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Deng H, Tong S, Shen D, Zhang S, Fu Y. The characteristics of excitatory lineage differentiation and the developmental conservation in Reeler neocortex. Cell Prolif 2024; 57:e13587. [PMID: 38084819 PMCID: PMC11056708 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.13587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2024] Open
Abstract
The majority of neocortical projection neurons are generated indirectly from radial glial cells (RGCs) mediated by intermediate progenitor cells (IPCs) in mice. IPCs are thought to be a great breakthrough in the evolutionary expansion of the mammalian neocortex. However, the precise ratio of neuron production from IPCs and characteristics of RGC differentiation process are still unclear. Our study revealed that direct neurogenesis was seldom observed and increased slightly at late embryonic stage. Besides, we conducted retrovirus sparse labelling combined carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimide ester (CFSE) and Tbr2-CreER strain to reconstruct individual lineage tree in situ. The lineage trees simulated the output of RGCs at per round of division in sequence with high temporal, spatial and cellular resolution at P7. We then demonstrated that only 1.90% of neurons emanated from RGCs directly in mouse cerebral neocortex and 79.33% of RGCs contributed to the whole clones through IPCs. The contribution of indirect neurogenesis was underestimated previously because approximately a quarter of IPC-derived neurons underwent apoptosis. Here, we also showed that abundant IPCs from first-generation underwent self-renewing division and generated four neurons ultimately. We confirmed that the intermediate proliferative progenitors expressed higher Cux2 characteristically at early embryonic stage. Finally, we validated that the characteristics of neurogenetic process in lineages and developmental fate of neurons were conserved in Reeler mice. This study contributes to further understanding of neurogenesis in neocortical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan‐Huan Deng
- Jing'an District Central Hospital of Shanghai, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain ScienceFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Shi‐Yuan Tong
- Jing'an District Central Hospital of Shanghai, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain ScienceFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Dan Shen
- Jing'an District Central Hospital of Shanghai, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain ScienceFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Shu‐Qing Zhang
- Jing'an District Central Hospital of Shanghai, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain ScienceFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Yinghui Fu
- Jing'an District Central Hospital of Shanghai, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain ScienceFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
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2
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Dab1-deficient deep layer neurons prevent Dab1-deficient superficial layer neurons from entering the cortical plate. Neurosci Res 2022; 180:23-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2022.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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3
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Connexin Expression Is Altered in Liver Development of Yotari ( dab1 -/-) Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910712. [PMID: 34639052 PMCID: PMC8509723 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Disabled-1 (Dab1) protein is an intracellular adaptor of reelin signaling required for prenatal neuronal migration, as well as postnatal neurotransmission, memory formation and synaptic plasticity. Yotari, an autosomal recessive mutant of the mouse Dab1 gene is recognizable by its premature death, unstable gait and tremor. Previous findings are mostly based on neuronal abnormalities caused by Dab1 deficiency, but the role of the reelin signaling pathway in nonneuronal tissues and organs has not been studied until recently. Hepatocytes, the most abundant cells in the liver, communicate via gap junctions (GJ) are composed of connexins. Cell communication disruption in yotari mice was examined by analyzing the expression of connexins (Cxs): Cx26, Cx32, Cx37, Cx40, Cx43 and Cx45 during liver development at 13.5 and 15.5 gestation days (E13.5 and E15.5). Analyses were performed using immunohistochemistry and fluorescent microscopy, followed by quantification of area percentage covered by positive signal. Data are expressed as a mean ± SD and analyzed by one-way ANOVA. All Cxs examined displayed a significant decrease in yotari compared to wild type (wt) individuals at E13.5. Looking at E15.5 we have similar results with exception of Cx37 showing negligible expression in wt. Channels formation triggered by pathological stimuli, as well as propensity to apoptosis, was studied by measuring the expression of Pannexin1 (Panx1) and Apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) through developmental stages mentioned above. An increase in Panx1 expression of E15.5 yotari mice, as well as a strong jump of AIF in both phases suggesting that yotari mice are more prone to apoptosis. Our results emphasize the importance of gap junction intercellular communication (GJIC) during liver development and their possible involvement in liver pathology and diagnostics where they can serve as potential biomarkers and drug targets.
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4
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Zhang JH, Zhao YF, He XX, Zhao Y, He ZX, Zhang L, Huang Y, Wang YB, Hu L, Liu L, Yu HL, Xu JH, Lai MM, Zhao DD, Cui L, Guo WX, Xiong WC, Ding YQ, Zhu XJ. DCC-Mediated Dab1 Phosphorylation Participates in the Multipolar-to-Bipolar Transition of Migrating Neurons. Cell Rep 2019; 22:3598-3611. [PMID: 29590626 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 02/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Newborn neurons undergo inside-out migration to their final destinations during neocortical development. Reelin-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of disabled 1 (Dab1) is a critical mechanism controlling cortical neuron migration. However, the roles of Reelin-independent phosphorylation of Dab1 remain unclear. Here, we report that deleted in colorectal carcinoma (DCC) interacts with Dab1 via its P3 domain. Netrin 1, a DCC ligand, induces Dab1 phosphorylation at Y220 and Y232. Interestingly, knockdown of DCC or truncation of its P3 domain dramatically delays neuronal migration and impairs the multipolar-to-bipolar transition of migrating neurons. Notably, the migration delay and morphological transition defects are rescued by the expression of a phospho-mimetic Dab1 or a constitutively active form of Fyn proto-oncogene (Fyn), a member of the Src-family tyrosine kinases that effectively induces Dab1 phosphorylation. Collectively, these findings illustrate a DCC-Dab1 interaction that ensures proper neuronal migration during neocortical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Hua Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics, Ministry of Education, Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Yi-Fei Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics, Ministry of Education, Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Xiao-Xiao He
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics, Ministry of Education, Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Yang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics, Ministry of Education, Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Zi-Xuan He
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics, Ministry of Education, Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias, Ministry of Education, East Hospital, and Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Ying Huang
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias, Ministry of Education, East Hospital, and Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yu-Bing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias, Ministry of Education, East Hospital, and Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Ling Hu
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias, Ministry of Education, East Hospital, and Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Lin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics, Ministry of Education, Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Hua-Li Yu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics, Ministry of Education, Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Jia-Hui Xu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics, Ministry of Education, Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Ming-Ming Lai
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics, Ministry of Education, Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Dong-Dong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics, Ministry of Education, Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Lei Cui
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics, Ministry of Education, Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Wei-Xiang Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Wen-Cheng Xiong
- Department of Neurology, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA; Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44120, USA
| | - Yu-Qiang Ding
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias, Ministry of Education, East Hospital, and Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China; Institute of Brain Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China.
| | - Xiao-Juan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics, Ministry of Education, Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130021, China.
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5
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Lee YJ, Ch'ng TH. RIP at the Synapse and the Role of Intracellular Domains in Neurons. Neuromolecular Med 2019; 22:1-24. [PMID: 31346933 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-019-08556-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Regulated intramembrane proteolysis (RIP) occurs in a cell when transmembrane proteins are cleaved by intramembrane proteases such as secretases to generate soluble protein fragments in the extracellular environment and the cytosol. In the cytosol, these soluble intracellular domains (ICDs) have local functions near the site of cleavage or in many cases, translocate to the nucleus to modulate gene expression. While the mechanism of RIP is relatively well studied, the fate and function of ICDs for most substrate proteins remain poorly characterized. In neurons, RIP occurs in various subcellular compartments including at the synapse. In this review, we summarize current research on RIP in neurons, focusing specifically on synaptic proteins where the presence and function of the ICDs have been reported. We also briefly discuss activity-driven processing of RIP substrates at the synapse and the cellular machinery that support long-distance transport of ICDs from the synapse to the nucleus. Finally, we describe future challenges in this field of research in the context of understanding the contribution of ICDs in neuronal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Jun Lee
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Clinical Science Building, 11 Mandalay Road, 10-01-01 M, Singapore, 308232, Singapore.,Interdisciplinary Graduate School (IGS), Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Toh Hean Ch'ng
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Clinical Science Building, 11 Mandalay Road, 10-01-01 M, Singapore, 308232, Singapore. .,School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.
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6
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Nganou G, Silva CG, Gladwyn-Ng I, Engel D, Coumans B, Delgado-Escueta AV, Tanaka M, Nguyen L, Grisar T, de Nijs L, Lakaye B. Importin-8 Modulates Division of Apical Progenitors, Dendritogenesis and Tangential Migration During Development of Mouse Cortex. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:234. [PMID: 30042658 PMCID: PMC6048241 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The building of the brain is a multistep process that requires the coordinate expression of thousands of genes and an intense nucleocytoplasmic transport of RNA and proteins. This transport is mediated by karyopherins that comprise importins and exportins. Here, we investigated the role of the ß-importin, importin-8 (IPO8) during mouse cerebral corticogenesis as several of its cargoes have been shown to be essential during this process. First, we showed that Ipo8 mRNA is expressed in mouse brain at various embryonic ages with a clear signal in the sub-ventricular/ventricular zone (SVZ/VZ), the cerebral cortical plate (CP) and the ganglionic eminences. We found that acute knockdown of IPO8 in cortical progenitors reduced both their proliferation and cell cycle exit leading to the increase in apical progenitor pool without influencing the number of basal progenitors (BPs). Projection neurons ultimately reached their appropriate cerebral cortical layer, but their dendritogenesis was specifically affected, resulting in neurons with reduced dendrite complexity. IPO8 knockdown also slowed the migration of cortical interneurons. Together, our data demonstrate that IPO8 contribute to the coordination of several critical steps of cerebral cortex development. These results suggest that the impairment of IPO8 function might be associated with some diseases of neuronal migration defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerry Nganou
- GIGA-Neurosciences, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium.,GENESS International Consortium, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Carla G Silva
- GIGA-Neurosciences, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | | | | | - Bernard Coumans
- GIGA-Neurosciences, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium.,GENESS International Consortium, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Antonio V Delgado-Escueta
- GENESS International Consortium, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Epilepsy Genetics/Genomics Lab, Neurology and Research Services, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System (VA GLAHS), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Miyabi Tanaka
- GENESS International Consortium, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Epilepsy Genetics/Genomics Lab, Neurology and Research Services, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System (VA GLAHS), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | | | - Thierry Grisar
- GIGA-Neurosciences, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium.,GENESS International Consortium, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Laurence de Nijs
- GENESS International Consortium, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,MHeNS, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Bernard Lakaye
- GIGA-Neurosciences, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium.,GENESS International Consortium, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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7
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RBM4 Modulates Radial Migration via Alternative Splicing of Dab1 during Cortex Development. Mol Cell Biol 2018; 38:MCB.00007-18. [PMID: 29581187 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00007-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The RNA-binding motif 4 (RBM4) protein participates in cell differentiation via its role in regulating the expression of tissue-specific or developmentally regulated mRNA splice isoforms. RBM4 is expressed in embryonic brain during development; it is initially enriched in the ventricular zone/subventricular zone and subsequently distributed throughout the cerebral cortex. Rbm4a knockout brain exhibited delayed migration of late-born neurons. Using in utero electroporation, we confirmed that knockdown of RBM4 impaired cortical neuronal migration. RNA immunoprecipitation with high-throughput sequencing identified Disabled-1 (Dab1), which encodes a critical reelin signaling adaptor, as a potential target of RBM4. Rbm4a knockout embryonic brain showed altered Dab1 isoform ratios. Overexpression of RBM4 promoted the inclusion of Dab1 exons 7 and 8 (7/8), whereas its antagonist polypyrimidine tract-binding protein 1 (PTBP1) acted in an opposite manner. RBM4 directly counteracted the effect of PTBP1 on exon 7/8 selection. Finally, we showed that the full-length Dab1, but not exon 7/8-truncated Dab1, rescued neuronal migration defects in RBM4-depleted neurons, indicating that RBM4 plays a role in neuronal migration via modulating the expression of Dab1 splice isoforms. Our findings imply that RBM4 is necessary during brain development and that its deficiency may lead to developmental brain abnormality.
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8
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Small and large intestine express a truncated Dab1 isoform that assembles in cell-cell junctions and co-localizes with proteins involved in endocytosis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2018; 1860:1231-1241. [PMID: 29470947 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2018.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Disabled-1 (Dab1) is an essential intracellular adaptor protein in the reelin pathway. Our previous studies in mice intestine showed that Dab1 transmits the reelin signal to cytosolic signalling pathways. Here, we determine the Dab1 isoform expressed in rodent small and large intestine, its subcellular location and co-localization with clathrin, caveolin-1 and N-Wasp. PCR and sequencing analysis reveal that rodent small and large intestine express a Dab1 isoform that misses three (Y198, Y200 and Y220) of the five tyrosine phosphorylation sites present in brain Dab1 isoform (canonical) and contains nuclear localization and export signals. Western blot assays show that both, crypts, which shelter progenitor cells, and enterocytes express the same Dab1 isoform, suggesting that epithelial cell differentiation does not regulate intestinal generation of alternatively spliced Dab1 variants. They also reveal that the canonical and the intestinal Dab1 isoforms differ in their total degree of phosphorylation. Immunostaining assays show that in enterocytes Dab1 localizes at the apical and lateral membranes, apical vesicles, close to adherens junctions and desmosomes, as well as in the nucleus; co-localizes with clathrin and with N-Wasp but not with caveolin-1, and in Caco-2 cells Dab1 localizes at cell-to-cell junctions by a Ca2+-dependent process. In conclusion, the results indicate that in rodent intestine a truncated Dab1 variant transmits the reelin signal and may play a role in clathrin-mediated apical endocytosis and in the control of cell-to-cell junction assembly. A function of intestinal Dab1 variant as a nucleocytoplasmic shuttling protein is also inferred from its sequence and nuclear location.
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Hirota Y, Nakajima K. Control of Neuronal Migration and Aggregation by Reelin Signaling in the Developing Cerebral Cortex. Front Cell Dev Biol 2017; 5:40. [PMID: 28507985 PMCID: PMC5410752 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2017.00040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian cerebral neocortex has a well-organized laminar structure, achieved by the highly coordinated control of neuronal migration. During cortical development, excitatory neurons born near the lateral ventricle migrate radially to reach their final positions to form the cortical plate. During this process, dynamic changes are observed in the morphologies and migration modes, including multipolar migration, locomotion, and terminal translocation, of the newborn neurons. Disruption of these migration processes can result in neuronal disorders such as lissencephaly and periventricular heterotopia. The extracellular protein, Reelin, mainly secreted by the Cajal-Retzius neurons in the marginal zone during development, plays a crucial role in the neuronal migration and neocortical lamination. Reelin signaling, which exerts essential roles in the formation of the layered neocortex, is triggered by the binding of Reelin to its receptors, ApoER2 and VLDLR, followed by phosphorylation of the Dab1 adaptor protein. Accumulating evidence suggests that Reelin signaling controls multiple steps of neuronal migration, including the transition from multipolar to bipolar neurons, terminal translocation, and termination of migration beneath the marginal zone. In addition, it has been shown that ectopically expressed Reelin can cause neuronal aggregation via an N-cadherin-mediated manner. This review attempts to summarize our knowledge of the roles played by Reelin in neuronal migration and the underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Hirota
- Department of Anatomy, Keio University School of MedicineTokyo, Japan
| | - Kazunori Nakajima
- Department of Anatomy, Keio University School of MedicineTokyo, Japan
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10
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Mutations in the HECT domain of NEDD4L lead to AKT-mTOR pathway deregulation and cause periventricular nodular heterotopia. Nat Genet 2016; 48:1349-1358. [PMID: 27694961 PMCID: PMC5086093 DOI: 10.1038/ng.3676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Neurodevelopmental disorders with periventricular nodular heterotopia (PNH) are etiologically heterogeneous, and their genetic causes remain in many cases unknown. Here we show that missense mutations in NEDD4L mapping to the HECT domain of the encoded E3 ubiquitin ligase lead to PNH associated with toe syndactyly, cleft palate and neurodevelopmental delay. Cellular and expression data showed sensitivity of PNH-associated mutants to proteasome degradation. Moreover, an in utero electroporation approach showed that PNH-related mutants and excess wild-type NEDD4L affect neurogenesis, neuronal positioning and terminal translocation. Further investigations, including rapamycin-based experiments, found differential deregulation of pathways involved. Excess wild-type NEDD4L leads to disruption of Dab1 and mTORC1 pathways, while PNH-related mutations are associated with deregulation of mTORC1 and AKT activities. Altogether, these data provide insights into the critical role of NEDD4L in the regulation of mTOR pathways and their contributions in cortical development.
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11
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Wada T, Asahi T, Sawamura N. Nuclear cereblon modulates transcriptional activity of Ikaros and regulates its downstream target, enkephalin, in human neuroblastoma cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 477:388-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.06.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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12
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Bock HH, May P. Canonical and Non-canonical Reelin Signaling. Front Cell Neurosci 2016; 10:166. [PMID: 27445693 PMCID: PMC4928174 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2016.00166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Reelin is a large secreted glycoprotein that is essential for correct neuronal positioning during neurodevelopment and is important for synaptic plasticity in the mature brain. Moreover, Reelin is expressed in many extraneuronal tissues; yet the roles of peripheral Reelin are largely unknown. In the brain, many of Reelin's functions are mediated by a molecular signaling cascade that involves two lipoprotein receptors, apolipoprotein E receptor-2 (Apoer2) and very low density-lipoprotein receptor (Vldlr), the neuronal phosphoprotein Disabled-1 (Dab1), and members of the Src family of protein tyrosine kinases as crucial elements. This core signaling pathway in turn modulates the activity of adaptor proteins and downstream protein kinase cascades, many of which target the neuronal cytoskeleton. However, additional Reelin-binding receptors have been postulated or described, either as coreceptors that are essential for the activation of the "canonical" Reelin signaling cascade involving Apoer2/Vldlr and Dab1, or as receptors that activate alternative or additional signaling pathways. Here we will give an overview of canonical and alternative Reelin signaling pathways, molecular mechanisms involved, and their potential physiological roles in the context of different biological settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans H Bock
- Clinic of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Petra May
- Clinic of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf Düsseldorf, Germany
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