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Kóbor A, Janacsek K, Hermann P, Zavecz Z, Varga V, Csépe V, Vidnyánszky Z, Kovács G, Nemeth D. Finding Pattern in the Noise: Persistent Implicit Statistical Knowledge Impacts the Processing of Unpredictable Stimuli. J Cogn Neurosci 2024; 36:1239-1264. [PMID: 38683699 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_02173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Humans can extract statistical regularities of the environment to predict upcoming events. Previous research recognized that implicitly acquired statistical knowledge remained persistent and continued to influence behavior even when the regularities were no longer present in the environment. Here, in an fMRI experiment, we investigated how the persistence of statistical knowledge is represented in the brain. Participants (n = 32) completed a visual, four-choice, RT task consisting of statistical regularities. Two types of blocks constantly alternated with one another throughout the task: predictable statistical regularities in one block type and unpredictable ones in the other. Participants were unaware of the statistical regularities and their changing distribution across the blocks. Yet, they acquired the statistical regularities and showed significant statistical knowledge at the behavioral level not only in the predictable blocks but also in the unpredictable ones, albeit to a smaller extent. Brain activity in a range of cortical and subcortical areas, including early visual cortex, the insula, the right inferior frontal gyrus, and the right globus pallidus/putamen contributed to the acquisition of statistical regularities. The right insula, inferior frontal gyrus, and hippocampus as well as the bilateral angular gyrus seemed to play a role in maintaining this statistical knowledge. The results altogether suggest that statistical knowledge could be exploited in a relevant, predictable context as well as transmitted to and retrieved in an irrelevant context without a predictable structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Kóbor
- Brain Imaging Centre, HUN-REN Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungary
| | - Karolina Janacsek
- Centre of Thinking and Learning, Institute for Lifecourse Development, School of Human Sciences, University of Greenwich, United Kingdom
- ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Hungary
| | - Petra Hermann
- Brain Imaging Centre, HUN-REN Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungary
| | | | - Vera Varga
- Brain Imaging Centre, HUN-REN Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungary
- University of Pannonia, Hungary
| | - Valéria Csépe
- Brain Imaging Centre, HUN-REN Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungary
- University of Pannonia, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Vidnyánszky
- Brain Imaging Centre, HUN-REN Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungary
| | | | - Dezso Nemeth
- INSERM, CRNL U1028 UMR5292, France
- ELTE Eötvös Loránd University & HUN-REN Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungary
- University of Atlántico Medio, Spain
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2
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Brockbank E, Vul E. Repeated rock, paper, scissors play reveals limits in adaptive sequential behavior. Cogn Psychol 2024; 151:101654. [PMID: 38657419 DOI: 10.1016/j.cogpsych.2024.101654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
How do people adapt to others in adversarial settings? Prior work has shown that people often violate rational models of adversarial decision-making in repeated interactions. In particular, in mixed strategy equilibrium (MSE) games, where optimal action selection entails choosing moves randomly, people often do not play randomly, but instead try to outwit their opponents. However, little is known about the adaptive reasoning that underlies these deviations from random behavior. Here, we examine strategic decision-making across repeated rounds of rock, paper, scissors, a well-known MSE game. In experiment 1, participants were paired with bot opponents that exhibited distinct stable move patterns, allowing us to identify the bounds of the complexity of opponent behavior that people can detect and adapt to. In experiment 2, bot opponents instead exploited stable patterns in the human participants' moves, providing a symmetrical bound on the complexity of patterns people can revise in their own behavior. Across both experiments, people exhibited a robust and flexible attention to transition patterns from one move to the next, exploiting these patterns in opponents and modifying them strategically in their own moves. However, their adaptive reasoning showed strong limitations with respect to more sophisticated patterns. Together, results provide a precise and consistent account of the surprisingly limited scope of people's adaptive decision-making in this setting.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Edward Vul
- University of California San Diego, United States of America
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3
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Ptak R, Bourgeois A. Disengagement of attention with spatial neglect: A systematic review of behavioral and anatomical findings. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2024; 160:105622. [PMID: 38490498 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
The present review examined the consequences of focal brain injury on spatial attention studied with cueing paradigms, with a particular focus on the disengagement deficit, which refers to the abnormal slowing of reactions following an ipsilesional cue. Our review supports the established notion that the disengagement deficit is a functional marker of spatial neglect and is particularly pronounced when elicited by peripheral cues. Recent research has revealed that this deficit critically depends on cues that have task-relevant characteristics or are associated with negative reinforcement. Attentional capture by task-relevant cues is contingent on damage to the right temporo-parietal junction (TPJ) and is modulated by functional connections between the TPJ and the right insular cortex. Furthermore, damage to the dorsal premotor or prefrontal cortex (dPMC/dPFC) reduces the effect of task-relevant cues. These findings support an interactive model of the disengagement deficit, involving the right TPJ, the insula, and the dPMC/dPFC. These interconnected regions play a crucial role in regulating and adapting spatial attention to changing intrinsic values of stimuli in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radek Ptak
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neurorehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva 1206, Switzerland; Division of Neurorehabilitation, University Hospitals of Geneva, Rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil 4, Geneva 1205, Switzerland.
| | - Alexia Bourgeois
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neurorehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva 1206, Switzerland; University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Western Switzerland, School of Health Sciences, Avenue de Champel 47, Geneva 1206, Switzerland
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4
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Wang R, Gates V, Shen Y, Tino P, Kourtzi Z. Flexible structure learning under uncertainty. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1195388. [PMID: 37599995 PMCID: PMC10437075 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1195388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Experience is known to facilitate our ability to interpret sequences of events and make predictions about the future by extracting temporal regularities in our environments. Here, we ask whether uncertainty in dynamic environments affects our ability to learn predictive structures. We exposed participants to sequences of symbols determined by first-order Markov models and asked them to indicate which symbol they expected to follow each sequence. We introduced uncertainty in this prediction task by manipulating the: (a) probability of symbol co-occurrence, (b) stimulus presentation rate. Further, we manipulated feedback, as it is known to play a key role in resolving uncertainty. Our results demonstrate that increasing the similarity in the probabilities of symbol co-occurrence impaired performance on the prediction task. In contrast, increasing uncertainty in stimulus presentation rate by introducing temporal jitter resulted in participants adopting a strategy closer to probability maximization than matching and improving in the prediction tasks. Next, we show that feedback plays a key role in learning predictive statistics. Trial-by-trial feedback yielded stronger improvement than block feedback or no feedback; that is, participants adopted a strategy closer to probability maximization and showed stronger improvement when trained with trial-by-trial feedback. Further, correlating individual strategy with learning performance showed better performance in structure learning for observers who adopted a strategy closer to maximization. Our results indicate that executive cognitive functions (i.e., selective attention) may account for this individual variability in strategy and structure learning ability. Taken together, our results provide evidence for flexible structure learning; individuals adapt their decision strategy closer to probability maximization, reducing uncertainty in temporal sequences and improving their ability to learn predictive statistics in variable environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Vael Gates
- Institute for Human-Centered AI, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Yuan Shen
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Tino
- School of Computer Science, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Zoe Kourtzi
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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5
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The relative importance of local contingencies and global biases for statistical learning. Atten Percept Psychophys 2023; 85:961-967. [PMID: 36930395 PMCID: PMC10022545 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-023-02692-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Effective behavior requires adapting to the changing regularities evident in the world. Analogous to the global and local processing distinction for perception, these statistical regularities may be evident in global biases (i.e., some events are more likely) or local contingencies (i.e., subsequent events depend on preceding events). To explore whether mental model updating unfolds in distinct ways according to global and local statistical properties, we had healthy individuals perform two variations of an updating task in which both global and local statistical properties changed over time. Participants predicted whether the next triangle in a sequence of triangles would point up or down. The probability of pointing up or down was fixed for epochs of trials (i.e., global probability) and correlated with the colors of elements in the display. In addition, we made the triangle's apex direction on trial n+1 depend on the pointing direction of the prior trial (i.e., local probability). For both experiments, it was the local contingencies that dominated participant choices. When global and local statistical cues of equal magnitude are available, we conclude that healthy individuals are biased towards using the local statistical properties.
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6
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Banks PJ, Bennett PJ, Sekuler AB, Gruber AJ. Cannabis use is associated with sexually dimorphic changes in executive control of visuospatial decision-making. Front Integr Neurosci 2022; 16:884080. [PMID: 36081608 PMCID: PMC9445243 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2022.884080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
When the outcome of a choice is less favorable than expected, humans and animals typically shift to an alternate choice option on subsequent trials. Several lines of evidence indicate that this “lose-shift” responding is an innate sensorimotor response strategy that is normally suppressed by executive function. Therefore, the lose-shift response provides a covert gauge of cognitive control over choice mechanisms. We report here that the spatial position, rather than visual features, of choice targets drives the lose-shift effect. Furthermore, the ability to inhibit lose-shift responding to gain reward is different among male and female habitual cannabis users. Increased self-reported cannabis use was concordant with suppressed response flexibility and an increased tendency to lose-shift in women, which reduced performance in a choice task in which random responding is the optimal strategy. On the other hand, increased cannabis use in men was concordant with reduced reliance on spatial cues during decision-making, and had no impact on the number of correct responses. These data (63,600 trials from 106 participants) provide strong evidence that spatial-motor processing is an important component of economic decision-making, and that its governance by executive systems is different in men and women who use cannabis frequently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parker J. Banks
- Vision and Cognitive Neuroscience Lab, Department of Psychology, Neuroscience, and Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Patrick J. Bennett
- Vision and Cognitive Neuroscience Lab, Department of Psychology, Neuroscience, and Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Allison B. Sekuler
- Vision and Cognitive Neuroscience Lab, Department of Psychology, Neuroscience, and Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Centre for Geriatric Care, North York, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Aaron J. Gruber
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
- *Correspondence: Aaron J. Gruber
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7
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Saccadic eye movement metrics reflect surprise and mental model updating. Atten Percept Psychophys 2022; 84:1553-1565. [PMID: 35655057 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-022-02512-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Two experiments investigated what eye movements can reveal about how we process surprising information and how we update mental models in dynamic and unstructured environments. Participants made saccades to visual targets presented one at a time, radially, around an invisible perimeter. Target locations were normally distributed and shifted at an unannounced point during the task. Trials following the shift were considered surprising and unexpected. These unexpected and surprising events prompted the need to update. Slower saccadic latencies were observed for surprising/unexpected events, perhaps indicative of the need to reorient attention to the unexpected target location. Longer dwell times were observed for events that signaled a change in the distribution. These data show that eye movement metrics provide a reliable indicator of mental model updating when contingencies change even in the absence of explicit change signals.
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Abstract
In simple dyadic games such as rock, paper, scissors (RPS), people exhibit peculiar sequential dependencies across repeated interactions with a stable opponent. These regularities seem to arise from a mutually adversarial process of trying to outwit their opponent. What underlies this process, and what are its limits? Here, we offer a novel framework for formally describing and quantifying human adversarial reasoning in the rock, paper, scissors game. We first show that this framework enables a precise characterization of the complexity of patterned behaviors that people exhibit themselves, and appear to exploit in others. This combination allows for a quantitative understanding of human opponent modeling abilities. We apply these tools to an experiment in which people played 300 rounds of RPS in stable dyads. We find that although people exhibit very complex move dependencies, they cannot exploit these dependencies in their opponents, indicating a fundamental limitation in people’s capacity for adversarial reasoning. Taken together, the results presented here show how the rock, paper, scissors game allows for precise formalization of human adaptive reasoning abilities.
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Struk AA, Scholer AA, Danckert J. Perceptions of Control Influence Feelings of Boredom. Front Psychol 2021; 12:687623. [PMID: 34305746 PMCID: PMC8298837 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.687623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Conditions of low and high perceived control often lead to boredom, albeit for different reasons. Whereas, high perceived control may be experienced as boring because the situation lacks challenge, low perceived control may be experienced as boring because the situation precludes effective engagement. In two experiments we test this proposed quadratic relationship. In the first experiment we had participants play different versions of the children's game "rock-paper-scissors" in which they arbitrarily won (intended to maximize feelings of control) or lost (to induce feelings of low control). Despite having only dichotomous conditions, participants reported experiencing a broad range of levels of perceived control. Consistent with our predictions, boredom was highest at low and high levels of perceived control (i.e., a quadratic relation between perceived control and felt boredom). Experiment 2 tested the notion that the mere prospect of gaining control may mitigate boredom. Participants given to believe (erroneously) that they could gain control over the game of rock, paper, scissors were less bored than those who believed there was no possibility of winning at greater than chance levels. This suggests that beliefs concerning prospective control, rather than a given level of perceived control per se, may predict engagement and boredom.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - James Danckert
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
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10
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Hartung SL, Mandonnet E, de Witt Hamer P, Klein M, Wager M, Rech F, Pallud J, Pessanha Viegas C, Ille S, Krieg SM, Robe PA, van Zandvoort MJE. Impaired Set-Shifting from Dorsal Stream Disconnection: Insights from a European Series of Right Parietal Lower-Grade Glioma Resection. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13133337. [PMID: 34283043 PMCID: PMC8267741 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13133337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Awake surgery with cognitive monitoring has increasingly been implemented to preserve brain networks and functionality. More recently, not only surgery in the left but also in the right hemisphere, i.c., the parietal lobe, was associated with potential risk for deficits in cognitive functions, such as cognitive flexibility. We describe an explorative pilot study in an international consortium within clinical care as usual. Careful interpretation of our findings indicates that disconnection of the lateral part of the dorsal stream correlated with impaired set-shifting. More importantly, it illustrates the need for international collaboration on neuropsychological tests and methodologies to improve our understanding of white matter networks at risk during awake surgery. Abstract Awake surgery with cognitive monitoring has increasingly been implemented to preserve brain networks and functionality. More recently, not only surgery in the left but also in the right hemisphere, i.c., the parietal lobe, was associated with potential risk for deficits in cognitive functions, such as cognitive flexibility. In this explorative pilot study, we compare cognitive performance more than three months after surgery with baseline measurements and explore the association between cognitive decline and subcortical tracts that may have been severed during surgery in the right hemisphere. Twenty-two patients who underwent surgery for a right parietal low-grade glioma were assessed pre- and postoperatively using the Trail Making Test and the Stroop task to administer set-shifting abilities and inhibition. Volume measurements and lesion–symptom mapping analyses were performed on postoperative MRI scans. Careful interpretation of the results shows a change in TMT performance and not on the Stroop Task when the lateral part of the arcuate fasciculus is damaged, indicating that disconnection of the lateral part of the dorsal stream might be correlated specifically with impaired set-shifting and not with inhibition. More importantly, this study underlines the need for international concertation to allow larger studies to increase power and perform more detailed analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne L. Hartung
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands; (P.A.R.); (M.J.E.v.Z.)
- Correspondence:
| | | | - Philip de Witt Hamer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Location VUmc, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Martin Klein
- Department of Medical Psychology and Brain Tumor Center Amsterdam at Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Michel Wager
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Poitiers University Hospital, 86021 Poitiers, France;
| | - Fabien Rech
- CHRU-Nancy, Service de Neurochirurgie, Université de Lorraine, F-54000 Nancy, France;
- CNRS, CRAN, Université de Lorraine, F-54000 Nancy, France
| | - Johan Pallud
- Department of Neursurgery, Saint-Anne Hospital, 75014 Paris, France;
| | | | - Sebastian Ille
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, 80333 Munich, Germany; (S.I.); (S.M.K.)
| | - Sandro M. Krieg
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, 80333 Munich, Germany; (S.I.); (S.M.K.)
| | - Pierre A. Robe
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands; (P.A.R.); (M.J.E.v.Z.)
| | - Martine J. E. van Zandvoort
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands; (P.A.R.); (M.J.E.v.Z.)
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Utrecht University, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands
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11
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Mengotti P, Käsbauer AS, Fink GR, Vossel S. Lateralization, functional specialization, and dysfunction of attentional networks. Cortex 2020; 132:206-222. [PMID: 32998061 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2020.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The present review covers the latest findings on the lateralization of the dorsal and ventral attention systems, their functional specialization, and their clinical relevance for stroke-induced attentional dysfunction. First, the original assumption of a bilateral dorsal system for top-down attention and a right-lateralized ventral system for stimulus-driven attention is critically reviewed. The evidence for the involvement of the left parietal cortex in attentional functions is discussed and findings on putative pathways linking the dorsal and ventral network are presented. In the second part of the review, we focus on the different attentional subsystems and their lateralization, discussing the differences between spatial, feature- and object-based attention, and motor attention. We also review studies based on predictive coding frameworks of attentional functions. Finally, in the third section, we provide an overview of the consequences of specific disruption within the attention networks after stroke. The role of the interhemispheric (im)balance is discussed, and the results of new promising therapeutic approaches employing brain stimulation techniques such as transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) or transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Mengotti
- Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience & Medicine (INM-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany.
| | - Anne-Sophie Käsbauer
- Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience & Medicine (INM-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Gereon R Fink
- Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience & Medicine (INM-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany; Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Simone Vossel
- Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience & Medicine (INM-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany; Department of Psychology, Faculty of Human Sciences, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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12
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Sun W, Che H, Li J, Tang D, Liu X, Liu W, An L. Dorsolateral Striatal proBDNF Improves Reversal Learning by Enhancing Coordination of Neural Activity in Rats. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 57:4642-4656. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02051-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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13
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Reduced effective connectivity between right parietal and inferior frontal cortex during audiospatial perception in neglect patients with a right-hemisphere lesion. Hear Res 2020; 399:108052. [PMID: 32800615 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2020.108052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A lesion to the right hemisphere of the brain in humans commonly leads to perceptual neglect of the left side of the sensorium. The clinical observation that lesions to disparate cortical and subcortical areas converge upon similar behavioural symptoms points to neglect as a dysconnection syndrome that may result from the disruption of a distributed network, rather than aberrant computations in any particular brain region. To test this hypothesis, we used Bayesian analysis of effective connectivity based on electroencephalographic recordings in ten patients (6 male, 4 female; age range 41-68) with left-sided neglect following a right-hemisphere lesion. In line with previous research, age-matched healthy controls showed a contralateral increase in connection strength between parietal and frontal cortex with respect to the laterality of audiospatial oddball stimuli. Neglect patients, however, showed a dysconnection between parietal and frontal cortex in the right hemisphere when oddballs appeared on their left side, but preserved connectivity in the left hemisphere when stimuli appeared on their right. This preserved fronto-parietal connectivity was associated with lower neglect severity. Moreover, we saw ipsilateral fronto-temporal connectivity increases for oddballs appearing on the neglected side, which might be a compensatory mechanism for residual left side awareness. No group differences were found in intrinsic (within-region) connectivity. While further validation is required in a bigger sample, our findings are in keeping with the idea that neglect results from the disruption of a distributed network, rather than a lesion to any single brain region. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Lesions to the right hemisphere of the brain commonly lead to neglect syndrome, characterized by perceptual deficits where patients are unaware of the left side of their body and environment. Using analysis of non-invasive electrophysiological recordings, we provide evidence that patients with left-sided neglect have reduced connectivity between the right parietal and frontal cortex during audiospatial stimuli, but preserved connectivity between regions in the non-lesioned left hemisphere. Moreover, for these intact connections we observed an ipsilateral fronto-temporal increase in connectivity during oddballs appearing on the neglected side, which might be a compensatory mechanism for residual perception. Crucially, we found that patients with more severe neglect symptoms had reduced connectivity between parietal and frontal cortex in the left hemisphere. This suggests that neglect may be caused by the disruption of a distributed network in the brain, rather than a lesion to any particular brain region.
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14
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Steinkamp SR, Vossel S, Fink GR, Weidner R. Attentional reorientation along the meridians of the visual field: Are there different neural mechanisms at play? Hum Brain Mapp 2020; 41:3765-3780. [PMID: 32525609 PMCID: PMC7416051 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemispatial neglect, after unilateral lesions to parietal brain areas, is characterized by an inability to respond to unexpected stimuli in contralesional space. As the visual field's horizontal meridian is most severely affected, the brain networks controlling visuospatial processes might be tuned explicitly to this axis. We investigated such a potential directional tuning in the dorsal and ventral frontoparietal attention networks, with a particular focus on attentional reorientation. We used an orientation‐discrimination task where a spatial precue indicated the target position with 80% validity. Healthy participants (n = 29) performed this task in two runs and were required to (re‐)orient attention either only along the horizontal or the vertical meridian, while fMRI and behavioral measures were recorded. By using a general linear model for behavioral and fMRI data, dynamic causal modeling for effective connectivity, and other predictive approaches, we found strong statistical evidence for a reorientation effect for horizontal and vertical runs. However, neither neural nor behavioral measures differed between vertical and horizontal reorienting. Moreover, models from one run successfully predicted the cueing condition in the respective other run. Our results suggest that activations in the dorsal and ventral attention networks represent higher‐order cognitive processes related to spatial attentional (re‐)orientating that are independent of directional tuning and that unilateral attention deficits after brain damage are based on disrupted interactions between higher‐level attention networks and sensory areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon R. Steinkamp
- Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience & Medicine (INM‐3)Research Centre JuelichJuelichGermany
| | - Simone Vossel
- Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience & Medicine (INM‐3)Research Centre JuelichJuelichGermany
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Human SciencesUniversity of CologneCologneGermany
| | - Gereon R. Fink
- Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience & Medicine (INM‐3)Research Centre JuelichJuelichGermany
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital CologneUniversity of CologneCologneGermany
| | - Ralph Weidner
- Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience & Medicine (INM‐3)Research Centre JuelichJuelichGermany
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15
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Goedert KM, Chen P, Foundas AL, Barrett A. Frontal lesions predict response to prism adaptation treatment in spatial neglect: A randomised controlled study. Neuropsychol Rehabil 2020; 30:32-53. [PMID: 29558241 PMCID: PMC6148387 DOI: 10.1080/09602011.2018.1448287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Spatial neglect commonly follows right hemisphere stroke. It is defined as impaired contralesional stimulus detection, response, or action, causing functional disability. While prism adaptation treatment is highly promising to promote functional recovery of spatial neglect, not all individuals respond. Consistent with a primary effect of prism adaptation on spatial movements, we previously demonstrated that functional improvement after prism adaptation treatment is linked to frontal lobe lesions. However, that study was a treatment-only study with no randomised control group. The current study randomised individuals with spatial neglect to receive 10 days of prism adaptation treatment or to receive only standard care (control group). Replicating our earlier results, we found that the presence of frontal lesions moderated response to prism adaptation treatment: among prism-treated patients, only those with frontal lesions demonstrated functional improvements in their neglect symptoms. Conversely, among individuals in the standard care control group, the presence of frontal lesions did not modify recovery. These results suggest that further research is needed on how frontal lesions may predict response to prism adaptation treatment. Additionally, the results help elucidate the neural network involved in spatial movement and could be used to aid decisions about treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly M. Goedert
- Department of Psychology, Seton Hall University, 400 South Orange Ave., South Orange, NJ 07079, phone: 1-973-275-2703;
| | - Peii Chen
- Stroke Rehabilitation Research, Kessler Foundation, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Rutgers- New Jersey Medical School, 1199 Pleasant Valley Way, West Orange, NJ 07052, phone: 1-973-324-2574;
| | - Anne L. Foundas
- Department of Psychology, Tulane University, 2007 Percival Stern Hall, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118, phone: (504) 865-5331,
| | - A.M. Barrett
- Stroke Rehabilitation Research, Kessler Foundation, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Kessler Institute for Rehabilitation, 1199 Pleasant Valley Way, West Orange, NJ 07052, phone: 1-973-324-3569;
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16
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Children struggle beyond preschool-age in a continuous version of the ambiguous figures task. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2019; 85:828-841. [PMID: 31858214 PMCID: PMC7900074 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-019-01278-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Children until the age of five are only able to reverse an ambiguous figure when they are informed about the second interpretation. In two experiments, we examined whether children’s difficulties would extend to a continuous version of the ambiguous figures task. Children (Experiment 1: 66 3- to 5-year olds; Experiment 2: 54 4- to 9-year olds) and adult controls saw line drawings of animals gradually morph—through well-known ambiguous figures—into other animals. Results show a relatively late developing ability to recognize the target animal, with difficulties extending beyond preschool-age. This delay can neither be explained with improvements in theory of mind, inhibitory control, nor individual differences in eye movements. Even the best achieving children only started to approach adult level performance at the age of 9, suggesting a fundamentally different processing style in children and adults.
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17
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Daikoku T, Yumoto M. Concurrent Statistical Learning of Ignored and Attended Sound Sequences: An MEG Study. Front Hum Neurosci 2019; 13:102. [PMID: 31057378 PMCID: PMC6481113 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2019.00102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In an auditory environment, humans are frequently exposed to overlapping sound sequences such as those made by human voices and musical instruments, and we can acquire information embedded in these sequences via attentional and nonattentional accesses. Whether the knowledge acquired by attentional accesses interacts with that acquired by nonattentional accesses is unknown, however. The present study examined how the statistical learning (SL) of two overlapping sound sequences is reflected in neurophysiological and behavioral responses, and how the learning effects are modulated by attention to each sequence. SL in this experimental paradigm was reflected in a neuromagnetic response predominantly in the right hemisphere, and the learning effects were not retained when attention to the tone streams was switched during the learning session. These results suggest that attentional and nonattentional learning scarcely interact with each other and that there may be a specific system for nonattentional learning, which is independent of attentional learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Daikoku
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Neuropsychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Masato Yumoto
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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18
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Bossaerts P. Formalizing the Function of Anterior Insula in Rapid Adaptation. Front Integr Neurosci 2018; 12:61. [PMID: 30568581 PMCID: PMC6290341 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2018.00061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Anterior insula (aIns) is thought to play a crucial role in rapid adaptation in an ever-changing environment. Mathematically, it is known to track risk and surprise. Modern theories of learning, however, assign a dominant role to signed prediction errors (PEs), not to risk and surprise. Risk and surprise only enter to the extent that they modulate the learning rate, in an attempt to approximate Bayesian learning. Even without such modulation, adaptation is still possible, albeit slow. Here, I propose a new theory of learning, reference-model based learning (RMBL), where risk and surprise are central, and PEs play a secondary, though still crucial, role. The primary goal is to bring outcomes in line with expectations in the reference model (RM). Learning is modulated by how large the PEs are relative to model anticipation, i.e., to surprise as defined by the RM. In a target location prediction task where participants were continuously required to adapt, choices appeared to be closer with to RMBL predictions than to Bayesian learning. aIns reaction to surprise was more acute in the more difficult treatment, consistent with its hypothesized role in metacognition. I discuss links with related theories, such as Active Inference, Actor-Critic Models and Reference-Model Based Adaptive Control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Bossaerts
- Department of Finance, Faculty of Business and Economics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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19
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Shaqiri A, Danckert J, Burnett L, Anderson B. Statistical Learning Impairments as a Consequence of Stroke. Front Hum Neurosci 2018; 12:339. [PMID: 30210324 PMCID: PMC6121198 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2018.00339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Statistical learning is the implicit learning of the contingencies between sequential stimuli, typically from mere exposure. It is present from infancy onward, and plays a role in functions from language learning to selective attention. Despite these observations, there are few data on whether statistical learning capacity changes with age or after brain injury. In order to examine how brain injury affects the ability to learn and update statistical representations, we had young control and healthy elder participants, as well as participants with either left or right brain injury, perform an auditory statistical learning task. Participants listened to two languages with made-up words that were defined by the transition probability between syllables. Following passive listening, learning was assessed with a two-alternative forced choice test for the most familiar word. As in previous studies, we found that young controls have a learning capacity limitation for statistical learning; a second language is less well learned than the first, and this statistical learning capacity limit is attenuated with age. Additionally, we found that brain damaged patients, whether with left or right hemispheric damage, showed impaired statistical learning. This impairment was not explained by aphasia or cognitive deficits. As statistical learning is a critical skill for daily life, a better appreciation of the nature of this impairment will improve our understanding of the cognitive effects of brain injury and could lead to new rehabilitation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albulena Shaqiri
- Laboratory of Psychophysics, Brain Mind Institute, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - James Danckert
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Lauren Burnett
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Britt Anderson
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
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20
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Stöttinger E, Guay CL, Danckert J, Anderson B. Updating impairments and the failure to explore new hypotheses following right brain damage. Exp Brain Res 2018; 236:1749-1765. [PMID: 29651518 PMCID: PMC5982454 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-018-5259-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We have shown recently that damage to the right hemisphere impairs the ability to update mental models when evidence suggests an old model is no longer appropriate. We argue that this deficit is generic in the sense that it crosses multiple cognitive and perceptual domains. Here, we examined the nature of this updating impairment to determine more precisely the underlying mechanisms. We had right (RBD, N = 12) and left brain damaged (LBD, N = 10) patients perform versions of our picture-morphing task in which pictures gradually morph from one object (e.g., shark) to another (e.g., plane). Performance was contrasted against two groups of healthy older controls, one matched on age (HCO-age-matched, N = 9) and another matched on general level of cognitive ability (HCO-cognitively-matched, N = 9). We replicated our earlier findings showing that RBD patients took longer than LBD patients and HCOs to report seeing the second object in a sequence of morphing images. The groups did not differ when exposed to a morphing sequence a second time, or when responding to ambiguous images outside the morphing context. This indicates that RBD patients have little difficulty alternating between known representations or labeling ambiguous images. Instead, the difficulty lies in generating alternate hypotheses for ambiguous information. Lesion overlay analyses, although speculative given the sample size, are consistent with our fMRI work in healthy individuals in implicating the anterior insular cortex as critical for updating mental models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Stöttinger
- Department of Psychology, Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, 5020, Salzburg, Austria.
| | | | - James Danckert
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Britt Anderson
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, N2L 3G1, Canada.,Centre for Theoretical Neuroscience, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, N2L 3G1, Canada
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21
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Stöttinger E, Aichhorn M, Anderson B, Danckert J. The neural systems for perceptual updating. Neuropsychologia 2018; 112:86-94. [PMID: 29550524 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2018.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
In a constantly changing environment we must adapt to both abrupt and gradual changes to incoming information. Previously, we demonstrated that a distributed network (including the anterior insula and anterior cingulate cortex) was active when participants updated their initial representations (e.g., it's a cat) in a gradually morphing picture task (e.g., now it's a rabbit; Stöttinger et al., 2015). To shed light on whether these activations reflect the proactive decisions to update or perceptual uncertainty, we introduced two additional conditions. By presenting picture morphs twice we controlled for uncertainty in perceptual decision making. Inducing an abrupt shift in a third condition allowed us to differentiate between a proactive decision in uncertainty-driven updating and a reactive decision in surprise-based updating. We replicated our earlier result, showing the robustness of the effect. In addition, we found activation in the anterior insula (bilaterally) and the mid frontal area/ACC in all three conditions, indicative of the importance of these areas in updating of all kinds. When participants were naïve as to the identity of the second object, we found higher activations in the mid-cingulate cortex and cuneus - areas typically associated with task difficulty, in addition to higher activations in the right TPJ most likely reflecting the shift to a new perspective. Activations associated with the proactive decision to update to a new interpretation were found in a network including the dorsal ACC known to be involved in exploration and the endogenous decision to switch to a new interpretation. These findings suggest a general network commonly engaged in all types of perceptual decision making supported by additional networks associated with perceptual uncertainty or updating provoked by either proactive or reactive decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Stöttinger
- University of Salzburg, Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Salzburg 5020, Austria.
| | - Markus Aichhorn
- University of Salzburg, Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Salzburg 5020, Austria.
| | - Britt Anderson
- University of Waterloo, Department of Psychology, Waterloo, Canada N2L 3G1; Centre for Theoretical Neuroscience, University of Waterloo, Canada N2L 3G1.
| | - James Danckert
- University of Waterloo, Department of Psychology, Waterloo, Canada N2L 3G1.
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22
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Ivan VE, Banks PJ, Goodfellow K, Gruber AJ. Lose-Shift Responding in Humans Is Promoted by Increased Cognitive Load. Front Integr Neurosci 2018; 12:9. [PMID: 29568264 PMCID: PMC5852382 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2018.00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The propensity of animals to shift choices immediately after unexpectedly poor reinforcement outcomes is a pervasive strategy across species and tasks. We report here on the memory supporting such lose-shift responding in humans, assessed using a binary choice task in which random responding is the optimal strategy. Participants exhibited little lose-shift responding when fully attending to the task, but this increased by 30%–40% in participants that performed with additional cognitive load that is known to tax executive systems. Lose-shift responding in the cognitively loaded adults persisted throughout the testing session, despite being a sub-optimal strategy, but was less likely as the time increased between reinforcement and the subsequent choice. Furthermore, children (5–9 years old) without load performed similarly to the cognitively loaded adults. This effect disappeared in older children aged 11–13 years old. These data provide evidence supporting our hypothesis that lose-shift responding is a default and reflexive strategy in the mammalian brain, likely mediated by a decaying memory trace, and is normally suppressed by executive systems. Reducing the efficacy of executive control by cognitive load (adults) or underdevelopment (children) increases its prevalence. It may therefore be an important component to consider when interpreting choice data, and may serve as an objective behavioral assay of executive function in humans that is easy to measure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victorita E Ivan
- Canadian Centre for Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Parker J Banks
- Canadian Centre for Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Kris Goodfellow
- Canadian Centre for Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Aaron J Gruber
- Canadian Centre for Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
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23
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P300 amplitude variations, prior probabilities, and likelihoods: A Bayesian ERP study. COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2016; 16:911-28. [DOI: 10.3758/s13415-016-0442-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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24
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Piper B, Mueller ST, Talebzadeh S, Ki MJ. Evaluation of the validity of the Psychology Experiment Building Language tests of vigilance, auditory memory, and decision making. PeerJ 2016; 4:e1772. [PMID: 27014512 PMCID: PMC4806597 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.1772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. The Psychology Experimental Building Language (PEBL) test battery (http://pebl.sourceforge.net/) is a popular application for neurobehavioral investigations. This study evaluated the correspondence between the PEBL and the non-PEBL versions of four executive function tests. Methods. In one cohort, young-adults (N = 44) completed both the Conner’s Continuous Performance Test (CCPT) and the PEBL CPT (PCPT) with the order counter-balanced. In a second cohort, participants (N = 47) completed a non-computerized (Wechsler) and a computerized (PEBL) Digit Span (WDS or PDS) both Forward and Backward. Participants also completed the Psychological Assessment Resources or the PEBL versions of the Iowa Gambling Task (PARIGT or PEBLIGT). Results. The between-test correlations were moderately high (reaction time r = 0.78, omission errors r = 0.65, commission errors r = 0.66) on the CPT. DS Forward was significantly greater than DS Backward on the WDS (p < .0005) and the PDS (p < .0005). The total WDS score was moderately correlated with the PDS (r = 0.56). The PARIGT and the PEBLIGTs showed a very similar pattern for response times across blocks, development of preference for Advantageous over Disadvantageous Decks, and Deck selections. However, the amount of money earned (score–loan) was significantly higher in the PEBLIGT during the last Block. Conclusions. These findings are broadly supportive of the criterion validity of the PEBL measures of sustained attention, short-term memory, and decision making. Select differences between workalike versions of the same test highlight how detailed aspects of implementation may have more important consequences for computerized testing than has been previously acknowledged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Piper
- Neuroscience Program, Bowdoin College, Brunswick, ME, United States; Department of Psychology, Willamette University, Salem, OR, United States; School of Pharmacy, Husson University, Bangor, ME, United States
| | - Shane T Mueller
- Cognitive and Learning Sciences, Michigan Technological University , Houghton, MI , United States
| | - Sara Talebzadeh
- Department of Biology, Husson University , Bangor, ME , United States
| | - Min Jung Ki
- School of Pharmacy, Husson University , Bangor, ME , United States
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25
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Piper BJ, Mueller ST, Geerken AR, Dixon KL, Kroliczak G, Olsen RHJ, Miller JK. Reliability and validity of neurobehavioral function on the Psychology Experimental Building Language test battery in young adults. PeerJ 2015; 3:e1460. [PMID: 26713233 PMCID: PMC4690381 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.1460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. The Psychology Experiment Building Language (PEBL) software consists of over one-hundred computerized tests based on classic and novel cognitive neuropsychology and behavioral neurology measures. Although the PEBL tests are becoming more widely utilized, there is currently very limited information about the psychometric properties of these measures. Methods. Study I examined inter-relationships among nine PEBL tests including indices of motor-function (Pursuit Rotor and Dexterity), attention (Test of Attentional Vigilance and Time-Wall), working memory (Digit Span Forward), and executive-function (PEBL Trail Making Test, Berg/Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, Iowa Gambling Test, and Mental Rotation) in a normative sample (N = 189, ages 18–22). Study II evaluated test–retest reliability with a two-week interest interval between administrations in a separate sample (N = 79, ages 18–22). Results. Moderate intra-test, but low inter-test, correlations were observed and ceiling/floor effects were uncommon. Sex differences were identified on the Pursuit Rotor (Cohen’s d = 0.89) and Mental Rotation (d = 0.31) tests. The correlation between the test and retest was high for tests of motor learning (Pursuit Rotor time on target r = .86) and attention (Test of Attentional Vigilance response time r = .79), intermediate for memory (digit span r = .63) but lower for the executive function indices (Wisconsin/Berg Card Sorting Test perseverative errors = .45, Tower of London moves = .15). Significant practice effects were identified on several indices of executive function. Conclusions. These results are broadly supportive of the reliability and validity of individual PEBL tests in this sample. These findings indicate that the freely downloadable, open-source PEBL battery (http://pebl.sourceforge.net) is a versatile research tool to study individual differences in neurocognitive performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Piper
- Department of Psychology, Willamette University , Salem, OR , United States ; Department of Psychology, Bowdoin College , Bowdoin, ME , United States ; Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health Sciences University , Portland, OR , United States
| | - Shane T Mueller
- Department of Cognitive and Learning Sciences, Michigan Technological University , Houghton, MI , United States
| | | | - Kyle L Dixon
- Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico , Albuquerque, NM , United States
| | - Gregory Kroliczak
- Action and Cognition Laboratory, Department of Social Sciences, Institute of Psychology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan , Poznan , Poland
| | - Reid H J Olsen
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health Sciences University , Portland, OR , United States
| | - Jeremy K Miller
- Department of Psychology, Willamette University , Salem, OR , United States
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26
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Stöttinger E, Filipowicz A, Valadao D, Culham JC, Goodale MA, Anderson B, Danckert J. A cortical network that marks the moment when conscious representations are updated. Neuropsychologia 2015; 79:113-22. [PMID: 26529489 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Revised: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In order to survive in a complex, noisy and constantly changing environment we need to categorize the world (e.g., Is this food edible or poisonous?) and we need to update our interpretations when things change. How does our brain update when object categories change from one to the next? We investigated the neural correlates associated with this updating process. We used event-related fMRI while people viewed a sequence of images that morphed from one object (e.g., a plane) to another (e.g., a shark). All participants were naïve as to the identity of the second object. The point at which participants 'saw' the second object was unpredictable and uncontaminated by any dramatic or salient change to the images themselves. The moment when subjective perceptual representations changed activated a circumscribed network including the anterior insula, medial and inferior frontal regions and inferior parietal cortex. In a setting where neither the timing nor nature of the visual transition was predictable, this restricted cortical network signals the time of updating a perceptual representation. The anterior insula and mid-frontal regions (including the ACC) were activated not only at the actual time when change was reported, but also immediately before, suggesting that these areas are also involved in processing alternative options after a mismatch has been detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Stöttinger
- University of Waterloo, Department of Psychology, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, N2L 3G1.
| | - Alex Filipowicz
- University of Waterloo, Department of Psychology, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, N2L 3G1.
| | - Derick Valadao
- University of Waterloo, Department of Psychology, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, N2L 3G1.
| | - Jody C Culham
- The Brain and Mind Institute, The Natural Sciences Centre, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada, N6A 5B7.
| | - Melvyn A Goodale
- The Brain and Mind Institute, The Natural Sciences Centre, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada, N6A 5B7.
| | - Britt Anderson
- University of Waterloo, Department of Psychology, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, N2L 3G1; Centre for Theoretical Neuroscience, University of Waterloo, Canada.
| | - James Danckert
- University of Waterloo, Department of Psychology, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, N2L 3G1.
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27
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Danckert J, Anderson B. Updating representations of temporal intervals. Exp Brain Res 2015; 233:3517-26. [PMID: 26303026 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-015-4422-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Effectively engaging with the world depends on accurate representations of the regularities that make up that world-what we call mental models. The success of any mental model depends on the ability to adapt to changes-to 'update' the model. In prior work, we have shown that damage to the right hemisphere of the brain impairs the ability to update mental models across a range of tasks. Given the disparate nature of the tasks we have employed in this prior work (i.e. statistical learning, language acquisition, position priming, perceptual ambiguity, strategic game play), we propose that a cognitive module important for updating mental representations should be generic, in the sense that it is invoked across multiple cognitive and perceptual domains. To date, the majority of our tasks have been visual in nature. Given the ubiquity and import of temporal information in sensory experience, we examined the ability to build and update mental models of time. We had healthy individuals complete a temporal prediction task in which intervals were initially drawn from one temporal range before an unannounced switch to a different range of intervals. Separate groups had the second range of intervals switch to one that contained either longer or shorter intervals than the first range. Both groups showed significant positive correlations between perceptual and prediction accuracy. While each group updated mental models of temporal intervals, those exposed to shorter intervals did so more efficiently. Our results support the notion of generic capacity to update regularities in the environment-in this instance based on temporal information. The task developed here is well suited to investigations in neurological patients and in neuroimaging settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Danckert
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada.
| | - Britt Anderson
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
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28
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Baker R, Bentham P, Kourtzi Z. Learning to predict is spared in mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer's disease. Exp Brain Res 2015; 233:2859-67. [PMID: 26105754 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-015-4356-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Learning the statistics of the environment is critical for predicting upcoming events. However, little is known about how we translate previous knowledge about scene regularities to sensory predictions. Here, we ask whether patients with mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer's disease (MCI-AD) that are known to have spared implicit but impaired explicit recognition memory are able to learn temporal regularities and predict upcoming events. We tested the ability of MCI-AD patients and age-matched controls to predict the orientation of a test stimulus following exposure to sequences of leftwards or rightwards oriented gratings. Our results demonstrate that exposure to temporal sequences without feedback facilitates the ability to predict an upcoming stimulus in both MCI-AD patients and controls. Further, we show that executive cognitive control may account for individual variability in predictive learning. That is, we observed significant positive correlations of performance in attentional and working memory tasks with post-training performance in the prediction task. Taken together, these results suggest a mediating role of circuits involved in cognitive control (i.e. frontal circuits) that may support the ability for predictive learning in MCI-AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalind Baker
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Peter Bentham
- Birmingham and Solihull Mental Health Foundation Trust (BSMHFT), Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Zoe Kourtzi
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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29
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Valadao DF, Anderson B, Danckert J. Examining the influence of working memory on updating mental models. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2014; 68:1442-56. [PMID: 25406912 DOI: 10.1080/17470218.2014.989866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The ability to accurately build and update mental representations of our environment depends on our ability to integrate information over a variety of time scales and detect changes in the regularity of events. As such, the cognitive mechanisms that support model building and updating are likely to interact with those involved in working memory (WM). To examine this, we performed three experiments that manipulated WM demands concurrently with the need to attend to regularities in other stimulus properties (i.e., location and shape). That is, participants completed a prediction task while simultaneously performing an n-back WM task with either no load or a moderate load. The distribution of target locations (Experiment 1) or shapes (Experiments 2 and 3) included some level of probabilistic regularity, which, unbeknown to participants, changed abruptly within each block. Moderate WM load hampered the ability to benefit from target regularities and to adapt to changes in those regularities (i.e., the prediction task). This was most pronounced when both prediction and WM requirements shared the same target feature. Our results show that representational updating depends on free WM resources in a domain-specific fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derick F Valadao
- a Department of Psychology , University of Waterloo , Waterloo , ON , Canada
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Mohammadi Sepahvand N, Stöttinger E, Danckert J, Anderson B. Sequential decisions: a computational comparison of observational and reinforcement accounts. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94308. [PMID: 24747416 PMCID: PMC3991603 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Right brain damaged patients show impairments in sequential decision making tasks for which healthy people do not show any difficulty. We hypothesized that this difficulty could be due to the failure of right brain damage patients to develop well-matched models of the world. Our motivation is the idea that to navigate uncertainty, humans use models of the world to direct the decisions they make when interacting with their environment. The better the model is, the better their decisions are. To explore the model building and updating process in humans and the basis for impairment after brain injury, we used a computational model of non-stationary sequence learning. RELPH (Reinforcement and Entropy Learned Pruned Hypothesis space) was able to qualitatively and quantitatively reproduce the results of left and right brain damaged patient groups and healthy controls playing a sequential version of Rock, Paper, Scissors. Our results suggests that, in general, humans employ a sub-optimal reinforcement based learning method rather than an objectively better statistical learning approach, and that differences between right brain damaged and healthy control groups can be explained by different exploration policies, rather than qualitatively different learning mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - James Danckert
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Britt Anderson
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
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Stöttinger E, Filipowicz A, Danckert J, Anderson B. The effects of prior learned strategies on updating an opponent's strategy in the rock, paper, scissors game. Cogn Sci 2014; 38:1482-92. [PMID: 24646145 DOI: 10.1111/cogs.12115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Revised: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
To explore how model building adapts to changing environments, we had participants play "rock-paper-scissors" against a computer that played a frequency bias or a player-dependent bias and then switched. Participants demonstrated their use of prior experience in how quickly they recognized and exploited changes in the computer's play strategy; in general, the more similar the strategies, the more efficient the updating. These findings inform our understanding of previously reported updating impairments in right-brain damaged patients.
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Stöttinger E, Filipowicz A, Marandi E, Quehl N, Danckert J, Anderson B. Statistical and perceptual updating: correlated impairments in right brain injury. Exp Brain Res 2014; 232:1971-87. [DOI: 10.1007/s00221-014-3887-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Skelin I, Hakstol R, VanOyen J, Mudiayi D, Molina LA, Holec V, Hong NS, Euston DR, McDonald RJ, Gruber AJ. Lesions of dorsal striatum eliminate lose-switch responding but not mixed-response strategies in rats. Eur J Neurosci 2014; 39:1655-63. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Revised: 12/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Skelin
- Department of Neuroscience; Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience; University of Lethbridge; 4401 University Dr. W. T1K 3M4 Lethbridge AB Canada
| | - Rhys Hakstol
- Department of Neuroscience; Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience; University of Lethbridge; 4401 University Dr. W. T1K 3M4 Lethbridge AB Canada
| | - Jenn VanOyen
- Department of Neuroscience; Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience; University of Lethbridge; 4401 University Dr. W. T1K 3M4 Lethbridge AB Canada
| | - Dominic Mudiayi
- Department of Neuroscience; Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience; University of Lethbridge; 4401 University Dr. W. T1K 3M4 Lethbridge AB Canada
| | - Leonardo A. Molina
- Department of Neuroscience; Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience; University of Lethbridge; 4401 University Dr. W. T1K 3M4 Lethbridge AB Canada
| | - Victoria Holec
- Department of Neuroscience; Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience; University of Lethbridge; 4401 University Dr. W. T1K 3M4 Lethbridge AB Canada
| | - Nancy S. Hong
- Department of Neuroscience; Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience; University of Lethbridge; 4401 University Dr. W. T1K 3M4 Lethbridge AB Canada
| | - David R. Euston
- Department of Neuroscience; Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience; University of Lethbridge; 4401 University Dr. W. T1K 3M4 Lethbridge AB Canada
| | - Robert J. McDonald
- Department of Neuroscience; Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience; University of Lethbridge; 4401 University Dr. W. T1K 3M4 Lethbridge AB Canada
| | - Aaron J. Gruber
- Department of Neuroscience; Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience; University of Lethbridge; 4401 University Dr. W. T1K 3M4 Lethbridge AB Canada
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Filipowicz A, Anderson B, Danckert J. Learning what from where: Effects of spatial regularity on nonspatial sequence learning and updating. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2013; 67:1447-56. [PMID: 24256413 DOI: 10.1080/17470218.2013.867518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The current study examined the influence of redundant stimulus features on our ability to build and update representations of our environment. We hypothesized that our ability to process redundant spatial features would speed our ability to adapt to changing nonspatial regularities. Using a computerized version of the children's game "rock-paper-scissors", undergraduates were instructed to win as often as possible against a computer opponent. The computer's plays were repeating sequences of five choices that were presented either with spatial regularity (i.e., "rock" would always appear on the left, "paper" in the middle, and "scissors" on the right) or without spatial regularity (i.e., the items were equally likely to appear in any of the three locations). Once participants learned a sequence, the computer switched to a different sequence without participants being informed that a switch had occurred. Redundant spatial regularity improved a participant's ability both to learn sequences of plays and to update their plays to reflect new computer sequences. Our results suggest that our perceptual system is sensitive to redundant spatial stimulus features and that this information can improve learning and updating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Filipowicz
- a Department of Psychology , University of Waterloo , Waterloo , ON , Canada
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The Psychology Experiment Building Language (PEBL) and PEBL Test Battery. J Neurosci Methods 2013; 222:250-9. [PMID: 24269254 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2013.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 444] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Revised: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We briefly describe the Psychology Experiment Building Language (PEBL), an open source software system for designing and running psychological experiments. NEW METHOD We describe the PEBL Test Battery, a set of approximately 70 behavioral tests which can be freely used, shared, and modified. Included is a comprehensive set of past research upon which tests in the battery are based. RESULTS We report the results of benchmark tests that establish the timing precision of PEBL. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHOD We consider alternatives to the PEBL system and battery tests. CONCLUSIONS We conclude with a discussion of the ethical factors involved in the open source testing movement.
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Shaqiri A, Anderson B. Priming and statistical learning in right brain damaged patients. Neuropsychologia 2013; 51:2526-33. [PMID: 24075841 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2013.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Revised: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/14/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Magalona SC, Rasetti R, Chen J, Chen Q, Gold I, Decot H, Callicott JH, Berman KF, Apud JA, Weinberger DR, Mattay VS. Effect of tolcapone on brain activity during a variable attentional control task: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, counter-balanced trial in healthy volunteers. CNS Drugs 2013; 27:663-73. [PMID: 23794107 PMCID: PMC4135358 DOI: 10.1007/s40263-013-0082-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Attention is the capacity to flexibly orient behaviors and thoughts towards a goal by selecting and integrating relevant contextual information. The dorsal cingulate (dCC) and prefrontal (PFC) cortices play critical roles in attention. Evidence indicates that catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) modulates dopaminergic tone in the PFC and dCC. OBJECTIVE In this study, we explored the effect of tolcapone, a CNS penetrant COMT inhibitor that increases cortical dopamine levels, on brain activity during a Variable Attentional Control (VAC) task. STUDY DESIGN We performed a double-blinded, placebo-controlled, counter-balanced trial with tolcapone (Tasmar, tablets, 100 mg three times a day for 1 day and then 200 mg three times a day for 6 days; ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00044083). SETTING The study was conducted in the Clinical Center of the National Institute of Mental Health from 2005 to 2009. PATIENTS Twenty healthy volunteers (11 males; mean age = 32.7 years) with good imaging and performance data on both arms of the study were investigated. INTERVENTION Participants underwent 3T blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) while performing the event-related VAC task, which varies attention over three levels of load: LOW, INT (intermediate), and HIGH. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Changes in behavioral data and individual contrast images were analyzed using ANOVA with drug and task load as co-factors. RESULTS There was a significant main effect of increasing task load, with resulting decreased accuracy and increased reaction time. While there was no significant effect of tolcapone on these behavioral measures, the neuroimaging data showed a significant effect on load-related changes in dCC, with significantly lower dCC activation on tolcapone compared with placebo. Further, neural activity in dCC correlated positively with COMT enzyme activity (i.e., lower COMT activity and presumably more dopamine was associated with lower activation in dCC, i.e., more efficient information processing). CONCLUSION Our results show that pharmacological reduction of COMT activity modulates the engagement of attentional mechanisms, selectively enhancing the efficiency of dCC processing in healthy volunteers, reflected as decreased activity for the same level of performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia C. Magalona
- Clinical Brain Disorders Branch (CBDB), National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Roberta Rasetti
- Clinical Brain Disorders Branch (CBDB), National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jingshan Chen
- Clinical Brain Disorders Branch (CBDB), National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Qiang Chen
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, 855 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Ian Gold
- Clinical Brain Disorders Branch (CBDB), National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Heather Decot
- Clinical Brain Disorders Branch (CBDB), National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Joseph H. Callicott
- Clinical Brain Disorders Branch (CBDB), National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Karen F. Berman
- Clinical Brain Disorders Branch (CBDB), National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - José A. Apud
- Clinical Brain Disorders Branch (CBDB), National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Daniel R. Weinberger
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, 855 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA,Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA,Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA,The McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Venkata S. Mattay
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, 855 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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Striemer CL, Ferber S, Danckert J. Spatial working memory deficits represent a core challenge for rehabilitating neglect. Front Hum Neurosci 2013; 7:334. [PMID: 23818880 PMCID: PMC3694262 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Left neglect following right hemisphere injury is a debilitating disorder that has proven extremely difficult to rehabilitate. Traditional models of neglect have focused on impaired spatial attention as the core deficit and as such, most rehabilitation methods have tried to improve attentional processes. However, many of these techniques (e.g., visual scanning training, caloric stimulation, neck muscle vibration) produce only short-lived effects, or are too uncomfortable to use as a routine treatment. More recently, many investigators have begun examining the beneficial effects of prism adaptation for the treatment of neglect. Although prism adaptation has been shown to have some beneficial effects on both overt and covert spatial attention, it does not reliably alter many of the perceptual biases evident in neglect. One of the challenges of neglect rehabilitation may lie in the heterogeneous nature of the deficits. Most notably, a number of researchers have shown that neglect patients present with severe deficits in spatial working memory (SWM) in addition to their attentional impairments. Given that SWM can be seen as a foundational cognitive mechanism, critical for a wide range of other functions, any deficit in SWM memory will undoubtedly have severe consequences. In the current review we examine the evidence for SWM deficits in neglect and propose that it constitutes a core component of the syndrome. We present preliminary data which suggest that at least one current rehabilitation method (prism adaptation) has no effect on SWM deficits in neglect. Finally, we end by reviewing recent work that examines the effectiveness of SWM training and how SWM training may prove to be a useful avenue for future rehabilitative efforts in patients with neglect.
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Shaqiri A, Anderson B, Danckert J. Statistical learning as a tool for rehabilitation in spatial neglect. Front Hum Neurosci 2013; 7:224. [PMID: 23754998 PMCID: PMC3665923 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We propose that neglect includes a disorder of representational updating. Representational updating refers to our ability to build mental models and adapt those models to changing experience. This updating ability depends on the processes of priming, working memory, and statistical learning. These processes in turn interact with our capabilities for sustained attention and precise temporal processing. We review evidence showing that all these non-spatial abilities are impaired in neglect, and we discuss how recognition of such deficits can lead to novel approaches for rehabilitating neglect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albulena Shaqiri
- Department of Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Britt Anderson
- Department of Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
- Center for Theoretical Neuroscience, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - James Danckert
- Department of Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
- Center for Theoretical Neuroscience, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
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Fox CJ, Mueller ST, Gray HM, Raber J, Piper BJ. Evaluation of a short-form of the Berg Card Sorting Test. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63885. [PMID: 23691107 PMCID: PMC3653789 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 04/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The Psychology Experimental Building Language http://pebl.sourceforge.net/ Berg Card Sorting Test is an open-source neurobehavioral test. Participants (N = 207, ages 6 to 74) completed the Berg Card Sorting Test. Performance on the first 64 trials were isolated and compared to that on the full-length (128 trials) test. Strong correlations between the short and long forms (total errors: r = .87, perseverative response: r = .83, perseverative errors r = .77, categories completed r = .86) support the Berg Card Sorting Test-64 as an abbreviated alternative for the full-length executive function test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J. Fox
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- Department of Psychology, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Shane T. Mueller
- Department of Cognitive and Learning Sciences, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Hilary M. Gray
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- Department of Counselor Education, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Jacob Raber
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, ONPRC, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Brian J. Piper
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Husson University, Bangor, Maine, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Ptak R, Fellrath J. Spatial neglect and the neural coding of attentional priority. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2013; 37:705-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Revised: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Shaqiri A, Anderson B. Spatial probability cuing and right hemisphere damage. Brain Cogn 2012; 80:352-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2012.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2012] [Revised: 08/30/2012] [Accepted: 08/31/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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