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Sung Y, Gotina L, Kim KH, Lee JY, Shin S, Aziz H, Kang DM, Liu X, Hong NK, Lee HG, Lee JS, Ku H, Jeong C, Pae AN, Lim S, Chang YT, Kim YK. NeuM: A Neuron-Selective Probe Incorporates into Live Neuronal Membranes via Enhanced Clathrin-Mediated Endocytosis in Primary Neurons. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202312942. [PMID: 38062619 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202312942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
The development of a small-molecule probe designed to selectively target neurons would enhance the exploration of intricate neuronal structures and functions. Among such probes, NeuO stands out as the pioneer and has gained significant traction in the field of research. Nevertheless, neither the mechanism behind neuron-selectivity nor the cellular localization has been determined. Here, we introduce NeuM, a derivative of NeuO, designed to target neuronal cell membranes. Furthermore, we elucidate the mechanism behind the selective neuronal membrane trafficking that distinguishes neurons. In an aqueous buffer, NeuM autonomously assembles into micellar structures, leading to the quenching of its fluorescence (Φ=0.001). Upon exposure to neurons, NeuM micelles were selectively internalized into neuronal endosomes via clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Through the endocytic recycling pathway, NeuM micelles integrate into neuronal membrane, dispersing fluorescent NeuM molecules in the membrane (Φ=0.61). Molecular dynamics simulations demonstrated that NeuM, in comparison to NeuO, possesses optimal lipophilicity and molecular length, facilitating its stable incorporation into phospholipid layers. The stable integration of NeuM within neuronal membrane allows the prolonged monitoring of neurons, as well as the visualization of intricate neuronal structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoonsik Sung
- Center for Brain Disorders, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Lizaveta Gotina
- Center for Brain Disorders, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu Hyeon Kim
- Center for Brain Disorders, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Yeol Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Seulgi Shin
- Center for Brain Disorders, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Hira Aziz
- Center for Brain Disorders, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Min Kang
- Center for Brain Disorders, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Xiao Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Na-Kyeong Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong-Guen Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Seok Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeyeong Ku
- Chemical and Biological Integrative Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
- KHU-KIST Department of Converging Science and Technology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Cherlhyun Jeong
- Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
- Chemical and Biological Integrative Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Ae Nim Pae
- Center for Brain Disorders, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungsu Lim
- Center for Brain Disorders, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Tae Chang
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Kyung Kim
- Center for Brain Disorders, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
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Galaburda AM. Animal models of developmental dyslexia. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:981801. [DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.981801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
As some critics have stated, the term “developmental dyslexia” refers to a strictly human disorder, relating to a strictly human capacity – reading – so it cannot be modeled in experimental animals, much less so in lowly rodents. However, two endophenotypes associated with developmental dyslexia are eminently suitable for animal modeling: Cerebral Lateralization, as illustrated by the association between dyslexia and non-righthandedness, and Cerebrocortical Dysfunction, as illustrated by the described abnormal structural anatomy and/or physiology and functional imaging of the dyslexic cerebral cortex. This paper will provide a brief review of these two endophenotypes in human beings with developmental dyslexia and will describe the animal work done in my laboratory and that of others to try to shed light on the etiology of and neural mechanisms underlying developmental dyslexia. Some thought will also be given to future directions of the research.
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Lillis KP. Molecular Layer Heterotopia: Harmless Brain Warts or Ictal Main Force? Epilepsy Curr 2022; 22:258-260. [PMID: 36187144 PMCID: PMC9483762 DOI: 10.1177/15357597221101263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Original Article Citation Li, A. M., Hill, R. A. & Grutzendler, J. Intravital Imaging of Neocortical
Heterotopia Reveals Aberrant Axonal Pathfinding and Myelination around Ectopic
Neurons. Cereb Cortex 31, 4340-4356 (2021). doi:10.1093/cercor/bhab090. Neocortical heterotopia consist of ectopic neuronal clusters that are frequently
found in individuals with cognitive disability and epilepsy. However, their
pathogenesis remains poorly understood due in part to a lack of tractable animal
models. We have developed an inducible model of focal cortical heterotopia that
enables their precise spatiotemporal control and high-resolution optical imaging in
live mice. Here, we report that heterotopia are associated with striking patterns of
circumferentially projecting axons and increased myelination around neuronal clusters.
Despite their aberrant axonal patterns, in vivo calcium imaging revealed that
heterotopic neurons remain functionally connected to other brain regions, highlighting
their potential to influence global neural networks. These aberrant patterns only form
when heterotopia are induced during a critical embryonic temporal window, but not in
early postnatal development. Our model provides a new way to investigate heterotopia
formation in vivo and reveals features suggesting the existence of developmentally
modulated, neuron-derived axon guidance and myelination factors.
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