1
|
Tobinski AM, Rappeneau V. Role of the Neuropeptide S System in Emotionality, Stress Responsiveness and Addiction-Like Behaviours in Rodents: Relevance to Stress-Related Disorders. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14080780. [PMID: 34451877 PMCID: PMC8400992 DOI: 10.3390/ph14080780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The neuropeptide S (NPS) and its receptor (NPSR1) have been extensively studied over the last two decades for their roles in locomotion, arousal/wakefulness and anxiety-related and fear-related behaviours in rodents. However, the possible implications of the NPS/NPSR1 system, especially those of the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs324981, in stress-related disorders and substance abuse in humans remain unclear. This is possibly due to the fact that preclinical and clinical research studies have remained separated, and a comprehensive description of the role of the NPS/NPSR1 system in stress-relevant and reward-relevant endpoints in humans and rodents is lacking. In this review, we describe the role of the NPS/NPSR1 system in emotionality, stress responsiveness and addiction-like behaviour in rodents. We also summarize the alterations in the NPS/NPSR1 system in individuals with stress-related disorders, as well as the impact of the SNP rs324981 on emotion, stress responses and neural activation in healthy individuals. Moreover, we discuss the therapeutic potential and possible caveats of targeting the NPS/NPSR1 system for the treatment of stress-related disorders. The primary goal of this review is to highlight the importance of studying some rodent behavioural readouts modulated by the NPS/NPSR1 system and relevant to stress-related disorders.
Collapse
|
2
|
Ahmad A, Almsned F, Ghazal P, Ahmed MW, Jafri MS, Bokhari H. Neuropeptide S receptor gene Asn107 polymorphism in obese male individuals in Pakistan. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0243205. [PMID: 33332443 PMCID: PMC7745988 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0243205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropeptide S (NPS) is a naturally occurring appetite stimulant, associated with anxiety, stress, and excitement regulation. Neuropeptide S serves as a hypothalamic energy regulator that enhances food intake with a reduced level of satiety. NPS activates fat angiogenesis and the proliferation of new adipocytes in obesity. NPS has an established role in energy regulation by many pre-clinical investigations; however we have limited data available to support this notion in humans. We found significant association of Neuropeptide S receptor (NPSR1) Asn107Ile (rs324981, A>T) polymorphism with obese male participants. The current investigation carried out genotype screening of NPSR1 allele to assess the spectrum of the Asn107Ile polymorphism in obese and healthy Pakistani individuals. We revealed a significant (p = 0.04) difference between AA vs TT + AT genotype distribution of NPSR1 (SNP rs324981,) between obese and healthy individuals (p = 0.04). In this genotype analysis of (SNP rs324981) of the NPSR1 gene, T allele was marked as risk allele with higher frequency in the obese (38%) compared to its frequency in the controls (25%). Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP, rs324981) Asn107Ile of NPSR1gene, that switches an amino acid from Asn to Ile, has been found associated with increased susceptibility to obesity in Pakistani individuals. Furthermore, molecular simulation studies predicted a lower binding affinity of NPSR1 Asn107Ile variant to NPS than the wild-type consistent with the genotype studies. These molecular simulation studies predict a possible molecular mechanism of this interaction by defining the key amino acid residues. However, a significantly (p<0.0001) lower concentration of NPS was recorded independent of genotype frequencies in obese subjects compared to healthy controls. We believe that large scale polymorphism data of population for important gene players including NPSR1 will be more useful to understand obesity and its associated risk factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aftab Ahmad
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Chak Shahzad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Fahad Almsned
- School of Systems Biology and Krasnow Institute for Advanced Study, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, United States of America
- King Fahad Specialist Hospital– Dammam, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Pasha Ghazal
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Chak Shahzad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Malik Waqar Ahmed
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Chak Shahzad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - M. Saleet Jafri
- School of Systems Biology and Krasnow Institute for Advanced Study, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, United States of America
- Center for Biomedical Engineering and Technology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Habib Bokhari
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Chak Shahzad, Islamabad, Pakistan
- Center for Biomedical Engineering and Technology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Schiele MA, Herzog K, Kollert L, Schartner C, Leehr EJ, Böhnlein J, Repple J, Rosenkranz K, Lonsdorf TB, Dannlowski U, Zwanzger P, Reif A, Pauli P, Deckert J, Domschke K. Extending the vulnerability-stress model of mental disorders: three-dimensional NPSR1 × environment × coping interaction study in anxiety. Br J Psychiatry 2020; 217:645-650. [PMID: 32321595 PMCID: PMC7589989 DOI: 10.1192/bjp.2020.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The general understanding of the 'vulnerability-stress model' of mental disorders neglects the modifying impact of resilience-increasing factors such as coping ability. AIMS Probing a conceptual framework integrating both adverse events and coping factors in an extended 'vulnerability-stress-coping model' of mental disorders, the effects of functional neuropeptide S receptor gene (NPSR1) variation (G), early adversity (E) and coping factors (C) on anxiety were addressed in a three-dimensional G × E × C model. METHOD In two independent samples of healthy probands (discovery: n = 1403; replication: n = 630), the interaction of NPSR1 rs324981, childhood trauma (Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, CTQ) and general self-efficacy as a measure of coping ability (General Self-Efficacy Scale, GSE) on trait anxiety (State-Trait Anxiety Inventory) was investigated via hierarchical multiple regression analyses. RESULTS In both samples, trait anxiety differed as a function of NPSR1 genotype, CTQ and GSE score (discovery: β = 0.129, P = 3.938 × 10-8; replication: β = 0.102, P = 0.020). In A allele carriers, the relationship between childhood trauma and anxiety was moderated by general self-efficacy: higher self-efficacy and childhood trauma resulted in low anxiety scores, and lower self-efficacy and childhood trauma in higher anxiety levels. In turn, TT homozygotes displayed increased anxiety as a function of childhood adversity unaffected by general self-efficacy. CONCLUSIONS Functional NPSR1 variation and childhood trauma are suggested as prime moderators in the vulnerability-stress model of anxiety, further modified by the protective effect of self-efficacy. This G × E × C approach - introducing coping as an additional dimension further shaping a G × E risk constellation, thus suggesting a three-dimensional 'vulnerability-stress-coping model' of mental disorders - might inform targeted preventive or therapeutic interventions strengthening coping ability to promote resilient functioning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miriam A. Schiele
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Herzog
- Department of Psychology (Biological Psychology, Clinical Psychology, and Psychotherapy), and Center of Mental Health, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Germany
| | - Leonie Kollert
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Schartner
- Department of Physiology University of California San Francisco, USA; and Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Germany
| | - Elisabeth J. Leehr
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Münster, Germany
| | - Joscha Böhnlein
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Münster, Germany
| | - Jonathan Repple
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Münster, Germany
| | - Karoline Rosenkranz
- Institute for Systems Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | - Tina B. Lonsdorf
- Institute for Systems Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | - Udo Dannlowski
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Münster, Germany
| | - Peter Zwanzger
- kbo-Inn-Salzach-Klinikum; and Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Reif
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Paul Pauli
- Department of Psychology (Biological Psychology, Clinical Psychology, and Psychotherapy) and Center of Mental Health, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Deckert
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Domschke
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, and Center for Basics in Neuromodulation, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany,Correspondence: Katharina Domschke.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Gechter J, Liebscher C, Geiger MJ, Wittmann A, Schlagenhauf F, Lueken U, Wittchen HU, Pfleiderer B, Arolt V, Kircher T, Straube B, Deckert J, Weber H, Herrmann MJ, Reif A, Domschke K, Ströhle A. Association of NPSR1 gene variation and neural activity in patients with panic disorder and agoraphobia and healthy controls. Neuroimage Clin 2019; 24:102029. [PMID: 31734525 PMCID: PMC6854061 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2019.102029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The neurobiological mechanisms behind panic disorder with agoraphobia (PD/AG) are not completely explored. The functional A/T single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs324981 in the neuropeptide S receptor gene (NPSR1) has repeatedly been associated with panic disorder and might partly drive function respectively dysfunction of the neural "fear network". We aimed to investigate whether the NPSR1 T risk allele was associated with malfunctioning in a fronto-limbic network during the anticipation and perception of agoraphobia-specific stimuli. METHOD 121 patients with PD/AG and 77 healthy controls (HC) underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) using the disorder specific "Westphal-Paradigm". It consists of neutral and agoraphobia-specific pictures, half of the pictures were cued to induce anticipatory anxiety. RESULTS Risk allele carriers showed significantly higher amygdala activation during the perception of agoraphobia-specific stimuli than A/A homozygotes. A linear group x genotype interaction during the perception of agoraphobia-specific stimuli showed a strong trend towards significance. Patients with the one or two T alleles displayed the highest and HC with the A/A genotype the lowest activation in the inferior orbitofrontal cortex (iOFC). DISCUSSION The study demonstrates an association of the NPSR1rs324981 genotype and the perception of agoraphobia-specific stimuli. These results support the assumption of a fronto-limbic dysfunction as an intermediate phenotype of PD/AG.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Gechter
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Germany.
| | - Carolin Liebscher
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Germany
| | - Maximilian J Geiger
- Epilepsy Center, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - André Wittmann
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Germany
| | - Florian Schlagenhauf
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Germany
| | - Ulrike Lueken
- Department of Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Wittchen
- Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Bettina Pfleiderer
- Department of Clinical Radiology, Medical Faculty - University of Muenster, and University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Volker Arolt
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Tilo Kircher
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy & Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior - MCMBB, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Benjamin Straube
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy & Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior - MCMBB, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Deckert
- Center of Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Heike Weber
- Center of Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany; Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Martin J Herrmann
- Center of Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Reif
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Katharina Domschke
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Ströhle
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Imaging neuropeptide effects on human brain function. Cell Tissue Res 2018; 375:279-286. [PMID: 30069597 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-018-2899-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of prosocial effects of oxytocin (OT) opened new directions for studying neuropeptide effects on the human brain. However, despite obvious effects of OT on neural responses as reported in numerous studies, other peptides have received less attention. Therefore, we will only briefly summarize evidence of OT effects on human functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and primarily focus on OT's sister neuropeptide arginine-vasopressin by presenting our own coordinated-based activation likelihood estimation meta-analysis. In addition, we will recapitulate rather limited data on few other neuropeptides, including pharmacological and genetic fMRI studies. Finally, we will review experiments with external neuropeptide administration to patients afflicted with mental disorders, such as autism or schizophrenia. In conclusion, despite remaining uncertainty regarding the penetrance of exogenous neuropeptides through the blood-brain barrier, it is evident that neuropeptides simultaneously influence the activity of limbic and cortical areas, indicating that these systems have a good potential for therapeutic drug development. Hence, this calls for further systematic studies of a wide spectrum of known and less known neuropeptides to understand their normal function in the brain and, subsequently, to tackle their potential contribution for pathophysiological mechanisms of mental disorders.
Collapse
|
6
|
Sobanski T, Wagner G. Functional neuroanatomy in panic disorder: Status quo of the research. World J Psychiatry 2017; 7:12-33. [PMID: 28401046 PMCID: PMC5371170 DOI: 10.5498/wjp.v7.i1.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To provide an overview of the current research in the functional neuroanatomy of panic disorder.
METHODS Panic disorder (PD) is a frequent psychiatric disease. Gorman et al (1989; 2000) proposed a comprehensive neuroanatomical model of PD, which suggested that fear- and anxiety-related responses are mediated by a so-called “fear network” which is centered in the amygdala and includes the hippocampus, thalamus, hypothalamus, periaqueductal gray region, locus coeruleus and other brainstem sites. We performed a systematic search by the electronic database PubMed. Thereby, the main focus was laid on recent neurofunctional, neurostructural, and neurochemical studies (from the period between January 2012 and April 2016). Within this frame, special attention was given to the emerging field of imaging genetics.
RESULTS We noted that many neuroimaging studies have reinforced the role of the “fear network” regions in the pathophysiology of panic disorder. However, recent functional studies suggest abnormal activation mainly in an extended fear network comprising brainstem, anterior and midcingulate cortex (ACC and MCC), insula, and lateral as well as medial parts of the prefrontal cortex. Interestingly, differences in the amygdala activation were not as consistently reported as one would predict from the hypothesis of Gorman et al (2000). Indeed, amygdala hyperactivation seems to strongly depend on stimuli and experimental paradigms, sample heterogeneity and size, as well as on limitations of neuroimaging techniques. Advanced neurochemical studies have substantiated the major role of serotonergic, noradrenergic and glutamatergic neurotransmission in the pathophysiology of PD. However, alterations of GABAergic function in PD are still a matter of debate and also their specificity remains questionable. A promising new research approach is “imaging genetics”. Imaging genetic studies are designed to evaluate the impact of genetic variations (polymorphisms) on cerebral function in regions critical for PD. Most recently, imaging genetic studies have not only confirmed the importance of serotonergic and noradrenergic transmission in the etiology of PD but also indicated the significance of neuropeptide S receptor, CRH receptor, human TransMEMbrane protein (TMEM123D), and amiloride-sensitive cation channel 2 (ACCN2) genes.
CONCLUSION In light of these findings it is conceivable that in the near future this research will lead to the development of clinically useful tools like predictive biomarkers or novel treatment options.
Collapse
|
7
|
Streit F, Akdeniz C, Haddad L, Kumsta R, Entringer S, Frank J, Yim IS, Zänkert S, Witt SH, Kirsch P, Rietschel M, Wüst S. Sex-specific association between functional neuropeptide S receptor gene (NPSR1) variants and cortisol and central stress responses. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2017; 76:49-56. [PMID: 27883964 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The brain neuropeptide S (NPS) system has recently generated substantial interest and may be of major relevance for central stress regulation. The NPS receptor (NPSR1) is highly expressed in the limbic system, exogenous NPS exerts pronounced anxiolytic and fear-attenuating effects in rodents and extensive close crosstalk between the NPS system and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis has been demonstrated. In humans, associations between NPSR1 variants and anxiety and panic disorder, as well as amygdala responsiveness to fear- relevant faces and prefrontal cortex activity in a fear conditioning paradigm have been reported. Moreover, a NPSR1 sequence variant was found to be associated with cortisol stress responses in males. Here, we performed a haplotype-based analysis covering three functional NPSR1 single nucleotide polymorphisms in the promoter (rs2530547), in exon 3 (rs324981) and exon 6 (rs727162) in 277 healthy subjects who were exposed to the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST). A significant sex-specific association with salivary cortisol responses to acute psychosocial stress was detected for the common TTC haplotype 2 (frequency of about 20%). In an additional study using an imaging genetics approach, 65 healthy subjects were exposed to a stress paradigm for scanner environments (“ScanSTRESS”). We found a significant and, again, sex-specific interaction between rs324981 (whose minor T-allele is harbored by haplotype 2) and the neural stress response in a cluster close to the parahippocampal gyrus (whole brain corrected). Moreover, as in the TSST sample, NPSR1 variation was associated with salivary cortisol responses (on a trend level) in a sex-specific way. In summary, our preliminary findings in two independent cohorts exposed to different stress paradigms suggest that the NPS system significantly influences acute stress responses and that sequence variation in NPSR1 may contribute to sex differences in stress regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Streit
- Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg/Medical Faculty Mannheim, Germany
| | - Ceren Akdeniz
- Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg/Medical Faculty Mannheim, Germany
| | - Leila Haddad
- Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg/Medical Faculty Mannheim, Germany
| | - Robert Kumsta
- Genetic Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Ruhr- University Bochum, Germany
| | - Sonja Entringer
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Germany; Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, United States
| | - Josef Frank
- Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg/Medical Faculty Mannheim, Germany
| | - Ilona S Yim
- Department of Psychology and Social Behavior, University of California, Irvine, United States
| | - Sandra Zänkert
- Institute of Experimental Psychology, University of Regensburg, Germany
| | - Stephanie H Witt
- Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg/Medical Faculty Mannheim, Germany
| | - Peter Kirsch
- Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg/Medical Faculty Mannheim, Germany
| | - Marcella Rietschel
- Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg/Medical Faculty Mannheim, Germany
| | - Stefan Wüst
- Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg/Medical Faculty Mannheim, Germany; Institute of Experimental Psychology, University of Regensburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Goddard AW. The Neurobiology of Panic: A Chronic Stress Disorder. CHRONIC STRESS (THOUSAND OAKS, CALIF.) 2017; 1:2470547017736038. [PMID: 32440580 PMCID: PMC7219873 DOI: 10.1177/2470547017736038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Panic disorder is an often chronic and impairing human anxiety syndrome, which frequently results in serious psychiatric and medical comorbidities. Although, to date, there have been many advances in the diagnosis and treatment of panic disorder, its pathophysiology still remains to be elucidated. In this review, recent evidence for a neurobiological basis of panic disorder is reviewed with particular attention to risk factors such as genetic vulnerability, chronic stress, and temperament. In addition, neuroimaging data are reviewed which provides support for the concept of panic disorder as a fear network disorder. The potential impact of the National Institute of Mental Health Research Domain Criteria constructs of acute and chronic threats responses and their implications for the neurobiology of panic disorder are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew W. Goddard
- UCSF Fresno Medical Education and
Research Program, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Siettos C, Starke J. Multiscale modeling of brain dynamics: from single neurons and networks to mathematical tools. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-SYSTEMS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2016; 8:438-58. [PMID: 27340949 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2016] [Revised: 05/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The extreme complexity of the brain naturally requires mathematical modeling approaches on a large variety of scales; the spectrum ranges from single neuron dynamics over the behavior of groups of neurons to neuronal network activity. Thus, the connection between the microscopic scale (single neuron activity) to macroscopic behavior (emergent behavior of the collective dynamics) and vice versa is a key to understand the brain in its complexity. In this work, we attempt a review of a wide range of approaches, ranging from the modeling of single neuron dynamics to machine learning. The models include biophysical as well as data-driven phenomenological models. The discussed models include Hodgkin-Huxley, FitzHugh-Nagumo, coupled oscillators (Kuramoto oscillators, Rössler oscillators, and the Hindmarsh-Rose neuron), Integrate and Fire, networks of neurons, and neural field equations. In addition to the mathematical models, important mathematical methods in multiscale modeling and reconstruction of the causal connectivity are sketched. The methods include linear and nonlinear tools from statistics, data analysis, and time series analysis up to differential equations, dynamical systems, and bifurcation theory, including Granger causal connectivity analysis, phase synchronization connectivity analysis, principal component analysis (PCA), independent component analysis (ICA), and manifold learning algorithms such as ISOMAP, and diffusion maps and equation-free techniques. WIREs Syst Biol Med 2016, 8:438-458. doi: 10.1002/wsbm.1348 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Constantinos Siettos
- School of Applied Mathematics and Physical Sciences, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Jens Starke
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|