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Manière-Guerrero I, Bonizzoni E, Battino D, Clinard F, Mathieu-Huart A, Perucca E, Pouzaud F, Tomson T, Thomas SV, Vajda F, Rousselle C. Proposal for reference values for the developmental effects of valproate based on human data using a benchmark dose approach. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2023; 139:105367. [PMID: 36828241 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2023.105367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Following accidental release of valproate into ambient air during manufacture at a French production site in 2018, concerns were raised for inhabitants of the surrounding area. As no toxicological reference value (TRV) was available, the risks could not be properly assessed. The French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES) was mandated to determine a TRV by inhalation to be used for risk assessment. Major congenital malformations (MCMs) in offsprings of mothers exposed to valproate during pregnancy have been reported in international scientific literature. As these adverse effects were the most sensitive effect identified, they were retained as the critical effect to be used for the TRV. The data from a robust registry on MCMs established by the International Registry of Antiepileptic Drugs and Pregnancy (EURAP) were modellized and support a strong DRR between the prevalence of MCMs in the fetus and in utero exposure. A benchmark dose (BMD) was then calculated as the dose that may trigger a 5% increase in this risk. A lower 95% confidence limit (BMD5%L95%) of 2.26 mg/kg/day, leading to an oral TRV of 0.08 mg/kg/day and a respiratory TRV of 0.26 mg.m-3 after applying an uncertainty factor of 30, was determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Manière-Guerrero
- The French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), Risk Assessment Department, 14 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, F-94701, Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France.
| | - Erminio Bonizzoni
- Department of Clinical Science and Community, Section of Medical Statistics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Dina Battino
- Fondazione I.R.C.C.S. Istituto Neurologico CARLO BESTA, Milan, Italy
| | - François Clinard
- Santé publique France Bourgogne-Franche-Comté c/o ARS de Bourgogne, Place des Savoirs, 21035, Dijon, France
| | - Aurélie Mathieu-Huart
- The French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), Risk Assessment Department, 14 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, F-94701, Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France
| | - Emilio Perucca
- Department of Medicine (Austin Health), The University of Melbourne, And Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - François Pouzaud
- The French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), Risk Assessment Department, 14 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, F-94701, Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France
| | - Torbjorn Tomson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sanjeev V Thomas
- Department of Neurology, Institute for Communicative and Cognitive Neurosciences, Trivandrum, Kerala State, India
| | - Frank Vajda
- University of Melbourne, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christophe Rousselle
- The French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), Risk Assessment Department, 14 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, F-94701, Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France
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Pouillot R, Farakos SS, Spungen J, Schaefer HR, Flannery BM, Van Doren JM. Cadmium physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models for forward and reverse dosimetry: Review, evaluation, and adaptation to the U.S. population. Toxicol Lett 2022; 367:67-75. [PMID: 35901988 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2022.07.812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to assess a cadmium (Cd) physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model to evaluate Cd toxicological reference values (e.g. reference dose, tolerable intake, minimum risk level) adapted to the U.S. population. We reviewed and evaluated previously published Cd PBPK models and developed further adaptations to the 1978 Kjellström and Nordberg (KN) model. Specifically, we propose adaptations with updated U.S.-specific bodyweight, kidney weight and creatinine excretion models by using NHANES data as well as a stochastic PBPK model that provides credible intervals of uncertainty around mean populational estimates. We provide our model review and adaptations as well as present estimates from the newly adapted models using observed U.S. urinary Cd values as a function of gender and age and given dietary exposure as evaluated from NHANES/WWEIA and U.S. Total Diet Study data. Results show all newly adapted models provide acceptable mean estimates of urinary Cd in the U.S. The stochastic model provides credible intervals to further inform regulatory decision making. Validation of the estimated K-Cd concentration values was not possible as data for a representative population was not available. We developed a web-based tool implementing these models and other potential adaptations to facilitate PBPK model estimate comparisons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Régis Pouillot
- Division of Risk and Decision Analysis, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, US Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Sofia Santillana Farakos
- Division of Risk and Decision Analysis, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, US Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, United States.
| | - Judith Spungen
- Division of Risk and Decision Analysis, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, US Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Heather R Schaefer
- Division of Risk and Decision Analysis, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, US Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Brenna M Flannery
- Division of Risk and Decision Analysis, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, US Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Jane M Van Doren
- Division of Risk and Decision Analysis, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, US Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, United States
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Cléro E, Bisson M, Nathalie V, Blanchardon E, Thybaud E, Billarand Y. Cancer risk from chronic exposures to chemicals and radiation: a comparison of the toxicological reference value with the radiation detriment. Radiat Environ Biophys 2021; 60:531-547. [PMID: 34487227 DOI: 10.1007/s00411-021-00938-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This article aims at comparing reference methods for the assessment of cancer risk from exposure to genotoxic carcinogen chemical substances and to ionizing radiation. For chemicals, cancer potency is expressed as a toxicological reference value (TRV) based on the most sensitive type of cancer generally observed in animal experiments of oral or inhalation exposure. A dose-response curve is established by modelling experimental data adjusted to apply to human exposure. This leads to a point of departure from which the TRV is derived as the slope of a linear extrapolation to zero dose. Human lifetime cancer risk can then be assessed as the product of dose by TRV and it is generally considered to be tolerable in a 10-6-10-4 range for the public in a normal situation. Radiation exposure is assessed as an effective dose corresponding to a weighted average of energy deposition in body organs. Cancer risk models were derived from the epidemiological follow-up of atomic bombing survivors. Considering a linear-no-threshold dose-risk relationship and average baseline risks, lifetime nominal risk coefficients were established for 13 types of cancers. Those are adjusted according to the severity of each cancer type and combined into an overall indicator denominated radiation detriment. Exposure to radiation is subject to dose limits proscribing unacceptable health detriment. The differences between chemical and radiological cancer risk assessments are discussed and concern data sources, extrapolation to low doses, definition of dose, considered health effects and level of conservatism. These differences should not be an insuperable impediment to the comparison of TRVs with radiation risk, thus opportunities exist to bring closer the two types of risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enora Cléro
- Health and Environment Division, Institute for Radiological Protection and Nuclear Safety (IRSN), BP 17, 92262, Fontenay-aux-Roses Cedex, France
| | - Michèle Bisson
- Chronic Risks Division, French National Institute for Industrial Environment and Risks (INERIS), Parc technologique Alata - BP 2, 60550 , Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Velly Nathalie
- Chronic Risks Division, French National Institute for Industrial Environment and Risks (INERIS), Parc technologique Alata - BP 2, 60550 , Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Eric Blanchardon
- Health and Environment Division, Institute for Radiological Protection and Nuclear Safety (IRSN), BP 17, 92262, Fontenay-aux-Roses Cedex, France
| | - Eric Thybaud
- Chronic Risks Division, French National Institute for Industrial Environment and Risks (INERIS), Parc technologique Alata - BP 2, 60550 , Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Yann Billarand
- Health and Environment Division, Institute for Radiological Protection and Nuclear Safety (IRSN), BP 17, 92262, Fontenay-aux-Roses Cedex, France.
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Bocquet A, Barouki R, Briend A, Chouraqui JP, Darmaun D, Feillet F, Frelut ML, Guimber D, Lapillonne A, Peretti N, Rozé JC, Simeoni U, Turck D, Dupont C; Comité de nutrition de la Société française de pédiatrie (CN-SFP). Potential toxicity of metal trace elements from food in children. Arch Pediatr 2021; 28:173-7. [PMID: 33744120 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcped.2021.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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