary histology (PTC) is the dominant type in radio-epidemiological cohorts established after nuclear accidents or warfare. Studies on post-Chernobyl PTC and on thyroid cancer in the life span study (LSS) of Japanese a-bomb survivors consistently revealed high radiation risk after exposure during childhood and adolescence. For post-Chernobyl risk assessment overexpression of the CLIP2 gene was proposed as molecular biomarker to separate radiogenic from sporadic PTC. Based on such binary marker a biologically-based risk model of PTC carcinogenesis has been developed for observational Chernobyl data. The model featured two independent molecular pathways of disease development, of which one was associated with radiation exposure. To gain credibility the concept for a mechanistic risk model must be based on general biological features which transcend findings in a single cohort. The purpose of the present study is therefore to demonstrate portability of the model concept by application to PTC incidence data in the LSS. By exploiting the molecular two-path concept we improve the determination of the probability of radiation causing cancer (POC). MATERIALS AND METHODS The current analysis uses thyroid cancer incidence data of the LSS with thyroid cancer diagnoses and papillary histology (n = 292) from the follow-up period between 1958 and 2005. Risk analysis was performed with both descriptive and biologically-based models. RESULTS Judged by goodness-of-fit all applied models described the data almost equally well. They yielded similar risk estimates in cohorts post-Chernobyl and LSS. The preferred mechanistic model was selected by biological plausibility. It reflected important features of an imperfect radiation marker which are not easily addressed by descriptive models. Precise model predictions of marker prevalence in strata of epidemiological covariables can be tested by molecular measurements. Application of the radiation-related molecular pathway from our preferred model in retrospective risk assessment decreases the threshold dose for 50% POC from 0.33 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.18; 0.64) Gy to 0.04 (95% CI 0.01; 0.19) Gy for females and from 0.43 (95% CI 0.17; 1.84) Gy to 0.19 (95% CI 0.05; 1.00) Gy for males. These improvements are still not sufficient to separate radiation-induced from sporadic PTC cases at very low doses <0.015 Gy typical for the Fukushima accident. CONCLUSIONS Successful application of our preferred mechanistic model to LSS incidence data confirms and improves the biological two-path concept of radiation-induced PTC. Model predictions suggest further molecular validation studies to consolidate the basis of biologically-based risk estimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Christian Kaiser
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Munechika Misumi
- Department of Statistics, Radiation Effects Research Foundation, Hiroshima, Japan
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15
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Ren C, Sun W, Lian X, Han C. Identification of nine key genes by bioinformatics analysis for predicting poor prognosis in smoking-induced lung adenocarcinoma. Lung Cancer Manag 2020; 9:LMT30. [PMID: 32346404 PMCID: PMC7186853 DOI: 10.2217/lmt-2020-0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: To screen and identify key genes related to the development of smoking-induced lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). Materials & methods: We obtained data from the GEO chip dataset GSE31210. The differentially expressed genes were screened by GEO2R. The protein interaction network of differentially expressed genes was constructed by STRING and Cytoscape. Finally, core genes were screened. The overall survival time of patients with the core genes was analyzed by Kaplan–Meier method. Gene ontology and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes bioaccumulation was calculated by DAVID. Results: Functional enrichment analysis indicated that nine key genes were actively involved in the biological process of smoking-related LUAD. Conclusion: 23 core genes and nine key genes among them were correlated with adverse prognosis of LUAD induced by smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanli Ren
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, PR China
| | - Weixiu Sun
- Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, Clinical Medical College, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, PR China
| | - Xu Lian
- Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, Clinical Medical College, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, PR China
| | - Chongxu Han
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, PR China
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16
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Sandulache VC, Wilde DC, Sturgis EM, Chiao EY, Sikora AG. A Hidden Epidemic of "Intermediate Risk" Oropharynx Cancer. Laryngoscope Investig Otolaryngol 2019; 4:617-623. [PMID: 31890879 PMCID: PMC6929570 DOI: 10.1002/lio2.316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) incidence is rapidly increasing in the United States and around the world, driven in large part by infection with the human papillomavirus (HPV). HPV associated OPSCC (HPV+OPSCC) has been shown to have improved response to treatment relative to tobacco‐associated OPSCC. However, improvement in patient survival has not been uniform. Subsets of OPSCC patients in the US and around the world continue to have poor oncologic outcomes. Although the drivers of this phenomenon remain unclear, there is increasing evidence that tobacco exposure plays an important role in modulating HPV+OPSCC clinical outcomes. Methods We conducted a review of the literature. Results We discuss the potential biological and epidemiological interplay between tobacco and HPV exposure in the context of OPSCC. Multiple retrospective and prospective cohorts show that HPV+OPSCC patients with a history of tobacco exposure have response to treatment and clinical outcomes distinct from HPV+OPSCC non‐smokers which poses clinical and scientific challenges to be addressed over the next decade. Conclusions The interaction between tobacco exposure and HPV infection in the context of OPSCC has significant implications for both standard of care treatment regimens and development of novel therapeutic approaches, in particular those which incorporate immunomodulatory agents. Level of Evidence 5
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Affiliation(s)
- Vlad C Sandulache
- Bobby R. Alford Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery Baylor College of Medicine Houston Texas U.S.A.,ENT Section, Operative Care Line Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center Houston Texas U.S.A
| | - David C Wilde
- Bobby R. Alford Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery Baylor College of Medicine Houston Texas U.S.A
| | - Erich M Sturgis
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston Texas U.S.A
| | - Elizabeth Y Chiao
- Department of Medicine Baylor College of Medicine Houston Texas U.S.A
| | - Andrew G Sikora
- Bobby R. Alford Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery Baylor College of Medicine Houston Texas U.S.A.,ENT Section, Operative Care Line Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center Houston Texas U.S.A
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17
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Li L, Tian T, Zhang X. Stochastic modelling of multistage carcinogenesis and progression of human lung cancer. J Theor Biol 2019; 479:81-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2019.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 06/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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18
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Li L, Zhang X, Tian T, Pang L. Mathematical modelling the pathway of genomic instability in lung cancer. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14136. [PMID: 31575883 PMCID: PMC6773729 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50500-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Genomic instability plays a significant role in lung cancer. Although substantial research has been conducted using both clinical and theoretical studies, it is still a hotly debated issue to whether genomic instability is necessary or whether genomic instability precedes oncogenes activation and tumor suppressor genes inactivation for lung cancer. In response to this issue, we come up with a mathematical model incorporating effects of genomic instability to investigate the genomic instability pathway of human lung cancer. The presented model are applied to match the incidence rate data of lung cancer from the Life Span Study cohort of the atomic bomb survivors in Nagasaki and Hiroshima and the Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results registry in the United States. Model results suggest that genomic instability is necessary in the tumorigenesis of lung cancer, and genomic instability has no significant impact on the net proliferation rate of cells by statistical criteria. By comparing the results of the LSS data to those of the SEER data, we conclude that the genomic instability pathway exhibits a sensitivity to radiation exposure, more intensive in male patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Li
- School of Science, Xi'an Polytechnic University, Xi'an, 710048, P.R. China.
| | - Xinan Zhang
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, P.R. China
| | - Tianhai Tian
- School of Mathematical Science, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic 3800, Australia
| | - Liuyong Pang
- School of Mathematics, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian, Henan, P.R. China
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19
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Spella M, Lilis I, Pepe MA, Chen Y, Armaka M, Lamort AS, Zazara DE, Roumelioti F, Vreka M, Kanellakis NI, Wagner DE, Giannou AD, Armenis V, Arendt KA, Klotz LV, Toumpanakis D, Karavana V, Zakynthinos SG, Giopanou I, Marazioti A, Aidinis V, Sotillo R, Stathopoulos GT. Club cells form lung adenocarcinomas and maintain the alveoli of adult mice. eLife 2019; 8:45571. [PMID: 31140976 PMCID: PMC6606035 DOI: 10.7554/elife.45571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer and chronic lung diseases impose major disease burdens worldwide and are caused by inhaled noxious agents including tobacco smoke. The cellular origins of environmental-induced lung tumors and of the dysfunctional airway and alveolar epithelial turnover observed with chronic lung diseases are unknown. To address this, we combined mouse models of genetic labeling and ablation of airway (club) and alveolar cells with exposure to environmental noxious and carcinogenic agents. Club cells are shown to survive KRAS mutations and to form lung tumors after tobacco carcinogen exposure. Increasing numbers of club cells are found in the alveoli with aging and after lung injury, but go undetected since they express alveolar proteins. Ablation of club cells prevents chemical lung tumors and causes alveolar destruction in adult mice. Hence club cells are important in alveolar maintenance and carcinogenesis and may be a therapeutic target against premalignancy and chronic lung disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magda Spella
- Laboratory for Molecular Respiratory Carcinogenesis, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Patras, Rio, Greece
| | - Ioannis Lilis
- Laboratory for Molecular Respiratory Carcinogenesis, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Patras, Rio, Greece
| | - Mario Aa Pepe
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC), Institute for Lung Biology and Disease (iLBD), University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Helmholtz Center Munich, The German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Yuanyuan Chen
- Division of Molecular Thoracic Oncology, Translational Lung Research Center (TLRC), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), The German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Maria Armaka
- Institute of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming", Vari, Greece
| | - Anne-Sophie Lamort
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC), Institute for Lung Biology and Disease (iLBD), University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Helmholtz Center Munich, The German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Dimitra E Zazara
- Laboratory for Molecular Respiratory Carcinogenesis, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Patras, Rio, Greece
| | - Fani Roumelioti
- Institute of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming", Vari, Greece
| | - Malamati Vreka
- Laboratory for Molecular Respiratory Carcinogenesis, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Patras, Rio, Greece.,Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC), Institute for Lung Biology and Disease (iLBD), University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Helmholtz Center Munich, The German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Nikolaos I Kanellakis
- Laboratory for Molecular Respiratory Carcinogenesis, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Patras, Rio, Greece
| | - Darcy E Wagner
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC), Institute for Lung Biology and Disease (iLBD), University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Helmholtz Center Munich, The German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Anastasios D Giannou
- Laboratory for Molecular Respiratory Carcinogenesis, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Patras, Rio, Greece
| | - Vasileios Armenis
- Laboratory for Molecular Respiratory Carcinogenesis, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Patras, Rio, Greece
| | - Kristina Am Arendt
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC), Institute for Lung Biology and Disease (iLBD), University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Helmholtz Center Munich, The German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Laura V Klotz
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC), Institute for Lung Biology and Disease (iLBD), University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Helmholtz Center Munich, The German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Dimitrios Toumpanakis
- First Department of Critical Care Medicine and Pulmonary Services, School of Medicine, Evangelismos Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Vassiliki Karavana
- First Department of Critical Care Medicine and Pulmonary Services, School of Medicine, Evangelismos Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Spyros G Zakynthinos
- First Department of Critical Care Medicine and Pulmonary Services, School of Medicine, Evangelismos Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Ioanna Giopanou
- Laboratory for Molecular Respiratory Carcinogenesis, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Patras, Rio, Greece
| | - Antonia Marazioti
- Laboratory for Molecular Respiratory Carcinogenesis, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Patras, Rio, Greece
| | - Vassilis Aidinis
- Institute of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming", Vari, Greece
| | - Rocio Sotillo
- Division of Molecular Thoracic Oncology, Translational Lung Research Center (TLRC), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), The German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Georgios T Stathopoulos
- Laboratory for Molecular Respiratory Carcinogenesis, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Patras, Rio, Greece.,Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC), Institute for Lung Biology and Disease (iLBD), University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Helmholtz Center Munich, The German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
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