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Moran C, Johnson PA, Landau AN, Hogendoorn H. Decoding Remapped Spatial Information in the Peri-Saccadic Period. J Neurosci 2024; 44:e2134232024. [PMID: 38871460 PMCID: PMC11270511 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2134-23.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
It has been suggested that, prior to a saccade, visual neurons predictively respond to stimuli that will fall in their receptive fields after completion of the saccade. This saccadic remapping process is thought to compensate for the shift of the visual world across the retina caused by eye movements. To map the timing of this predictive process in the brain, we recorded neural activity using electroencephalography during a saccade task. Human participants (male and female) made saccades between two fixation points while covertly attending to oriented gratings briefly presented at various locations on the screen. Data recorded during trials in which participants maintained fixation were used to train classifiers on stimuli in different positions. Subsequently, data collected during saccade trials were used to test for the presence of remapped stimulus information at the post-saccadic retinotopic location in the peri-saccadic period, providing unique insight into when remapped information becomes available. We found that the stimulus could be decoded at the remapped location ∼180 ms post-stimulus onset, but only when the stimulus was presented 100-200 ms before saccade onset. Within this range, we found that the timing of remapping was dictated by stimulus onset rather than saccade onset. We conclude that presenting the stimulus immediately before the saccade allows for optimal integration of the corollary discharge signal with the incoming peripheral visual information, resulting in a remapping of activation to the relevant post-saccadic retinotopic neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caoimhe Moran
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Department of Psychology,Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Mount Scopus, Jerusalem 9190501, Israel
| | - Philippa A Johnson
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Cognitive Psychology Unit, Institute of Psychology & Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University, Leiden 2333 AK, The Netherlands
| | - Ayelet N Landau
- Department of Psychology,Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Mount Scopus, Jerusalem 9190501, Israel
- Department of Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Mount Scopus, Jerusalem 9190501, Israel
| | - Hinze Hogendoorn
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
- School of Psychology and Counselling, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland 4059, Australia
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Kober SE, Wood G, Schuster S, Körner C. Do Miniature Eye Movements Affect Neurofeedback Training Performance? A Combined EEG-Eye Tracking Study. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback 2024; 49:313-327. [PMID: 38492124 PMCID: PMC11101551 DOI: 10.1007/s10484-024-09625-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
EEG-based neurofeedback is a prominent method to modulate one's own brain activity in a desired direction. However, the EEG signal can be disturbed by artifacts, e.g., eye movements, which can consequently confound the neurofeedback performance. Involuntary miniature eye movements can be hardly detected by conventional EEG correction methods such as recording the electro-oculogram (EOG) and subtracting EOG activity from the EEG signal. However, such miniature eye movements can influence EEG activity, especially in the Gamma frequency range, enormously. In the present study, we investigated whether power in different EEG frequencies can be effectively modulated by self-control of brain signals during neurofeedback training and/or whether changes in EEG power are provoked by miniature eye movements during the training. To this end, 24 participants performed one session of SMR and one session of Gamma neurofeedback training. Additionally, in each training session sham feedback was performed. An eye tracker was used to detect miniature eye movements (< 1°) during neurofeedback training. About two thirds of the participants were able to increase their SMR power over the course of NF training, while one third was able to increase Gamma power. Generally, miniature eye movements induced a strong Gamma power increase. The number of eye movements also increased numerically over the course of the NF training. However, we did not find a significant relationship with the NF training performance. This is a first indication that miniature saccades do not affect NF training performance, but should not be neglected during NF training. Our results have to be confirmed in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Erika Kober
- Department of Psychology, University of Graz, Universitaetsplatz 2/III, 8010, Graz, Austria.
- BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria.
| | - Guilherme Wood
- Department of Psychology, University of Graz, Universitaetsplatz 2/III, 8010, Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Sarah Schuster
- Department of Psychology, University of Graz, Universitaetsplatz 2/III, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Christof Körner
- Department of Psychology, University of Graz, Universitaetsplatz 2/III, 8010, Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria
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Wang J, Jia J, Sun Y, Ma CB, Chen YZ, Liu AG, Yan XK. Brain mechanism of acupuncture for children with anisometropic amblyopia: a resting functional magnetic resonance imaging study based on voxel-mirrored homotopic connectivity. Int J Ophthalmol 2024; 17:339-347. [PMID: 38371252 PMCID: PMC10827612 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2024.02.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
AIM To explore the brain mechanism of acupuncture for children with anisometropic amblyopia using the voxel-mirror homotopic connectivity (VMHC) analysis method of resting functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) technology based on clinical effectiveness. METHODS Eighty children with anisometropic monocular amblyopia were randomly divided into two groups: control (40 cases, 1 case of shedding) and acupuncture (40 cases, 1 case of shedding) groups. The control group was treated with glasses, red flash, grating, and visual stimulations, with each procedure conducted for 5min per time. Based on routine treatment, the acupuncture group underwent acupuncture of "regulating qi and unblocking meridians to bright eyes", Jingming (BL1), Cuanzhu (BL2), Guangming (GB37), Fengchi (GB20) acupoints were taken on both sides, with the needle kept for 30min each time. Both groups were treated once every other day, three times per week, for a total of 4wk. After the treatment, the overall curative effect of the two groups and the latency and amplitude changes of P100 wave of pattern visual-evoked potential were counted. At the same time, nine children with left eye amblyopia were randomly selected from the two groups and were scanned with rs-fMRI before and after treatment. The differences in the brain regions between the two groups were compared and analyzed with VMHC. RESULTS Chi-square test showed a notable difference in the total efficiency rate between the acupuncture (94.87%) and control groups (79.49%). Regarding the P100 wave latency and amplitude, the acupuncture group had significantly shorter latency and higher amplitude of P100 wave than the control group. Moreover, the VMHC values of the bilateral temporal lobe, superior temporal gyrus, and middle temporal gyrus were notably increased in the acupuncture group after treatment. CONCLUSION Acupuncture combined with conventional treatment can significantly improve the corrected visual acuity and optic nerve conduction in children with anisometropic amblyopia. Compared with the conventional treatment, the regulation of acupuncture on the functional activities of the relevant brain areas in the anterior cerebellum may be an effective acupuncture mechanism for anisometropic amblyopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jue Wang
- College of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730101, Gansu Province, China
| | - Jing Jia
- College of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730101, Gansu Province, China
| | - Yan Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Lanzhou Purui Ophthalmology Hospital, Lanzhou 730050, Gansu Province, China
| | - Chong-Bing Ma
- College of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730101, Gansu Province, China
| | - Yu-Zhu Chen
- College of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730101, Gansu Province, China
| | - An-Guo Liu
- College of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730101, Gansu Province, China
| | - Xing-Ke Yan
- College of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730101, Gansu Province, China
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Simistira Liwicki F, Gupta V, Saini R, De K, Abid N, Rakesh S, Wellington S, Wilson H, Liwicki M, Eriksson J. Bimodal electroencephalography-functional magnetic resonance imaging dataset for inner-speech recognition. Sci Data 2023; 10:378. [PMID: 37311807 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-023-02286-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The recognition of inner speech, which could give a 'voice' to patients that have no ability to speak or move, is a challenge for brain-computer interfaces (BCIs). A shortcoming of the available datasets is that they do not combine modalities to increase the performance of inner speech recognition. Multimodal datasets of brain data enable the fusion of neuroimaging modalities with complimentary properties, such as the high spatial resolution of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and the temporal resolution of electroencephalography (EEG), and therefore are promising for decoding inner speech. This paper presents the first publicly available bimodal dataset containing EEG and fMRI data acquired nonsimultaneously during inner-speech production. Data were obtained from four healthy, right-handed participants during an inner-speech task with words in either a social or numerical category. Each of the 8-word stimuli were assessed with 40 trials, resulting in 320 trials in each modality for each participant. The aim of this work is to provide a publicly available bimodal dataset on inner speech, contributing towards speech prostheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Foteini Simistira Liwicki
- Luleå University of Technology, Department of Computer Science, Electrical and Space Engineering, Embedded Intelligent Systems LAB, Luleå, Sweden.
| | - Vibha Gupta
- Luleå University of Technology, Department of Computer Science, Electrical and Space Engineering, Embedded Intelligent Systems LAB, Luleå, Sweden
| | - Rajkumar Saini
- Luleå University of Technology, Department of Computer Science, Electrical and Space Engineering, Embedded Intelligent Systems LAB, Luleå, Sweden
| | - Kanjar De
- Luleå University of Technology, Department of Computer Science, Electrical and Space Engineering, Embedded Intelligent Systems LAB, Luleå, Sweden
| | - Nosheen Abid
- Luleå University of Technology, Department of Computer Science, Electrical and Space Engineering, Embedded Intelligent Systems LAB, Luleå, Sweden
| | - Sumit Rakesh
- Luleå University of Technology, Department of Computer Science, Electrical and Space Engineering, Embedded Intelligent Systems LAB, Luleå, Sweden
| | | | - Holly Wilson
- University of Bath, Department of Computer Science, Bath, UK
| | - Marcus Liwicki
- Luleå University of Technology, Department of Computer Science, Electrical and Space Engineering, Embedded Intelligent Systems LAB, Luleå, Sweden
| | - Johan Eriksson
- Umeå University, Department of Integrative Medical Biology (IMB) and Umeå Center for Functional Brain Imaging (UFBI), Umeå, Sweden
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Bullock T, Pickett K, Salimian A, Gregory C, MacLean MH, Giesbrecht B. Eye movements disrupt EEG alpha-band coding of behaviorally relevant and irrelevant spatial locations held in working memory. J Neurophysiol 2023; 129:1191-1211. [PMID: 36988227 PMCID: PMC10190932 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00302.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Oscillations in the alpha frequency band (∼8-12 Hz) of the human electroencephalogram play an important role in supporting selective attention to visual items and maintaining their spatial locations in working memory (WM). Recent findings suggest that spatial information maintained in alpha is modulated by interruptions to continuous visual input, such that attention shifts, eye closure, and backward masking of the encoded item cause reconstructed representations of remembered locations to become degraded. Here, we investigated how another common visual disruption-eye movements-modulates reconstructions of behaviorally relevant and irrelevant item locations held in WM. Participants completed a delayed estimation task, where they encoded and recalled either the location or color of an object after a brief retention period. During retention, participants either fixated at the center or executed a sequence of eye movements. Electroencephalography (EEG) was recorded at the scalp and eye position was monitored with an eye tracker. Inverted encoding modeling (IEM) was applied to reconstruct location-selective responses across multiple frequency bands during encoding and retention. Location-selective responses were successfully reconstructed from alpha activity during retention where participants fixated at the center, but these reconstructions were disrupted during eye movements. Recall performance decreased during eye-movements conditions but remained largely intact, and further analyses revealed that under specific task conditions, it was possible to reconstruct retained location information from lower frequency bands (1-4 Hz) during eye movements. These results suggest that eye movements disrupt maintained spatial information in alpha in a manner consistent with other acute interruptions to continuous visual input, but this information may be represented in other frequency bands.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Neural oscillations in the alpha frequency band support selective attention to visual items and maintenance of their spatial locations in human working memory. Here, we investigate how eye movements disrupt representations of item locations held in working memory. Although it was not possible to recover item locations from alpha during eye movements, retained location information could be recovered from select lower frequency bands. This suggests that during eye movements, stored spatial information may be represented in other frequencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Bullock
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States
- Institute for Collaborative Biotechnologies, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States
| | - Kamryn Pickett
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States
| | - Anabel Salimian
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States
| | - Caitlin Gregory
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States
- Institute for Collaborative Biotechnologies, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States
| | - Mary H MacLean
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States
- Institute for Collaborative Biotechnologies, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States
| | - Barry Giesbrecht
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States
- Institute for Collaborative Biotechnologies, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Dynamical Neuroscience, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States
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Pan Y, Popov T, Frisson S, Jensen O. Saccades are locked to the phase of alpha oscillations during natural reading. PLoS Biol 2023; 21:e3001968. [PMID: 36649331 PMCID: PMC9882905 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
We saccade 3 to 5 times per second when reading. However, little is known about the neuronal mechanisms coordinating the oculomotor and visual systems during such rapid processing. Here, we ask if brain oscillations play a role in the temporal coordination of the visuomotor integration. We simultaneously acquired MEG and eye-tracking data while participants read sentences silently. Every sentence was embedded with a target word of either high or low lexical frequency. Our key finding demonstrated that saccade onsets were locked to the phase of alpha oscillations (8 to 13 Hz), and in particular, for saccades towards low frequency words. Source modelling demonstrated that the alpha oscillations to which the saccades were locked, were generated in the right-visual motor cortex (BA 7). Our findings suggest that the alpha oscillations serve to time the processing between the oculomotor and visual systems during natural reading, and that this coordination becomes more pronounced for demanding words.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Pan
- Centre for Human Brain Health, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Tzvetan Popov
- Methods of Plasticity Research, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Steven Frisson
- Centre for Human Brain Health, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Ole Jensen
- Centre for Human Brain Health, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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Hussin AT, Abbaspoor S, Hoffman KL. Retrosplenial and Hippocampal Synchrony during Retrieval of Old Memories in Macaques. J Neurosci 2022; 42:7947-7956. [PMID: 36261267 PMCID: PMC9617609 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0001-22.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Memory for events from the distant past relies on multiple brain regions, but little is known about the underlying neural dynamics that give rise to such abilities. We recorded neural activity in the hippocampus and retrosplenial cortex of two female rhesus macaques as they visually selected targets in year-old and newly acquired object-scene associations. Whereas hippocampal activity was unchanging with memory age, the retrosplenial cortex responded with greater magnitude alpha oscillations (10-15 Hz) and greater phase locking to memory-guided eye movements during retrieval of old events. A similar old-memory enhancement was observed in the anterior cingulate cortex but in a beta2/gamma band (28-35 Hz). In contrast, remote retrieval was associated with decreased gamma-band synchrony between the hippocampus and each neocortical area. The increasing retrosplenial alpha oscillation and decreasing hippocampocortical synchrony with memory age may signify a shift in frank memory allocation or, alternatively, changes in selection among distributed memory representations in the primate brain.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Memory depends on multiple brain regions, whose involvement is thought to change with time. Here, we recorded neuronal population activity from the hippocampus and retrosplenial cortex as nonhuman primates searched for objects embedded in scenes. These memoranda were either newly presented or a year old. Remembering old material drove stronger oscillations in the retrosplenial cortex and led to a greater locking of neural activity to search movements. Remembering new material revealed stronger oscillatory synchrony between the hippocampus and retrosplenial cortex. These results suggest that with age, memories may come to rely more exclusively on neocortical oscillations for retrieval and search guidance and less on long-range coupling with the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed T Hussin
- Department of Biology, Centre for Vision Research, York University, Toronto Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
| | | | - Kari L Hoffman
- Department of Biology, Centre for Vision Research, York University, Toronto Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
- Departments of Psychology
- Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt Vision Research Center, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37240
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Sabra Z, Alawieh A, Bonilha L, Naselaris T, AuYong N. Modulation of Spectral Representation and Connectivity Patterns in Response to Visual Narrative in the Human Brain. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 16:886938. [PMID: 36277048 PMCID: PMC9582122 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.886938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The regional brain networks and the underlying neurophysiological mechanisms subserving the cognition of visual narrative in humans have largely been studied with non-invasive brain recording. In this study, we specifically investigated how regional and cross-regional cortical activities support visual narrative interpretation using intracranial stereotactic electroencephalograms recordings from thirteen human subjects (6 females, and 7 males). Widely distributed recording sites across the brain were sampled while subjects were explicitly instructed to observe images from fables presented in “sequential” order, and a set of images drawn from multiple fables presented in “scrambled” order. Broadband activity mainly within the frontal and temporal lobes were found to encode if a presented image is part of a visual narrative (sequential) or random image set (scrambled). Moreover, the temporal lobe exhibits strong activation in response to visual narratives while the frontal lobe is more engaged when contextually novel stimuli are presented. We also investigated the dynamics of interregional interactions between visual narratives and contextually novel series of images. Interestingly, the interregional connectivity is also altered between sequential and scrambled sequences. Together, these results suggest that both changes in regional neuronal activity and cross-regional interactions subserve visual narrative and contextual novelty processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahraa Sabra
- Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Ali Alawieh
- Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Leonardo Bonilha
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Thomas Naselaris
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Nicholas AuYong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
- *Correspondence: Nicholas AuYong,
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Mercier MR, Dubarry AS, Tadel F, Avanzini P, Axmacher N, Cellier D, Vecchio MD, Hamilton LS, Hermes D, Kahana MJ, Knight RT, Llorens A, Megevand P, Melloni L, Miller KJ, Piai V, Puce A, Ramsey NF, Schwiedrzik CM, Smith SE, Stolk A, Swann NC, Vansteensel MJ, Voytek B, Wang L, Lachaux JP, Oostenveld R. Advances in human intracranial electroencephalography research, guidelines and good practices. Neuroimage 2022; 260:119438. [PMID: 35792291 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the second-half of the twentieth century, intracranial electroencephalography (iEEG), including both electrocorticography (ECoG) and stereo-electroencephalography (sEEG), has provided an intimate view into the human brain. At the interface between fundamental research and the clinic, iEEG provides both high temporal resolution and high spatial specificity but comes with constraints, such as the individual's tailored sparsity of electrode sampling. Over the years, researchers in neuroscience developed their practices to make the most of the iEEG approach. Here we offer a critical review of iEEG research practices in a didactic framework for newcomers, as well addressing issues encountered by proficient researchers. The scope is threefold: (i) review common practices in iEEG research, (ii) suggest potential guidelines for working with iEEG data and answer frequently asked questions based on the most widespread practices, and (iii) based on current neurophysiological knowledge and methodologies, pave the way to good practice standards in iEEG research. The organization of this paper follows the steps of iEEG data processing. The first section contextualizes iEEG data collection. The second section focuses on localization of intracranial electrodes. The third section highlights the main pre-processing steps. The fourth section presents iEEG signal analysis methods. The fifth section discusses statistical approaches. The sixth section draws some unique perspectives on iEEG research. Finally, to ensure a consistent nomenclature throughout the manuscript and to align with other guidelines, e.g., Brain Imaging Data Structure (BIDS) and the OHBM Committee on Best Practices in Data Analysis and Sharing (COBIDAS), we provide a glossary to disambiguate terms related to iEEG research.
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Katz CN, Schjetnan AGP, Patel K, Barkley V, Hoffman KL, Kalia SK, Duncan KD, Valiante TA. A corollary discharge mediates saccade-related inhibition of single units in mnemonic structures of the human brain. Curr Biol 2022; 32:3082-3094.e4. [PMID: 35779529 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Despite the critical link between visual exploration and memory, little is known about how neuronal activity in the human mesial temporal lobe (MTL) is modulated by saccades. Here, we characterize saccade-associated neuronal modulations, unit-by-unit, and contrast them to image onset and to occipital lobe neurons. We reveal evidence for a corollary discharge (CD)-like modulatory signal that accompanies saccades, inhibiting/exciting a unique population of broad-/narrow-spiking units, respectively, before and during saccades and with directional selectivity. These findings comport well with the timing, directional nature, and inhibitory circuit implementation of a CD. Additionally, by linking neuronal activity to event-related potentials (ERPs), which are directionally modulated following saccades, we recontextualize the ERP associated with saccades as a proxy for both the strength of inhibition and saccade direction, providing a mechanistic underpinning for the more commonly recorded saccade-related ERP in the human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaim N Katz
- Krembil Brain Institute, Toronto Western Hospital (TWH), Toronto, ON M5T 1M8, Canada; Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G9, Canada; CRANIA, University Health Network and University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 2A2, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Andrea G P Schjetnan
- Krembil Brain Institute, Toronto Western Hospital (TWH), Toronto, ON M5T 1M8, Canada; CRANIA, University Health Network and University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 2A2, Canada
| | - Kramay Patel
- Krembil Brain Institute, Toronto Western Hospital (TWH), Toronto, ON M5T 1M8, Canada; Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G9, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; CRANIA, University Health Network and University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 2A2, Canada
| | - Victoria Barkley
- Krembil Brain Institute, Toronto Western Hospital (TWH), Toronto, ON M5T 1M8, Canada; CRANIA, University Health Network and University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 2A2, Canada
| | - Kari L Hoffman
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
| | - Suneil K Kalia
- Krembil Brain Institute, Toronto Western Hospital (TWH), Toronto, ON M5T 1M8, Canada; Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada; CRANIA, University Health Network and University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 2A2, Canada; The KITE Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2A2, Canada
| | - Katherine D Duncan
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G3, Canada
| | - Taufik A Valiante
- Krembil Brain Institute, Toronto Western Hospital (TWH), Toronto, ON M5T 1M8, Canada; Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G9, Canada; Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada; Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G4, Canada; CRANIA, University Health Network and University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 2A2, Canada; The KITE Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2A2, Canada; Max Planck-University of Toronto Center for Neural Science and Technology, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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11
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Ryan JD, Wynn JS, Shen K, Liu ZX. Aging changes the interactions between the oculomotor and memory systems. NEUROPSYCHOLOGY, DEVELOPMENT, AND COGNITION. SECTION B, AGING, NEUROPSYCHOLOGY AND COGNITION 2022; 29:418-442. [PMID: 34856890 DOI: 10.1080/13825585.2021.2007841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The use of multi-modal approaches, particularly in conjunction with multivariate analytic techniques, can enrich models of cognition, brain function, and how they change with age. Recently, multivariate approaches have been applied to the study of eye movements in a manner akin to that of neural activity (i.e., pattern similarity). Here, we review the literature regarding multi-modal and/or multivariate approaches, with specific reference to the use of eyetracking to characterize age-related changes in memory. By applying multi-modal and multivariate approaches to the study of aging, research has shown that aging is characterized by moment-to-moment alterations in the amount and pattern of visual exploration, and by extension, alterations in the activity and function of the hippocampus and broader medial temporal lobe (MTL). These methodological advances suggest that age-related declines in the integrity of the memory system has consequences for oculomotor behavior in the moment, in a reciprocal fashion. Age-related changes in hippocampal and MTL structure and function may lead to an increase in, and change in the patterns of, visual exploration in an effort to upregulate the encoding of information. However, such visual exploration patterns may be non-optimal and actually reduce the amount and/or type of incoming information that is bound into a lasting memory representation. This research indicates that age-related cognitive impairments are considerably broader in scope than previously realized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer D Ryan
- Rotman Research Institute at Baycrest Health Sciences, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Departments of Psychology, Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jordana S Wynn
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge MA, USA
| | - Kelly Shen
- Rotman Research Institute at Baycrest Health Sciences, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Zhong-Xu Liu
- Department of Behavioral Sciences, University of Michigan-Dearborn, Dearborn MI, USA
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12
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Staudigl T, Minxha J, Mamelak AN, Gothard KM, Rutishauser U. Saccade-related neural communication in the human medial temporal lobe is modulated by the social relevance of stimuli. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabl6037. [PMID: 35302856 PMCID: PMC8932656 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abl6037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Humans predominantly explore their environment by moving their eyes. To optimally communicate and process visual information, neural activity needs to be coordinated with the execution of eye movements. We investigated the coordination between visual exploration and interareal neural communication by analyzing local field potentials and single neuron activity in patients with epilepsy. We demonstrated that during the free viewing of images, neural communication between the human amygdala and hippocampus is coordinated with the execution of eye movements. The strength and direction of neural communication and hippocampal saccade-related phase alignment were strongest for fixations that landed on human faces. Our results argue that the state of the human medial temporal lobe network is selectively coordinated with motor behavior. Interareal neural communication was facilitated for social stimuli as indexed by the category of the attended information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Staudigl
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
- Department of Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Juri Minxha
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- Center for Theoretical Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Adam N. Mamelak
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Katalin M. Gothard
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucscon, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Ueli Rutishauser
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- Department of Neurology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
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13
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Kragel JE, Voss JL. Looking for the neural basis of memory. Trends Cogn Sci 2022; 26:53-65. [PMID: 34836769 PMCID: PMC8678329 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2021.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Memory neuroscientists often measure neural activity during task trials designed to recruit specific memory processes. Behavior is championed as crucial for deciphering brain-memory linkages but is impoverished in typical experiments that rely on summary judgments. We criticize this approach as being blind to the multiple cognitive, neural, and behavioral processes that occur rapidly within a trial to support memory. Instead, time-resolved behaviors such as eye movements occur at the speed of cognition and neural activity. We highlight successes using eye-movement tracking with in vivo electrophysiology to link rapid hippocampal oscillations to encoding and retrieval processes that interact over hundreds of milliseconds. This approach will improve research on the neural basis of memory because it pinpoints discrete moments of brain-behavior-cognition correspondence.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E Kragel
- Department of Neurology, The University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
| | - Joel L Voss
- Department of Neurology, The University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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14
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Wen M, Dong Z, Zhang L, Li B, Zhang Y, Li K. Depression and Cognitive Impairment: Current Understanding of Its Neurobiology and Diagnosis. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2022; 18:2783-2794. [PMID: 36471744 PMCID: PMC9719265 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s383093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eye movement is critical for obtaining precise visual information and providing sensorimotor processes and advanced cognitive functions to the brain behavioral indicator. METHODS In this article, we present a narrative review of the eye-movement paradigms (such as fixation, smooth pursuit eye movements, and memory-guided saccade tasks) in major depression. RESULTS Characteristics of eye movement are considered to reflect several aspects of cognitive deficits regarded as an aid to diagnosis. Findings regarding depressive disorders showed differences from the healthy population in paradigms, the characteristics of eye movement may reflect cognitive deficits in depression. Neuroimaging studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of different eye movement paradigms for MDD screening. CONCLUSION Depression can be distinguished from other mental illnesses based on eye movements. Eye movement reflects cognitive deficits that can help diagnose depression, and it can make the entire diagnostic process more accurate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Wen
- School of Psychology and Mental Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, People's Republic of China.,Hebei Provincial Mental Health Center, Baoding, People's Republic of China.,Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Major Mental and Behavioral Disorders, Baoding, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Dong
- Hebei Provincial Mental Health Center, Baoding, People's Republic of China
| | - Lili Zhang
- Hebei Provincial Mental Health Center, Baoding, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing Li
- Hebei Provincial Mental Health Center, Baoding, People's Republic of China.,Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Major Mental and Behavioral Disorders, Baoding, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunshu Zhang
- Hebei Provincial Mental Health Center, Baoding, People's Republic of China.,Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Major Mental and Behavioral Disorders, Baoding, People's Republic of China
| | - Keqing Li
- Hebei Provincial Mental Health Center, Baoding, People's Republic of China.,Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Major Mental and Behavioral Disorders, Baoding, People's Republic of China
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15
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Patel K, Katz CN, Kalia SK, Popovic MR, Valiante TA. Volitional control of individual neurons in the human brain. Brain 2021; 144:3651-3663. [PMID: 34623400 PMCID: PMC8719845 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awab370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain-machine interfaces allow neuroscientists to causally link specific neural activity patterns to a particular behaviour. Thus, in addition to their current clinical applications, brain-machine interfaces can also be used as a tool to investigate neural mechanisms of learning and plasticity in the brain. Decades of research using such brain-machine interfaces have shown that animals (non-human primates and rodents) can be operantly conditioned to self-regulate neural activity in various motor-related structures of the brain. Here, we ask whether the human brain, a complex interconnected structure of over 80 billion neurons, can learn to control itself at the most elemental scale-a single neuron. We used the unique opportunity to record single units in 11 individuals with epilepsy to explore whether the firing rate of a single (direct) neuron in limbic and other memory-related brain structures can be brought under volitional control. To do this, we developed a visual neurofeedback task in which participants were trained to move a block on a screen by modulating the activity of an arbitrarily selected neuron from their brain. Remarkably, participants were able to volitionally modulate the firing rate of the direct neuron in these previously uninvestigated structures. We found that a subset of participants (learners), were able to improve their performance within a single training session. Successful learning was characterized by (i) highly specific modulation of the direct neuron (demonstrated by significantly increased firing rates and burst frequency); (ii) a simultaneous decorrelation of the activity of the direct neuron from the neighbouring neurons; and (iii) robust phase-locking of the direct neuron to local alpha/beta-frequency oscillations, which may provide some insights in to the potential neural mechanisms that facilitate this type of learning. Volitional control of neuronal activity in mnemonic structures may provide new ways of probing the function and plasticity of human memory without exogenous stimulation. Furthermore, self-regulation of neural activity in these brain regions may provide an avenue for the development of novel neuroprosthetics for the treatment of neurological conditions that are commonly associated with pathological activity in these brain structures, such as medically refractory epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kramay Patel
- Krembil Brain Institute, Toronto Western Hospital (TWH), Toronto, Ontario M5T 1M8, Canada
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
- Center for Advancing Neurotechnological Innovation to Application (CRANIA), Toronto, Ontario, M5G 2A2, Canada
| | - Chaim N Katz
- Krembil Brain Institute, Toronto Western Hospital (TWH), Toronto, Ontario M5T 1M8, Canada
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada
- Center for Advancing Neurotechnological Innovation to Application (CRANIA), Toronto, Ontario, M5G 2A2, Canada
| | - Suneil K Kalia
- Krembil Brain Institute, Toronto Western Hospital (TWH), Toronto, Ontario M5T 1M8, Canada
- Center for Advancing Neurotechnological Innovation to Application (CRANIA), Toronto, Ontario, M5G 2A2, Canada
- The KITE Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2A2, Canada
| | - Milos R Popovic
- Krembil Brain Institute, Toronto Western Hospital (TWH), Toronto, Ontario M5T 1M8, Canada
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada
- Center for Advancing Neurotechnological Innovation to Application (CRANIA), Toronto, Ontario, M5G 2A2, Canada
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G4, Canada
| | - Taufik A Valiante
- Krembil Brain Institute, Toronto Western Hospital (TWH), Toronto, Ontario M5T 1M8, Canada
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada
- Center for Advancing Neurotechnological Innovation to Application (CRANIA), Toronto, Ontario, M5G 2A2, Canada
- The KITE Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2A2, Canada
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G4, Canada
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A1, Canada
- Max Planck-University of Toronto Center for Neural Science and Technology, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada
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16
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Cao R, Li X, Brandmeir NJ, Wang S. Encoding of facial features by single neurons in the human amygdala and hippocampus. Commun Biol 2021; 4:1394. [PMID: 34907323 PMCID: PMC8671411 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02917-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Faces are salient social stimuli that attract a stereotypical pattern of eye movement. The human amygdala and hippocampus are involved in various aspects of face processing; however, it remains unclear how they encode the content of fixations when viewing faces. To answer this question, we employed single-neuron recordings with simultaneous eye tracking when participants viewed natural face stimuli. We found a class of neurons in the human amygdala and hippocampus that encoded salient facial features such as the eyes and mouth. With a control experiment using non-face stimuli, we further showed that feature selectivity was specific to faces. We also found another population of neurons that differentiated saccades to the eyes vs. the mouth. Population decoding confirmed our results and further revealed the temporal dynamics of face feature coding. Interestingly, we found that the amygdala and hippocampus played different roles in encoding facial features. Lastly, we revealed two functional roles of feature-selective neurons: 1) they encoded the salient region for face recognition, and 2) they were related to perceived social trait judgments. Together, our results link eye movement with neural face processing and provide important mechanistic insights for human face perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runnan Cao
- Lane Department of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA.
| | - Xin Li
- Lane Department of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Nicholas J Brandmeir
- Department of Neurosurgery, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Shuo Wang
- Lane Department of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA.
- Department of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
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17
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Stankov AD, Touryan J, Gordon S, Ries AJ, Ki J, Parra LC. During natural viewing, neural processing of visual targets continues throughout saccades. J Vis 2021; 21:7. [PMID: 34491271 PMCID: PMC8431980 DOI: 10.1167/jov.21.10.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Relatively little is known about visual processing during free-viewing visual search in realistic dynamic environments. Free-viewing is characterized by frequent saccades. During saccades, visual processing is thought to be suppressed, yet we know that the presaccadic visual content can modulate postsaccadic processing. To better understand these processes in a realistic setting, we study here saccades and neural responses elicited by the appearance of visual targets in a realistic virtual environment. While subjects were being driven through a 3D virtual town, they were asked to discriminate between targets that appear on the road. Using a system identification approach, we separated overlapping and correlated activity evoked by visual targets, saccades, and button presses. We found that the presence of a target enhances early occipital as well as late frontocentral saccade-related responses. The earlier potential, shortly after 125 ms post-saccade onset, was enhanced for targets that appeared in the peripheral vision as compared to the central vision, suggesting that fast peripheral processing initiated before saccade onset. The later potential, at 195 ms post-saccade onset, was strongly modulated by the visibility of the target. Together these results suggest that, during natural viewing, neural processing of the presaccadic visual stimulus continues throughout the saccade, apparently unencumbered by saccadic suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atanas D Stankov
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City College of New York, New York, NY, USA.,
| | - Jonathan Touryan
- U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA.,
| | | | - Anthony J Ries
- U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA.,
| | - Jason Ki
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City College of New York, New York, NY, USA.,
| | - Lucas C Parra
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City College of New York, New York, NY, USA.,
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18
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Leszczynski M, Chaieb L, Staudigl T, Enkirch SJ, Fell J, Schroeder CE. Neural activity in the human anterior thalamus during natural vision. Sci Rep 2021; 11:17480. [PMID: 34471183 PMCID: PMC8410783 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-96588-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In natural vision humans and other primates explore environment by active sensing, using saccadic eye movements to relocate the fovea and sample different bits of information multiple times per second. Saccades induce a phase reset of ongoing neuronal oscillations in primary and higher-order visual cortices and in the medial temporal lobe. As a result, neuron ensembles are shifted to a common state at the time visual input propagates through the system (i.e., just after fixation). The extent of the brain’s circuitry that is modulated by saccades is not yet known. Here, we evaluate the possibility that saccadic phase reset impacts the anterior nuclei of the thalamus (ANT). Using recordings in the human thalamus of three surgical patients during natural vision, we found that saccades and visual stimulus onset both modulate neural activity, but with distinct field potential morphologies. Specifically, we found that fixation-locked field potentials had a component that preceded saccade onset. It was followed by an early negativity around 50 ms after fixation onset which is significantly faster than any response to visual stimulus presentation. The timing of these events suggests that the ANT is predictively modulated before the saccadic eye movement. We also found oscillatory phase concentration, peaking at 3–4 Hz, coincident with suppression of Broadband High-frequency Activity (BHA; 80–180 Hz), both locked to fixation onset supporting the idea that neural oscillations in these nuclei are reorganized to a low excitability state right after fixation onset. These findings show that during real-world natural visual exploration neural dynamics in the human ANT is influenced by visual and oculomotor events, which supports the idea that ANT, apart from their contribution to episodic memory, also play a role in natural vision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Leszczynski
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Medical Center, 1051 Riverside Drive Kolb Annex Rm 561, New York, NY, 10032, USA. .,Translational Neuroscience Division, Center for Biomedical Imaging and Neuromodulation, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY, USA.
| | - Leila Chaieb
- Department of Epileptology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Tobias Staudigl
- Department of Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Juergen Fell
- Department of Epileptology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Charles E Schroeder
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Medical Center, 1051 Riverside Drive Kolb Annex Rm 561, New York, NY, 10032, USA.,Translational Neuroscience Division, Center for Biomedical Imaging and Neuromodulation, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY, USA
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