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Xu L, Feng J, Yu L. Avalanche criticality in individuals, fluid intelligence, and working memory. Hum Brain Mapp 2022; 43:2534-2553. [PMID: 35146831 PMCID: PMC9057106 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The critical brain hypothesis suggests that efficient neural computation can be achieved through critical brain dynamics. However, the relationship between human cognitive performance and scale‐free brain dynamics remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the whole‐brain avalanche activity and its individual variability in the human resting‐state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data. We showed that though the group‐level analysis was inaccurate because of individual variability, the subject wise scale‐free avalanche activity was significantly associated with maximal synchronization entropy of their brain activity. Meanwhile, the complexity of functional connectivity, as well as structure–function coupling, is maximized in subjects with maximal synchronization entropy. We also observed order–disorder phase transitions in resting‐state brain dynamics and found that there were longer times spent in the subcritical regime. These results imply that large‐scale brain dynamics favor the slightly subcritical regime of phase transition. Finally, we showed evidence that the neural dynamics of human participants with higher fluid intelligence and working memory scores are closer to criticality. We identified brain regions whose critical dynamics showed significant positive correlations with fluid intelligence performance and found that these regions were located in the prefrontal cortex and inferior parietal cortex, which were believed to be important nodes of brain networks underlying human intelligence. Our results reveal the possible role that avalanche criticality plays in cognitive performance and provide a simple method to identify the critical point and map cortical states on a spectrum of neural dynamics, ranging from subcriticality to supercriticality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longzhou Xu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jianfeng Feng
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Computer Science, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.,School of Mathematical Sciences, School of Life Science and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lianchun Yu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,Lanzhou Center for Theoretical Physics, Key Laboratory of Theoretical Physics of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,The School of Nationalities' Educators, Qinghai Normal University, Xining, China
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2
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Xiao Y, Lin Y, Ma J, Qian J, Ke Z, Li L, Yi Y, Zhang J, Dai Z. Predicting visual working memory with multimodal magnetic resonance imaging. Hum Brain Mapp 2021; 42:1446-1462. [PMID: 33277955 PMCID: PMC7927291 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The indispensability of visual working memory (VWM) in human daily life suggests its importance in higher cognitive functions and neurological diseases. However, despite the extensive research efforts, most findings on the neural basis of VWM are limited to a unimodal context (either structure or function) and have low generalization. To address the above issues, this study proposed the usage of multimodal neuroimaging in combination with machine learning to reveal the neural mechanism of VWM across a large cohort (N = 547). Specifically, multimodal magnetic resonance imaging features extracted from voxel-wise amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations, gray matter volume, and fractional anisotropy were used to build an individual VWM capacity prediction model through a machine learning pipeline, including the steps of feature selection, relevance vector regression, cross-validation, and model fusion. The resulting model exhibited promising predictive performance on VWM (r = .402, p < .001), and identified features within the subcortical-cerebellum network, default mode network, motor network, corpus callosum, anterior corona radiata, and external capsule as significant predictors. The main results were then compared with those obtained on emotional regulation and fluid intelligence using the same pipeline, confirming the specificity of our findings. Moreover, the main results maintained well under different cross-validation regimes and preprocess strategies. These findings, while providing richer evidence for the importance of multimodality in understanding cognitive functions, offer a solid and general foundation for comprehensively understanding the VWM process from the top down.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Xiao
- Department of PsychologySun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Ying Lin
- Department of PsychologySun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Junji Ma
- Department of PsychologySun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Jiehui Qian
- Department of PsychologySun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Zijun Ke
- Department of PsychologySun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Liangfang Li
- Department of PsychologySun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Yangyang Yi
- Department of PsychologySun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Jinbo Zhang
- Department of PsychologySun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Cam‐CAN
- Cambridge Centre for Ageing and Neuroscience (Cam‐CAN)University of Cambridge and MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences UnitCambridgeUK
| | - Zhengjia Dai
- Department of PsychologySun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
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3
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White TL, Gonsalves MA, Cohen RA, Harris AD, Monnig MA, Walsh EG, Nitenson AZ, Porges EC, Lamb DG, Woods AJ, Borja CB. The neurobiology of wellness: 1H-MRS correlates of agency, flexibility and neuroaffective reserves in healthy young adults. Neuroimage 2020; 225:117509. [PMID: 33127477 PMCID: PMC7869459 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) is a noninvasive imaging technique that measures the concentration of metabolites in defined areas of the human brain in vivo. The underlying structure of natural metabolism-emotion relationships is unknown. Further, there is a wide range of between-person differences in metabolite concentration in healthy individuals, but the significance of this variation for understanding emotion in healthy humans is unclear. Here we investigated the relationship of two emotional constructs, agency and flexibility, with the metabolites glutamate and glutamine (Glx), N-acetylaspartate (tNAA), choline (Cho), creatine (tCr), and myo-inositol (Ins) in the right dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) in medically and psychiatrically healthy volunteers (N = 20, 9 female; mean age = 22.8 years, SD = 3.40). The dACC was selected because this region is an integrative hub involved in multiple brain networks of emotion, cognition and behavior. Emotional traits were assessed using the Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire Brief Form (MPQ-BF), an empirically derived self-report instrument with an orthogonal factor structure. Phenotypes evaluated were positive and negative agency (MPQ-BF Social Potency, Aggression), emotional and behavioral flexibility (MPQ-BF Absorption, Control-reversed), and positive and negative affect (MPQ-BF Social Closeness; Stress Reaction, Alienation). The resting concentration of tNAA in the dACC was robustly positively correlated with Absorption (r = +0.56, unadjusted p = .005), moderately positively correlated with Social Potency (r = +0.42, unadjusted p = .03), and robustly negatively correlated with Aggression (r = −0.59, unadjusted p = .003). Absorption and Aggression accounted for substantial variance in tNAA (R2 = 0.31, 0.35; combined R2 = 0.50), and survived correction for multiple comparisons (Holm-Bonferroni adjusted p = .032, 0.021, respectively). dACC Glx and Cho had modest relationships with behavioral flexibility and social affiliation that did not survive this multiple correction, providing effect sizes for future work. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) revealed a three-factor orthogonal solution indicating specific relationships between: 1) Glx and behavioral engagement; 2) Cho and affiliative bonding; and 3) tNAA and a novel dimension that we term neuroaffective reserves. Our results inform the neurobiology of agency and flexibility and lay the groundwork for understanding mechanisms of natural emotion using 1H-MRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara L White
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Box G-S121-4, 121 South Main St., Providence, RI 02912, USA; Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA; Carney Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
| | | | - Ronald A Cohen
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, and McKnight Brain Research Foundation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Ashley D Harris
- Department of Radiology, CAIR Program, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Mollie A Monnig
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Box G-S121-4, 121 South Main St., Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Edward G Walsh
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Adam Z Nitenson
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Eric C Porges
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, and McKnight Brain Research Foundation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Damon G Lamb
- Department of Psychiatry, and Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, McKnight Brain Research Foundation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Center for Neuropsychological Studies, Department of Neurology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA; Brain Rehabilitation Research Center, Malcom Randall Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Adam J Woods
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, and McKnight Brain Research Foundation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Cara B Borja
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
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Argiris G, Stern Y, Habeck C. Reference Ability Neural Network-selective functional connectivity across the lifespan. Hum Brain Mapp 2020; 42:644-659. [PMID: 33108673 PMCID: PMC7814764 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that four latent variables, or reference abilities (RAs), can account for the majority of age-related changes in cognition: these being episodic memory, fluid reasoning, speed of processing, and vocabulary. In the current study, we focused on RA-selective functional connectivity patterns that vary with both age and behavior. We analyzed fMRI data from 287 community-dwelling adults (20-80 years) on a battery of tests relating to the four RAs (three tests per RA = 12 tests). Functional connectivity values were calculated between a pre-defined set of 264 ROIs (nodes). Across all participants, we (a) identified connections (edges) that correlated with an RA-specific indicator variable and, indexing only these edges; (b) performed linear regression analysis per edge, regressing indicator correlations (Model 1) and connectivity values (Model 2) on Age, Behavioral Performance, and the Interaction term; and (c) took the conjunction of significant edges between models. Results revealed a different subset of edges for each RA whose connectivity strength and domain-selectivity varied with age and behavior. Strikingly, the fluid reasoning RA was particularly vulnerable to the effects of age and displayed the most extensive connectivity and selectivity "footprint" for behavior. These findings indicate that different functional networks are recruited across RA, with fluid reasoning displaying a special status among them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgette Argiris
- Cognitive Neuroscience Division, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Yaakov Stern
- Cognitive Neuroscience Division, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
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Larsen RJ, Raine LB, Hillman CH, Kramer AF, Cohen NJ, Barbey AK. Body mass and cardiorespiratory fitness are associated with altered brain metabolism. Metab Brain Dis 2020; 35:999-1007. [PMID: 32350752 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-020-00560-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy provides measures of brain chemistry that are sensitive to cardiorespiratory fitness and body composition. The concentration of N-acetyl aspartic acid (NAA) is of interest because it is a marker of neuronal integrity. The ratio of NAA to creatine, a standard reference metabolite, has been shown to correlate with measures of both cardiorespiratory fitness and body composition. However, previous studies have explored these effects in isolation, making it impossible to know which of these highly correlated measures drive the correlations with NAA/Cr. As a result, the mechanisms underlying their association remain to be established. We therefore conducted a comprehensive study to investigate the relative contributions of cardiorespiratory fitness and percent body fat in predicting NAA/Cr. We demonstrate that NAA/Cr in white matter is correlated with percent body fat, and that this relationship largely subsumes the correlation of NAA/Cr with cardiorespiratory fitness. These results underscore the association of body composition with axonal integrity and suggests that this relationship drives the association of NAA/Cr with physical fitness in young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J Larsen
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana, Champaign, IL, USA.
| | - Lauren B Raine
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Charles H Hillman
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana, Champaign, IL, USA
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Physical Therapy, Movement, & Rehabilitation Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Arthur F Kramer
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana, Champaign, IL, USA
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Neal J Cohen
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana, Champaign, IL, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Aron K Barbey
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana, Champaign, IL, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
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6
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Baniqued PL, Gallen CL, Kranz MB, Kramer AF, D'Esposito M. Brain network modularity predicts cognitive training-related gains in young adults. Neuropsychologia 2019; 131:205-215. [PMID: 31132420 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2019.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The brain operates via networked activity in separable groups of regions called modules. The quantification of modularity compares the number of connections within and between modules, with high modularity indicating greater segregation, or dense connections within sub-networks and sparse connections between sub-networks. Previous work has demonstrated that baseline brain network modularity predicts executive function outcomes in older adults and patients with traumatic brain injury after cognitive and exercise interventions. In healthy young adults, however, the functional significance of brain modularity in predicting training-related cognitive improvements is not fully understood. Here, we quantified brain network modularity in young adults who underwent cognitive training with casual video games that engaged working memory and reasoning processes. Network modularity assessed at baseline was positively correlated with training-related improvements on untrained tasks. The relationship between baseline modularity and training gain was especially evident in initially lower performing individuals and was not present in a group of control participants that did not show training-related gains. These results suggest that a more modular brain network organization may allow for greater training responsiveness. On a broader scale, these findings suggest that, particularly in low-performing individuals, global network properties can capture aspects of brain function that are important in understanding individual differences in learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline L Baniqued
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA, 94720; Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA, 61801.
| | - Courtney L Gallen
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA, 94720; Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA, 94158; Neuroscape, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA, 94158
| | - Michael B Kranz
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA, 61801
| | - Arthur F Kramer
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA, 61801; Psychology Department, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA, 02115
| | - Mark D'Esposito
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA, 94720
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Hammer R, Paul EJ, Hillman CH, Kramer AF, Cohen NJ, Barbey AK. Individual differences in analogical reasoning revealed by multivariate task-based functional brain imaging. Neuroimage 2019; 184:993-1004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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Euler MJ. Intelligence and uncertainty: Implications of hierarchical predictive processing for the neuroscience of cognitive ability. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2018; 94:93-112. [PMID: 30153441 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 06/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Hierarchical predictive processing (PP) has recently emerged as a candidate theoretical paradigm for neurobehavioral research. To date, PP has found support through its success in offering compelling explanations for a number of perceptual, cognitive, and psychiatric phenomena, as well as from accumulating neurophysiological evidence. However, its implications for understanding intelligence and its neural basis have received relatively little attention. The present review outlines the key tenets and evidence for PP, and assesses its implications for intelligence research. It is argued that PP suggests indeterminacy as a unifying principle from which to investigate the cognitive hierarchy and brain-ability correlations. The resulting framework not only accommodates prominent psychometric models of intelligence, but also incorporates key findings from neuroanatomical and functional activation research, and motivates new predictions via the mechanisms of prediction-error minimization. Because PP also suggests unique neural signatures of experience-dependent activity, it may also help clarify environmental contributions to intellectual development. It is concluded that PP represents a plausible, integrative framework that could enhance progress in the neuroscience of intelligence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Euler
- Department of Psychology, University of Utah, 380 S. 1530 E. Rm. 502, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA.
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Coplan JD, Webler R, Gopinath S, Abdallah CG, Mathew SJ. Neurobiology of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in GAD: Aberrant neurometabolic correlation to hippocampus and relationship to anxiety sensitivity and IQ. J Affect Disord 2018; 229:1-13. [PMID: 29288871 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The neurometabolism underlying the cognitive and affective symptoms associated with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) remain poorly understood. After we have linked worry to intelligence in patients with GAD, we hypothesized that aberrant neurometabolic correlations between hippocampus and neocortical regions may underlie a shared substrate in GAD patients for both anxiety sensitivity and intelligence. METHODS GAD patients (n = 16; F = 11) and healthy volunteers (n = 16; F = 10) were assessed using 1H-MRSI. Co-axial planes I [hippocampus (HIPP)] and co-axial plane III [dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), central gyrus (CG)] were examined. Using general linear models, we examined resting metabolite concentrations using HIPP as a hub to CG and DLPFC. Neocortical ROIs were related to Anxiety Sensitivity Index (ASI) and Full Scale IQ (FSIQ) in GAD patients versus controls. RESULTS Right hippocampal Cho/Cr directly predicted left DLPFC Cho/Cr in GAD (r = 0.75), an effect distinguishable (p = 0.0004) from controls. Left HIPP Cho/Cr positively predicted left CG Cho/Cr in GAD, an effect distinguishable from controls. In patients, both left and right DLPFC Cho/Cr positively predicted ASI but only left DLPFC Cho/Cr inversely predicted IQ. By contrast, IQ in controls correlated directly with left CG Cho/Cr. LIMITATIONS Small sample size precluded us from investigating how gender and FSIQ subscales related to neurochemical correlations in the ROIs examined. CONCLUSIONS Aberrant resting state neurochemical correlation between left DLPFC and right HIPP may contribute to GAD symptomatology. Unlike controls, in GAD, IQ and worry may share a common yet inverse neurometabolic substrate in left DLPFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy D Coplan
- Department of Psychiatry, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA.
| | - Ryan Webler
- Yale Depression Research Program, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Srinath Gopinath
- Department of Psychiatry, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Chadi G Abdallah
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Clinical Neuroscience Division, National Center for PTSD, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Sanjay J Mathew
- Mental Health Care Line, Michael E. Debakey VA Medical Center, Houston, TX, USA; Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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Santarnecchi E, Emmendorfer A, Pascual-Leone A. Dissecting the parieto-frontal correlates of fluid intelligence: A comprehensive ALE meta-analysis study. INTELLIGENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2017.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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11
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Abstract
A sufficiently complex set of molecules, if subject to perturbation, will self-organize and show emergent behaviour. If such a system can take on information it will become subject to natural selection. This could explain how self-replicating molecules evolved into life and how intelligence arose. A pivotal step in this evolutionary process was of course the emergence of the eukaryote and the advent of the mitochondrion, which both enhanced energy production per cell and increased the ability to process, store and utilize information. Recent research suggest that from its inception life embraced quantum effects such as 'tunnelling' and 'coherence' while competition and stressful conditions provided a constant driver for natural selection. We believe that the biphasic adaptive response to stress described by hormesis-a process that captures information to enable adaptability, is central to this whole process. Critically, hormesis could improve mitochondrial quantum efficiency, improving the ATP/ROS ratio, whereas inflammation, which is tightly associated with the aging process, might do the opposite. This all suggests that to achieve optimal health and healthy aging, one has to sufficiently stress the system to ensure peak mitochondrial function, which itself could reflect selection of optimum efficiency at the quantum level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alistair V W Nunn
- Research Centre for Optimal Health, Department of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London W1W 6UW, U.K.
| | - Geoffrey W Guy
- GW Pharmaceuticals, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JQ, U.K
| | - Jimmy D Bell
- Research Centre for Optimal Health, Department of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London W1W 6UW, U.K
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Paul EJ, Larsen RJ, Nikolaidis A, Ward N, Hillman CH, Cohen NJ, Kramer AF, Barbey AK. Dissociable brain biomarkers of fluid intelligence. Neuroimage 2016; 137:201-211. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Revised: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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