1
|
Chang KY, Tik M, Mizutani-Tiebel Y, Taylor P, van Hattem T, Falkai P, Padberg F, Bulubas L, Keeser D. Dose-dependent target engagement of a clinical iTBS protocol: An interleaved TMS-fMRI study in healthy subjects. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY. COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2024:S2451-9022(24)00244-1. [PMID: 39182723 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2024.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 08/08/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS) of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) is widely applied as therapeutic intervention in mental health, however understanding of its mechanisms is still incomplete. Prior MRI studies have mainly used offline iTBS or short sequences in concurrent TMS-fMRI. This study investigated a full 600 stimuli iTBS protocol using interleaved TMS-fMRI in comparison with two control conditions in healthy subjects. METHODS In a crossover design, 18 participants underwent three sessions of interleaved iTBS-fMRI: 1) left DLPFC at 40% resting motor threshold (rMT) intensity, 2) left DLPFC at 80% rMT intensity, and 3) left primary motor cortex (M1) at 80% rMT intensity. We compared immediate blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) responses during interleaved iTBS-fMRI across these conditions including correlations between individual fMRI BOLD activation and iTBS induced electric field (E-field) strength at the target sites. RESULTS Whole-brain analysis showed increased activation in several regions following iTBS. Specifically, left DLPFC, as well as bilateral M1, anterior cingulate cortex, and insula showed increased activation during 80% rMT left DLPFC stimulation. Increased BOLD activity in the left DLPFC was not observed with 40% rMT left DLPFC stimulation nor left M1 80% rMT iTBS, whereas activation in other regions was found to overlap between conditions. Of note, BOLD activation and E-field intensities were only correlated for M1 stimulation, but not for the DLPFC conditions. CONCLUSIONS The study showed dosage and target specific BOLD activation during interleaved TMS-fMRI with 600 stimuli iTBS in healthy subjects. Future studies may use our approach for demonstrating target engagement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Yen Chang
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany; Neuroimaging Core Unit Munich - NICUM, University Hospital LMU, Munich, Germany; DZPG (German Center for Mental Health), partner site Munich-Augsburg, Germany
| | - Martin Tik
- High Field MR Center, Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Brain Stimulation Lab, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, USA
| | - Yuki Mizutani-Tiebel
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany; Neuroimaging Core Unit Munich - NICUM, University Hospital LMU, Munich, Germany; DZPG (German Center for Mental Health), partner site Munich-Augsburg, Germany
| | - Paul Taylor
- Department of Psychology, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Timo van Hattem
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany; Neuroimaging Core Unit Munich - NICUM, University Hospital LMU, Munich, Germany; DZPG (German Center for Mental Health), partner site Munich-Augsburg, Germany
| | - Peter Falkai
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany; Neuroimaging Core Unit Munich - NICUM, University Hospital LMU, Munich, Germany; DZPG (German Center for Mental Health), partner site Munich-Augsburg, Germany
| | - Frank Padberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany; Neuroimaging Core Unit Munich - NICUM, University Hospital LMU, Munich, Germany; DZPG (German Center for Mental Health), partner site Munich-Augsburg, Germany.
| | - Lucia Bulubas
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany; Neuroimaging Core Unit Munich - NICUM, University Hospital LMU, Munich, Germany; DZPG (German Center for Mental Health), partner site Munich-Augsburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Keeser
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany; Neuroimaging Core Unit Munich - NICUM, University Hospital LMU, Munich, Germany; DZPG (German Center for Mental Health), partner site Munich-Augsburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Tik M, Vasileiadi M, Woletz M, Linhardt D, Schuler AL, Williams N, Windischberger C. Concurrent TMS/fMRI reveals individual DLPFC dose-response pattern. Neuroimage 2023; 282:120394. [PMID: 37805020 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.120394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND TMS is a valuable tool in both research and clinical settings, playing a crucial role in understanding brain-behavior relationships and providing treatment for various neurological and psychiatric conditions. Importantly, TMS over left DLPFC is an FDA approved treatment for MDD. Despite its potential, response variability to TMS remains a challenge, with stimulation parameters, particularly the stimulation intensity, being a primary contributor to these differences. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to establish dose-response relationships of TMS stimulation in DLPFC by means of concurrent TMS/fMRI. METHODS Here, we stimulated 15 subjects at different stimulation intensities of 80, 90, 100 and 110 % relative to the motor threshold during concurrent TMS/fMRI. The experiment comprised two sessions: one session to collect anatomical data in order to perform neuronavigation and one session dedicated to dose-response mapping. We calculated GLMs for each intensity level and each subject, as well as at a group-level per intensity. RESULTS On a group level, we show that the strongest BOLD-response was at 100 % stimulation. However, investigating individual dose response-relationships showed differences in response patterns across the group: subjects that responded to subthreshold stimulation, subjects that required above threshold stimulation in order to show a significant BOLD-response and atypical responders. CONCLUSIONS We observed qualitative inter-subject variability in terms of dose-response relationship to TMS over left DLPFC, which hints towards the motor threshold not being directly transferable to the excitability of the DLPFC. Concurrent TMS/fMRI might have the potential to improve response rates to rTMS applications. As such, it may be valuable in the future to consider implementing this approach prior to clinical TMS or validating more cost-effective methods to determine dose and target with respect to changes in clinical symptoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Tik
- MR Center of Excellence, Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Lazarettgasse 14, Vienna 1090, Austria; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Maria Vasileiadi
- MR Center of Excellence, Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Lazarettgasse 14, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Michael Woletz
- MR Center of Excellence, Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Lazarettgasse 14, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - David Linhardt
- MR Center of Excellence, Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Lazarettgasse 14, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Anna-Lisa Schuler
- MR Center of Excellence, Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Lazarettgasse 14, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Nolan Williams
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Christian Windischberger
- MR Center of Excellence, Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Lazarettgasse 14, Vienna 1090, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Riddle J, Scimeca JM, Pagnotta MF, Inglis B, Sheltraw D, Muse-Fisher C, D’Esposito M. A guide for concurrent TMS-fMRI to investigate functional brain networks. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 16:1050605. [PMID: 36590069 PMCID: PMC9799237 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.1050605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) allows for the direct activation of neurons in the human neocortex and has proven to be fundamental for causal hypothesis testing in cognitive neuroscience. By administering TMS concurrently with functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI), the effect of cortical TMS on activity in distant cortical and subcortical structures can be quantified by varying the levels of TMS output intensity. However, TMS generates significant fluctuations in the fMRI time series, and their complex interaction warrants caution before interpreting findings. We present the methodological challenges of concurrent TMS-fMRI and a guide to minimize induced artifacts in experimental design and post-processing. Our study targeted two frontal-striatal circuits: primary motor cortex (M1) projections to the putamen and lateral prefrontal cortex (PFC) projections to the caudate in healthy human participants. We found that TMS parametrically increased the BOLD signal in the targeted region and subcortical projections as a function of stimulation intensity. Together, this work provides practical steps to overcome common challenges with concurrent TMS-fMRI and demonstrates how TMS-fMRI can be used to investigate functional brain networks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Justin Riddle
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Jason M. Scimeca
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Mattia F. Pagnotta
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Ben Inglis
- Henry H. Wheeler Jr. Brain Imaging Center, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Daniel Sheltraw
- Henry H. Wheeler Jr. Brain Imaging Center, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Chris Muse-Fisher
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Mark D’Esposito
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
- Henry H. Wheeler Jr. Brain Imaging Center, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Rafiei F, Rahnev D. TMS Does Not Increase BOLD Activity at the Site of Stimulation: A Review of All Concurrent TMS-fMRI Studies. eNeuro 2022; 9:ENEURO.0163-22.2022. [PMID: 35981879 PMCID: PMC9410768 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0163-22.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is widely used for understanding brain function in neurologically intact subjects and for the treatment of various disorders. However, the precise neurophysiological effects of TMS at the site of stimulation remain poorly understood. The local effects of TMS can be studied using concurrent TMS-functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), a technique where TMS is delivered during fMRI scanning. However, although concurrent TMS-fMRI was developed over 20 years ago and dozens of studies have used this technique, there is still no consensus on whether TMS increases blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) activity at the site of stimulation. To address this question, here we review all previous concurrent TMS-fMRI studies that reported analyses of BOLD activity at the target location. We find evidence that TMS increases local BOLD activity when stimulating the primary motor (M1) and visual (V1) cortices but that these effects are likely driven by the downstream consequences of TMS (finger twitches and phosphenes). However, TMS does not appear to increase BOLD activity at the site of stimulation for areas outside of the M1 and V1 when conducted at rest. We examine the possible reasons for such lack of BOLD signal increase based on recent work in nonhuman animals. We argue that the current evidence points to TMS inducing periods of increased and decreased neuronal firing that mostly cancel each other out and therefore lead to no change in the overall BOLD signal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Farshad Rafiei
- School of Psychology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30313
| | - Dobromir Rahnev
- School of Psychology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30313
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Luber B, Davis SW, Deng ZD, Murphy D, Martella A, Peterchev AV, Lisanby SH. Using diffusion tensor imaging to effectively target TMS to deep brain structures. Neuroimage 2022; 249:118863. [PMID: 34974116 PMCID: PMC8851689 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
TMS has become a powerful tool to explore cortical function, and in parallel has proven promising in the development of therapies for various psychiatric and neurological disorders. Unfortunately, much of the inference of the direct effects of TMS has been assumed to be limited to the area a few centimeters beneath the scalp, though clearly more distant regions are likely to be influenced by structurally connected stimulation sites. In this study, we sought to develop a novel paradigm to individualize TMS coil placement to non-invasively achieve activation of specific deep brain targets of relevance to the treatment of psychiatric disorders. In ten subjects, structural diffusion imaging tractography data were used to identify an accessible cortical target in the right frontal pole that demonstrated both anatomic and functional connectivity to right Brodmann area 25 (BA25). Concurrent TMS-fMRI interleaving was used with a series of single, interleaved TMS pulses applied to the right frontal pole at four intensity levels ranging from 80% to 140% of motor threshold. In nine of ten subjects, TMS to the individualized frontal pole sites resulted in significant linear increase in BOLD activation of BA25 with increasing TMS intensity. The reliable activation of BA25 in a dosage-dependent manner suggests the possibility that the careful combination of imaging with TMS can make use of network properties to help overcome depth limitations and allow noninvasive brain stimulation to influence deep brain structures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bruce Luber
- Noninvasive Neuromodulation Unit, Experimental Therapeutics & Pathophysiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States.
| | - Simon W Davis
- Department of Neurology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Zhi-De Deng
- Noninvasive Neuromodulation Unit, Experimental Therapeutics & Pathophysiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States; Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - David Murphy
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Andrew Martella
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Angel V Peterchev
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States; Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Sarah H Lisanby
- Noninvasive Neuromodulation Unit, Experimental Therapeutics & Pathophysiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States; Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Christiansen L, Siebner HR. Tools to explore neuroplasticity in humans: Combining interventional neurophysiology with functional and structural magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2022; 184:105-119. [PMID: 35034728 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-819410-2.00032-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This chapter summarizes how brain imaging can be used in combination with non-invasive transcranial stimulation to probe and induce neuroplasticity in the human brain. We aim to give a conceptual account and highlight exemplary studies. We showcase the scientific and clinical potentials of studies focusing on the combination of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) with Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) or Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS). MRI and MRS can be used before brain stimulation to identify target networks and loci but also to inform individual dosing. After a brain stimulation session, MRI and MRS can be used to pinpoint how the stimulation protocol alters brain function, structure, or metabolism and relate these after-effects to behavioral and clinical outcomes. Complementing these "offline" approaches, TMS can also be applied "online" during MRI or MRS to delineate how stimulation acutely engages the stimulated brain regions and networks. In this case, it is critical to account for confounds introduced by off-target stimulation of peripheral structures of the nervous system that may not only confound MR-based readouts but also induce neuroplastic phenomena.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lasse Christiansen
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Amager and Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Hartwig Roman Siebner
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Amager and Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark; Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital Bispebjerg, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhang M, Frohlich F. Cell type-specific excitability probed by optogenetic stimulation depends on the phase of the alpha oscillation. Brain Stimul 2022; 15:472-482. [PMID: 35219922 PMCID: PMC8975618 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2022.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alpha oscillations have been proposed to provide phasic inhibition in the brain. Yet, pinging alpha oscillations with transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to examine phase-dependent network excitability has resulted in conflicting findings. At the cellular level, such gating by the alpha oscillation remains poorly understood. OBJECTIVE We examine how the excitability of pyramidal cells and presumed fast-spiking inhibitory interneurons depends on the phase of the alpha oscillation. METHODS Optogenetic stimulation pulses were administered at random phases of the alpha oscillation in the posterior parietal cortex (PPC) of two adult ferrets that expressed channelrhodopsin in pyramidal cells. Post-stimulation firing probability was calculated as a function of the stimulation phase of the alpha oscillation for both verum and sham stimulation. RESULTS The excitability of pyramidal cells depended on the alpha phase, in anticorrelation with their intrinsic phase preference; pyramidal cells were more responsive to optogenetic stimulation at the alpha phase with intrinsically low firing rates. In contrast, presumed fast-spiking inhibitory interneurons did not show such a phase dependency despite their stronger intrinsic phase preference. CONCLUSIONS Alpha oscillations gate input to PPC in a phase-dependent manner such that low intrinsic activity was associated with higher responsiveness to input. This finding supports a model of cortical oscillation, in which internal processing and communication are limited to the depolarized half-cycle, whereas the other half-cycle serves as a signal detector for unexpected input. The functional role of different parts of the alpha cycle may vary across the cortex depending on local neuronal firing properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengsen Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Flavio Frohlich
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Carolina Center for Neurostimulation, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Mizutani-Tiebel Y, Tik M, Chang KY, Padberg F, Soldini A, Wilkinson Z, Voon CC, Bulubas L, Windischberger C, Keeser D. Concurrent TMS-fMRI: Technical Challenges, Developments, and Overview of Previous Studies. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:825205. [PMID: 35530029 PMCID: PMC9069063 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.825205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a promising treatment modality for psychiatric and neurological disorders. Repetitive TMS (rTMS) is widely used for the treatment of psychiatric and neurological diseases, such as depression, motor stroke, and neuropathic pain. However, the underlying mechanisms of rTMS-mediated neuronal modulation are not fully understood. In this respect, concurrent or simultaneous TMS-fMRI, in which TMS is applied during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), is a viable tool to gain insights, as it enables an investigation of the immediate effects of TMS. Concurrent application of TMS during neuroimaging usually causes severe artifacts due to magnetic field inhomogeneities induced by TMS. However, by carefully interleaving the TMS pulses with MR signal acquisition in the way that these are far enough apart, we can avoid any image distortions. While the very first feasibility studies date back to the 1990s, recent developments in coil hardware and acquisition techniques have boosted the number of TMS-fMRI applications. As such, a concurrent application requires expertise in both TMS and MRI mechanisms and sequencing, and the hurdle of initial technical set up and maintenance remains high. This review gives a comprehensive overview of concurrent TMS-fMRI techniques by collecting (1) basic information, (2) technical challenges and developments, (3) an overview of findings reported so far using concurrent TMS-fMRI, and (4) current limitations and our suggestions for improvement. By sharing this review, we hope to attract the interest of researchers from various backgrounds and create an educational knowledge base.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Mizutani-Tiebel
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital LMU, Munich, Germany.,Neuroimaging Core Unit Munich - NICUM, University Hospital LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Tik
- High Field MR Center, Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kai-Yen Chang
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital LMU, Munich, Germany.,Neuroimaging Core Unit Munich - NICUM, University Hospital LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - Frank Padberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital LMU, Munich, Germany.,Neuroimaging Core Unit Munich - NICUM, University Hospital LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - Aldo Soldini
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital LMU, Munich, Germany.,Neuroimaging Core Unit Munich - NICUM, University Hospital LMU, Munich, Germany.,International Max Planck Research School for Translational Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Zane Wilkinson
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital LMU, Munich, Germany.,Neuroimaging Core Unit Munich - NICUM, University Hospital LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - Cui Ci Voon
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital LMU, Munich, Germany.,Neuroimaging Core Unit Munich - NICUM, University Hospital LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - Lucia Bulubas
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital LMU, Munich, Germany.,Neuroimaging Core Unit Munich - NICUM, University Hospital LMU, Munich, Germany.,International Max Planck Research School for Translational Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Windischberger
- High Field MR Center, Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniel Keeser
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital LMU, Munich, Germany.,Neuroimaging Core Unit Munich - NICUM, University Hospital LMU, Munich, Germany.,Department of Radiology, University Hospital LMU, Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Bergmann TO, Varatheeswaran R, Hanlon CA, Madsen KH, Thielscher A, Siebner HR. Concurrent TMS-fMRI for causal network perturbation and proof of target engagement. Neuroimage 2021; 237:118093. [PMID: 33940146 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The experimental manipulation of neural activity by neurostimulation techniques overcomes the inherent limitations of correlative recordings, enabling the researcher to investigate causal brain-behavior relationships. But only when stimulation and recordings are combined, the direct impact of the stimulation on neural activity can be evaluated. In humans, this can be achieved non-invasively through the concurrent combination of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Concurrent TMS-fMRI allows the assessment of the neurovascular responses evoked by TMS with excellent spatial resolution and full-brain coverage. This enables the functional mapping of both local and remote network effects of TMS in cortical as well as deep subcortical structures, offering unique opportunities for basic research and clinical applications. The purpose of this review is to introduce the reader to this powerful tool. We will introduce the technical challenges and state-of-the art solutions and provide a comprehensive overview of the existing literature and the available experimental approaches. We will highlight the unique insights that can be gained from concurrent TMS-fMRI, including the state-dependent assessment of neural responsiveness and inter-regional effective connectivity, the demonstration of functional target engagement, and the systematic evaluation of stimulation parameters. We will also discuss how concurrent TMS-fMRI during a behavioral task can help to link behavioral TMS effects to changes in neural network activity and to identify peripheral co-stimulation confounds. Finally, we will review the use of concurrent TMS-fMRI for developing TMS treatments of psychiatric and neurological disorders and suggest future improvements for further advancing the application of concurrent TMS-fMRI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Til Ole Bergmann
- Neuroimaging Center (NIC), Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN), Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany; Leibniz Institute for Resilience Research, Wallstraße 7-9, 55122, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Rathiga Varatheeswaran
- Neuroimaging Center (NIC), Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN), Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany; Leibniz Institute for Resilience Research, Wallstraße 7-9, 55122, Mainz, Germany
| | - Colleen A Hanlon
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, 1 Medical Center Blvd., Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Kristoffer H Madsen
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Kettegård Allé 30, 2650, Hvidovre, Denmark; Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Axel Thielscher
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Kettegård Allé 30, 2650, Hvidovre, Denmark; Department of Electrical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Hartwig Roman Siebner
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Kettegård Allé 30, 2650, Hvidovre, Denmark; Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital Bispebjerg, Bispebjerg Bakke 23, 2400 København NV, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Amemiya K, Morita T, Hirose S, Ikegami T, Hirashima M, Naito E. Neurological and behavioral features of locomotor imagery in the blind. Brain Imaging Behav 2021; 15:656-676. [PMID: 32240463 PMCID: PMC8032591 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-020-00275-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In people with normal sight, mental simulation (motor imagery) of an experienced action involves a multisensory (especially kinesthetic and visual) emulation process associated with the action. Here, we examined how long-term blindness influences sensory experience during motor imagery and its neuronal correlates by comparing data obtained from blind and sighted people. We scanned brain activity with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) while 16 sighted and 14 blind male volunteers imagined either walking or jogging around a circle of 2 m radius. In the training before fMRI, they performed these actions with their eyes closed. During scanning, we explicitly instructed the blindfolded participants to generate kinesthetic motor imagery. After the experimental run, they rated the degree to which their motor imagery became kinesthetic or spatio-visual. The imagery of blind people was more kinesthetic as per instructions, while that of the sighted group became more spatio-visual. The imagery of both groups commonly activated bilateral frontoparietal cortices including supplementary motor areas (SMA). Despite the lack of group differences in degree of brain activation, we observed stronger functional connectivity between the SMA and cerebellum in the blind group compared to that in the sighted group. To conclude, long-term blindness likely changes sensory emulation during motor imagery to a more kinesthetic mode, which may be associated with stronger functional coupling in kinesthetic brain networks compared with that in sighted people. This study adds valuable knowledge on motor cognition and mental imagery processes in the blind.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaoru Amemiya
- Center for Information and Neural Networks (CiNet), National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT), 1-4 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tomoyo Morita
- Center for Information and Neural Networks (CiNet), National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT), 1-4 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
- Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, 1-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Satoshi Hirose
- Center for Information and Neural Networks (CiNet), National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT), 1-4 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Ikegami
- Center for Information and Neural Networks (CiNet), National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT), 1-4 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masaya Hirashima
- Center for Information and Neural Networks (CiNet), National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT), 1-4 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Eiichi Naito
- Center for Information and Neural Networks (CiNet), National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT), 1-4 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Lewis YD, Gallop L, Campbell IC, Schmidt U. Effects of non-invasive brain stimulation in children and young people with psychiatric disorders: a protocol for a systematic review. Syst Rev 2021; 10:76. [PMID: 33706788 PMCID: PMC7953615 DOI: 10.1186/s13643-021-01627-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most psychiatric disorders have their onset in childhood or adolescence, and if not fully treated have the potential for causing life-long psycho-social and physical sequelae. Effective psychotherapeutic and medication treatments exist, but a significant proportion of children and young people do not make a full recovery. Thus, novel, safe, brain-based alternatives or adjuncts to conventional treatments are needed. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) are non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) techniques which have shown clinical benefits in adult psychiatric conditions. However, in children and young people their efficacy is not well established. The objective of this study will be to systematically evaluate the evidence on clinical effects of NIBS in children and young people with psychiatric disorders, assessing disorder-specific symptoms, mood and neurocognitive functions. METHODS We designed and registered a study protocol for a systematic review. We will include randomised and non-randomised controlled trials and observational studies (e.g. cohort, case-control, case series) assessing the effects of NIBS in children and young people (aged ≤ 24 years old) for psychiatric disorders. The primary outcome will be reduction of disorder-specific symptoms. Secondary outcomes will include effects on mood and cognition. A comprehensive search from database inception onwards will be conducted in MEDLINE, EMBASE and PsycINFO. Grey literature will be identified through searching multiple clinical trial registries. Two reviewers will independently screen all citations, full-text articles and abstract data. The methodological quality of the studies will be appraised using appropriate tools. We will provide a narrative synthesis of the evidence and according to heterogeneity will conduct an appropriate meta-analysis. Additional analyses will be conducted to explore the potential sources of heterogeneity. DISCUSSION This systematic review will provide a broad and comprehensive evaluation of the evidence on clinical effects of NIBS in children and young people with psychiatric disorders. Our findings will be reported according to the PRISMA guidelines and will be of interest to multiple audiences (including patients, researchers, healthcare professionals and policy-makers). Results will be published in a peer-reviewed journal. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION PROSPERO CRD42019158957.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yael D Lewis
- Section of Eating Disorders, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, PO59, London, SE5 8AF, UK.,Hadarim Eating Disorder Unit, Shalvata Mental Health Centre, Hod Hasharon, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Lucy Gallop
- Section of Eating Disorders, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, PO59, London, SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Iain C Campbell
- Section of Eating Disorders, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, PO59, London, SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Ulrike Schmidt
- Section of Eating Disorders, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, PO59, London, SE5 8AF, UK. .,South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Wang X, Li L, Wei W, Zhu T, Huang GF, Li X, Ma HB, Lv Y. Altered activation in sensorimotor network after applying rTMS over the primary motor cortex at different frequencies. Brain Behav 2020; 10:e01670. [PMID: 32506744 PMCID: PMC7375128 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.1670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) over the primary motor cortex (M1) can modulate brain activity both in the stimulated site and remote brain areas of the sensorimotor network. However, the modulatory effects of rTMS at different frequencies remain unclear. Here, we employed finger-tapping task-based fMRI to investigate alterations in activation of the sensorimotor network after the application of rTMS over the left M1 at different frequencies. MATERIALS AND METHODS Forty-five right-handed healthy participants were randomly divided into three groups by rTMS frequency (HF, high-frequency, 3 Hz; LF, low-frequency, 1 Hz; and SHAM) and underwent two task-fMRI sessions (RH, finger-tapping with right index finger; LH, finger-tapping with left index finger) before and after applying rTMS over the left M1. We defined regions of interest (ROIs) in the sensorimotor network based on group-level activation maps (pre-rTMS) from RH and LH tasks and calculated the percentage signal change (PSC) for each ROI. We then assessed the differences of PSC within HF or LF groups and between groups. RESULTS Application of rTMS at different frequencies resulted in a change in activation of several areas of the sensorimotor network. We observed the increased PSC in M1 after high-frequency stimulation, while we detected the reduced PSC in the primary sensory cortex (S1), ventral premotor cortex (PMv), supplementary motor cortex (SMA), and putamen after low-frequency stimulation. Moreover, the PSC in the SMA, dorsal premotor cortex (PMd), and putamen in the HF group was higher than in the LF group after stimulation. CONCLUSION Our findings suggested that activation alterations within sensorimotor network are dependent on the frequency of rTMS. Therefore, our findings contribute to understanding the effects of rTMS on brain activation in healthy individuals and ultimately may further help to suggest mechanisms of how rTMS could be employed as a therapeutic tool.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Wang
- Institute of Psychological Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lingyu Li
- Institute of Psychological Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments, Hangzhou, China.,Shandong Huayu University of Technology, Dezhou, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Institute of Psychological Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tingting Zhu
- Institute of Psychological Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guo-Feng Huang
- School of Information and Electronics Technology, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, China
| | - Xue Li
- School of Information and Electronics Technology, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, China
| | - Hui-Bin Ma
- School of Information and Electronics Technology, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, China.,Integrated Medical Research School, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, China
| | - Yating Lv
- Institute of Psychological Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments, Hangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
EPI distortion correction for concurrent human brain stimulation and imaging at 3T. J Neurosci Methods 2019; 327:108400. [PMID: 31434000 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2019.108400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) can be paired with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in concurrent TMS-fMRI experiments. These multimodal experiments enable causal probing of network architecture in the human brain which can complement alternative network mapping approaches. Critically, merely introducing the TMS coil into the scanner environment can sometimes produce substantial magnetic field inhomogeneities and spatial distortions which limit the utility of concurrent TMS-fMRI. METHOD AND RESULTS We assessed the efficacy of point spread function corrected echo planar imaging (PSF-EPI) in correcting for the field inhomogeneities associated with a TMS coil at 3 T. In phantom and brain scans, we quantitatively compared the coil-induced distortion artifacts measured in EPI scans with and without PSF correction. We found that the application of PSF corrections to the EPI data significantly improved signal-to-noise and reduced distortions. In phantom scans with the PSF-EPI sequence, we also characterized the temporal profile of dynamic artifacts associated with TMS delivery and found that image quality remained high as long as the TMS pulse preceded the RF excitation pulses by at least 50 ms. Lastly, we validated the PSF-EPI sequence in human brain scans involving TMS and motor behavior as well as resting state fMRI scans. CONCLUSIONS Our collective results demonstrate the potential benefits of PSF-EPI for concurrent TMS-fMRI when coil-related artifacts are a concern. The ability to collect high quality resting state fMRI data in the same session as the concurrent TMS-fMRI experiment offers a unique opportunity to interrogate network architecture in the human brain.
Collapse
|
14
|
Naufel S, Glaser JI, Kording KP, Perreault EJ, Miller LE. A muscle-activity-dependent gain between motor cortex and EMG. J Neurophysiol 2019; 121:61-73. [PMID: 30379603 PMCID: PMC6383667 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00329.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Whether one is delicately placing a contact lens on the surface of the eye or lifting a heavy weight from the floor, the motor system must produce a wide range of forces under different dynamical loads. How does the motor cortex, with neurons that have a limited activity range, function effectively under these widely varying conditions? In this study, we explored the interaction of activity in primary motor cortex (M1) and muscles (electromyograms, EMGs) of two male rhesus monkeys for wrist movements made during three tasks requiring different dynamical loads and forces. Despite traditionally providing adequate predictions in single tasks, in our experiments, a single linear model failed to account for the relation between M1 activity and EMG across conditions. However, a model with a gain parameter that increased with the target force remained accurate across forces and dynamical loads. Surprisingly, this model showed that a greater proportion of EMG changes were explained by the nonlinear gain than the linear mapping from M1. In addition to its theoretical implications, the strength of this nonlinearity has important implications for brain-computer interfaces (BCIs). If BCI decoders are to be used to control movement dynamics (including interaction forces) directly, they will need to be nonlinear and include training data from broad data sets to function effectively across tasks. Our study reinforces the need to investigate neural control of movement across a wide range of conditions to understand its basic characteristics as well as translational implications. NEW & NOTEWORTHY We explored the motor cortex-to-electromyogram (EMG) mapping across a wide range of forces and loading conditions, which we found to be highly nonlinear. A greater proportion of EMG was explained by a nonlinear gain than a linear mapping. This nonlinearity allows motor cortex to control the wide range of forces encountered in the real world. These results unify earlier observations and inform the next-generation brain-computer interfaces that will control movement dynamics and interaction forces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Naufel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University , Chicago, Illinois
| | - Joshua I Glaser
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Northwestern University , Chicago, Illinois
- Shirley Ryan AbilityLab (formerly the Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago) , Chicago, Illinois
| | - Konrad P Kording
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University , Chicago, Illinois
- Shirley Ryan AbilityLab (formerly the Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago) , Chicago, Illinois
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Northwestern University , Chicago, Illinois
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois
| | - Eric J Perreault
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Northwestern University , Chicago, Illinois
- Shirley Ryan AbilityLab (formerly the Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago) , Chicago, Illinois
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Northwestern University , Chicago, Illinois
| | - Lee E Miller
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University , Chicago, Illinois
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Northwestern University , Chicago, Illinois
- Shirley Ryan AbilityLab (formerly the Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago) , Chicago, Illinois
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Northwestern University , Chicago, Illinois
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Moezzi B, Schaworonkow N, Plogmacher L, Goldsworthy MR, Hordacre B, McDonnell MD, Iannella N, Ridding MC, Triesch J. Simulation of electromyographic recordings following transcranial magnetic stimulation. J Neurophysiol 2018; 120:2532-2541. [PMID: 29975165 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00626.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a technique that enables noninvasive manipulation of neural activity and holds promise in both clinical and basic research settings. The effect of TMS on the motor cortex is often measured by electromyography (EMG) recordings from a small hand muscle. However, the details of how TMS generates responses measured with EMG are not completely understood. We aim to develop a biophysically detailed computational model to study the potential mechanisms underlying the generation of EMG signals following TMS. Our model comprises a feed-forward network of cortical layer 2/3 cells, which drive morphologically detailed layer 5 corticomotoneuronal cells, which in turn project to a pool of motoneurons. EMG signals are modeled as the sum of motor unit action potentials. EMG recordings from the first dorsal interosseous muscle were performed in four subjects and compared with simulated EMG signals. Our model successfully reproduces several characteristics of the experimental data. The simulated EMG signals match experimental EMG recordings in shape and size, and change with stimulus intensity and contraction level as in experimental recordings. They exhibit cortical silent periods that are close to the biological values and reveal an interesting dependence on inhibitory synaptic transmission properties. Our model predicts several characteristics of the firing patterns of neurons along the entire pathway from cortical layer 2/3 cells down to spinal motoneurons and should be considered as a viable tool for explaining and analyzing EMG signals following TMS. NEW & NOTEWORTHY A biophysically detailed model of EMG signal generation following transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is proposed. Simulated EMG signals match experimental EMG recordings in shape and amplitude. Motor-evoked potential and cortical silent period properties match experimental data. The model is a viable tool to analyze, explain, and predict EMG signals following TMS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bahar Moezzi
- Computational and Theoretical Neuroscience Laboratory, School of Information Technology and Mathematical Sciences, University of South Australia , Adelaide , Australia.,Robinson Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide , Adelaide , Australia
| | | | | | - Mitchell R Goldsworthy
- Robinson Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide , Adelaide , Australia.,Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide , Adelaide , Australia
| | - Brenton Hordacre
- Robinson Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide , Adelaide , Australia.,Division of Health Sciences, University of South Australia , Adelaide , Australia
| | - Mark D McDonnell
- Computational and Theoretical Neuroscience Laboratory, School of Information Technology and Mathematical Sciences, University of South Australia , Adelaide , Australia
| | - Nicolangelo Iannella
- Computational and Theoretical Neuroscience Laboratory, School of Information Technology and Mathematical Sciences, University of South Australia , Adelaide , Australia.,School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Nottingham , Nottingham , United Kingdom
| | - Michael C Ridding
- Robinson Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide , Adelaide , Australia
| | - Jochen Triesch
- Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies , Frankfurt , Germany
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Hordacre B, Moezzi B, Ridding MC. Neuroplasticity and network connectivity of the motor cortex following stroke: A transcranial direct current stimulation study. Hum Brain Mapp 2018; 39:3326-3339. [PMID: 29655257 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 03/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a noninvasive brain stimulation technique that has potential for clinical utility in neurorehabilitation. However, recent evidence indicates that the responses to tDCS are highly variable. This study investigated whether electroencephalographic (EEG) measures of functional connectivity of the target network were associated with the response to ipsilesional anodal tDCS in stroke survivors. Ten chronic stroke patients attended two experimental sessions in a randomized cross-over trial and received anodal or sham tDCS. Single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation was used to quantify change in corticospinal excitability following tDCS. At the beginning of each session, functional connectivity was estimated using the debiased-weighted phase lag index from EEG recordings at rest. Magnetic resonance imaging identified lesion location and lesion volume. Partial least squares regression identified models of connectivity which maximally accounted for variance in anodal tDCS responses. Stronger connectivity of a network with a seed approximating the stimulated ipsilesional motor cortex, and clusters of electrodes approximating the ipsilesional parietal cortex and contralesional frontotemporal cortex in the alpha band (8-13 Hz) was strongly associated with a greater increase of corticospinal excitability following anodal tDCS. This association was not observed following sham stimulation. Addition of a structural measure(s) of injury (lesion volume) provided an improved model fit for connectivity between the seed electrode and ipsilesional parietal cortex, but not the contralesional frontotemporal cortex. TDCS has potential to greatly assist stroke rehabilitation and functional connectivity appears a robust and specific biomarker of response which may assist clinical translation of this therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brenton Hordacre
- The Sansom Institute for Health Research, School of Health Sciences, The University of South Australia, Adelaide, 5001, Australia
| | - Bahar Moezzi
- The Robinson Research Institute, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005, Australia
| | - Michael C Ridding
- The Robinson Research Institute, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Dowdle LT, Brown TR, George MS, Hanlon CA. Single pulse TMS to the DLPFC, compared to a matched sham control, induces a direct, causal increase in caudate, cingulate, and thalamic BOLD signal. Brain Stimul 2018. [PMID: 29530447 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2018.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the 20 years since our group established the feasibility of performing interleaved TMS/fMRI, no studies have reported direct comparisons of active prefrontal stimulation with a matched sham. Thus, for all studies there is concern about what is truly the TMS effect on cortical neurons. OBJECTIVE After developing a sham control for use within the MRI scanner, we used fMRI to test the hypothesis of greater regional BOLD responses for active versus control stimulation. METHODS We delivered 4 runs of interleaved TMS/fMRI with a limited field of view (16 slices, centered at AC-PC) to the left DLPFC (2 active, 2 control; counterbalanced) of 20 healthy individuals (F3; 20 pulses/run, interpulse interval:10-15sec, TR:1sec). In the control condition, 3 cm of foam was placed between the TMS coil and the scalp. This ensured magnetic field decay, but preserved the sensory aspects of each pulse (empirically evaluated in a subset of 10 individuals). RESULTS BOLD increases in the cingulate, thalamus, insulae, and middle frontal gyri (p < 0.05, FWE corrected) were found during both active and control stimulation. However, relative to control, active stimulation caused elevated BOLD signal in the anterior cingulate, caudate and thalamus. No significant difference was found in auditory regions. CONCLUSION(S) This TMS/fMRI study evaluated a control condition that preserved many of the sensory features of TMS while reducing magnetic field entry. These findings support a relationship between single pulses of TMS and activity in anatomically connected regions, but also underscore the importance of using a sham condition in future TMS/fMRI studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Logan T Dowdle
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States; Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Truman R Brown
- Department of Radiology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States; Center for Biomedical Imaging, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Mark S George
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States; Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States; Department of Radiology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States; Ralph H Johnson Veterans Administration Medical Center, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Colleen A Hanlon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States; Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States; Center for Biomedical Imaging, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States; Ralph H Johnson Veterans Administration Medical Center, Charleston, SC, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Leitão J, Thielscher A, Tuennerhoff J, Noppeney U. Comparing TMS perturbations to occipital and parietal cortices in concurrent TMS-fMRI studies-Methodological considerations. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0181438. [PMID: 28767670 PMCID: PMC5540584 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Neglect and hemianopia are two neuropsychological syndromes that are associated with reduced awareness for visual signals in patients’ contralesional hemifield. They offer the unique possibility to dissociate the contributions of retino-geniculate and retino-colliculo circuitries in visual perception. Yet, insights from patient fMRI studies are limited by heterogeneity in lesion location and extent, long-term functional reorganization and behavioural compensation after stroke. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has therefore been proposed as a complementary method to investigate the effect of transient perturbations on functional brain organization. This concurrent TMS-fMRI study applied TMS perturbation to occipital and parietal cortices with the aim to ‘mimick’ neglect and hemianopia. Based on the challenges and interpretational limitations of our own study we aim to provide tutorial guidance on how future studies should compare TMS to primary sensory and association areas that are governed by distinct computational principles, neural dynamics and functional architecture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joana Leitão
- Max Planck Institute for biological Cybernetics, Tübingen, Germany
- Computational Neuroscience and Cognitive Robotics Centre, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Laboratory for Behavioral Neurology and Imaging of Cognition, Department of Neuroscience, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
| | - Axel Thielscher
- Max Planck Institute for biological Cybernetics, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
- DRCMR, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Johannes Tuennerhoff
- Max Planck Institute for biological Cybernetics, Tübingen, Germany
- University Clinic of Neurology, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Uta Noppeney
- Max Planck Institute for biological Cybernetics, Tübingen, Germany
- Computational Neuroscience and Cognitive Robotics Centre, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Wang WT, Xu B, Butman JA. Improved SNR for combined TMS-fMRI: A support device for commercially available body array coil. J Neurosci Methods 2017; 289:1-7. [PMID: 28673806 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2017.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a noninvasive brain stimulation tool extensively used in clinical and cognitive neuroscience research. TMS has been applied during functional magnetic resonance imaging (i.e., concurrent/interleaved TMS-fMRI) to understand neural mechanisms underlying cognitive functions. However, no advanced commercial multi-channel whole-brain array MR coils can fit the large TMS coil. We developed a low-cost and easy-to-configure setup that takes advantage of the superior signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) performance of commercially available flexible body array coils that can accommodate the TMS coil. NEW METHOD Two flexible MRI body array coils (i.e., the Combo coil) were fitted on a simple coil support with a TMS-coil holder. Phantom and in vivo images acquired using the Combo coil with and without a TMS coil were compared with those from a product 12-channel (12CH) form-fit head array coil. RESULTS Relative to the 12CH head coil, images acquired using the Combo coil were of similar quality, but with increased noise levels, leading to moderately reduced temporal SNR values. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHOD A previous study reported that the temporal SNR of a product 12CH head coil was twice that of a transmit/receive volume birdcage coil commonly used in combined TMS-fMRI. Together with the results of the present work, they indicate that the Combo-coil setup improves SNR performance for combined TMS-fMRI acquisition. CONCLUSION The inexpensive and easy-to-configure Combo-coil setup offers an effective and likely superior alternative to transmit/receive birdcage coil for combined TMS-fMRI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Tung Wang
- Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Benjamin Xu
- Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA; National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - John A Butman
- Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA; Radiology and Imaging Science, Clinical Center, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Navarro de Lara LI, Tik M, Woletz M, Frass-Kriegl R, Moser E, Laistler E, Windischberger C. High-sensitivity TMS/fMRI of the Human Motor Cortex Using a Dedicated Multichannel MR Coil. Neuroimage 2017; 150:262-269. [PMID: 28254457 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.02.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To validate a novel setup for concurrent TMS/fMRI in the human motor cortex based on a dedicated, ultra-thin, multichannel receive MR coil positioned between scalp and TMS system providing greatly enhanced sensitivity compared to the standard birdcage coil setting. METHODS A combined TMS/fMRI design was applied over the primary motor cortex based on 1Hz stimulation with stimulation levels of 80%, 90%, 100%, and 110% of the individual active motor threshold, respectively. Due to the use of a multichannel receive coil we were able to use multiband-accelerated (MB=2) EPI sequences for the acquisition of functional images. Data were analysed with SPM12 and BOLD-weighted signal intensity time courses were extracted in each subject from two local maxima (individual functional finger tapping localiser, fixed MNI coordinate of the hand knob) next to the hand area of the primary motor cortex (M1) and from the global maximum. RESULTS We report excellent image quality without noticeable signal dropouts or image distortions. Parameter estimates in the three peak voxels showed monotonically ascending activation levels over increasing stimulation intensities. Across all subjects, mean BOLD signal changes for 80%, 90%, 100%, 110% of the individual active motor threshold were 0.43%, 0.63%, 1.01%, 2.01% next to the individual functional finger tapping maximum, 0.73%, 0.91%, 1.34%, 2.21% next to the MNI-defined hand knob and 0.88%, 1.09%, 1.65%, 2.77% for the global maximum, respectively. CONCLUSION Our results show that the new setup for concurrent TMS/fMRI experiments using a dedicated MR coil array allows for high-sensitivity fMRI particularly at the site of stimulation. Contrary to the standard birdcage approach, the results also demonstrate that the new coil can be successfully used for multiband-accelerated EPI acquisition. The gain in flexibility due to the new coil can be easily combined with neuronavigation within the MR scanner to allow for accurate targeting in TMS/fMRI experiments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucia I Navarro de Lara
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Guertel 18-20, A-1090 Wien, Vienna, Austria; MR Center of Excellence, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Tik
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Guertel 18-20, A-1090 Wien, Vienna, Austria; MR Center of Excellence, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Woletz
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Guertel 18-20, A-1090 Wien, Vienna, Austria; MR Center of Excellence, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Roberta Frass-Kriegl
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Guertel 18-20, A-1090 Wien, Vienna, Austria; MR Center of Excellence, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ewald Moser
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Guertel 18-20, A-1090 Wien, Vienna, Austria; MR Center of Excellence, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Elmar Laistler
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Guertel 18-20, A-1090 Wien, Vienna, Austria; MR Center of Excellence, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Windischberger
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Guertel 18-20, A-1090 Wien, Vienna, Austria; MR Center of Excellence, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Guller Y, Giacino J. Potential applications of concurrent transcranial magnetic stimulation and functional magnetic resonance imaging in acquired brain injury and disorders of consciousness. Brain Inj 2016; 28:1190-6. [PMID: 25099023 DOI: 10.3109/02699052.2014.920527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diagnostic assessment, prognosis and treatment monitoring in patients with disorders of consciousness (DoC) rest largely on behaviorally-based procedures. This approach can lead to misdiagnosis, inaccurate outcome prediction and inappropriate judgements regarding the effectiveness of treatment interventions. Concurrent transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) may provide a biological measure of conscious awareness, aid clinicians in clinical decision-making and provide a treatment alternative for DoC. STUDY This paper reviews the use of TMS and fMRI in the assessment of patients with DoC and suggests potential applications for concurrent use of these procedures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yelena Guller
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital , Charlestown, MA , USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
A microfabricated coil for implantable applications of magnetic spinal cord stimulation. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2016; 2015:6912-5. [PMID: 26737882 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2015.7319982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, a microfabricated inductive coil comprising of 125-turn coil windings and a MnZn-based magnetic core in a volume of 200 mm(3) is presented for the magnetic neural stimulation in a spinal cord. The coil winding with the parallel-linkage design instead of the typical serial-linkage one is proposed not only to provide better design flexibility to the current mode driving circuit but also to simplify the fabrication process of the 3-D inductive coil, which can further advance the coil miniaturization. Experimental results show the microcoil with a 1.5 A, 1 kHz square-wave current input can induce a voltages of ~220 μV on the conducting wire with an impedance of ~0.2 Ω @ 1 kHz, 1 mm separation.
Collapse
|
23
|
Ongoing cumulative effects of single TMS pulses on corticospinal excitability: An intra- and inter-block investigation. Clin Neurophysiol 2016; 127:621-628. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2015.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Revised: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
24
|
Tanamoto R, Shindo Y, Miki N, Matsumoto Y, Hotta K, Oka K. Electrical stimulation of cultured neurons using a simply patterned indium-tin-oxide (ITO) glass electrode. J Neurosci Methods 2015; 253:272-8. [PMID: 26185873 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2015.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2015] [Revised: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Indium-tin-oxide (ITO) glass electrodes possess the properties of optical transparency and high electrical conductivity, which enables the electrical stimulation of cultured cells to be performed whilst also measuring the responses with fluorescent imaging techniques. However, the quantitative relationship between the intensity of the stimulating current and the cell response is unclear when using conventional methods that employ a separated configuration of counter and stimulation electrodes. NEW METHOD A quantitative electrical current stimulation device without the use of a counter electrode was fabricated. RESULTS Nerve growth factor (NGF)-induced differentiated PC12 cells were cultured on an ITO single glass electrode, and the Ca(2+) response to electrical stimuli was measured using fluorescent Ca(2+) imaging. ITO electrode devices with a width less than 0.1mm were found to evoke a Ca(2+) response in the PC12 cells. Subsequent variation in the length of the device in the range of 2-10mm was found to have little influence on the efficiency of the electric stimulus. We found that the stimulation of the cells was dependent on the electrical current, when greater than 60 μA, rather than on the Joule heat, regardless of the width and length of the conductive area. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHOD(S) Because of the cells directly in contact with the electrode, our device enables to stimulate the cells specifically, comparing with previous devices with the counter electrode. CONCLUSIONS The ITO device without the use of a counter electrode is a useful tool for evaluating the quantitative neural excitability of cultured neurons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Tanamoto
- Department of Bioscience and Informatics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, 223-8522, Japan
| | - Yutaka Shindo
- Department of Bioscience and Informatics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, 223-8522, Japan
| | - Norihisa Miki
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, 223-8522, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Matsumoto
- Department of Applied Physics and Physico-Informatics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, 223-8522, Japan
| | - Kohji Hotta
- Department of Bioscience and Informatics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, 223-8522, Japan
| | - Kotaro Oka
- Department of Bioscience and Informatics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, 223-8522, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Navarro de Lara LI, Windischberger C, Kuehne A, Woletz M, Sieg J, Bestmann S, Weiskopf N, Strasser B, Moser E, Laistler E. A novel coil array for combined TMS/fMRI experiments at 3 T. Magn Reson Med 2014; 74:1492-501. [PMID: 25421603 PMCID: PMC4737243 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.25535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Revised: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Purpose To overcome current limitations in combined transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies by employing a dedicated coil array design for 3 Tesla. Methods The state‐of‐the‐art setup for concurrent TMS/fMRI is to use a large birdcage head coil, with the TMS between the subject's head and the MR coil. This setup has drawbacks in sensitivity, positioning, and available imaging techniques. In this study, an ultraslim 7‐channel receive‐only coil array for 3 T, which can be placed between the subject's head and the TMS, is presented. Interactions between the devices are investigated and the performance of the new setup is evaluated in comparison to the state‐of‐the‐art setup. Results MR sensitivity obtained at the depth of the TMS stimulation is increased by a factor of five. Parallel imaging with an acceleration factor of two is feasible with low g‐factors. Possible interactions between TMS and the novel hardware were investigated and were found negligible. Conclusion The novel coil array is safe, strongly improves signal‐to‐noise ratio in concurrent TMS/fMRI experiments, enables parallel imaging, and allows for flexible positioning of the TMS on the head while ensuring efficient TMS stimulation due to its ultraslim design. Magn Reson Med 74:1492–1501, 2015. © 2014 The Authors. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucia I Navarro de Lara
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,MR Centre of Excellence, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Windischberger
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,MR Centre of Excellence, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andre Kuehne
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,MR Centre of Excellence, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Woletz
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,MR Centre of Excellence, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jürgen Sieg
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,MR Centre of Excellence, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sven Bestmann
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nikolaus Weiskopf
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Bernhard Strasser
- MR Centre of Excellence, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ewald Moser
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,MR Centre of Excellence, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Elmar Laistler
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,MR Centre of Excellence, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Liao DA, Kronemer SI, Yau JM, Desmond JE, Marvel CL. Motor system contributions to verbal and non-verbal working memory. Front Hum Neurosci 2014; 8:753. [PMID: 25309402 PMCID: PMC4173669 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Working memory (WM) involves the ability to maintain and manipulate information held in mind. Neuroimaging studies have shown that secondary motor areas activate during WM for verbal content (e.g., words or letters), in the absence of primary motor area activation. This activation pattern may reflect an inner speech mechanism supporting online phonological rehearsal. Here, we examined the causal relationship between motor system activity and WM processing by using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to manipulate motor system activity during WM rehearsal. We tested WM performance for verbalizable (words and pseudowords) and non-verbalizable (Chinese characters) visual information. We predicted that disruption of motor circuits would specifically affect WM processing of verbalizable information. We found that TMS targeting motor cortex slowed response times (RTs) on verbal WM trials with high (pseudoword) vs. low (real word) phonological load. However, non-verbal WM trials were also significantly slowed with motor TMS. WM performance was unaffected by sham stimulation or TMS over visual cortex (VC). Self-reported use of motor strategy predicted the degree of motor stimulation disruption on WM performance. These results provide evidence of the motor system’s contributions to verbal and non-verbal WM processing. We speculate that the motor system supports WM by creating motor traces consistent with the type of information being rehearsed during maintenance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diana A Liao
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD, USA ; Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Sharif I Kronemer
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Yau
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD, USA ; Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine Houston, TX, USA
| | - John E Desmond
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Cherie L Marvel
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD, USA ; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Michaelis K, Wiener M, Thompson JC. Passive listening to preferred motor tempo modulates corticospinal excitability. Front Hum Neurosci 2014; 8:252. [PMID: 24795607 PMCID: PMC4006054 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhythms are an essential characteristic of our lives, and auditory-motor coupling affects a variety of behaviors. Previous research has shown that the neural regions associated with motor system processing are coupled to perceptual rhythmic and melodic processing such that the perception of rhythmic stimuli can entrain motor system responses. However, the degree to which individual preference modulates the motor system is unknown. Recent work has shown that passively listening to metrically strong rhythms increases corticospinal excitability, as indicated by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). Furthermore, this effect is modulated by high-groove music, or music that inspires movement, while neuroimaging evidence suggests that premotor activity increases with tempos occurring within a preferred tempo (PT) category. PT refers to the rate of a hypothetical endogenous oscillator that may be indicated by spontaneous motor tempo (SMT) and preferred perceptual tempo (PPT) measurements. The present study investigated whether listening to a rhythm at an individual’s PT preferentially modulates motor system excitability. SMT was obtained in human participants through a tapping task in which subjects were asked to tap a response key at their most comfortable rate. Subjects listened a 10-beat tone sequence at 11 log-spaced tempos and rated their preference for each (PPT). We found that SMT and PPT measurements were correlated, indicating that preferred and produced tempos occurred at a similar rate. Crucially, single-pulse TMS delivered to left M1 during PPT judgments revealed that corticospinal excitability, measured by motor-evoked potentials (MEPs), was modulated by tempos traveling closer to individual PT. However, the specific nature of this modulation differed across individuals, with some exhibiting an increase in excitability around PT and others exhibiting a decrease. These findings suggest that auditory-motor coupling induced by rhythms is preferentially modulated by rhythms occurring at a preferred rate, and that individual differences can alter the nature of this coupling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Michaelis
- Department of Psychology, George Mason University Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Martin Wiener
- Department of Psychology, George Mason University Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - James C Thompson
- Department of Psychology, George Mason University Fairfax, VA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Water diffusion reveals networks that modulate multiregional morphological plasticity after repetitive brain stimulation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:4608-13. [PMID: 24619090 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1320223111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Repetitive brain stimulation protocols induce plasticity in the stimulated site in brain slice models. Recent evidence from network models has indicated that additional plasticity-related changes occur in nonstimulated remote regions. Despite increasing use of brain stimulation protocols in experimental and clinical settings, the neural substrates underlying the additional effects in remote regions are unknown. Diffusion-weighted MRI (DWI) probes water diffusion and can be used to estimate morphological changes in cortical tissue that occur with the induction of plasticity. Using DWI techniques, we estimated morphological changes induced by application of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) over the left primary motor cortex (M1). We found that rTMS altered water diffusion in multiple regions including the left M1. Notably, the change in water diffusion was retained longest in the left M1 and remote regions that had a correlation of baseline fluctuations in water diffusion before rTMS. We conclude that synchronization of water diffusion at rest between stimulated and remote regions ensures retention of rTMS-induced changes in water diffusion in remote regions. Synchronized fluctuations in the morphology of cortical microstructures between stimulated and remote regions might identify networks that allow retention of plasticity-related morphological changes in multiple regions after brain stimulation protocols. These results increase our understanding of the effects of brain stimulation-induced plasticity on multiregional brain networks. DWI techniques could provide a tool to evaluate treatment effects of brain stimulation protocols in patients with brain disorders.
Collapse
|
29
|
Yau JM, Jalinous R, Cantarero GL, Desmond JE. Static field influences on transcranial magnetic stimulation: considerations for TMS in the scanner environment. Brain Stimul 2014; 7:388-93. [PMID: 24656916 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2014.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Revised: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) can be combined with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to simultaneously manipulate and monitor human cortical responses. Although tremendous efforts have been directed at characterizing the impact of TMS on image acquisition, the influence of the scanner's static field on the TMS coil has received limited attention. OBJECTIVE/HYPOTHESIS The aim of this study was to characterize the influence of the scanner's static field on TMS. We hypothesized that spatial variations in the static field could account for TMS field variations in the scanner environment. METHODS Using an MRI-compatible TMS coil, we estimated TMS field strengths based on TMS-induced voltage changes measured in a search coil. We compared peak field strengths obtained with the TMS coil positioned at different locations (B0 field vs fringe field) and orientations in the static field. We also measured the scanner's static field to derive a field map to account for TMS field variations. RESULTS TMS field strength scaled depending on coil location and orientation with respect to the static field. Larger TMS field variations were observed in fringe field regions near the gantry as compared to regions inside the bore or further removed from the bore. The scanner's static field also exhibited the greatest spatial variations in fringe field regions near the gantry. CONCLUSIONS The scanner's static field influences TMS fields and spatial variations in the static field correlate with TMS field variations. Coil orientation changes in the B0 field did not result in substantial TMS field variations. TMS field variations can be minimized by delivering TMS in the bore or outside of the 0-70 cm region from the bore entrance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey M Yau
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| | | | - Gabriela L Cantarero
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - John E Desmond
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Carson RG, Kennedy NC. Modulation of human corticospinal excitability by paired associative stimulation. Front Hum Neurosci 2013; 7:823. [PMID: 24348369 PMCID: PMC3847812 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Paired Associative Stimulation (PAS) has come to prominence as a potential therapeutic intervention for the treatment of brain injury/disease, and as an experimental method with which to investigate Hebbian principles of neural plasticity in humans. Prototypically, a single electrical stimulus is directed to a peripheral nerve in advance of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) delivered to the contralateral primary motor cortex (M1). Repeated pairing of the stimuli (i.e., association) over an extended period may increase or decrease the excitability of corticospinal projections from M1, in manner that depends on the interstimulus interval (ISI). It has been suggested that these effects represent a form of associative long-term potentiation (LTP) and depression (LTD) that bears resemblance to spike-timing dependent plasticity (STDP) as it has been elaborated in animal models. With a large body of empirical evidence having emerged since the cardinal features of PAS were first described, and in light of the variations from the original protocols that have been implemented, it is opportune to consider whether the phenomenology of PAS remains consistent with the characteristic features that were initially disclosed. This assessment necessarily has bearing upon interpretation of the effects of PAS in relation to the specific cellular pathways that are putatively engaged, including those that adhere to the rules of STDP. The balance of evidence suggests that the mechanisms that contribute to the LTP- and LTD-type responses to PAS differ depending on the precise nature of the induction protocol that is used. In addition to emphasizing the requirement for additional explanatory models, in the present analysis we highlight the key features of the PAS phenomenology that require interpretation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard G Carson
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience and School of Psychology, Trinity College Dublin Dublin, Ireland ; School of Psychology, Queen's University Belfast Belfast, UK
| | - Niamh C Kennedy
- School of Psychology, Queen's University Belfast Belfast, UK ; School of Rehabilitation Sciences University of East Anglia Norwich, UK
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Shitara H, Shinozaki T, Takagishi K, Honda M, Hanakawa T. Movement and afferent representations in human motor areas: a simultaneous neuroimaging and transcranial magnetic/peripheral nerve-stimulation study. Front Hum Neurosci 2013; 7:554. [PMID: 24062660 PMCID: PMC3774999 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroimaging combined with transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to primary motor cortex (M1) is an emerging technique that can examine motor-system functionality through evoked activity. However, because sensory afferents from twitching muscles are widely represented in motor areas the amount of evoked activity directly resulting from TMS remains unclear. We delivered suprathreshold TMS to left M1 or gave electrical right median nerve stimulation (MNS) in 18 healthy volunteers while simultaneously conducting functional magnetic resonance imaging and monitoring with electromyography (EMG). We examined in detail the localization of TMS-, muscle afferent- and superficial afferent-induced activity in M1 subdivisions. Muscle afferent- and TMS-evoked activity occurred mainly in rostral M1, while superficial afferents generated a slightly different activation distribution. In 12 participants who yielded quantifiable EMG, differences in brain activity ascribed to differences in movement-size were adjusted using integrated information from the EMGs. Sensory components only explained 10–20% of the suprathreshold TMS-induced activity, indicating that locally and remotely evoked activity in motor areas mostly resulted from the recruitment of neural and synaptic activity. The present study appears to justify the use of fMRI combined with suprathreshold TMS to M1 for evoked motor network imaging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Shitara
- Department of Functional Brain Research, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, National Institute of Neuroscience Kodaira, Japan ; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine Maebashi, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Bestmann S, Feredoes E. Combined neurostimulation and neuroimaging in cognitive neuroscience: past, present, and future. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2013; 1296:11-30. [PMID: 23631540 PMCID: PMC3760762 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Modern neurostimulation approaches in humans provide controlled inputs into the operations of cortical regions, with highly specific behavioral consequences. This enables causal structure–function inferences, and in combination with neuroimaging, has provided novel insights into the basic mechanisms of action of neurostimulation on distributed networks. For example, more recent work has established the capacity of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to probe causal interregional influences, and their interaction with cognitive state changes. Combinations of neurostimulation and neuroimaging now face the challenge of integrating the known physiological effects of neurostimulation with theoretical and biological models of cognition, for example, when theoretical stalemates between opposing cognitive theories need to be resolved. This will be driven by novel developments, including biologically informed computational network analyses for predicting the impact of neurostimulation on brain networks, as well as novel neuroimaging and neurostimulation techniques. Such future developments may offer an expanded set of tools with which to investigate structure–function relationships, and to formulate and reconceptualize testable hypotheses about complex neural network interactions and their causal roles in cognition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sven Bestmann
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, United Kingdom.
| | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Yau JM, Hua J, Liao DA, Desmond JE. Efficient and robust identification of cortical targets in concurrent TMS-fMRI experiments. Neuroimage 2013; 76:134-44. [PMID: 23507384 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.02.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Revised: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) can be delivered during fMRI scans to evoke BOLD responses in distributed brain networks. While concurrent TMS-fMRI offers a potentially powerful tool for non-invasively investigating functional human neuroanatomy, the technique is currently limited by the lack of methods to rapidly and precisely localize targeted brain regions - a reliable procedure is necessary for validly relating stimulation targets to BOLD activation patterns, especially for cortical targets outside of motor and visual regions. Here we describe a convenient and practical method for visualizing coil position (in the scanner) and identifying the cortical location of TMS targets without requiring any calibration or any particular coil-mounting device. We quantified the precision and reliability of the target position estimates by testing the marker processing procedure on data from 9 scan sessions: Rigorous testing of the localization procedure revealed minimal variability in coil and target position estimates. We validated the marker processing procedure in concurrent TMS-fMRI experiments characterizing motor network connectivity. Together, these results indicate that our efficient method accurately and reliably identifies TMS targets in the MR scanner, which can be useful during scan sessions for optimizing coil placement and also for post-scan outlier identification. Notably, this method can be used generally to identify the position and orientation of MR-compatible hardware placed near the head in the MR scanner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey M Yau
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Furubayashi T, Mochizuki H, Terao Y, Arai N, Hanajima R, Hamada M, Matsumoto H, Nakatani-Enomoto S, Okabe S, Yugeta A, Inomata-Terada S, Ugawa Y. Cortical hemoglobin concentration changes underneath the coil after single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation: a near-infrared spectroscopy study. J Neurophysiol 2013; 109:1626-37. [DOI: 10.1152/jn.00980.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and multichannel probes, we studied hemoglobin (Hb) concentration changes when single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) was applied over the left hemisphere primary motor cortex (M1). Seventeen measurement probes were centered over left M1. Subjects were studied in both active and relaxed conditions, with TMS intensity set at 100%, 120%, and 140% of the active motor threshold. The magnetic coils were placed so as to induce anteromedially directed currents in the brain. Hb concentration changes were more prominent at channels over M1 and posterior to it. Importantly, Hb concentration changes at M1 after TMS differed depending on whether the target muscle was in an active or relaxed condition. In the relaxed condition, Hb concentration increased up to 3–6 s after TMS, peaking at ∼6 s, and returned to the baseline. In the active condition, a smaller increase in Hb concentrations continued up to 3–6 s after TMS (early activation), followed by a decrease in Hb concentration from 9 to 12 s after TMS (delayed deactivation). Hb concentration changes in the active condition at higher stimulus intensities were more pronounced at locations posterior to M1 than at M1. We conclude that early activation occurs when M1 is activated transsynaptically. The relatively late deactivation may result from the prolonged inhibition of the cerebral cortex after activation. The posterior-dominant activation at higher intensities in the active condition may result from an additional activation of the sensory cortex due to afferent inputs from muscle contraction evoked by the TMS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Toshiaki Furubayashi
- Department of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medical Science and Welfare, Tohoku Bunka Gakuen University, Sendai, Japan
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Mochizuki
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Yasuo Terao
- Department of Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noritoshi Arai
- Department of Neurology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ritsuko Hanajima
- Department of Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masashi Hamada
- Department of Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom; and
| | - Hideyuki Matsumoto
- Department of Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Setsu Nakatani-Enomoto
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Shingo Okabe
- Department of Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihiro Yugeta
- Department of Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satomi Inomata-Terada
- Department of Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Ugawa
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
- JST, Research Seeds Program, Fukushima, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Guller Y, Ferrarelli F, Shackman AJ, Sarasso S, Peterson MJ, Langheim FJ, Meyerand ME, Tononi G, Postle BR. Probing thalamic integrity in schizophrenia using concurrent transcranial magnetic stimulation and functional magnetic resonance imaging. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 69:662-71. [PMID: 22393203 DOI: 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2012.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Schizophrenia is a devastating illness with an indeterminate pathophysiology. Several lines of evidence implicate dysfunction in the thalamus, a key node in the distributed neural networks underlying perception, emotion, and cognition. Existing evidence of aberrant thalamic function is based on indirect measures of thalamic activity, but dysfunction has not yet been demonstrated with a causal method. OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that direct physiological stimulation of the cortex will produce an abnormal thalamic response in individuals with schizophrenia. DESIGN We stimulated the precentral gyrus with single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (spTMS) and measured the response to this pulse in synaptically connected regions (thalamus, medial superior frontal cortex, insula) using concurrent functional magnetic resonance imaging. The mean hemodynamic response from these regions was fit with the sum of 2 gamma functions, and response parameters were compared across groups. SETTING Academic research laboratory. PARTICIPANTS Patients with schizophrenia and sex- and age-matched psychiatrically healthy subjects were recruited from the community. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Peak amplitude of the thalamic hemodynamic response to spTMS of the precentral gyrus. RESULTS The spTMS-evoked responses did not differ between groups at the cortical stimulation site. Compared with healthy subjects, patients with schizophrenia showed a reduced response to spTMS in the thalamus (P=1.86 × 10(-9)) and medial superior frontal cortex (P=.02). Similar results were observed in the insula. Sham TMS indicated that these results could not be attributed to indirect effects of TMS coil discharge. Functional connectivity analyses revealed weaker thalamus-medial superior frontal cortex and thalamus-insula connectivity in patients with schizophrenia compared with control subjects. CONCLUSIONS Individuals with schizophrenia showed reduced thalamic activation in response to direct perturbation delivered to the cortex. These results extend prior work implicating the thalamus in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and suggest that the thalamus contributes to the patterns of aberrant connectivity characteristic of this disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yelena Guller
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 53706, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Hanakawa T. Neural mechanisms underlying deafferentation pain: a hypothesis from a neuroimaging perspective. J Orthop Sci 2012; 17:331-5. [PMID: 22491886 PMCID: PMC3359448 DOI: 10.1007/s00776-012-0209-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Deafferentation pain following nerve injury annoys patients, and its management is a challenge in clinical practice. Although the mechanisms underlying deafferentation pain remain poorly understood, progress in the development of multidimensional neuroimaging techniques is casting some light on these issues. Deafferentation pain likely results from reorganization of the nervous system after nerve injury via processes that interact with the substrates for pain perception (the pain matrix). Therapeutic effects of motor cortex stimulation on deafferentation pain suggest that the core mechanisms underlying deafferentation pain also interact with the motor system. Therefore, simultaneous neuroimaging and brain stimulation, an emerging neuroimaging technique, was developed to investigate complicated interactions among motor, somatosensory, and pain systems. In healthy participants, parts of the pain matrix (the anterior cingulate cortex, parietal operculum, and thalamus) show activity during both somatosensory stimulation and brain stimulation to the motor cortex. This finding indicates that motor, somatosensory, and pain systems communicate among each other via the neural network. A better understanding of the plastic mechanisms influencing such cross-talk among these systems will help develop therapeutic interventions using brain stimulation and neurofeedback.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Hanakawa
- Department of Molecular Imaging, Integrative Brain Imaging Center, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawahigashi, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8551, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Leitão J, Thielscher A, Werner S, Pohmann R, Noppeney U. Effects of parietal TMS on visual and auditory processing at the primary cortical level -- a concurrent TMS-fMRI study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 23:873-84. [PMID: 22490546 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhs078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that multisensory interactions emerge already at the primary cortical level. Specifically, auditory inputs were shown to suppress activations in visual cortices when presented alone but amplify the blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) responses to concurrent visual inputs (and vice versa). This concurrent transcranial magnetic stimulation-functional magnetic resonance imaging (TMS-fMRI) study applied repetitive TMS trains at no, low, and high intensity over right intraparietal sulcus (IPS) and vertex to investigate top-down influences on visual and auditory cortices under 3 sensory contexts: visual, auditory, and no stimulation. IPS-TMS increased activations in auditory cortices irrespective of sensory context as a result of direct and nonspecific auditory TMS side effects. In contrast, IPS-TMS modulated activations in the visual cortex in a state-dependent fashion: it deactivated the visual cortex under no and auditory stimulation but amplified the BOLD response to visual stimulation. However, only the response amplification to visual stimulation was selective for IPS-TMS, while the deactivations observed for IPS- and Vertex-TMS resulted from crossmodal deactivations induced by auditory activity to TMS sounds. TMS to IPS may increase the responses in visual (or auditory) cortices to visual (or auditory) stimulation via a gain control mechanism or crossmodal interactions. Collectively, our results demonstrate that understanding TMS effects on (uni)sensory processing requires a multisensory perspective.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joana Leitão
- Cognitive Neuroimaging Group, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Rogasch NC, Fitzgerald PB. Assessing cortical network properties using TMS-EEG. Hum Brain Mapp 2012; 34:1652-69. [PMID: 22378543 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.22016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2011] [Revised: 11/21/2011] [Accepted: 11/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The past decade has seen significant developments in the concurrent use of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and electroencephalography (EEG) to directly assess cortical network properties such as excitability and connectivity in humans. New hardware solutions, improved EEG amplifier technology, and advanced data processing techniques have allowed substantial reduction of the TMS-induced artifact, which had previously rendered concurrent TMS-EEG impossible. Various physiological artifacts resulting from TMS have also been identified, and methods are being developed to either minimize or remove these sources of artifact. With these developments, TMS-EEG has unlocked regions of the cortex to researchers that were previously inaccessible to TMS. By recording the TMS-evoked response directly from the cortex, TMS-EEG provides information on the excitability, effective connectivity, and oscillatory tuning of a given cortical area, removing the need to infer such measurements from indirect measures. In the following review, we investigate the different online and offline methods for reducing artifacts in TMS-EEG recordings and the physiological information contained within the TMS-evoked cortical response. We then address the use of TMS-EEG to assess different cortical mechanisms such as cortical inhibition and neural plasticity, before briefly reviewing studies that have utilized TMS-EEG to explore cortical network properties at rest and during different functional brain states.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nigel C Rogasch
- Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, The Alfred and Monash University School of Psychology and Psychiatry, Melbourne, Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Eldaief MC, Halko MA, Buckner RL, Pascual-Leone A. Transcranial magnetic stimulation modulates the brain's intrinsic activity in a frequency-dependent manner. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:21229-34. [PMID: 22160708 PMCID: PMC3248528 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1113103109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Intrinsic activity in the brain is organized into networks. Although constrained by their anatomical connections, functional correlations between nodes of these networks reorganize dynamically. Dynamic organization implies that couplings between network nodes can be reconfigured to support processing demands. To explore such reconfigurations, we combined repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) and functional connectivity MRI (fcMRI) to modulate cortical activity in one node of the default network, and assessed the effect of this upon functional correlations throughout the network. Two different frequencies of rTMS to the same default network node (the left posterior inferior parietal lobule, lpIPL) induced two topographically distinct changes in functional connectivity. High-frequency rTMS to lpIPL decreased functional correlations between cortical default network nodes, but not between these nodes and the hippocampal formation. In contrast, low frequency rTMS to lpIPL did not alter connectivity between cortical default network nodes, but increased functional correlations between lpIPL and the hippocampal formation. These results suggest that the default network is composed of (at least) two subsystems. More broadly, the finding that two rTMS stimulation regimens to the same default network node have distinct effects reveals that this node is embedded within a network that possesses multiple, functionally distinct relationships among its distributed partners.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark C. Eldaief
- Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, and
- Division of Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Mark A. Halko
- Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, and
| | - Randy L. Buckner
- Department of Psychology and
- Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215; and
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Alvaro Pascual-Leone
- Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, and
- Division of Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Tanaka S, Sandrini M, Cohen LG. Modulation of motor learning and memory formation by non-invasive cortical stimulation of the primary motor cortex. Neuropsychol Rehabil 2011; 21:650-75. [PMID: 21942897 DOI: 10.1080/09602011.2011.605589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Transcranial magnetic (TMS) and direct current (tDCS) stimulation are non-invasive brain stimulation techniques that allow researchers to purposefully modulate cortical excitability in focal areas of the brain. Recent work has provided preclinical evidence indicating that TMS and tDCS can facilitate motor performance, motor memory formation, and motor skill learning in healthy subjects and possibly in patients with brain lesions. Although the optimal stimulation parameters to accomplish these goals remain to be determined, and controlled multicentre clinical studies are lacking, these findings suggest that cortical stimulation techniques could become in the future adjuvant strategies in the rehabilitation of motor deficits. The aim of this article is to critically review these findings and to discuss future directions regarding the possibility of combining these techniques with other interventions in neurorehabilitation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Tanaka
- Division of Cerebral Integration, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Reithler J, Peters J, Sack A. Multimodal transcranial magnetic stimulation: Using concurrent neuroimaging to reveal the neural network dynamics of noninvasive brain stimulation. Prog Neurobiol 2011; 94:149-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2011.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2010] [Revised: 03/31/2011] [Accepted: 04/06/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
42
|
Shitara H, Shinozaki T, Takagishi K, Honda M, Hanakawa T. Time course and spatial distribution of fMRI signal changes during single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation to the primary motor cortex. Neuroimage 2011; 56:1469-79. [PMID: 21396457 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2010] [Revised: 02/27/2011] [Accepted: 03/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Simultaneous transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) may advance the understanding of neurophysiological mechanisms of TMS. However, it remains unclear if TMS induces fMRI signal changes consistent with the standard hemodynamic response function (HRF) in both local and remote regions. To address this issue, we delivered single-pulse TMS to the left M1 during simultaneous recoding of electromyography and time-resolved fMRI in 36 healthy participants. First, we examined the time-course of fMRI signals during supra- and subthreshold single-pulse TMS in comparison with those during voluntary right hand movement and electrical stimulation to the right median nerve (MNS). All conditions yielded comparable time-courses of fMRI signals, showing that HRF would generally provide reasonable estimates for TMS-evoked activity in the motor areas. However, a clear undershoot following the signal peak was observed only during subthreshold TMS in the left M1, suggesting a small but meaningful difference between the locally and remotely TMS-evoked activities. Second, we compared the spatial distribution of activity across the conditions. Suprathreshold TMS-evoked activity overlapped not only with voluntary movement-related activity but also partially with MNS-induced activity, yielding overlapped areas of activity around the stimulated M1. The present study has provided the first experimental evidence that motor area activity during suprathreshold TMS likely includes activity for processing of muscle afferents. A method should be developed to control the effects of muscle afferents for fair interpretation of TMS-induced motor area activity during suprathreshold TMS to M1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Shitara
- Department of Functional Brain Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Hanakawa T. Rostral premotor cortex as a gateway between motor and cognitive networks. Neurosci Res 2011; 70:144-54. [PMID: 21382425 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2011.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2010] [Revised: 01/31/2011] [Accepted: 02/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This article presents a hypothesis that the rostral premotor-subcortical networks may serve as a gateway between the cognitive and motor networks. Accumulating evidence has propelled an idea that motor and cognitive behaviors considerably share neural substrates and probably computational principles regardless of the species. Here I conducted a meta-analysis of previous neuroimaging studies on motor planning and different cognitive tasks (mental calculation, visuospatial processing and cognitive control), which showed overlap of all activations in the rostral premotor cortex, with a possible rostro-caudal functional gradient. It was also suggested that the rostral premotor areas might form circuits with specific portions of the cerebellum and the basal ganglia. The rostral premotor areas may provide context-dependent connectivity and mediate information flow between the cognitive and motor networks, thereby making the two networks operating interactively or independently.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Hanakawa
- Department of Functional Brain Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Naito E, Matsumoto R, Hagura N, Oouchida Y, Tomimoto H, Hanakawa T. Importance of precentral motor regions in human kinesthesia: a single case study. Neurocase 2011; 17:133-47. [PMID: 20830645 DOI: 10.1080/13554794.2010.498428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Prompted by our neuroimaging findings in 60 normal people, we examined whether focal damage to the hand section of precentral motor regions impairs hand kinesthesia in a patient, and investigated brain regions related to recovery of kinesthetic function. The damage impaired contralateral kinesthesia. The peri-lesional cerebral motor region, together with the ipsilateral intermediate cerebellum, participated in the recovered kinesthetic processing. The study confirmed the importance of precentral motor regions in human kinesthesia, and indicated a contribution of the peri-lesional cerebral region in recovered kinesthesia after precentral damage, which conceptually fits with cases of recovery of motor function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eiichi Naito
- National Institute of Information and Communication Technology, Research Department 1, Kobe Advanced ICT Research Center, Kyoto, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Hanakawa T. [Multidimensional neuroimaging approach for studying brain network]. Rinsho Shinkeigaku 2010; 50:901-902. [PMID: 21921503 DOI: 10.5692/clinicalneurol.50.901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Here we propose multidimensional non-invasive imaging to understand the functional anatomy of neural circuits of the human brain. The multidimensional network imaging technique currently employs anatomical, functional and evoked connectivity imaging in various combinations. The anatomical and functional connectivity imaging can be achieved by the analysis of diffusion-weighted and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), respectively. New analysis techniques such as probabilistic diffusion tractography and tract-based statistics have refined the anatomical connectivity imaging, especially in combination with fMRI for setting up regions-of-interest. For the evoked connectivity imaging, brain stimulation technique such as transcranical magnetic stimulation (TMS) is performed during acquisition of fMRI and electrophysiology monitoring. Despite technical challenges, it is important to put information from these different modalities for network imaging together for fair understanding of human brain functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Hanakawa
- National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Tischler H, Wolfus S, Friedman A, Perel E, Pashut T, Lavidor M, Korngreen A, Yeshurun Y, Bar-Gad I. Mini-coil for magnetic stimulation in the behaving primate. J Neurosci Methods 2010; 194:242-51. [PMID: 20974177 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2010.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2010] [Revised: 09/28/2010] [Accepted: 10/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is rapidly becoming a leading method in both cognitive neuroscience and clinical neurology. However, the cellular and network level effects of stimulation are still unclear and their study relies heavily on indirect physiological measurements in humans. Direct electrophysiological studies of the effect of magnetic stimulation on neuronal activity in behaving animals are severely limited by both the size of the stimulating coils, which affect large regions of the animal brain, and the large artifacts generated on the recording electrodes. We present a novel mini-coil which is specifically aimed at studying the neurophysiological mechanism of magnetic stimulation in behaving primates. The mini-coil fits into a chronic recording chamber and provides focal activation of brain areas while enabling simultaneous extracellular multi-electrode recordings. We present a comparison of this coil to a commercial coil based on the theoretical and recorded magnetic fields and induced electric fields they generate. Subsequently, we present the signal recorded in the behaving primate during stimulation and demonstrate the ability to extract the spike trains of multiple single units from each of the electrodes with minimal periods affected by the stimulus artifact (median period <2.5 ms). The directly recorded effect of the magnetic stimulation on cortical neurons is in line with peripheral recordings obtained in humans. This novel mini-coil is a key part of the infrastructure for studying the neurophysiological basis of magnetic stimulation, thereby enabling the development and testing of better magnetic stimulation tools and protocols for both neuroscientists and clinicians.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hadass Tischler
- Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
The role of contralesional dorsal premotor cortex after stroke as studied with concurrent TMS-fMRI. J Neurosci 2010; 30:11926-37. [PMID: 20826657 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.5642-09.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Contralesional dorsal premotor cortex (cPMd) may support residual motor function following stroke. We performed two complementary experiments to explore how cPMd might perform this role in a group of chronic human stroke patients. First, we used paired-coil transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to establish the physiological influence of cPMd on ipsilesional primary motor cortex (iM1) at rest. We found that this influence became less inhibitory/more facilitatory in patients with greater clinical impairment. Second, we applied TMS over cPMd during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in these patients to examine the causal influence of cPMd TMS on the whole network of surviving cortical motor areas in either hemisphere and whether these influences changed during affected hand movement. We confirmed that hand grip-related activation in cPMd was greater in more impaired patients. Furthermore, the peak ipsilesional sensorimotor cortex activity shifted posteriorly in more impaired patients. Critical new findings were that concurrent TMS-fMRI results correlated with the level of both clinical impairment and neurophysiological impairment (i.e., less inhibitory/more facilitatory cPMd-iM1 measure at rest as assessed with paired-coil TMS). Specifically, greater clinical and neurophysiological impairment was associated with a stronger facilitatory influence of cPMd TMS on blood oxygenation level-dependent signal in posterior parts of ipsilesional sensorimotor cortex during hand grip, corresponding to the posteriorly shifted sensorimotor activity seen in more impaired patients. cPMd TMS was not found to influence activity in other brain regions in either hemisphere. This state-dependent influence on ipsilesional sensorimotor regions may provide a mechanism by which cPMd supports recovered function after stroke.
Collapse
|