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Weber S, Salomoni SE, Hinder MR. Selective cancellation of reactive or anticipated movements: Differences in speed of action reprogramming, but not stopping. Cortex 2024; 177:235-252. [PMID: 38875737 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2024.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
The ability to inhibit movements is an essential component of a healthy executive control system. Two distinct but commonly used tasks to assess motor inhibition are the stop signal task (SST) and the anticipated response inhibition (ARI) task. The SST and ARI tasks are similar in that they both require cancelation of a prepotent movement; however, the SST involves cancelation of a speeded reaction to a temporally unpredictable signal, while the ARI task involves cancelation of an anticipated response that the participant has prepared to enact at a wholly predictable time. 33 participants (mean age = 33.3 years, range = 18-55 years) completed variants of the SST and ARI task. In each task, the majority of trials required bimanual button presses, while on a subset of trials a stop signal indicated that one of the presses should be cancelled (i.e., motor selective inhibition). Additional variants of the tasks also included trials featuring signals which were to be ignored, allowing for insights into the attentional component of the inhibitory response. Electromyographic (EMG) recordings allowed detailed comparison of the characteristics of voluntary action and cancellation. The speed of the inhibitory process was not influenced by whether the enacted movement was reactive (SST) or anticipated (ARI task). However, the ongoing (non-cancelled) component of anticipated movements was more efficient than reactive movements, as a result of faster action reprogramming (i.e., faster ongoing actions following successful motor selective inhibition). Older age was associated with both slower inhibition and slower action reprogramming across all reactive and anticipated tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Weber
- Sensorimotor Neuroscience and Aging Research Laboratory, School of Psychological Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.
| | - Sauro E Salomoni
- Sensorimotor Neuroscience and Aging Research Laboratory, School of Psychological Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Mark R Hinder
- Sensorimotor Neuroscience and Aging Research Laboratory, School of Psychological Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
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2
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Forte G, Troisi G, Favieri F, Casagrande M. Inhibition changes across the lifespan: experimental evidence from the Stroop task. BMC Psychol 2024; 12:336. [PMID: 38849952 PMCID: PMC11162033 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-024-01844-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Individuals constantly exert inhibitory control over their thoughts and behaviors to plan actions that compete with habits and impulses. Cognitive inhibition enhances the selection of task-relevant stimuli and is closely related to neural changes that occur across the lifespan. Since few studies have focused on the entire lifespan, this study aimed to assess cognitive inhibition abilities in a sample of 425 healthy participants (age range: 7-88 years) using the Stroop task. The participants were grouped according to age into children, adolescents, young adults, adults, middle-aged adults, and older adults. A series of ANOVAs considered Group as the independent variable and Performance indices as the dependent variables. The children did not show an interference effect (Stroop effect), likely due to the lack of an automated reading process as a consequence of ongoing brain maturation. Adolescents and young adults performed significantly faster than older adults did. The results indicate that response speed reaches its peak during adolescence and young adulthood and then slightly decreases until older age. Nevertheless, when compared with the other groups, only older adults showed significant differences in the Stroop effect, suggesting that inhibitory abilities remain relatively consistent throughout adulthood but rapidly worsen in recent years due to the physiological decline in cognitive and brain functioning associated with aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Forte
- Department of Dynamic, Clinical Psychology and Health Studies, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanna Troisi
- Department of Psychology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Favieri
- Department of Dynamic, Clinical Psychology and Health Studies, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
| | - Maria Casagrande
- Department of Dynamic, Clinical Psychology and Health Studies, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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3
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Parimoo S, Grady C, Olsen R. Age-related Differences in Response Inhibition Are Mediated by Frontoparietal White Matter but Not Functional Activity. J Cogn Neurosci 2024; 36:1184-1205. [PMID: 38579242 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_02159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
Healthy older adults often exhibit lower performance but increased functional recruitment of the frontoparietal control network during cognitive control tasks. According to the cortical disconnection hypothesis, age-related changes in the microstructural integrity of white matter may disrupt inter-regional neuronal communication, which in turn can impair behavioral performance. Here, we use fMRI and diffusion-weighted imaging to determine whether age-related differences in white matter microstructure contribute to frontoparietal over-recruitment and behavioral performance during a response inhibition (go/no-go) task in an adult life span sample (n = 145). Older and female participants were slower (go RTs) than younger and male participants, respectively. However, participants across all ages were equally accurate on the no-go trials, suggesting some participants may slow down on go trials to achieve high accuracy on no-go trials. Across the life span, functional recruitment of the frontoparietal network within the left and right hemispheres did not vary as a function of age, nor was it related to white matter fractional anisotropy (FA). In fact, only frontal FA and go RTs jointly mediated the association between age and no-go accuracy. Our results therefore suggest that frontal white matter cortical "disconnection" is an underlying driver of age-related differences in cognitive control, and white matter FA may not fully explain functional task-related activation in the frontoparietal network during the go/no-go task. Our findings add to the literature by demonstrating that white matter may be more important for certain cognitive processes in aging than task-related functional activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shireen Parimoo
- University of Toronto
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, Toronto, Canada
| | - Cheryl Grady
- University of Toronto
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, Toronto, Canada
| | - Rosanna Olsen
- University of Toronto
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, Toronto, Canada
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4
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Bunzeck N, Steiger TK, Krämer UM, Luedtke K, Marshall L, Obleser J, Tune S. Trajectories and contributing factors of neural compensation in healthy and pathological aging. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2024; 156:105489. [PMID: 38040075 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Neural degeneration is a hallmark of healthy aging and can be associated with specific cognitive impairments. However, neural degeneration per se is not matched by unremitting declines in cognitive abilities. Instead, middle-aged and older adults typically maintain surprisingly high levels of cognitive functioning, suggesting that the human brain can adapt to structural degeneration by neural compensation. Here, we summarize prevailing theories and recent empirical studies on neural compensation with a focus on often neglected contributing factors, such as lifestyle, metabolism and neural plasticity. We suggest that these factors moderate the relationship between structural integrity and neural compensation, maintaining psychological well-being and behavioral functioning. Finally, we discuss that a breakdown in neural compensation may pose a tipping point that distinguishes the trajectories of healthy vs pathological aging, but conjoint support from psychology and cognitive neuroscience for this alluring view is still scarce. Therefore, future experiments that target the concomitant processes of neural compensation and associated behavior will foster a comprehensive understanding of both healthy and pathological aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico Bunzeck
- Department of Psychology, University of Lübeck, Germany; Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism, University of Lübeck, Germany.
| | | | - Ulrike M Krämer
- Department of Psychology, University of Lübeck, Germany; Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism, University of Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Kerstin Luedtke
- Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Physiotherapy, University of Lübeck, Germany
| | - Lisa Marshall
- Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism, University of Lübeck, Germany; Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, Germany
| | - Jonas Obleser
- Department of Psychology, University of Lübeck, Germany; Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism, University of Lübeck, Germany
| | - Sarah Tune
- Department of Psychology, University of Lübeck, Germany; Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism, University of Lübeck, Germany
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5
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Weber S, Salomoni SE, Kilpatrick C, Hinder MR. Dissociating attentional capture from action cancellation during the inhibition of bimanual movement. Psychophysiology 2023; 60:e14372. [PMID: 37366262 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.14372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Inhibiting ongoing responses when environmental demands change is a critical component of motor control. Experimentally, the stop signal task (SST) represents the gold standard response inhibition paradigm. However, an emerging body of evidence suggests that the SST conflates two dissociable sources of inhibition, namely an involuntarily pause associated with attentional capture and the (subsequent) voluntary cancellation of action. The extent to which these processes also occur in other response tasks is unknown. Younger n = 24 (20-35 years) and older n = 23 (60-85 years) adults completed tasks involving rapid unimanual or bimanual responses to visual stimuli. A subset of trials required cancellation of one component of an initial bimanual response (i.e., selective stop task; stop left response, continue right response) or enacting an additional response (e.g., press left button as well as right button). Critically, both tasks involved some infrequent stimuli baring no behavioral imperative (i.e., they had to be ignored). EMG recordings of voluntary responses during stopping tasks revealed bimanual covert responses (muscle activation, which was suppressed before a button press ensued), consistent with a pause process, following both stop and ignore stimuli, before the required response was subsequently enacted. Critically, we also observed the behavioral consequences of a similar involuntary pause in trials where action cancellation was not part of the response set. Notably, the period over which movements were susceptible to response delays from additional stimuli was longer for older adults than younger adults. The findings demonstrate that an involuntary attentional component of inhibition significantly contributes to action cancellation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Weber
- Sensorimotor Neuroscience and Aging Research Lab, The University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Sauro E Salomoni
- Sensorimotor Neuroscience and Aging Research Lab, The University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Callum Kilpatrick
- Sensorimotor Neuroscience and Aging Research Lab, The University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Mark R Hinder
- Sensorimotor Neuroscience and Aging Research Lab, The University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
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Dexter M, Ossmy O. The effects of typical ageing on cognitive control: recent advances and future directions. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1231410. [PMID: 37577352 PMCID: PMC10416634 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1231410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cognitive control is one of the most fundamental aspects of human life. Its ageing is an important contemporary research area due to the needs of the growing ageing population, such as prolonged independence and quality of life. Traditional ageing research argued for a global decline in cognitive control with age, typically characterised by slowing processing speed and driven by changes in the frontal cortex. However, recent advances questioned this perspective by demonstrating high heterogeneity in the ageing data, domain-specific declines, activity changes in resting state networks, and increased functional connectivity. Moreover, improvements in neuroimaging techniques have enabled researchers to develop compensatory models of neural reorganisation that helps negate the effects of neural losses and promote cognitive control. In this article on typical ageing, we review recent behavioural and neural findings related to the decline in cognitive control among older adults. We begin by reviewing traditional perspectives and continue with how recent work challenged those perspectives. In the discussion section, we propose key areas of focus for future research in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ori Ossmy
- Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Department of Psychological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, London, United Kingdom
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7
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Kurkin S, Gordleeva S, Savosenkov A, Grigorev N, Smirnov N, Grubov VV, Udoratina A, Maksimenko V, Kazantsev V, Hramov AE. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation of the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex Increases Posterior Theta Rhythm and Reduces Latency of Motor Imagery. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:4661. [PMID: 37430576 DOI: 10.3390/s23104661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Experiments show activation of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) in motor imagery (MI) tasks, but its functional role requires further investigation. Here, we address this issue by applying repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) to the left DLPFC and evaluating its effect on brain activity and the latency of MI response. This is a randomized, sham-controlled EEG study. Participants were randomly assigned to receive sham (15 subjects) or real high-frequency rTMS (15 subjects). We performed EEG sensor-level, source-level, and connectivity analyses to evaluate the rTMS effects. We revealed that excitatory stimulation of the left DLPFC increases theta-band power in the right precuneus (PrecuneusR) via the functional connectivity between them. The precuneus theta-band power negatively correlates with the latency of the MI response, so the rTMS speeds up the responses in 50% of participants. We suppose that posterior theta-band power reflects attention modulation of sensory processing; therefore, high power may indicate attentive processing and cause faster responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Semen Kurkin
- Baltic Center for Neurotechnology and Artificial Intelligence, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, 236016 Kaliningrad, Russia
| | - Susanna Gordleeva
- Neurodynamics and Cognitive Technology Laboratory, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 603105 Nizhniy Novgorod, Russia
| | - Andrey Savosenkov
- Baltic Center for Neurotechnology and Artificial Intelligence, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, 236016 Kaliningrad, Russia
- Neurodynamics and Cognitive Technology Laboratory, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 603105 Nizhniy Novgorod, Russia
| | - Nikita Grigorev
- Baltic Center for Neurotechnology and Artificial Intelligence, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, 236016 Kaliningrad, Russia
- Neurodynamics and Cognitive Technology Laboratory, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 603105 Nizhniy Novgorod, Russia
| | - Nikita Smirnov
- Baltic Center for Neurotechnology and Artificial Intelligence, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, 236016 Kaliningrad, Russia
| | - Vadim V Grubov
- Baltic Center for Neurotechnology and Artificial Intelligence, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, 236016 Kaliningrad, Russia
| | - Anna Udoratina
- Neurodynamics and Cognitive Technology Laboratory, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 603105 Nizhniy Novgorod, Russia
| | - Vladimir Maksimenko
- Baltic Center for Neurotechnology and Artificial Intelligence, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, 236016 Kaliningrad, Russia
- Neurodynamics and Cognitive Technology Laboratory, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 603105 Nizhniy Novgorod, Russia
| | - Victor Kazantsev
- Neurodynamics and Cognitive Technology Laboratory, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 603105 Nizhniy Novgorod, Russia
| | - Alexander E Hramov
- Baltic Center for Neurotechnology and Artificial Intelligence, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, 236016 Kaliningrad, Russia
- Neurodynamics and Cognitive Technology Laboratory, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 603105 Nizhniy Novgorod, Russia
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8
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Age-related differences in food-specific inhibitory control: Electrophysiological and behavioral evidence in healthy aging. Appetite 2023; 183:106478. [PMID: 36746027 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2023.106478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The number of older adults in the United States is estimated to nearly double from 52 million to 95 million by 2060. Approximately 80-85% of older adults are diagnosed with a chronic health condition. Many of these chronic health conditions are influenced by diet and physical activity, suggesting improved diet and eating behaviors could improve health-related outcomes. One factor that might improve dietary habits in older adults is food-related inhibitory control. We tested whether food-related inhibitory control, as measured via behavioral data (response time, accuracy) and scalp-recorded event-related potentials (ERP; N2 and P3 components), differed between younger and older adults over age 55. Fifty-nine older adults (31 females [52.5%], Mage = 64, SDage = 7.5) and 114 younger adults (82 females [71.9%], Mage = 20.8) completed two go/no-go tasks, one inhibiting to high-calorie stimuli and one inhibiting to low-calorie stimuli, while electroencephalogram (EEG) data were recorded. Older adults had slower overall response times than younger adults, but this was not specific to either food task. There was not a significant difference in accuracy between younger and older adults, but both groups' accuracy and response times were significantly better during the high-calorie task than the low-calorie task. For both the N2 and P3 ERP components, younger adults had larger no-go ERP amplitudes than older adults, but this effect was not food-specific, reflecting overall generalized lower inhibitory control processing in older adults. P3 amplitude for the younger adults demonstrated a specific food-related effect (greater P3 amplitude for high-calorie no-go than low-calorie no-go) that was not present for older adults. Findings support previous research demonstrating age-related differences in inhibitory control though those differences may not be specific to inhibiting towards food.
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9
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Hubbard RJ, Sahakyan L. Differential Recruitment of Inhibitory Control Processes by Directed Forgetting and Thought Substitution. J Neurosci 2023; 43:1963-1975. [PMID: 36810228 PMCID: PMC10027038 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0696-22.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Humans have the ability to intentionally forget information via different strategies, included suppression of encoding (directed forgetting) and mental replacement of the item to encode (thought substitution). These strategies may rely on different neural mechanisms; namely, encoding suppression may induce prefrontally mediated inhibition, whereas thought substitution is potentially accomplished through modulating contextual representations. Yet, few studies have directly related inhibitory processing to encoding suppression, or tested its involvement in thought substitution. Here, we directly tested whether encoding suppression recruits inhibitory mechanisms with a cross-task design, relating the behavioral and neural data from male and female participants in a Stop Signal task (a task specifically testing inhibitory processing) to a directed forgetting task with both encoding suppression (Forget) and thought substitution (Imagine) cues. Behaviorally, Stop Signal task performance (stop signal reaction times) was related to the magnitude of encoding suppression, but not thought substitution. Two complementary neural analyses corroborated the behavioral result. Namely, brain-behavior analysis demonstrated that the magnitude of right-frontal beta activity following stop signals was related to stop signal reaction times and successful encoding suppression, but not thought substitution; and classifiers trained to discriminate successful and unsuccessful stopping in the Stop Signal task could also classify successful and unsuccessful forgetting following Forget cues, but not Imagine cues. Importantly, inhibitory neural mechanisms were engaged following Forget cues at a later time than motor stopping. These findings not only support an inhibitory account of directed forgetting, and that thought substitution engages separate mechanisms, but also potentially identify a specific time in which inhibition occurs when suppressing encoding.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Forgetting often seems like an unintended experience, but forgetting can be intentional, and can be accomplished with multiple strategies. These strategies, including encoding suppression and thought substitution, may rely on different neural mechanisms. Here, we test the hypothesis that encoding suppression engages domain-general prefrontally driven inhibitory control mechanisms, while thought substitution does not. Using cross-task analyses, we provide evidence that encoding suppression engages the same inhibitory mechanisms used for stopping motor actions, but these mechanisms are not engaged by thought substitution. These findings not only support the notion that mnemonic encoding processes can be directly inhibited, but also have broad relevance, as certain populations with disrupted inhibitory processing may be more successful accomplishing intentional forgetting through thought substitution strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J Hubbard
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - Lili Sahakyan
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801
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10
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Tinello D, Tarvainen M, Zuber S, Kliegel M. Enhancing Inhibitory Control in Older Adults: A Biofeedback Study. Brain Sci 2023; 13:brainsci13020335. [PMID: 36831878 PMCID: PMC9954520 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13020335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Multidomain interventions based on bio-/neurofeedback have proven useful in improving executive functions. The present study aimed to explore the potential efficacy and feasibility of an intervention that combined Heart Rate Variability Biofeedback (HRV-BF) and Near Infrared Hemoencephalography Neurofeedback (nirHEG-NF) on inhibitory control (IC) of healthy older adults. Thirty-four participants were randomly assigned to two groups: the biofeedback group (received a 10-week combined intervention of HRV-BF and nirHEG-NF) and the active control group (received a similar protocol without real-time biofeedback). Besides cognitive outcomes, the study examined pre- and post-changes in autonomic regulation and prefrontal blood oxygenation at rest and during training. Results revealed training-induced inhibitory control gains in one of the two interference tasks, whereas no effect was found on response inhibition. After the intervention, HRV increased in participants with the lowest levels of HRV at baseline. Although older adults increased blood oxygenation during training, no significant pre- and post-changes were found in blood flow oxygenation. These findings not only suggest that HRV-BF and nirHEG-NF potentially improve performance in certain subcomponents of inhibition (i.e., interference vs. response inhibition), but it may also be beneficial for parasympathetic activity in participants with low HRV and for increasing blood flow oxygenation on prefrontal areas during training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doriana Tinello
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Geneva, Boulevard du Pont d’Arve 28, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
- LIVES, Overcoming Vulnerability, Life Course Perspective, Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research, University of Lausanne, Géopolis Building, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Centre for the Interdisciplinary Study of Gerontology and Vulnerability (CIGEV), University of Geneva, Boulevard du Pont d’Arve 28, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +41-22-937-93796
| | - Mika Tarvainen
- Department of Technical Physics, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, 70029 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Sascha Zuber
- LIVES, Overcoming Vulnerability, Life Course Perspective, Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research, University of Lausanne, Géopolis Building, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Centre for the Interdisciplinary Study of Gerontology and Vulnerability (CIGEV), University of Geneva, Boulevard du Pont d’Arve 28, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute on Aging & Lifelong Health, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Matthias Kliegel
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Geneva, Boulevard du Pont d’Arve 28, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
- LIVES, Overcoming Vulnerability, Life Course Perspective, Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research, University of Lausanne, Géopolis Building, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Centre for the Interdisciplinary Study of Gerontology and Vulnerability (CIGEV), University of Geneva, Boulevard du Pont d’Arve 28, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
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11
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Khalaf A, Kronemer SI, Christison-Lagay K, Kwon H, Li J, Wu K, Blumenfeld H. Early neural activity changes associated with stimulus detection during visual conscious perception. Cereb Cortex 2023; 33:1347-1360. [PMID: 35446937 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhac140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The earliest cortical neural signals following consciously perceived visual stimuli in humans are poorly understood. Using intracranial electroencephalography, we investigated neural activity changes associated with the earliest stages of stimulus detection during visual conscious perception. Participants (N = 10; 1,693 electrode contacts) completed a continuous performance task where subjects were asked to press a button when they saw a target letter among a series of nontargets. Broadband gamma power (40-115 Hz) was analyzed as marker of cortical population neural activity. Regardless of target or nontarget letter type, we observed early gamma power changes within 30-180 ms from stimulus onset in a network including increases in bilateral occipital, fusiform, frontal (including frontal eye fields), and medial temporal cortex; increases in left lateral parietal-temporal cortex; and decreases in the right anterior medial occipital cortex. No significant differences were observed between target and nontarget stimuli until >180 ms post-stimulus, when we saw greater gamma power increases in left motor and premotor areas, suggesting a possible role in perceptual decision-making and/or motor responses with the right hand. The early gamma power findings support a broadly distributed cortical visual detection network that is engaged at early times tens of milliseconds after signal transduction from the retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya Khalaf
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, United States.,Biomedical Engineering and Systems, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt
| | - Sharif I Kronemer
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, United States.,Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, United States
| | - Kate Christison-Lagay
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, United States
| | - Hunki Kwon
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, United States
| | - Jiajia Li
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, United States.,School of Information & Control Engineering, Xian University of Architecture & Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Kun Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, United States
| | - Hal Blumenfeld
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, United States.,Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, United States.,Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, United States
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12
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Rodríguez-Nieto G, Levin O, Hermans L, Weerasekera A, Sava AC, Haghebaert A, Huybrechts A, Cuypers K, Mantini D, Himmelreich U, Swinnen SP. Organization of neurochemical interactions in young and older brains as revealed with a network approach: Evidence from proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ( 1H-MRS). Neuroimage 2023; 266:119830. [PMID: 36566925 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is associated with alterations in the brain including structural and metabolic changes. Previous research has focused on neurometabolite level differences associated to age in a variety of brain regions, but the relationship among metabolites across the brain has been much less studied. Investigating these relationships can reveal underlying neurometabolic processes, their interdependency, and their progress throughout the lifespan. Using 1H-MRS, we investigated the relationship among metabolite concentrations of N-acetylaspartate (NAA), creatine (Cr), choline (Cho), myo-Inositol (mIns) and glutamate-glutamine complex (Glx) in seven voxel locations, i.e., bilateral sensorimotor cortex, bilateral striatum, pre-supplementary motor area, right inferior frontal gyrus and occipital cortex. These measurements were performed on 59 human participants divided in two age groups: young adults (YA: 23.2 ± 4.3; 18-34 years) and older adults (OA: 67.5 ± 3.9; 61-74 years). Our results showed age-related differences in NAA, Cho, and mIns across brain regions, suggesting the presence of neurodegeneration and altered gliosis. Moreover, associative patterns among NAA, Cho and Cr were observed across the selected brain regions, which differed between young and older adults. Whereas most of metabolite concentrations were inhomogeneous across different brain regions, Cho levels were shown to be strongly related across brain regions in both age groups. Finally, we found metabolic associations between homologous brain regions (SM1 and striatum) in the OA group, with NAA showing a significant correlation between bilateral sensorimotor cortices (SM1) and mIns levels being correlated between the bilateral striata. We posit that a network perspective provides important insights regarding the potential interactions among neurochemicals underlying metabolic processes at a local and global level and their relationship with aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geraldine Rodríguez-Nieto
- Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Tervuurse Vest 101, Leuven 3001, Belgium.
| | - Oron Levin
- Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Tervuurse Vest 101, Leuven 3001, Belgium
| | - Lize Hermans
- Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Tervuurse Vest 101, Leuven 3001, Belgium
| | - Akila Weerasekera
- Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Tervuurse Vest 101, Leuven 3001, Belgium; Biomedical MRI Unit, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Astrid Haghebaert
- Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Tervuurse Vest 101, Leuven 3001, Belgium
| | - Astrid Huybrechts
- Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Tervuurse Vest 101, Leuven 3001, Belgium
| | - Koen Cuypers
- Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Tervuurse Vest 101, Leuven 3001, Belgium; REVAL Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium; Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven-LBI, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dante Mantini
- Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Tervuurse Vest 101, Leuven 3001, Belgium; Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven-LBI, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Uwe Himmelreich
- Biomedical MRI Unit, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stephan P Swinnen
- Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Tervuurse Vest 101, Leuven 3001, Belgium; Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven-LBI, Leuven, Belgium
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13
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Wadsley CG, Cirillo J, Nieuwenhuys A, Byblow WD. Comparing anticipatory and stop-signal response inhibition with a novel, open-source selective stopping toolbox. Exp Brain Res 2023; 241:601-613. [PMID: 36635589 PMCID: PMC9894981 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-022-06539-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Response inhibition is essential for terminating inappropriate actions and, in some cases, may be required selectively. Selective stopping can be investigated with multicomponent anticipatory or stop-signal response inhibition paradigms. Here we provide a freely available open-source Selective Stopping Toolbox (SeleST) to investigate selective stopping using either anticipatory or stop-signal task variants. This study aimed to evaluate selective stopping between the anticipatory and stop-signal variants using SeleST and provide guidance to researchers for future use. Forty healthy human participants performed bimanual anticipatory response inhibition and stop-signal tasks in SeleST. Responses were more variable and slowed to a greater extent during the stop-signal than in the anticipatory paradigm. However, the stop-signal paradigm better conformed to the assumption of the independent race model of response inhibition. The expected response delay during selective stop trials was present in both variants. These findings indicate that selective stopping can successfully be investigated with either anticipatory or stop-signal paradigms in SeleST. We propose that the anticipatory paradigm should be used when strict control of response times is desired, while the stop-signal paradigm should be used when it is desired to estimate stop-signal reaction time with the independent race model. Importantly, the dual functionality of SeleST allows researchers flexibility in paradigm selection when investigating selective stopping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corey G. Wadsley
- Movement Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Exercise Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, 1023 New Zealand ,Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, Auckland, 1023 New Zealand
| | - John Cirillo
- Movement Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Exercise Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, 1023 New Zealand ,Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, Auckland, 1023 New Zealand
| | - Arne Nieuwenhuys
- Movement Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Exercise Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, 1023 New Zealand
| | - Winston D. Byblow
- Movement Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Exercise Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, 1023 New Zealand ,Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, Auckland, 1023 New Zealand
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14
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Lammers-Lietz F, Zacharias N, Mörgeli R, Spies CD, Winterer G. Functional Connectivity of the Supplementary and Presupplementary Motor Areas in Postoperative Transition Between Stages of Frailty. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2022; 77:2464-2473. [PMID: 35040961 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glac012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Frailty is a multietiological geriatric syndrome of run-down physical reserves with high vulnerability to stressors. Transitions between physical robustness and frailty often occur in the context of medical interventions. Studies suggest that neurological disorders contribute to faster progression of frailty. In a previous cross-sectional study we found altered functional connectivity of supplementary motor area (SMA) in (pre)frail compared to robust patients. We analyzed functional connectivity of the SMA and presupplementary motor area (pre-SMA) in patients with postoperative transitions between physical robustness and stages of frailty. METHODS We investigated 120 cognitively healthy patients (49.2% robust, 47.5% prefrail, 3.3% frail, 37.5% female, median age 71 [65-87] years) undergoing elective surgery from the BioCog project, a multicentric prospective cohort study on postoperative delirium and cognitive dysfunction. Assessments took place 14 days before and 3 months after surgery, comprising assessments of a modified frailty phenotype according to Fried and resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging at 3 T. The associations between functional connectivity of the SMA and pre-SMA networks, preoperative frailty stages, and postoperative transitions were examined using mixed linear effects models. RESULTS Nineteen patients showed physical improvement after surgery, 24 patients progressed to (pre)frailty and in 77 patients no transition was observed. At follow-up, 57 (47.5%) patients were robust, 52 (43.3%) prefrail, and 11 (9.2%) frail. Lower functional connectivity in the pre-SMA network was associated with more unfavorable postoperative transition types. An exploratory analysis suggested that the association was restricted to patients who were prefrail at baseline. There was no association of transition type with SMA functional connectivity in the primary analysis. In an exploratory analysis, transition from prefrailty to robustness was associated with higher functional connectivity and progression in robust patients was associated with higher SMA network segregation. CONCLUSIONS Our findings implicate that dysfunctions of cortical networks involved in higher cognitive control of motion are associated with postoperative transitions between frailty stages. The pre-SMA may be a target for neurofeedback or brain stimulation in approaches to prevent frailty. Clinical Trials Registration Number: NCT02265263.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Lammers-Lietz
- Department of Anesthesiology and Operative Intensive Care Medicine (CCM, CVK), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Norman Zacharias
- Department of Anesthesiology and Operative Intensive Care Medicine (CCM, CVK), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Pharmaimage Biomarker Solutions GmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rudolf Mörgeli
- Department of Anesthesiology and Operative Intensive Care Medicine (CCM, CVK), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Claudia D Spies
- Department of Anesthesiology and Operative Intensive Care Medicine (CCM, CVK), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Georg Winterer
- Department of Anesthesiology and Operative Intensive Care Medicine (CCM, CVK), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Pharmaimage Biomarker Solutions GmbH, Berlin, Germany
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15
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Rodríguez-Nieto G, Seer C, Sidlauskaite J, Vleugels L, Van Roy A, Hardwick R, Swinnen S. Inhibition, Shifting and Updating: Inter and intra-domain commonalities and differences from an executive functions activation likelihood estimation meta-analysis. Neuroimage 2022; 264:119665. [PMID: 36202157 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Executive functions are higher-order mental processes that support goal-directed behavior. Among these processes, Inhibition, Updating, and Shifting have been considered core executive domains. In this meta-analysis, we comprehensively investigate the neural networks of these executive domains and we synthesize for the first time the neural convergences and divergences among the most frequently used executive paradigms within those domains. A systematic search yielded 1055 published neuroimaging studies (including 26,191 participants in total). Our study revealed that a fronto-parietal network was shared by the three main domains. Furthermore, we executed conjunction analyses among the paradigms of the same domain to extract the core distinctive components of the main executive domains. This approach showed that Inhibition and Shifting are characterized by a strongly lateralized neural activation in the right and left hemisphere, respectively. In addition, both networks overlapped with the Updating network but not with each other. Remarkably, our study detected heterogeneity among the paradigms from the same domain. More specifically, analysis of Inhibition tasks revealed differing activations for Response Inhibition compared to Interference Control paradigms, suggesting that Inhibition encompasses relatively heterogeneous sub-functions. Shifting analyses revealed a bilateral overlap of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Task with the Updating network, but this pattern was absent for Rule Switching and Dual Task paradigms. Moreover, our Updating meta-analyses revealed the neural signatures associated with the specific modules of the Working Memory model from Baddeley and Hitch. To our knowledge, this is the most comprehensive meta-analysis of executive functions to date. Its paradigm-driven analyses provide a unique contribution to a better understanding of the neural convergences and divergences among executive processes that are relevant for clinical applications, such as cognitive enhancement and neurorehabilitation interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geraldine Rodríguez-Nieto
- Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Tervuursevest 101 box 1501, Leuven 3001, Belgium; Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), KU Leuven, Oude Markt 13, Leuven 5005, Belgium
| | - Caroline Seer
- Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Tervuursevest 101 box 1501, Leuven 3001, Belgium; Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), KU Leuven, Oude Markt 13, Leuven 5005, Belgium
| | - Justina Sidlauskaite
- Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Tervuursevest 101 box 1501, Leuven 3001, Belgium; Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), KU Leuven, Oude Markt 13, Leuven 5005, Belgium
| | - Lore Vleugels
- Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Tervuursevest 101 box 1501, Leuven 3001, Belgium; Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), KU Leuven, Oude Markt 13, Leuven 5005, Belgium; Institute of Neuroscience, UC Louvain, Av. Mounier 54, Bruxelles 1200, Belgium
| | - Anke Van Roy
- Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Tervuursevest 101 box 1501, Leuven 3001, Belgium; Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), KU Leuven, Oude Markt 13, Leuven 5005, Belgium
| | - Robert Hardwick
- Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Tervuursevest 101 box 1501, Leuven 3001, Belgium; Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), KU Leuven, Oude Markt 13, Leuven 5005, Belgium; Institute of Neuroscience, UC Louvain, Av. Mounier 54, Bruxelles 1200, Belgium
| | - Stephan Swinnen
- Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Tervuursevest 101 box 1501, Leuven 3001, Belgium; Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), KU Leuven, Oude Markt 13, Leuven 5005, Belgium.
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16
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Xu B, He T, Lu Y, Jia J, Sahakian BJ, Robbins TW, Jin L, Ye Z. Locus coeruleus integrity correlates with inhibitory functions of the fronto-subthalamic 'hyperdirect' pathway in Parkinson's disease. NEUROIMAGE: CLINICAL 2022; 36:103276. [PMID: 36510410 PMCID: PMC9723406 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2022.103276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A long-running debate concerns whether dopamine or noradrenaline deficiency drives response disinhibition in Parkinson's disease (PD). This study aimed to investigate whether damage to the locus coeruleus (LC) or substantia nigra (SN) might impact inhibitory functions of the fronto-subthalamic hyperdirect or fronto-striatal indirect pathway. Patients with PD (n = 29, 13 women) and matched healthy controls (n = 29, 15 women) participated in this cross-sectional study. LC and SN integrity was assessed using neuromelanin-sensitive MRI. Response inhibition was measured using fMRI with a stop-signal task. In healthy controls, LC (but not SN) integrity correlated with the stopping-related activity of the right inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) and right subthalamic nucleus (STN), which further correlated with stop-signal reaction time (SSRT). PD patients showed reduced LC integrity, longer SSRT, and lower stopping-related activity over the right IFG, pre-supplementary motor area, and right caudate nucleus than healthy controls. In PD patients, the relationship between SSRT and the fronto-subthalamic pathway was preserved. However, LC integrity no longer correlated with the stopping-related right IFG or right STN activity. No contribution of SN integrity was found during stopping. In conclusion, LC (but not SN) might modulate inhibitory functions of the right IFG-STN pathway. Damage to the LC might impact the right IFG-STN pathway during stopping, leading to response disinhibition in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biman Xu
- Institute of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yueyang Road 320, Shanghai 200031, China,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road 19(A), Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tingting He
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Fenglin Road 180, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yuan Lu
- Institute of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yueyang Road 320, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Jia Jia
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Fenglin Road 180, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Barbara J. Sahakian
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Herchel Smith Building for Brain & Mind Sciences, Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0SZ, UK,Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Handan Road 220, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Trevor W. Robbins
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Handan Road 220, Shanghai 200433, China,Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EB, UK
| | - Lirong Jin
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Fenglin Road 180, Shanghai 200032, China,Corresponding authors.
| | - Zheng Ye
- Institute of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yueyang Road 320, Shanghai 200031, China,Corresponding authors.
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17
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Xia H, He Q, Chen A. Understanding cognitive control in aging: A brain network perspective. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:1038756. [PMID: 36389081 PMCID: PMC9659905 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.1038756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive control decline is a major manifestation of brain aging that severely impairs the goal-directed abilities of older adults. Magnetic resonance imaging evidence suggests that cognitive control during aging is associated with altered activation in a range of brain regions, including the frontal, parietal, and occipital lobes. However, focusing on specific regions, while ignoring the structural and functional connectivity between regions, may impede an integrated understanding of cognitive control decline in older adults. Here, we discuss the role of aging-related changes in functional segregation, integration, and antagonism among large-scale networks. We highlight that disrupted spontaneous network organization, impaired information co-processing, and enhanced endogenous interference promote cognitive control declines during aging. Additionally, in older adults, severe damage to structural network can weaken functional connectivity and subsequently trigger cognitive control decline, whereas a relatively intact structural network ensures the compensation of functional connectivity to mitigate cognitive control impairment. Thus, we propose that age-related changes in functional networks may be influenced by structural networks in cognitive control in aging (CCA). This review provided an integrative framework to understand the cognitive control decline in aging by viewing the brain as a multimodal networked system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haishuo Xia
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qinghua He
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Antao Chen
- School of Psychology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Antao Chen,
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18
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Hall A, Jenkinson N, MacDonald HJ. Exploring stop signal reaction time over two sessions of the anticipatory response inhibition task. Exp Brain Res 2022; 240:3061-3072. [PMID: 36239740 PMCID: PMC9587965 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-022-06480-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Various behavioural tasks measure response inhibition encompassing the ability to cancel unwanted actions, evaluated via stop signal reaction time (SSRT). It is unclear whether SSRT is an unchangeable inherent measure of inhibitory network integrity or whether it can improve with repetition. The current study explored if and how SSRT changed over two sessions for the Anticipatory Response Inhibition Task (ARIT), and how this compared with the Stop Signal Task (SST). Forty-four participants repeated the ARIT and SST over two sessions. SSRT and its constituent measures (Go trial reaction time, stop signal delay) were calculated. SSRT reflecting non-selective response inhibition was consistent between sessions in the ARIT and SST (both p > 0.293). Reaction time and stop signal delay also remained stable across sessions in the ARIT (all p > 0.063), whereas in the SST, reaction time (p = 0.013) and stop signal delay (p = 0.009) increased. SSRT reflecting behaviourally selective stopping on the ARIT improved (p < 0.001) over two sessions, which was underpinned by changes to reaction time (p < 0.001) and stop signal delay (p < 0.001). Overall, the maximal efficiency of non-selective inhibition remained stable across two sessions in the ARIT. Results of the SST confirmed that non-selective inhibition can, however, be affected by more than inhibitory network integrity. Behaviourally selective stopping on the ARIT changed across sessions, suggesting the sequential neural process captured by the SSRT occurred more quickly in session two. These findings have implications for future studies that necessitate behavioural measures over multiple sessions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Hall
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Centre for Human Brain Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Ned Jenkinson
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Centre for Human Brain Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Hayley J MacDonald
- Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
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19
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McKay E, Kirk H, Coxon J, Courtney D, Bellgrove M, Arnatkeviciute A, Cornish K. Training inhibitory control in adolescents with elevated attention deficit hyperactivity disorder traits: a randomised controlled trial of the Alfi Virtual Reality programme. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e061626. [PMID: 36127121 PMCID: PMC9490587 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-061626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is characterised by significant deficits in attention and inhibition. These deficits are associated with negative sequelae that emerge in childhood and often continue throughout adolescence. Despite these difficulties adolescents with ADHD often demonstrate poor treatment compliance with traditional interventions (eg, psychostimulant medication). Virtual reality (VR) presents an innovative means of delivering engaging cognitive interventions for adolescents with ADHD and offers the potential to improve compliance with such interventions. The current parallel, randomised controlled trial aims to evaluate the effects of a VR intervention (Alfi) designed to improve inhibition in adolescents with ADHD. METHODS AND ANALYSIS A sample of 100 adolescents (aged 13-17) with elevated ADHD symptoms will be recruited from secondary schools and ADHD organisations located in the state of Victoria, Australia. Participants will be randomly assigned to either an 8-week VR intervention or a usual care control. The VR intervention involves the completion of 14 sessions, each 20 min in duration. Participants will complete computerised assessments of inhibition and risk-taking preintervention and immediately postintervention. Parents/guardians will complete online questionnaires about their child's ADHD symptoms and social functioning at each of these timepoints. The primary outcome is change in inhibition performance in adolescents who received the intervention from preintervention to postintervention compared with adolescents in the control condition. Secondary outcomes include change in risk-taking, ADHD symptoms and social functioning in adolescents who received the intervention from preintervention to postintervention compared with adolescents in the control condition. If the intervention is shown to be effective, it may offer a supplementary approach to traditional interventions for adolescents with ADHD experiencing inhibitory control difficulties. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION This trial has ethics approval from the Monash University Human Research Ethics Committee (HREC) (21530) and the Victorian Department of Education and Training HREC (2020_004271). Results will be disseminated through peer-reviewed journals, conference proceedings and community activities. Individual summaries of the results will be provided to participants on request. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER ACTRN12620000647932.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin McKay
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Hannah Kirk
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - James Coxon
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Danielle Courtney
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mark Bellgrove
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Aurina Arnatkeviciute
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kim Cornish
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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20
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Morand A, Segobin S, Lecouvey G, Gonneaud J, Eustache F, Rauchs G, Desgranges B. Alterations in resting-state functional connectivity associated to the age-related decline in time-based prospective memory. Cereb Cortex 2022; 33:4374-4383. [PMID: 36130116 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhac349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Time-based prospective memory (TBPM) is defined as the ability to remember to perform intended actions at a specific time in the future. TBPM is impaired in aging, and this decline has been associated with white-matter alterations within the superior fronto-occipital fasciculus. In the present study, we used resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging from 22 healthy young (26 ± 5.2 years) and 23 older (63 ± 6.1 years) participants to investigate how age-related alterations in resting-state functional connectivity are related to TBPM performance, and whether these alterations are associated with the white-matter disruptions we have previously observed with diffusion tensor imaging. Whole-brain analyses revealed lower resting-state functional connectivity in older participants compared with younger ones, which in turn correlated with TBPM performance. These correlations were mainly located in the salience network and the parietal part of the frontoparietal network. Our findings suggest that resting-state functional connectivity alterations contribute to the age-related decline in TBPM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandrine Morand
- Normandie Universite, UNICAEN, PSL Universite Paris, EPHE, Inserm, U1077, CHU de Caen, NIMH, GIP Cyceron, Pole des Formations et de Recherche en Sante, 2 rue des Rochambelles, F-14032 Caen Cedex CS 14032, France
- Normandie Universite, UNICAEN, Inserm, U1237, PHIND, Institut Blood and Brain @Caen-Normandie, GIP Cyceron, Bd Henri Becquerel, BP 5229, 14074 Caen Cedex 5, France
| | - Shailendra Segobin
- Normandie Universite, UNICAEN, PSL Universite Paris, EPHE, Inserm, U1077, CHU de Caen, NIMH, GIP Cyceron, Pole des Formations et de Recherche en Sante, 2 rue des Rochambelles, F-14032 Caen Cedex CS 14032, France
| | - Grégory Lecouvey
- Normandie Universite, UNICAEN, PSL Universite Paris, EPHE, Inserm, U1077, CHU de Caen, NIMH, GIP Cyceron, Pole des Formations et de Recherche en Sante, 2 rue des Rochambelles, F-14032 Caen Cedex CS 14032, France
| | - Julie Gonneaud
- Normandie Universite, UNICAEN, Inserm, U1237, PHIND, Institut Blood and Brain @Caen-Normandie, GIP Cyceron, Bd Henri Becquerel, BP 5229, 14074 Caen Cedex 5, France
| | - Francis Eustache
- Normandie Universite, UNICAEN, PSL Universite Paris, EPHE, Inserm, U1077, CHU de Caen, NIMH, GIP Cyceron, Pole des Formations et de Recherche en Sante, 2 rue des Rochambelles, F-14032 Caen Cedex CS 14032, France
| | - Géraldine Rauchs
- Normandie Universite, UNICAEN, PSL Universite Paris, EPHE, Inserm, U1077, CHU de Caen, NIMH, GIP Cyceron, Pole des Formations et de Recherche en Sante, 2 rue des Rochambelles, F-14032 Caen Cedex CS 14032, France
- Normandie Universite, UNICAEN, Inserm, U1237, PHIND, Institut Blood and Brain @Caen-Normandie, GIP Cyceron, Bd Henri Becquerel, BP 5229, 14074 Caen Cedex 5, France
| | - Béatrice Desgranges
- Normandie Universite, UNICAEN, PSL Universite Paris, EPHE, Inserm, U1077, CHU de Caen, NIMH, GIP Cyceron, Pole des Formations et de Recherche en Sante, 2 rue des Rochambelles, F-14032 Caen Cedex CS 14032, France
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21
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Seer C, Adab HZ, Sidlauskaite J, Dhollander T, Chalavi S, Gooijers J, Sunaert S, Swinnen SP. Bridging cognition and action: executive functioning mediates the relationship between white matter fiber density and complex motor abilities in older adults. Aging (Albany NY) 2022; 14:7263-7281. [PMID: 35997651 PMCID: PMC9550248 DOI: 10.18632/aging.204237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Aging may be associated with motor decline that is attributed to deteriorating white matter microstructure of the corpus callosum (CC), among other brain-related factors. Similar to motor functioning, executive functioning (EF) typically declines during aging, with age-associated changes in EF likewise being linked to altered white matter connectivity in the CC. Given that both motor and executive functions rely on white matter connectivity via the CC, and that bimanual control is thought to rely on EF, the question arises whether EF can at least party account for the proposed link between CC-connectivity and motor control in older adults. To address this, diffusion magnetic resonance imaging data were obtained from 84 older adults. A fiber-specific approach was used to obtain fiber density (FD), fiber cross-section (FC), and a combination of both metrics in eight transcallosal white matter tracts. Motor control was assessed using a bimanual coordination task. EF was determined by a domain-general latent EF-factor extracted from multiple EF tasks, based on a comprehensive test battery. FD of transcallosal prefrontal fibers was associated with cognitive and motor performance. EF partly accounted for the relationship between FD of prefrontal transcallosal pathways and motor control. Our results underscore the multidimensional interrelations between callosal white matter connectivity (especially in prefrontal brain regions), EF across multiple domains, and motor control in the older population. They also highlight the importance of considering EF when investigating brain-motor behavior associations in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Seer
- Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,KU Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hamed Zivari Adab
- Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,KU Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Justina Sidlauskaite
- Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,KU Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Sima Chalavi
- Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,KU Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jolien Gooijers
- Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,KU Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stefan Sunaert
- Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven and University Hospital Leuven (UZ Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stephan P Swinnen
- Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,KU Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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22
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Kang W, Wang J, Malvaso A. Inhibitory Control in Aging: The Compensation-Related Utilization of Neural Circuits Hypothesis. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 13:771885. [PMID: 35967887 PMCID: PMC9371469 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.771885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As one of the core executive functions, inhibitory control plays an important role in human life. Inhibitory control refers to the ability to suppress task irrelevant information both internally and externally. Modern cognitive neuroscience has extensively investigated the neural basis of inhibitory control, less is known about the inhibitory control mechanisms in aging. Growing interests in cognitive declines of aging have given raise to the compensation-related utilization of neural circuits hypothesis (CRUNCH). In this review, we survey both behavioral, functional, and structural changes relevant to inhibitory control in aging. In line with CRUNCH, we found that older adults engage additional brain regions than younger adults when performing the same cognitive task, to compensate for declining brain structures and functions. Moreover, we propose CRUNCH could well take functional inhibitory deficits in older adults into account. Finally, we provide three sensible future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weixi Kang
- Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Weixi Kang,
| | - Junxin Wang
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Antonio Malvaso
- School of Medicine and Surgery, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
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23
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Leunissen I, Van Steenkiste M, Heise KF, Monteiro TS, Dunovan K, Mantini D, Coxon JP, Swinnen SP. Effects of beta-band and gamma-band rhythmic stimulation on motor inhibition. iScience 2022; 25:104338. [PMID: 35602965 PMCID: PMC9117874 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate whether beta oscillations are causally related to motor inhibition, thirty-six participants underwent two concurrent transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) and electroencephalography (EEG) sessions during which either beta (20 Hz) or gamma (70 Hz) stimulation was applied while participants performed a stop-signal task. In addition, we acquired magnetic resonance images to simulate the electric field during tACS. 20 Hz stimulation targeted at the pre-supplementary motor area enhanced inhibition and increased beta oscillatory power around the time of the stop-signal in trials directly following stimulation. The increase in inhibition on stop trials followed a dose-response relationship with the strength of the individually simulated electric field. Computational modeling revealed that 20 and 70 Hz stimulation had opposite effects on the braking process. These results highlight that the effects of tACS are state-dependent and demonstrate that fronto-central beta activity is causally related to successful motor inhibition, supporting its use as a functional biomarker. Beta tACS over preSMA improved motor inhibition Gamma tACS slowed down the stop process but primarily affected movement execution Beta tACS resulted in higher beta spectral power around the time of the stop-signal Effects of tACS showed a dose-response relationship with electric field strength
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Affiliation(s)
- Inge Leunissen
- Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.,Section Brain Stimulation and Cognition, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, 6200MD, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Manon Van Steenkiste
- Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kirstin-Friederike Heise
- Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.,KU Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Thiago Santos Monteiro
- Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.,KU Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kyle Dunovan
- Department of Psychology and Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Dante Mantini
- Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.,Brain Imaging and Neural Dynamics Research Group, IRCCS San Camillo Hospital, 30126, Venice, Italy
| | - James P Coxon
- School of Psychological Sciences and Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Stephan P Swinnen
- Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.,KU Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
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24
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Balance Differences between North and South American Older Adults: A Cross-Sectional, Age and Sex Matched Study. Healthcare (Basel) 2022; 10:healthcare10030499. [PMID: 35326977 PMCID: PMC8953926 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10030499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to characterize the risk of falling in low-, moderate- and high-risk participants from two different geographical locations using a portable force-plate. A sample of 390 older adults from South and North America were matched for age, sex, height and weight. All participants performed a standardized balance assessment using a force plate. Participants were classified in low, moderate and high risk of falling. No differences were observed between South and North American men, nor comparing North American men and women. South American women showed the significantly shorter center of pressure path length compared to other groups. The majority of the sample was categorized as having low risk of falling (male: 65.69% and female: 61.87%), with no differences between men and women. Moreover, no differences were found between North vs. South Americans, nor between male and female groups compared separately. In conclusion, South American women had better balance compatible with the status of the 50–59 years’ normative age-range. The prevalence of low falls risk was~61–65%; the prevalence of moderate to high risk was~16–19%. The frequency of fall risk did not differ significantly between North and South Americans, nor between males and females.
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25
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Li H, Heise KF, Chalavi S, Puts NAJ, Edden RAE, Swinnen SP. The role of MRS-assessed GABA in human behavioral performance. Prog Neurobiol 2022; 212:102247. [PMID: 35149113 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2022.102247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the neurophysiological mechanisms that drive human behavior has been a long-standing focus of cognitive neuroscience. One well-known neuro-metabolite involved in the creation of optimal behavioral repertoires is GABA, the main inhibitory neurochemical in the human brain. Converging evidence from both animal and human studies indicates that individual variations in GABAergic function are associated with behavioral performance. In humans, one increasingly used in vivo approach to measuring GABA levels is through Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS). However, the implications of MRS measures of GABA for behavior remain poorly understood. In this respect, it is yet to be determined how GABA levels within distinct task-related brain regions of interest account for differences in behavioral performance. This review summarizes findings from cross-sectional studies that determined baseline MRS-assessed GABA levels and examined their associations with performance on various behaviors representing the perceptual, motor and cognitive domains, with a particular focus on healthy participants across the lifespan. Overall, the results indicate that MRS-assessed GABA levels play a pivotal role in various domains of behavior. Even though some converging patterns emerge, it is challenging to draw comprehensive conclusions due to differences in behavioral task paradigms, targeted brain regions of interest, implemented MRS techniques and reference compounds used. Across all studies, the effects of GABA levels on behavioral performance point to generic and partially independent functions that refer to distinctiveness, interference suppression and cognitive flexibility. On one hand, higher baseline GABA levels may support the distinctiveness of neural representations during task performance and better coping with interference and suppression of preferred response tendencies. On the other hand, lower baseline GABA levels may support a reduction of inhibition, leading to higher cognitive flexibility. These effects are task-dependent and appear to be mediated by age. Nonetheless, additional studies using emerging advanced methods are required to further clarify the role of MRS-assessed GABA in behavioral performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Li
- Movement Control & Neuroplasticity Research Group, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Belgium; KU Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), KU Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Kirstin-Friederike Heise
- Movement Control & Neuroplasticity Research Group, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Belgium; KU Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Health Sciences and Research, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.
| | - Sima Chalavi
- Movement Control & Neuroplasticity Research Group, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Belgium; KU Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), KU Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Nicolaas A J Puts
- MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, London, UK; Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK; Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; F. M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Richard A E Edden
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; F. M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Stephan P Swinnen
- Movement Control & Neuroplasticity Research Group, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Belgium; KU Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), KU Leuven, Belgium.
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26
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Ye R, Mazibuko N, Teichert J, Regenthal R, Kehagia AA, Mehta MA. Mapping the effects of atomoxetine during response inhibition across cortical territories and the locus coeruleus. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2022; 239:365-376. [PMID: 34693457 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-021-05998-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The effects of atomoxetine (ATO) on response inhibition have been typically examined using the stop signal task (SST) which is however confounded by attentional capture. The right inferior frontal cortex (rIFC) has been implicated in the modulation of ATO on inhibitory control, but a precise characterisation of its role is complicated by its functional inhomogeneity. OBJECTIVES The current study aimed to directly investigate the effect of ATO in the SST using the imaging contrast unconfounded by attentional capture, to test the specific drug actions in functionally dissociable rIFC subregions, and to explore the role of locus coeruleus (LC), the main source of cortical noradrenaline, in mediating the drug effects. METHODS This imaging study investigated the effect of ATO (40 mg) in 18 human participants during a modified SST that unconfounds attention from inhibition. Functional definitions for rIFC subdivisions were adopted in the analyses to isolate attention and inhibition during action cancellation. The LC integrity was measured in vivo using a neuromelanin-sensitive sequence. RESULTS We identified one mechanism of ATO modulation specific to inhibitory control: ATO enhanced activity in pre-supplementary area (pre-SMA) for motor inhibition, and the recruitment of temporoparietal junction (TPJ) and inferior frontal junction (IFJ) for functional integration during response inhibition. Moreover, drug-related behavioural and neural responses correlated with variations in LC integrity. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide a more nuanced and precise understanding of the effects of ATO on specific and domain general aspects of stopping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Ye
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Cambridge University Hospital NHS Trust, University of Cambridge, Herchel Smith Building, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0SZ, UK. .,Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
| | - Ndabezinhle Mazibuko
- Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Jens Teichert
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Rudolf-Boehm-Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ralf Regenthal
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Rudolf-Boehm-Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Angie A Kehagia
- Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.,University College Hospital, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Mitul A Mehta
- Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
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27
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Zapparoli L, Mariano M, Paulesu E. How the motor system copes with aging: a quantitative meta-analysis of the effect of aging on motor function control. Commun Biol 2022; 5:79. [PMID: 35058549 PMCID: PMC8776875 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03027-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Motor cognitive functions and their neurophysiology evolve and degrade along the lifespan in a dramatic fashion. Current models of how the brain adapts to aging remain inspired primarily by studies on memory or language processes. Yet, aging is strongly associated with reduced motor independence and the associated degraded interaction with the environment: accordingly, any neurocognitive model of aging not considering the motor system is, ipso facto, incomplete. Here we present a meta-analysis of forty functional brain-imaging studies to address aging effects on motor control. Our results indicate that motor control is associated with aging-related changes in brain activity, involving not only motoric brain regions but also posterior areas such as the occipito-temporal cortex. Notably, some of these differences depend on the specific nature of the motor task and the level of performance achieved by the participants. These findings support neurocognitive models of aging that make fewer anatomical assumptions while also considering tasks-dependent and performance-dependent manifestations. Besides the theoretical implications, the present data also provide additional information for the motor rehabilitation domain, indicating that motor control is a more complex phenomenon than previously understood, to which separate cognitive operations can contribute and decrease in different ways with aging. Many aspects of neuronal control degrade with ageing, including motor control. Using a meta-analysis of functional MRI images, it is made apparent that the ageing brain relies more on visual strategies than sensory stimuli to maintain motor function.
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28
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Aging and goal-directed cognition: Cognitive control, inhibition, and motivated cognition. PSYCHOLOGY OF LEARNING AND MOTIVATION 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.plm.2022.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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29
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Wadsley CG, Cirillo J, Nieuwenhuys A, Byblow WD. Decoupling countermands nonselective response inhibition during selective stopping. J Neurophysiol 2021; 127:188-203. [PMID: 34936517 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00495.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Response inhibition is essential for goal-directed behavior within dynamic environments. Selective stopping is a complex form of response inhibition where only part of a multi-effector response must be cancelled. A substantial response delay emerges on unstopped effectors when a cued effector is successfully stopped. This stopping-interference effect is indicative of nonselective response inhibition during selective stopping which may, in-part, be a consequence of functional coupling. The present study examined selective stopping of (de)coupled bimanual responses in healthy human participants of either sex. Participants performed synchronous and asynchronous versions of an anticipatory stop-signal paradigm across two sessions while mu (µ) and beta (β) rhythm were measured with electroencephalography. Results showed that responses were behaviorally decoupled during asynchronous go trials and the extent of response asynchrony was associated with lateralized sensorimotor µ and β desynchronization during response preparation. Selective stopping produced a stopping-interference effect and was marked by a nonselective increase and subsequent rebound in prefrontal and sensorimotor β. In support of the coupling account, stopping-interference was smaller during selective stopping of asynchronous responses, and negatively associated with the magnitude of decoupling. However, the increase in sensorimotor β during selective stopping was equivalent between the stopped and unstopped hand irrespective of response synchrony. Overall, the findings demonstrate that decoupling facilitates selective stopping after a global pause process and emphasizes the importance of considering the influence of both the go and stop context when investigating response inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corey George Wadsley
- Movement Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Exercise Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - John Cirillo
- Movement Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Exercise Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Arne Nieuwenhuys
- Movement Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Exercise Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Winston D Byblow
- Movement Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Exercise Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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30
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Swartz M, Burton F, Vakamudi K, Al-Khalil K, Witkiewitz K, Claus ED. Age dependent neural correlates of inhibition and control mechanisms in moderate to heavy drinkers. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2021; 32:102875. [PMID: 34781154 PMCID: PMC8604718 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2021.102875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Older age was associated with reductions in inhibition related activity. Older drinkers had greater reductions in frontal activity than younger drinkers. Men and women had opposite correlations between alcohol use severity and activity.
Background Long-term, heavy alcohol consumption has been associated with impairments in control over alcohol use, but whether this extends to other areas of cognitive and behavioral control such as response inhibition remains unclear. Understanding individual differences in the neural correlates of response inhibition will provide further insight into the neurobiology of heavy drinking. The current study investigated response inhibition in a large sample of moderate to heavy drinkers Methods One hundred fifty-three individuals completed a stop signal task while undergoing functional magnetic resonance imaging. Multiple regression analyses focused on blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) response contrasts of correct inhibition and failed inhibition as dependent variables and included age, sex, and hazardous drinking (as measured by the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT)), and their interactions, as independent variables Results Age was negatively associated with BOLD response in lateral inferior and middle frontal gyri, anterior cingulate cortex, and inferior parietal lobe for both successful inhibition and failed inhibition contrasts. In addition, there was a significant age × AUDIT interaction in the successful inhibition contrast in the left middle frontal gyrus, with significant negative correlations between AUDIT and BOLD response in older participants, and a significant positive correlation between AUDIT and BOLD response in younger participants Conclusions Age appears to be a particularly important factor in predicting BOLD response and may be a critical variable to include in future studies of heavy drinking and alcohol use disorder, particularly those that assess cognitive function. Finally, the age × AUDIT interaction observed in the current study may represent evidence for accelerated aging effects of alcohol on cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Katie Witkiewitz
- Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico and the Center on Alcohol, Substance Use, and Addictions, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Eric D Claus
- The Mind Research Network, Albuquerque, NM, USA; Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
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31
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Fujiyama H, Tan J, Puri R, Hinder MR. Influence of tDCS over right inferior frontal gyrus and pre-supplementary motor area on perceptual decision-making and response inhibition: A healthy ageing perspective. Neurobiol Aging 2021; 109:11-21. [PMID: 34634749 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2021.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A wide body of literature suggests that transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) administered over the prefrontal cortex can improve executive function - including decision-making and inhibitory control - in healthy young adults. However, the effects of tDCS in older adults are largely unknown. Here, using a double-blind, sham-controlled approach, changes in a combined perceptual decision-making and inhibitory control task were assessed before and after the application of tDCS (1 mA, 20 minute) targeting the right inferior frontal gyrus (rIFG) or pre-supplementary motor area (preSMA) in 42 young (18-34 years) and 41 older (60-80 years) healthy adults. Compared to sham stimulation, anodal tDCS over the preSMA improved decision-making speed for both age groups. Furthermore, the inhibitory control performance of older and younger adults was improved by preSMA and rIFG stimulation, respectively. This study provides evidence that tDCS can improve both perceptual decision-making and inhibitory control in healthy older adults, with the causal role of the preSMA and rIFG regions in cognitive control appearing to vary as a function of healthy ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hakuei Fujiyama
- Psychology, Murdoch University, Western Australia, Australia; Centre for Healthy Ageing, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Western Australia, Australia; Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Murdoch University, Western Australia, Australia.
| | - Jane Tan
- Action and Cognition Laboratory, Discipline of Psychology, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | - Rohan Puri
- Sensorimotor Neuroscience and Ageing Research Group, School of Psychological Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Mark R Hinder
- Sensorimotor Neuroscience and Ageing Research Group, School of Psychological Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
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32
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Mehrabi S, Muñoz JE, Basharat A, Boger J, Cao S, Barnett-Cowan M, Middleton LE. Immersive virtual reality exergames to promote well-being of community-dwelling older adults: a mixed-methods pilot study protocol (Preprint). JMIR Res Protoc 2021; 11:e32955. [PMID: 35700014 PMCID: PMC9237784 DOI: 10.2196/32955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Despite the proven benefits of exercise in older adults, challenges such as access and motivation can deter their engagement. Interactive virtual reality (VR) games combined with exercise (exergames) are a plausible strategy to encourage physical activity among this population. However, there has been little research on the feasibility, acceptability, and potential benefits of deploying at-home VR exergames among community-dwelling older adults. Objective The objectives of this study are to estimate the feasibility, usability, and acceptability of a co-designed VR exergame in community-dwelling older adults; examine intervention feasibility and assessment protocols for a future large-scale trial; and provide pilot data on outcomes of interest (physical activity, exercise self-efficacy, mood, cognition, perception, and gameplay metrics). Methods The study will be a remote, 6-week intervention comprising an experimental and a control group. A sample of at least 12 community-dwelling older adults (with no or mild cognitive impairment) will be recruited for each group. Both groups will follow the same study procedures and assessment methods. However, the experimental group will engage with a co-designed VR exergame (Seas The Day) thrice weekly for approximately 20 minutes using the Oculus Quest 2 (Facebook Reality Labs) VR headset. The control group will read (instead of playing Seas The Day) thrice weekly for approximately 20 minutes over the 6-week period. A mixed methods evaluation will be used. Changes in physical activity, exercise self-efficacy, mood, cognition, and perception will be compared before and after acute data as well as before and after the 6 weeks between the experimental (exergaming) and control (reading) groups. Qualitative data from postintervention focus groups or interviews and informal notes and reports from all participants will be analyzed to assess the feasibility of the study protocol. Qualitative data from the experimental group will also be analyzed to assess the feasibility, usability, and acceptability of at-home VR exergames and explore perceived facilitators of and barriers to uptaking VR systems among community-dwelling older adults. Results The screening and recruitment process for the experimental group started in May 2021, and the data collection process will be completed by September 2021. The timeline of the recruitment process for the control group is September 2021 to December 2021. We anticipate an estimated adherence rate of ≥80%. Challenges associated with VR technology and the complexity of remote assessments are expected. Conclusions This pilot study will provide important information on the feasibility, acceptability, and usability of a custom-made VR exergaming intervention to promote older adults’ well-being. Findings from this study will be useful to inform the methodology, design, study procedures, and assessment protocol for future large-scale trials of VR exergames with older adults as well as deepen the understanding of remote deployment and at-home use of VR for exercise in older adults. International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) DERR1-10.2196/32955
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Mehrabi
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - John E Muñoz
- Department of Systems Design Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Aysha Basharat
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Jennifer Boger
- Department of Systems Design Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
- Research Institute for Aging, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Shi Cao
- Department of Systems Design Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | | | - Laura E Middleton
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
- Research Institute for Aging, Waterloo, ON, Canada
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Nieman T, Bergelt M, Clancy J, Regan K, Hobson N, Dos Santos A, Middleton LE. Changes in cognitive control and mood across repeated exercise sessions. Appl Psychol Health Well Being 2021; 13:853-870. [PMID: 34196482 PMCID: PMC9291128 DOI: 10.1111/aphw.12275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Acute exercise elicits benefits to cognition and mood. The consistency and accumulation of benefits across exercise sessions remains unclear. This exploratory study evaluated the reproducibility and accumulation of changes in cognitive control and mood across multiple exercise sessions. Thirty young healthy adults (18-35 years) were recruited to exercise (N = 14; age: 21.71 [SD = 1.64]; 57% female) or control (N = 16; age: 22.25 [SD = 3.68]; 56% female) groups. Participants attended six sessions over 2 weeks (EX = 20-min mod-intensity cycling; CO = 20-min reading). Cognitive control was assessed using a Flanker task (accuracy-adjusted response time, RTLISAS ) pre-/post-intervention. Mood was reported 5×/day on exercise and non-exercise days (pre, post, 11:30 am, 3 pm, and 8 pm) using the Bond-Lader VAS. Cognitive control and mood improved acutely (within session) following exercise compared with control (F(1, 592) = 6.11, p = .0137; F(1, 305.93) = 38.68, p < .0001; F(1, 307.06) = 13.69, p = .0003) and were consistent across sessions. Cognitive control also improved across sessions in both groups (F(5, 282.22) = 11.06, p < .0001). These results suggest that: (1) acute effects of exercise on cognition and mood are consistent across multiple sessions; (2) the Flanker task learning effects continue over many trials/sessions; and (3) accumulated mood effects require further investigation. Future studies should further explore the connection between acute exercise exposures and accumulated cognitive benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kayla Regan
- The University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Nic Hobson
- The University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
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Maldonado T, Orr JM, Goen JRM, Bernard JA. Age Differences in the Subcomponents of Executive Functioning. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2021; 75:e31-e55. [PMID: 31943092 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbaa005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Across the life span, deficits in executive functioning (EF) are associated with poor behavioral control and failure to achieve goals. Though EF is often discussed as one broad construct, a prominent model of EF suggests that it is composed of three subdomains: inhibition, set shifting, and updating. These subdomains are seen in both younger (YA) and older adults (OA), with performance deficits across subdomains in OA. Therefore, our goal was to investigate whether subdomains of EF might be differentially affected by age, and how these differences may relate to broader global age differences in EF. METHODS To assess these age differences, we conducted a meta-analysis at multiple levels, including task level, subdomain level, and of global EF. Based on previous work, we hypothesized that there would be overall differences in EF in OA. RESULTS Using 1,268 effect sizes from 401 articles, we found overall differences in EF with age. Results suggested that differences in performance are not uniform, such that variability in age effects emerged at the task level, and updating was not as affected by age as other subdomains. DISCUSSION These findings advance our understanding of age differences in EF, and stand to inform early detection of EF decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ted Maldonado
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station
| | - Joseph M Orr
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station.,Texas A&M Institute for Neuroscience, Texas A&M University, College Station
| | - James R M Goen
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station
| | - Jessica A Bernard
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station.,Texas A&M Institute for Neuroscience, Texas A&M University, College Station
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Levin O, Netz Y, Ziv G. Behavioral and Neurophysiological Aspects of Inhibition-The Effects of Acute Cardiovascular Exercise. J Clin Med 2021; 10:E282. [PMID: 33466667 PMCID: PMC7828827 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10020282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This review summarizes behavioral and neurophysiological aspects of inhibitory control affected by a single bout of cardiovascular exercise. The review also examines the effect of a single bout of cardiovascular exercise on these processes in young adults with a focus on the functioning of prefrontal pathways (including the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and elements of the prefrontal-basal ganglia pathways). Finally, the review offers an overview on the potential effects of cardiovascular exercise on GABA-ergic and glutamatergic neurotransmission in the adult brain and propose mechanisms or processes that may mediate these effects. The main findings show that a single bout of cardiovascular exercise can enhance inhibitory control. In addition, acute exercise appears to facilitate activation of prefrontal brain regions that regulate excitatory and inhibitory pathways (specifically but not exclusively the prefrontal-basal-ganglia pathways) which appear to be impaired in older age. Based on the reviewed studies, we suggest that future work examine the beneficial effects of exercise on the inhibitory networks in the aging brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oron Levin
- Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, KU Leuven, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium;
- Department of Health Promotion and Rehabilitation, Lithuanian Sports University, LT-44221 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Yael Netz
- The Academic College at Wingate, Netanya 4290200, Israel;
| | - Gal Ziv
- The Academic College at Wingate, Netanya 4290200, Israel;
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Najberg H, Wachtl L, Anziano M, Mouthon M, Spierer L. Aging Modulates Prefrontal Plasticity Induced by Executive Control Training. Cereb Cortex 2021; 31:809-825. [PMID: 32930336 PMCID: PMC7786350 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhaa259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
While declines in inhibitory control, the capacity to suppress unwanted neurocognitive processes, represent a hallmark of healthy aging, whether this function is susceptible to training-induced plasticity in older populations remains largely unresolved. We addressed this question with a randomized controlled trial investigating the changes in behavior and electrical neuroimaging activity induced by a 3-week adaptive gamified Go/NoGo inhibitory control training (ICT). Performance improvements were accompanied by the development of more impulsive response strategies, but did not generalize to impulsivity traits nor quality of life. As compared with a 2-back working-memory training, the ICT in the older adults resulted in a purely quantitative reduction in the strength of the activity in a medial and ventrolateral prefrontal network over the 400 ms P3 inhibition-related event-related potentials component. However, as compared with young adults, the ICT induced distinct configurational modifications in older adults' 200 ms N2 conflict monitoring medial-frontal functional network. Hence, while older populations show preserved capacities for training-induced plasticity in executive control, aging interacts with the underlying plastic brain mechanisms. Training improves the efficiency of the inhibition process in older adults, but its effects differ from those in young adults at the level of the coping with inhibition demands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Najberg
- Neurology Unit, Medicine Section, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Laura Wachtl
- Neurology Unit, Medicine Section, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Marco Anziano
- Neurology Unit, Medicine Section, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Michael Mouthon
- Neurology Unit, Medicine Section, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Lucas Spierer
- Neurology Unit, Medicine Section, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
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Prefronto-Striatal Structural Connectivity Mediates Adult Age Differences in Action Selection. J Neurosci 2020; 41:331-341. [PMID: 33214318 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1709-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In complex everyday environments, action selection is critical for optimal goal-directed behavior. This refers to the process of choosing a proper action from the range of possible alternatives. The neural mechanisms underlying action selection and how these are affected by normal aging remain to be elucidated. In the present cross-sectional study, we studied processes of effector selection during a multilimb reaction time task in a lifespan sample of healthy human adults (N = 89; 20-75 years; 48 males, 41 females). Participants were instructed to react as quickly and accurately as possible to visually cued stimuli representing single-limb or combined upper and/or lower limb motions. Diffusion MRI was used to study structural connectivity between prefrontal and striatal regions as critical nodes for action selection. Behavioral findings revealed that increasing age was associated with slowing of action selection performance. At the neural level, aging had a negative impact on prefronto-striatal connectivity. Importantly, mediation analyses revealed that the negative association between action selection performance and age was mediated by prefronto-striatal connectivity, specifically the connections between left rostral medial frontal gyrus and left nucleus accumbens as well as right frontal pole and left caudate. These results highlight the potential role of prefronto-striatal white matter decline in poorer action selection performance of older adults.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT As a result of enhanced life expectancy, researchers have devoted increasing attention to the study of age-related alterations in cognitive and motor functions. Here we study associations between brain structure and behavior to reveal the impact of central neural white matter changes as a function of normal aging on action selection performance. We demonstrate the critical role of a reduction in prefronto-striatal structural connectivity in accounting for action selection performance deficits in healthy older adults. Preserving this cortico-subcortical pathway may be critical for behavioral flexibility and functional independence in older age.
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Older adults exhibit greater brain activity than young adults in a selective inhibition task by bipedal and bimanual responses: an fNIRS study. Neuroreport 2020; 31:1048-1053. [PMID: 32858650 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000001516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitory deficits are one of the predominant causes of cognitive aging. This study examined age-related changes in response inhibition. In this study, young and older participants performed a bimanual/bipedal response inhibition task while we measured their brain activity via functional near-infrared spectroscopy. Participants performed most trials bimanually (bipedally). However, they had to occasionally cancel both responses [Stop/Stop (SS) trials] or the response of one hand/foot while responding with the other [Go/Stop (GS) trials]. The participants produced more errors in the selective (GS) than in the nonselective canceling trials (SS), and in by-foot response more than in by-hand response trials, irrespective of their age. However, older participants made more errors in the selective cancelation (GS) trials and by-foot responses than young participants did. Older participants showed more frontal brain activity than young participants. The GS trials triggered more activity in the frontal brain areas than the SS trials irrespective of age at many channels, while older participants recruited more brain activation in the GS trials than in the SS trials compared to young participants. Overall, older participants exhibited higher activity in the right, middle, and inferior frontal gyrus than did young participants when performing selective and nonselective inhibition response. These results suggest that neural activation of the core inhibition network declines with age and that compensational recruitment of additional networks is used to yield an expanded inhibition circuit.
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Hannah R, Muralidharan V, Sundby KK, Aron AR. Temporally-precise disruption of prefrontal cortex informed by the timing of beta bursts impairs human action-stopping. Neuroimage 2020; 222:117222. [PMID: 32768628 PMCID: PMC7736218 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Human action-stopping is thought to rely on a prefronto-basal ganglia-thalamocortical network, with right inferior frontal cortex (rIFC) posited to play a critical role in the early stage of implementation. Here we sought causal evidence for this idea in experiments involving healthy human participants. We first show that action-stopping is preceded by bursts of electroencephalographic activity in the beta band over prefrontal electrodes, putatively rIFC, and that the timing of these bursts correlates with the latency of stopping at a single-trial level: earlier bursts are associated with faster stopping. From this we reasoned that the integrity of rIFC at the time of beta bursts might be critical to successful stopping. We then used fMRI-guided transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to disrupt rIFC at the approximate time of beta bursting. Stimulation prolonged stopping latencies and, moreover, the prolongation was most pronounced in individuals for whom the pulse appeared closer to the presumed time of beta bursting. These results help validate a model of the neural architecture and temporal dynamics of action-stopping. They also highlight the usefulness of prefrontal beta bursts to index an apparently important sub-process of stopping, the timing of which might help explain within- and between-individual variation in impulse control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricci Hannah
- Department of Psychology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Vignesh Muralidharan
- Department of Psychology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Kelsey K Sundby
- Department of Psychology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Adam R Aron
- Department of Psychology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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Martz ME, Hart T, Heitzeg MM, Peltier SJ. Neuromodulation of brain activation associated with addiction: A review of real-time fMRI neurofeedback studies. Neuroimage Clin 2020; 27:102350. [PMID: 32736324 PMCID: PMC7394772 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2020.102350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Real-time functional magnetic resonance imaging neurofeedback (rtfMRI-nf) has emerged in recent years as an imaging modality used to examine volitional control over targeted brain activity. rtfMRI-nf has also been applied clinically as a way to train individuals to self-regulate areas of the brain, or circuitry, involved in various disorders. One such application of rtfMRI-nf has been in the domain of addictive behaviors, including substance use. Given the pervasiveness of substance use and the challenges of existing treatments to sustain abstinence, rtfMRI-nf has been identified as a promising treatment tool. rtfMRI-nf has also been used in basic science research in order to test the ability to modulate brain function involved in addiction. This review focuses first on providing an overview of recent rtfMRI-nf studies in substance-using populations, specifically nicotine, alcohol, and cocaine users, aimed at reducing craving-related brain activation. Next, rtfMRI-nf studies targeting reward responsivity and emotion regulation in healthy samples are reviewed in order to examine the extent to which areas of the brain involved in addiction can be self-regulated using neurofeedback. We propose that future rtfMRI-nf studies could be strengthened by improvements to study design, sample selection, and more robust strategies in the development and assessment of rtfMRI-nf as a clinical treatment. Recommendations for ways to accomplish these improvements are provided. rtfMRI-nf holds much promise as an imaging modality that can directly target key brain regions involved in addiction, however additional studies are needed in order to establish rtfMRI-nf as an effective, and practical, treatment for addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan E Martz
- Addiction Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, 4250 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Tabatha Hart
- Addiction Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, 4250 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Mary M Heitzeg
- Addiction Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, 4250 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Scott J Peltier
- Functional MRI Laboratory, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Bonisteel Interdisciplinary Research Building, 2360 Bonisteel Blvd, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Weerasekera A, Levin O, Clauwaert A, Heise KF, Hermans L, Peeters R, Mantini D, Cuypers K, Leunissen I, Himmelreich U, Swinnen SP. Neurometabolic Correlates of Reactive and Proactive Motor Inhibition in Young and Older Adults: Evidence from Multiple Regional 1H-MR Spectroscopy. Cereb Cortex Commun 2020; 1:tgaa028. [PMID: 34296102 PMCID: PMC8152832 DOI: 10.1093/texcom/tgaa028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Suboptimal inhibitory control is a major factor contributing to motor/cognitive deficits in older age and pathology. Here, we provide novel insights into the neurochemical biomarkers of inhibitory control in healthy young and older adults and highlight putative neurometabolic correlates of deficient inhibitory functions in normal aging. Age-related alterations in levels of glutamate–glutamine complex (Glx), N-acetylaspartate (NAA), choline (Cho), and myo-inositol (mIns) were assessed in the right inferior frontal gyrus (RIFG), pre-supplementary motor area (preSMA), bilateral sensorimotor cortex (SM1), bilateral striatum (STR), and occipital cortex (OCC) with proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS). Data were collected from 30 young (age range 18–34 years) and 29 older (age range 60–74 years) adults. Associations between age-related changes in the levels of these metabolites and performance measures or reactive/proactive inhibition were examined for each age group. Glx levels in the right striatum and preSMA were associated with more efficient proactive inhibition in young adults but were not predictive for reactive inhibition performance. Higher NAA/mIns ratios in the preSMA and RIFG and lower mIns levels in the OCC were associated with better deployment of proactive and reactive inhibition in older adults. Overall, these findings suggest that altered regional concentrations of NAA and mIns constitute potential biomarkers of suboptimal inhibitory control in aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akila Weerasekera
- Movement Control & Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, 3001, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Oron Levin
- Movement Control & Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, 3001, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Amanda Clauwaert
- Movement Control & Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, 3001, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Kirstin-Friederike Heise
- Movement Control & Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, 3001, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Lize Hermans
- Movement Control & Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, 3001, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Ronald Peeters
- Department of Radiology, University Hospitals KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dante Mantini
- Movement Control & Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, 3001, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Koen Cuypers
- Movement Control & Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, 3001, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Inge Leunissen
- Movement Control & Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, 3001, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Uwe Himmelreich
- Biomedical MRI Unit, Department of Imaging and Pathology, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stephan P Swinnen
- Movement Control & Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, 3001, Heverlee, Belgium
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Age-related alterations in the modulation of intracortical inhibition during stopping of actions. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 11:371-385. [PMID: 30670675 PMCID: PMC6366958 DOI: 10.18632/aging.101741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the effect of age on the ability to modulate GABAA-ergic and GABAB-ergic inhibitory activity during stopping of action (reactive inhibition) and preparation to stop (proactive inhibition). Twenty-five young and twenty-nine older adults performed an anticipated response version of the stop-signal task with varying levels of stop-signal probability. Paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation was applied to left primary motor cortex to assess the modulation of GABAA-mediated short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) during stopping and GABAB-mediated long-interval intracortical inhibition (LICI) during the anticipation of a stop-signal. At the behavioral level, reactive inhibition was affected by aging as indicated by longer stop-signal reaction times in older compared to young adults. In contrast, proactive inhibition was preserved at older age as both groups slowed down their go response to a similar degree with increasing stop-signal probability. At the neural level, the amount of SICI was higher in successful stop relative to go trials in young but not in older adults. LICI at the start of the trial was modulated as a function of stop-signal probability in both young and older adults. Our results suggest that specifically the recruitment of GABAA-mediated intracortical inhibition during stopping of action is affected by aging.
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Wadsley CG, Cirillo J, Byblow WD. Between-hand coupling during response inhibition. J Neurophysiol 2019; 122:1357-1366. [PMID: 31339791 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00310.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Response inhibition reflects the process of terminating inappropriate preplanned or ongoing movements. When one hand is cued to stop after preparing a bimanual response (Partial trial), there is a substantial delay on the responding side. This delay is termed the interference effect and identifies a constraint that limits selective response inhibition. γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA)-mediated networks within primary motor cortex (M1) may have distinct roles during response inhibition. In this study we examined whether the interference effect is the consequence of between-hand "coupling" into a unitary response and whether this is reflected in GABAergic intracortical inhibition within M1. Eighteen healthy right-handed participants performed a bimanual synchronous and asynchronous anticipatory response inhibition task. Electromyographic recordings were obtained from the first dorsal interosseous muscle bilaterally. Motor evoked potentials were elicited by single- and paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation over right M1. As expected, Go trial performance was better with the synchronous compared with the asynchronous version of the task. Paradoxically, response delays during Partial trials were longer with the synchronous compared with the asynchronous task. Although task difficulty did not modulate GABAergic intracortical inhibition, there was a trend for between-hand coupling on asynchronous trials to be associated with greater GABAB receptor-mediated inhibition and lesser recruitment of GABAA receptor-mediated inhibition. The novel findings indicate that the interference effect is in part a consequence of between-hand coupling into a unitary response during movement preparation. The ability to respond independently with the two hands may rely on modulation of distinct inhibitory processes.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The temporal dynamics of an anticipated response task were manipulated to effect the difficulty of behavioral stopping and the underlying effects on motor neurophysiology. There were large response delays during trials where a subcomponent of an upcoming bimanual response was cued to stop in conditions where the anticipated action of the hands were synchronous, but not when asynchronous. Response delays reflected the integration of actions of both hands into a unitary response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corey G Wadsley
- Movement Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Exercise Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - John Cirillo
- Movement Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Exercise Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Winston D Byblow
- Movement Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Exercise Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Wang Y, Braver TS, Yin S, Hu X, Wang X, Chen A. Reward improves response inhibition by enhancing attentional capture. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2019; 14:35-45. [PMID: 30535116 PMCID: PMC6318467 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsy111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Reward plays a crucial role in enhancing response inhibition. While it is generally assumed that the process of response inhibition involves attentional capture and the stopping of action, it is unclear whether this reflects a direct impact of reward on response inhibition or rather an indirect mediation via attentional capture. Here, we employed a revised stop-signal task (SST) that separated these two cognitive elements, by including a continue signal that required the same motor response as in go trials, but also attention to a cue, as in stop trials. We first confirmed the engagement of the right inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) during stop and continue trials, both of which required the attentional capture of the task-relevant cue, but only one of which required motor inhibition. The pre-supplementary motor area (pre-SMA) was specifically activated by the contrast of the stop trials with the continue trials. The results indicated that the IFG played an important role in attentional capture by unexpected stimuli, while the pre-SMA was responsible for the direct control of motor inhibition. Behavioral performance of the SST was improved by reward, and moreover, reward induced an increase in IFG activity. In addition, this advantageous reward effect was associated with enhanced connectivity between the anterior cingulate cortex and the IFG. These results indicated that the reward facilitation effect on response inhibition was indirect, occurring via a change in attentional processing. The present data confirm the specific function of the IFG and pre-SMA in response inhibition and provide straightforward evidence that reward can increase attentional capture-related activation in the IFG, which in turn improves the performance of response inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Todd S Braver
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Shouhang Yin
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xueping Hu
- School of Linguistics and Arts, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Language Competence, JiangSu Normal University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Xiangpeng Wang
- School of Linguistics and Arts, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Language Competence, JiangSu Normal University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Antao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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45
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Giller F, Beste C. Effects of aging on sequential cognitive flexibility are associated with fronto-parietal processing deficits. Brain Struct Funct 2019; 224:2343-2355. [PMID: 31218393 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-019-01910-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Albeit cognitive flexibility is well known to decline in aging, it has not been considered that this ability often requires sequential task control. That is, one may re-use tasks that have previously been abandoned in favor of another task. It is unclear whether sequential cognitive flexibility is affected in aging and what neurophysiological mechanisms and functional neuroanatomical structures are associated with these effects. We examined this question in a system neurophysiological study using EEG and source localization in healthy and elderly adults. We show that elderly people reveal deficient sequential cognitive flexibility. Elderly people encounter increased costs to overcome the inhibition of the lately abandoned task set that becomes relevant again and needs to be re-used. The neurophysiological (EEG) data show that differences in sequential cognitive flexibility between young and elderly people emerge as a consequence of two independent, dysfunctional processes: (i) the ability to suppress task-irrelevant information and (ii) the ability to re-implement a previously abandoned task set during response selection. These independent processes were associated with activation differences in inferior frontal and inferior parietal regions. The study reveals a new facet of cognitive flexibility dysfunctions in healthy elderlies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Giller
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Germany, Schubertstrasse 42, 01309, Dresden, Germany
| | - Christian Beste
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Germany, Schubertstrasse 42, 01309, Dresden, Germany.
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Hartmann L, Wachtl L, de Lucia M, Spierer L. Practice-induced functional plasticity in inhibitory control interacts with aging. Brain Cogn 2019; 132:22-32. [PMID: 30802731 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2019.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitory control deficits represent a key aspect of the cognitive declines associated with aging. Practicing inhibitory control has thus been advanced as a potential approach to compensate for age-induced neurocognitive impairments. Yet, the functional brain changes associated with practicing inhibitory control tasks in older adults and whether they differ from those observed in young populations remains unresolved. We compared electrical neuroimaging analyses of ERPs recorded during a Go/NoGo practice session with a Group (Young; Older adults) by Session (Beginning; End of the practice) design to identify whether the practice of an inhibition task in older adults reinforces already implemented compensatory activity or reduce it by enhancing the functioning of the brain networks primarily involved in the tasks. We observed an equivalent small effect of practice on performance in the two age-groups. The topographic ERP analyses and source estimations revealed qualitatively different effects of the practice over the N2 and P3 ERP components, respectively driven by a decrease in supplementary motor area activity and an increase in left ventrolateral prefrontal activity in the older but not in the young adults with practice. Our results thus indicate that inhibition task practice in older adults increases age-related divergences in the underlying functional processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Hartmann
- Neurology Unit, Medicine Section, Faculty of Sciences and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Laura Wachtl
- Neurology Unit, Medicine Section, Faculty of Sciences and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Marzia de Lucia
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Neuroimagerie (LREN), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lucas Spierer
- Neurology Unit, Medicine Section, Faculty of Sciences and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland.
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47
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Hardwick RM, Caspers S, Eickhoff SB, Swinnen SP. Neural correlates of action: Comparing meta-analyses of imagery, observation, and execution. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2018; 94:31-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 289] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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48
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Tan J, Iyer KK, Tang AD, Jamil A, Martins RN, Sohrabi HR, Nitsche MA, Hinder MR, Fujiyama H. Modulating functional connectivity with non-invasive brain stimulation for the investigation and alleviation of age-associated declines in response inhibition: A narrative review. Neuroimage 2018; 185:490-512. [PMID: 30342977 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.10.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Response inhibition, the ability to withhold a dominant and prepotent response following a change in circumstance or sensory stimuli, declines with advancing age. While non-invasive brain stimulation (NiBS) has shown promise in alleviating some cognitive and motor functions in healthy older individuals, NiBS research focusing on response inhibition has mostly been conducted on younger adults. These extant studies have primarily focused on modulating the activity of distinct neural regions known to be critical for response inhibition, including the right inferior frontal gyrus (rIFG) and the pre-supplementary motor area (pre-SMA). However, given that changes in structural and functional connectivity have been associated with healthy aging, this review proposes that NiBS protocols aimed at modulating the functional connectivity between the rIFG and pre-SMA may be the most efficacious approach to investigate-and perhaps even alleviate-age-related deficits in inhibitory control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Tan
- Action and Cognition Laboratory, School of Psychology and Exercise Science, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | - Kartik K Iyer
- Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Alexander D Tang
- Experimental and Regenerative Neurosciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Australia
| | - Asif Jamil
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Department of Psychology and Neurosciences, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Ralph N Martins
- Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer's Disease Research and Care, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Western Australia, Australia; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Macquarie University, New South Wales, Australia; The School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Western Australia, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Hamid R Sohrabi
- Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer's Disease Research and Care, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Western Australia, Australia; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Macquarie University, New South Wales, Australia; The School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Western Australia, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Michael A Nitsche
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Department of Psychology and Neurosciences, Dortmund, Germany; Department of Neurology, University Medical Hospital Bergmannsheil, Bochum, Germany
| | - Mark R Hinder
- Sensorimotor Neuroscience and Ageing Research Laboratory, School of Medicine (Division of Psychology), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Hakuei Fujiyama
- Action and Cognition Laboratory, School of Psychology and Exercise Science, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia.
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Ziaei M, Samrani G, Persson J. Age differences in the neural response to emotional distraction during working memory encoding. COGNITIVE, AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2018; 18:869-883. [PMID: 29949112 PMCID: PMC6105189 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-018-0610-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Age-related declines in attention and working memory (WM) are well documented and may be worsened by the occurrence of distracting information. Emotionally valenced stimuli may have particularly strong distracting effects on cognition. We investigated age-related differences in emotional distraction using task-fMRI. WM performance in older adults was lower for emotional compared with neutral distractors, suggesting a disproportional impairment elicited by emotional task-irrelevant information. Critically, older adults were particularly distracted by task-irrelevant positive information, whereas the opposite pattern was found for younger adults. Age groups differed markedly in the brain response to emotional distractors; younger adults activated posterior cortical regions and the striatum, and older adults activated frontal regions. Also, an age by valence interaction was found for IFG and ACC, suggesting differential modulation of attention to task-relevant emotional information. These results provide new insights into age-related changes in emotional processing and the ability to resolve interference from emotional distraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Ziaei
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - George Samrani
- Aging Research Center (ARC), Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University, Tomtebodavägen 18A, 17165, Solna, Sweden
| | - Jonas Persson
- Aging Research Center (ARC), Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University, Tomtebodavägen 18A, 17165, Solna, Sweden.
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50
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Tsvetanov KA, Ye Z, Hughes L, Samu D, Treder MS, Wolpe N, Tyler LK, Rowe JB. Activity and Connectivity Differences Underlying Inhibitory Control Across the Adult Life Span. J Neurosci 2018; 38:7887-7900. [PMID: 30049889 PMCID: PMC6125816 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2919-17.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibitory control requires precise regulation of activity and connectivity within multiple brain networks. Previous studies have typically evaluated age-related changes in regional activity or changes in interregional interactions. Instead, we test the hypothesis that activity and connectivity make distinct, complementary contributions to performance across the life span and the maintenance of successful inhibitory control systems. A representative sample of healthy human adults in a large, population-based life span cohort performed an integrated Stop-Signal (SS)/No-Go task during functional magnetic resonance imaging (n = 119; age range, 18-88 years). Individual differences in inhibitory control were measured in terms of the SS reaction time (SSRT), using the blocked integration method. Linear models and independent components analysis revealed that individual differences in SSRT correlated with both activity and connectivity in a distributed inhibition network, comprising prefrontal, premotor, and motor regions. Importantly, this pattern was moderated by age, such that the association between inhibitory control and connectivity, but not activity, differed with age. Multivariate statistics and out-of-sample validation tests of multifactorial functional organization identified differential roles of activity and connectivity in determining an individual's SSRT across the life span. We propose that age-related differences in adaptive cognitive control are best characterized by the joint consideration of multifocal activity and connectivity within distributed brain networks. These insights may facilitate the development of new strategies to support cognitive ability in old age.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The preservation of cognitive and motor control is crucial for maintaining well being across the life span. We show that such control is determined by both activity and connectivity within distributed brain networks. In a large, population-based cohort, we used a novel whole-brain multivariate approach to estimate the functional components of inhibitory control, in terms of their activity and connectivity. Both activity and connectivity in the inhibition network changed with age. But only the association between performance and connectivity, not activity, differed with age. The results suggest that adaptive control is best characterized by the joint consideration of multifocal activity and connectivity. These insights may facilitate the development of new strategies to maintain cognitive ability across the life span in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamen A Tsvetanov
- Centre for Speech, Language and the Brain,
- Cambridge Centre for Ageing and Neuroscience (Cam-CAN), Department of Psychology and MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, United Kingdom
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 2PY, United Kingdom
| | - Zheng Ye
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China
- Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201204, People's Republic of China
| | - Laura Hughes
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 2PY, United Kingdom
| | - David Samu
- Centre for Speech, Language and the Brain
- Cambridge Centre for Ageing and Neuroscience (Cam-CAN), Department of Psychology and MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, United Kingdom
| | - Matthias S Treder
- Cambridge Centre for Ageing and Neuroscience (Cam-CAN), Department of Psychology and MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, United Kingdom
- School of Computer Science and Informatics, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 3AA, United Kingdom
| | - Noham Wolpe
- Cambridge Centre for Ageing and Neuroscience (Cam-CAN), Department of Psychology and MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, United Kingdom
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 2PY, United Kingdom
- Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge CB2 7EF, United Kingdom, and
| | - Lorraine K Tyler
- Centre for Speech, Language and the Brain
- Cambridge Centre for Ageing and Neuroscience (Cam-CAN), Department of Psychology and MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, United Kingdom
| | - James B Rowe
- Cambridge Centre for Ageing and Neuroscience (Cam-CAN), Department of Psychology and MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, United Kingdom
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 2PY, United Kingdom
- Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge CB2 7EF, United Kingdom, and
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