1
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Yizhar O, Tal Z, Amedi A. Loss of action-related function and connectivity in the blind extrastriate body area. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:973525. [PMID: 36968509 PMCID: PMC10035577 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.973525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The Extrastriate Body Area (EBA) participates in the visual perception and motor actions of body parts. We recently showed that EBA’s perceptual function develops independently of visual experience, responding to stimuli with body-part information in a supramodal fashion. However, it is still unclear if the EBA similarly maintains its action-related function. Here, we used fMRI to study motor-evoked responses and connectivity patterns in the congenitally blind brain. We found that, unlike the case of perception, EBA does not develop an action-related response without visual experience. In addition, we show that congenital blindness alters EBA’s connectivity profile in a counterintuitive way—functional connectivity with sensorimotor cortices dramatically decreases, whereas connectivity with perception-related visual occipital cortices remains high. To the best of our knowledge, we show for the first time that action-related functions and connectivity in the visual cortex could be contingent on visuomotor experience. We further discuss the role of the EBA within the context of visuomotor control and predictive coding theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Or Yizhar
- Department of Cognitive and Brain Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
- Ivcher School of Psychology, The Institute for Brain, Mind and Technology, Reichman University, Herzliya, Israel
- Research Group Adaptive Memory and Decision Making, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany
- *Correspondence: Or Yizhar,
| | - Zohar Tal
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Amir Amedi
- Ivcher School of Psychology, The Institute for Brain, Mind and Technology, Reichman University, Herzliya, Israel
- The Ruth & Meir Rosenthal Brain Imaging Center, Reichman University, Herzliya, Israel
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2
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Li H, Li X, Wang J, Gao F, Wiech K, Hu L, Kong Y. Pain-related reorganization in the primary somatosensory cortex of patients with postherpetic neuralgia. Hum Brain Mapp 2022; 43:5167-5179. [PMID: 35751551 PMCID: PMC9812237 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies on functional and structural changes in the primary somatosensory cortex (S1) have provided important insights into neural mechanisms underlying several chronic pain conditions. However, the role of S1 plasticity in postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) remains elusive. Combining psychophysics and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), we investigated whether pain in PHN patients is linked to S1 reorganization as compared with healthy controls. Results from voxel-based morphometry showed no structural differences between groups. To characterize functional plasticity, we compared S1 responses to noxious laser stimuli of a fixed intensity between both groups and assessed the relationship between S1 activation and spontaneous pain in PHN patients. Although the intensity of evoked pain was comparable in both groups, PHN patients exhibited greater activation in S1 ipsilateral to the stimulated hand. Pain-related activity was identified in contralateral superior S1 (SS1) in controls as expected, but in bilateral inferior S1 (IS1) in PHN patients with no overlap between SS1 and IS1. Contralateral SS1 engaged during evoked pain in controls encoded spontaneous pain in patients, suggesting functional S1 reorganization in PHN. Resting-state fMRI data showed decreased functional connectivity between left and right SS1 in PHN patients, which scaled with the intensity of spontaneous pain. Finally, multivariate pattern analyses (MVPA) demonstrated that BOLD activity and resting-state functional connectivity of S1 predicted within-subject variations of evoked and spontaneous pain intensities across groups. In summary, functional reorganization in S1 might play a key role in chronic pain related to PHN and could be a potential treatment target in this patient group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral ScienceInstitute of PsychologyBeijingChina,Department of PsychologyUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Xiaoyun Li
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina,CAS Key Laboratory of Mental HealthInstitute of PsychologyBeijingChina
| | - Jiyuan Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral ScienceInstitute of PsychologyBeijingChina,Department of PsychologyUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Fei Gao
- Department of Pain MedicinePeking University People's HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Katja Wiech
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (WIN), Nuffield Department of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of Oxford, John Radcliffe HospitalOxfordUK
| | - Li Hu
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina,CAS Key Laboratory of Mental HealthInstitute of PsychologyBeijingChina
| | - Yazhuo Kong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral ScienceInstitute of PsychologyBeijingChina,Department of PsychologyUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina,Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (WIN), Nuffield Department of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of Oxford, John Radcliffe HospitalOxfordUK
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3
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Schaefer M, Kühnel A, Rumpel F, Gärtner M. Altruistic acting caused by a touching hand: neural underpinnings of the Midas touch effect. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2022; 17:437-446. [PMID: 34746947 PMCID: PMC9071415 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsab119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Giving and receiving touch are some of the most important social stimuli we exchange in daily life. By touching someone, we can communicate various types of information. Previous studies have also demonstrated that interpersonal touch may affect our altruistic behavior. A classic study showed that customers give bigger tips when they are lightly touched by a waitress, which has been called the Midas touch effect. Numerous studies reported similar effects of touch on different kinds of helping or prosocial behaviors. Here, we aim to examine the neural underpinnings of this effect by employing a functional magnetic resonance imaging approach. While lying in the scanner, participants played different rounds of the dictator game, a measure of prosocial behavior. Before each round, participants were touched (or not touched in the control condition) by an experimenter. We found that touching the hand increased the likeliness to behave prosocial (but not the general liking of control stimuli), thereby confirming the Midas touch effect. The effect was predicted by activity in the primary somatosensory cortex, indicating that the somatosensory cortex here plays a causal role in prosocial behavior. We conclude that the tactile modality in social life may be much more important than previously thought.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anja Kühnel
- Medical School Berlin, Berlin 14197, Germany
| | - Franziska Rumpel
- Otto-von-Guericke Business School Magdeburg, Magdeburg 39106, Germany
| | - Matti Gärtner
- Medical School Berlin, Berlin 14197, Germany
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin 12200, Germany
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4
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Schellekens W, Bakker C, Ramsey NF, Petridou N. Moving in on human motor cortex. Characterizing the relationship between body parts with non-rigid population response fields. PLoS Comput Biol 2022; 18:e1009955. [PMID: 35377877 PMCID: PMC9009778 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
For cortical motor activity, the relationships between different body part representations is unknown. Through reciprocal body part relationships, functionality of cortical motor areas with respect to whole body motor control can be characterized. In the current study, we investigate the relationship between body part representations within individual neuronal populations in motor cortices, following a 7 Tesla fMRI 18-body-part motor experiment in combination with our newly developed non-rigid population Response Field (pRF) model and graph theory. The non-rigid pRF metrics reveal somatotopic structures in all included motor cortices covering frontal, parietal, medial and insular cortices and that neuronal populations in primary sensorimotor cortex respond to fewer body parts than secondary motor cortices. Reciprocal body part relationships are estimated in terms of uniqueness, clique-formation, and influence. We report unique response profiles for the knee, a clique of body parts surrounding the ring finger, and a central role for the shoulder and wrist. These results reveal associations among body parts from the perspective of the central nervous system, while being in agreement with intuitive notions of body part usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter Schellekens
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Brain Center, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Radiology department, Center for Image Sciences, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Carlijn Bakker
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Brain Center, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Nick F. Ramsey
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Brain Center, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Natalia Petridou
- Radiology department, Center for Image Sciences, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
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5
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Muret D, Root V, Kieliba P, Clode D, Makin TR. Beyond body maps: Information content of specific body parts is distributed across the somatosensory homunculus. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110523. [PMID: 35294887 PMCID: PMC8938902 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The homunculus in primary somatosensory cortex (S1) is famous for its body part selectivity, but this dominant feature may eclipse other representational features, e.g., information content, also relevant for S1 organization. Using multivariate fMRI analysis, we ask whether body part information content can be identified in S1 beyond its primary region. Throughout S1, we identify significant representational dissimilarities between body parts but also subparts in distant non-primary regions (e.g., between the hand and the lips in the foot region and between different face parts in the foot region). Two movements performed by one body part (e.g., the hand) could also be dissociated well beyond its primary region (e.g., in the foot and face regions), even within Brodmann area 3b. Our results demonstrate that information content is more distributed across S1 than selectivity maps suggest. This finding reveals underlying information contents in S1 that could be harnessed for rehabilitation and brain-machine interfaces. We replicate the high univariate selectivity profile of the somatosensory homunculus We use multivariate fMRI analysis to identify information content beyond selectivity Significant body part and action-related content are found throughout the homunculus Functional information is available, even in regions selective to other body parts
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Affiliation(s)
- Dollyane Muret
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, 17 Queen Square, London WC1N 3AZ, UK.
| | - Victoria Root
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, 17 Queen Square, London WC1N 3AZ, UK; Wellcome Centre of Integrative Neuroimaging, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Paulina Kieliba
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, 17 Queen Square, London WC1N 3AZ, UK
| | - Danielle Clode
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, 17 Queen Square, London WC1N 3AZ, UK; Dani Clode Design, 40 Hillside Road, London SW2 3HW, UK
| | - Tamar R Makin
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, 17 Queen Square, London WC1N 3AZ, UK; Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, University College London, London WC1N 3AR, UK
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6
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Oelschlägel M, Polanski WH, Morgenstern U, Steiner G, Kirsch M, Koch E, Schackert G, Sobottka SB. Characterization of cortical hemodynamic changes following sensory, visual, and speech activation by intraoperative optical imaging utilizing phase-based evaluation methods. Hum Brain Mapp 2022; 43:598-615. [PMID: 34590384 PMCID: PMC8720199 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alterations within cerebral hemodynamics are the intrinsic signal source for a wide variety of neuroimaging techniques. Stimulation of specific functions leads due to neurovascular coupling, to changes in regional cerebral blood flow, oxygenation and volume. In this study, we investigated the temporal characteristics of cortical hemodynamic responses following electrical, tactile, visual, and speech activation for different stimulation paradigms using Intraoperative Optical Imaging (IOI). Image datasets from a total of 22 patients that underwent surgical resection of brain tumors were evaluated. The measured reflectance changes at different light wavelength bands, representing alterations in regional cortical blood volume (CBV), and deoxyhemoglobin (HbR) concentration, were assessed by using Fourier-based evaluation methods. We found a decrease of CBV connected to an increase of HbR within the contralateral primary sensory cortex (SI) in patients that were prolonged (30 s/15 s) electrically stimulated. Additionally, we found differences in amplitude as well as localization of activated areas for different stimulation patterns. Contrary to electrical stimulation, prolonged tactile as well as prolonged visual stimulation are provoking increases in CBV within the corresponding activated areas (SI, visual cortex). The processing of the acquired data from awake patients performing speech tasks reveals areas with increased, as well as areas with decreased CBV. The results lead us to the conclusion, that the CBV decreases in connection with HbR increases in SI are associated to processing of nociceptive stimuli and that stimulation type, as well as paradigm have a nonnegligible impact on the temporal characteristics of the following hemodynamic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Oelschlägel
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Carl Gustav Carus Faculty of Medicine, Clinical Sensoring and Monitoring, Dresden, Saxony, Germany
| | - Witold H Polanski
- Department of Neurosurgery, Technische Universität Dresden, Carl Gustav Carus University Hospital Dresden, Dresden, Saxony, Germany
| | - Ute Morgenstern
- Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technische Universität Dresden, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Dresden, Saxony, Germany
| | - Gerald Steiner
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Carl Gustav Carus Faculty of Medicine, Clinical Sensoring and Monitoring, Dresden, Saxony, Germany
| | - Matthias Kirsch
- Department of Neurosurgery, Technische Universität Dresden, Carl Gustav Carus University Hospital Dresden, Dresden, Saxony, Germany.,Department of Neurosurgery, Asklepios Kliniken Schildautal Seesen, Seesen, Saxony, Germany
| | - Edmund Koch
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Carl Gustav Carus Faculty of Medicine, Clinical Sensoring and Monitoring, Dresden, Saxony, Germany
| | - Gabriele Schackert
- Department of Neurosurgery, Technische Universität Dresden, Carl Gustav Carus University Hospital Dresden, Dresden, Saxony, Germany
| | - Stephan B Sobottka
- Department of Neurosurgery, Technische Universität Dresden, Carl Gustav Carus University Hospital Dresden, Dresden, Saxony, Germany
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7
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Zlatkina V, Sprung-Much T, Petrides M. Spatial probability maps of the segments of the postcentral sulcus in the human brain. Cereb Cortex 2021; 32:3651-3668. [PMID: 34963136 PMCID: PMC9433426 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The postcentral sulcus is the posterior boundary of the postcentral gyrus where the somatosensory cortex is represented. In the human brain, the postcentral sulcus is composed of five distinct segments that are related to the somatosensory representation of different parts of the body. Segment 1 of the postcentral sulcus, located near the dorsomedial boundary of each hemisphere, is associated with toe/leg representations, segment 2 with arm/hand representations, segment 3 with blinking, and segments 4 and 5, which are near the lateral fissure and the parietal operculum, with the mouth and tongue representations. The variability in location and spatial extent of these five segments were quantified in 40 magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) anatomical brain scans registered to the stereotaxic space of the Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI space), in the form of volumetric (using MINC Toolkit) and surface (using FreeSurfer) spatial probability maps. These probability maps can be used by researchers and clinicians to improve the localization of the segments of the postcentral sulcus in MRI images of interest and also to improve the interpretation of the location of activation peaks generated in functional neuroimaging studies investigating somatosensory cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Zlatkina
- Address correspondence to Veronika Zlatkina, Montreal Neurological Institute, 3801 University St., Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada.
| | - Trisanna Sprung-Much
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Michael Petrides
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
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8
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Di Marco S, Sulpizio V, Bellagamba M, Fattori P, Galati G, Galletti C, Lappe M, Maltempo T, Pitzalis S. Multisensory integration in cortical regions responding to locomotion-related visual and somatomotor signals. Neuroimage 2021; 244:118581. [PMID: 34543763 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
During real-world locomotion, in order to be able to move along a path or avoid an obstacle, continuous changes in self-motion direction (i.e. heading) are needed. Control of heading changes during locomotion requires the integration of multiple signals (i.e., visual, somatomotor, vestibular). Recent fMRI studies have shown that both somatomotor areas (human PEc [hPEc], human PE [hPE], primary somatosensory cortex [S-I]) and egomotion visual regions (cingulate sulcus visual area [CSv], posterior cingulate area [pCi], posterior insular cortex [PIC]) respond to either leg movements and egomotion-compatible visual stimulations, suggesting a role in the analysis of both visual attributes of egomotion and somatomotor signals with the aim of guiding locomotion. However, whether these regions are able to integrate egomotion-related visual signals with somatomotor inputs coming from leg movements during heading changes remains an open question. Here we used a combined approach of individual functional localizers and task-evoked activity by fMRI. In thirty subjects we first localized three egomotion areas (CSv, pCi, PIC) and three somatomotor regions (S-I, hPE, hPEc). Then, we tested their responses in a multisensory integration experiment combining visual and somatomotor signals relevant to locomotion in congruent or incongruent trials. We used an fMR-adaptation paradigm to explore the sensitivity to the repeated presentation of these bimodal stimuli in the six regions of interest. Results revealed that hPE, S-I and CSv showed an adaptation effect regardless of congruency, while PIC, pCi and hPEc showed sensitivity to congruency. PIC exhibited a preference for congruent trials compared to incongruent trials. Areas pCi and hPEc exhibited an adaptation effect only for congruent and incongruent trials, respectively. PIC, pCi and hPEc sensitivity to the congruency relationship between visual (locomotion-compatible) cues and (leg-related) somatomotor inputs suggests that these regions are involved in multisensory integration processes, likely in order to guide/adjust leg movements during heading changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Di Marco
- Department of Psychology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy; Department of Cognitive and Motor Rehabilitation and Neuroimaging, Santa Lucia Foundation (IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia), Rome, Italy.
| | - Valentina Sulpizio
- Department of Psychology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy; Department of Cognitive and Motor Rehabilitation and Neuroimaging, Santa Lucia Foundation (IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia), Rome, Italy
| | - Martina Bellagamba
- Department of Cognitive and Motor Rehabilitation and Neuroimaging, Santa Lucia Foundation (IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia), Rome, Italy; Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome ''Foro Italico'', Rome, Italy
| | - Patrizia Fattori
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Gaspare Galati
- Department of Psychology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy; Department of Cognitive and Motor Rehabilitation and Neuroimaging, Santa Lucia Foundation (IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia), Rome, Italy
| | - Claudio Galletti
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Markus Lappe
- Institute for Psychology, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany; Otto Creutzfeldt Center for Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Teresa Maltempo
- Department of Cognitive and Motor Rehabilitation and Neuroimaging, Santa Lucia Foundation (IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia), Rome, Italy; Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome ''Foro Italico'', Rome, Italy
| | - Sabrina Pitzalis
- Department of Cognitive and Motor Rehabilitation and Neuroimaging, Santa Lucia Foundation (IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia), Rome, Italy; Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome ''Foro Italico'', Rome, Italy
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9
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Wilkinson F. Aura Mapping: Where Vision and Somatosensation Meet. Vision (Basel) 2021; 5:52. [PMID: 34842832 PMCID: PMC8628888 DOI: 10.3390/vision5040052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
While migraine auras are most frequently visual, somatosensory auras are also relatively common. Both are characterized by the spread of activation across a cortical region containing a spatial mapping of the sensory (retinal or skin) surface. When both aura types occur within a single migraine episode, they may offer an insight into the neural mechanism which underlies them. Could they both be initiated by a single neural event, or do the timing and laterality relationships between them demand multiple triggers? The observations reported here were carried out 25 years ago by a group of six individuals with migraine with aura. They timed, described and mapped their visual and somatosensory auras as they were in progress. Twenty-nine episode reports are summarized here. The temporal relationship between the onset of the two auras was quite variable within and across participants. Various forms of the cortical spreading depression hypothesis of migraine aura are evaluated in terms of whether they can account for the timing, pattern of symptom spread and laterality of the recorded auras.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances Wilkinson
- Centre for Vision Research & Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada
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10
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Hirabayashi T, Nagai Y, Hori Y, Inoue KI, Aoki I, Takada M, Suhara T, Higuchi M, Minamimoto T. Chemogenetic sensory fMRI reveals behaviorally relevant bidirectional changes in primate somatosensory network. Neuron 2021; 109:3312-3322.e5. [PMID: 34672984 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2021.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Concurrent genetic neuromodulation and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in primates has provided a valuable opportunity to assess the modified brain-wide operation in the resting state. However, its application to link the network operation with behavior still remains challenging. Here, we combined chemogenetic silencing of the primary somatosensory cortex (SI) with tactile fMRI and related behaviors in macaques. Focal chemogenetic silencing of functionally identified SI hand region impaired grasping behavior. The same silencing also attenuated hand stimulation-evoked fMRI signal at both the local silencing site and the anatomically and/or functionally connected downstream grasping network, suggesting altered network operation underlying the induced behavioral impairment. Furthermore, the hand region silencing unexpectedly disinhibited foot representation with accompanying behavioral hypersensitization. These results demonstrate that focal chemogenetic silencing with sensory fMRI in macaques unveils bidirectional network changes to generate multifaceted behavioral impairments, thereby opening a pivotal window toward elucidating the causal network operation underpinning higher brain functions in primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Hirabayashi
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Sciences and Technology, Anagawa 4-9-1, Inage-ku, Chiba, Japan.
| | - Yuji Nagai
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Sciences and Technology, Anagawa 4-9-1, Inage-ku, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yukiko Hori
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Sciences and Technology, Anagawa 4-9-1, Inage-ku, Chiba, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Inoue
- Systems Neuroscience Section, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi 484-8506, Japan; PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Ichio Aoki
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Theranostics, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Sciences and Technology, Anagawa 4-9-1, Inage-ku, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masahiko Takada
- Systems Neuroscience Section, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi 484-8506, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Suhara
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Sciences and Technology, Anagawa 4-9-1, Inage-ku, Chiba, Japan
| | - Makoto Higuchi
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Sciences and Technology, Anagawa 4-9-1, Inage-ku, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takafumi Minamimoto
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Sciences and Technology, Anagawa 4-9-1, Inage-ku, Chiba, Japan
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11
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Song Y, Renoul E, Acord S, Johnson YR, Marks W, Alexandrakis G, Papadelis C. Aberrant somatosensory phase synchronization in children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy. Neurosci Lett 2021; 762:136169. [PMID: 34390772 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.136169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy (HCP) often show disturbances of somatosensation. Despite extensive evidence of somatosensory deficits, neurophysiological alterations associated with somatosensory deficits in children with HCP have not been elucidated. Here, we aim to assess phase synchrony within and between contralateral primary (S1) and secondary (S2) somatosensory areas in children with HCP. Intra-regional and inter-regional phase synchronizations within and between S1 and S2 were estimated from somatosensory evoked fields (SEFs) in response to passive pneumatic stimulation of contralateral upper extremities and recorded with pediatric magnetoencephalography (MEG) in children with HCP and typically developing (TD) children. We found aberrant phase synchronizations within S1 and between S1 and S2 in both hemispheres in children with HCP. Specifically, the less-affected (LA) hemisphere demonstrated diminished phase synchronizations after the stimulus onset up to ~120 ms compared to the more-affected (MA) hemisphere and the dominant hemisphere of TD children, while the MA hemisphere showed enhanced phase synchronizations after ~100 ms compared to the LA hemisphere and the TD dominant hemisphere. Our findings indicate abnormal somatosensory functional connectivity in both hemispheres of children with HCP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanlong Song
- Jane and John Justin Neurosciences Center, Cook Children's Health Care System, Fort Worth, TX, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA
| | - Emmanuelle Renoul
- Jane and John Justin Neurosciences Center, Cook Children's Health Care System, Fort Worth, TX, USA; Biomedical Engineering, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Stephanie Acord
- Jane and John Justin Neurosciences Center, Cook Children's Health Care System, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Yvette R Johnson
- NEST Developmental Follow-up Center, Neonatology, Cook Children's Health Care System, Fort Worth, TX, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Texas Christian University and University of North Texas Health Science Center School of Medicine, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Warren Marks
- Jane and John Justin Neurosciences Center, Cook Children's Health Care System, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - George Alexandrakis
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA
| | - Christos Papadelis
- Jane and John Justin Neurosciences Center, Cook Children's Health Care System, Fort Worth, TX, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Texas Christian University and University of North Texas Health Science Center School of Medicine, Fort Worth, TX, USA; Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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12
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Schellekens W, Thio M, Badde S, Winawer J, Ramsey N, Petridou N. A touch of hierarchy: population receptive fields reveal fingertip integration in Brodmann areas in human primary somatosensory cortex. Brain Struct Funct 2021; 226:2099-2112. [PMID: 34091731 PMCID: PMC8354965 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-021-02309-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Several neuroimaging studies have shown the somatotopy of body part representations in primary somatosensory cortex (S1), but the functional hierarchy of distinct subregions in human S1 has not been adequately addressed. The current study investigates the functional hierarchy of cyto-architectonically distinct regions, Brodmann areas BA3, BA1, and BA2, in human S1. During functional MRI experiments, we presented participants with vibrotactile stimulation of the fingertips at three different vibration frequencies. Using population Receptive Field (pRF) modeling of the fMRI BOLD activity, we identified the hand region in S1 and the somatotopy of the fingertips. For each voxel, the pRF center indicates the finger that most effectively drives the BOLD signal, and the pRF size measures the spatial somatic pooling of fingertips. We find a systematic relationship of pRF sizes from lower-order areas to higher-order areas. Specifically, we found that pRF sizes are smallest in BA3, increase slightly towards BA1, and are largest in BA2, paralleling the increase in visual receptive field size as one ascends the visual hierarchy. Additionally, we find that the time-to-peak of the hemodynamic response in BA3 is roughly 0.5 s earlier compared to BA1 and BA2, further supporting the notion of a functional hierarchy of subregions in S1. These results were obtained during stimulation of different mechanoreceptors, suggesting that different afferent fibers leading up to S1 feed into the same cortical hierarchy.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Schellekens
- Department of Radiology, Center for Image Sciences, UMC Utrecht, Q101.132, P.O.Box 85500, 3508 GA, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - M Thio
- Department of Radiology, Center for Image Sciences, UMC Utrecht, Q101.132, P.O.Box 85500, 3508 GA, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - S Badde
- Department of Psychology and Center of Neural Science, NYU, New York, USA
| | - J Winawer
- Department of Psychology and Center of Neural Science, NYU, New York, USA
| | - N Ramsey
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - N Petridou
- Department of Radiology, Center for Image Sciences, UMC Utrecht, Q101.132, P.O.Box 85500, 3508 GA, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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13
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Muret D, Makin TR. The homeostatic homunculus: rethinking deprivation-triggered reorganisation. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2020; 67:115-122. [PMID: 33248404 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2020.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
While amputation was considered a prominent model for cortical reorganisation, recent evidence highlights persistent representation of the missing hand. We offer a new perspective on the literature of amputation-triggered sensorimotor plasticity, by emphasising the need for homeostasis and emerging evidence of latent activity distributed across the homunculus. We argue that deprivation uncovers pre-existing latent activity, which can manifest as remapping, but that since this activity was already there, remapping could in some instances correspond to functional stability of the system rather than reorganisation. Adaptive behaviour and Hebbian-like plasticity may also play crucial roles in maintaining the functional organisation of the homunculus when deprivation occurs in adulthood or in early development. Collectively, we suggest that the brain's need for stability may underlie several key phenotypes for brain remapping, previously interpreted as consequential to reorganisation. Nevertheless, reorganisation may still be possible, especially when cortical changes contribute to the stability of the system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dollyane Muret
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tamar R Makin
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
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14
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Landelle C, Anton JL, Nazarian B, Sein J, Gharbi A, Felician O, Kavounoudias A. Functional brain changes in the elderly for the perception of hand movements: A greater impairment occurs in proprioception than touch. Neuroimage 2020; 220:117056. [PMID: 32562781 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Unlike age-related brain changes linked to motor activity, neural alterations related to self-motion perception remain unknown. Using fMRI data, we investigated age-related changes in the central processing of somatosensory information by inducing illusions of right-hand rotations with specific proprioceptive and tactile stimulation. Functional connectivity during resting-state (rs-FC) was also compared between younger and older participants. Results showed common sensorimotor activations in younger and older adults during proprioceptive and tactile illusions, but less deactivation in various right frontal regions and the precuneus were found in the elderly. Older participants exhibited a less-lateralized pattern of activity across the primary sensorimotor cortices (SM1) in the proprioceptive condition only. This alteration of the interhemispheric balance correlated with declining individual performance in illusion velocity perception from a proprioceptive, but not a tactile, origin. By combining task-related data, rs-FC and behavioral performance, this study provided consistent results showing that hand movement perception was altered in the elderly, with a more pronounced deterioration of the proprioceptive system, likely due to the breakdown of inhibitory processes with aging. Nevertheless, older people could benefit from an increase in internetwork connectivity to overcome this kinesthetic decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Landelle
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, LNSC (Laboratoire de Neurosciences Sensorielles et Cognitives - UMR 7260), Marseille, France; McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jean-Luc Anton
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centre IRM-INT@CERIMED (Institut des Neurosciences de la Timone - UMR 7289), Marseille, France
| | - Bruno Nazarian
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centre IRM-INT@CERIMED (Institut des Neurosciences de la Timone - UMR 7289), Marseille, France
| | - Julien Sein
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centre IRM-INT@CERIMED (Institut des Neurosciences de la Timone - UMR 7289), Marseille, France
| | - Ali Gharbi
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, LNSC (Laboratoire de Neurosciences Sensorielles et Cognitives - UMR 7260), Marseille, France
| | - Olivier Felician
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, INS (Institut des Neurosciences des Systèmes - UMR1106), Marseille, France
| | - Anne Kavounoudias
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, LNSC (Laboratoire de Neurosciences Sensorielles et Cognitives - UMR 7260), Marseille, France.
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15
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Makin TR, Flor H. Brain (re)organisation following amputation: Implications for phantom limb pain. Neuroimage 2020; 218:116943. [PMID: 32428706 PMCID: PMC7422832 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.116943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Following arm amputation the region that represented the missing hand in primary somatosensory cortex (S1) becomes deprived of its primary input, resulting in changed boundaries of the S1 body map. This remapping process has been termed 'reorganisation' and has been attributed to multiple mechanisms, including increased expression of previously masked inputs. In a maladaptive plasticity model, such reorganisation has been associated with phantom limb pain (PLP). Brain activity associated with phantom hand movements is also correlated with PLP, suggesting that preserved limb functional representation may serve as a complementary process. Here we review some of the most recent evidence for the potential drivers and consequences of brain (re)organisation following amputation, based on human neuroimaging. We emphasise other perceptual and behavioural factors consequential to arm amputation, such as non-painful phantom sensations, perceived limb ownership, intact hand compensatory behaviour or prosthesis use, which have also been related to both cortical changes and PLP. We also discuss new findings based on interventions designed to alter the brain representation of the phantom limb, including augmented/virtual reality applications and brain computer interfaces. These studies point to a close interaction of sensory changes and alterations in brain regions involved in body representation, pain processing and motor control. Finally, we review recent evidence based on methodological advances such as high field neuroimaging and multivariate techniques that provide new opportunities to interrogate somatosensory representations in the missing hand cortical territory. Collectively, this research highlights the need to consider potential contributions of additional brain mechanisms, beyond S1 remapping, and the dynamic interplay of contextual factors with brain changes for understanding and alleviating PLP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamar R Makin
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Herta Flor
- Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Germany; Center for Neuroplasticity and Pain (CNAP), Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
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16
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Kaciroti N, DosSantos MF, Moura B, Bellile EL, Nascimento TD, Maslowski E, Danciu TE, Donnell A, DaSilva AF. Sensory-Discriminative Three-Dimensional Body Pain Mobile App Measures Versus Traditional Pain Measurement With a Visual Analog Scale: Validation Study. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth 2020; 8:e17754. [PMID: 32124732 PMCID: PMC7468641 DOI: 10.2196/17754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background To quantify pain severity in patients and the efficacy treatments, researchers and clinicians apply tools such as the traditional visual analog scale (VAS) that leads to inaccurate interpretation of the main sensory pain. Objective This study aimed to validate the pain measurements of a neuroscience-based 3D body pain mobile app called GeoPain. Methods Patients with temporomandibular disorder (TMD) were assessed using GeoPain measures in comparison to VAS and positive and negative affect schedule (PANAS), pain and mood scales, respectively. Principal component analysis (PCA), scatter score analysis, Pearson methods, and effect size were used to determine the correlation between GeoPain and VAS measures. Results The PCA resulted in two main orthogonal components: first principal component (PC1) and second principal component (PC2). PC1 comprises a combination score of all GeoPain measures, which had a high internal consistency and clustered together in TMD pain. PC2 included VAS and PANAS. All loading coefficients for GeoPain measures in PC1 were above 0.70, with low loadings for VAS and PANAS. Meanwhile, PC2 was dominated by a VAS and PANAS coefficient >0.4. Repeated measure analysis revealed a strong correlation between the VAS and mood scores from PANAS over time, which might be related to the subjectivity of the VAS measure, whereas sensory-discriminative GeoPain measures, not VAS, demonstrated an association between chronicity and TMD pain in locations spread away from the most commonly reported area or pain epicenter (P=.01). Analysis using VAS did not detect an association at baseline between TMD and chronic pain. The long-term reliability (lag >1 day) was consistently high for the pain area and intensity number summation (PAINS) with lag autocorrelations averaging between 0.7 and 0.8, and greater than the autocorrelations for VAS averaging between 0.3 and 0.6. The combination of higher reliability for PAINS and its objectivity, displayed by the lack of association with PANAS as compared with VAS, indicated that PAINS has better sensitivity and reliability for measuring treatment effect over time for sensory-discriminative pain. The effect sizes for PAINS were larger than those for VAS, consequently requiring smaller sample sizes to assess the analgesic efficacy of treatment if PAINS was used versus VAS. The PAINS effect size was 0.51 SD for both facial sides and 0.60 SD for the right side versus 0.35 SD for VAS. Therefore, the sample size required to detect such effect sizes with 80% power would be n=125 per group for VAS, but as low as n=44 per group for PAINS, which is almost a third of the sample size needed by VAS. Conclusions GeoPain demonstrates precision and reliability as a 3D mobile interface for measuring and analyzing sensory-discriminative aspects of subregional pain in terms of its severity and response to treatment, without being influenced by mood variations from patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niko Kaciroti
- Center for Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.,Headache & Orofacial Pain Effort (H.O.P.E.), Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.,Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Marcos Fabio DosSantos
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas (ICB), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina (Radiologia), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ)., Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Brenda Moura
- Headache & Orofacial Pain Effort (H.O.P.E.), Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina (Radiologia), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ)., Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Emily Light Bellile
- Department of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Thiago Dias Nascimento
- Center for Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | | | - Theodora E Danciu
- Department of Periodontics and Medicine School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, MI, United States
| | - Adam Donnell
- Orthodontics, Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Alexandre F DaSilva
- Center for Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.,Headache & Orofacial Pain Effort (H.O.P.E.), Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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17
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Nordmark PF, Johansson RS. Disinhibition of Human Primary Somatosensory Cortex After Median Nerve Transection and Reinnervation. Front Hum Neurosci 2020; 14:166. [PMID: 32499687 PMCID: PMC7242759 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2020.00166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite state-of-the-art surgical and postoperative treatment, median nerve transection causes lasting impaired hand function due to limitations in the nerve’s reinnervation ability. The defective innervation and thus controllability of the affected hand can shape the brain’s control of manual behaviors. Earlier studies of changes in the processing of tactile stimuli have focused mainly on stimulation of the reinnervated hand and lack sufficient control over the brain’s use of the tactile input in perceptual terms. Here we used fMRI to measure brain activity (BOLD-signal) in 11 people with median nerve injury and healthy controls (N = 11) when performing demanding tactile tasks using the tip of either the index or little finger of either hand. For the nerve-injured group, the left median nerve had been traumatically transected in the distal forearm and surgically repaired on average 8 years before the study. The hand representation of their contralesional (right) primary somatosensory cortex (S1) showed greater activity compared to controls when the left reinnervated index finger was used, but also when the left-hand little finger and the fingers of the right hand innervated by uninjured nerves were used. We argue that the overall increase in activity reflects a general disinhibition of contralesional S1 consistent with an augmented functional reorganizational plasticity being an ongoing feature of chronic recovery from nerve injury. Also, the nerve-injured showed increased activity within three prefrontal cortical areas implicated in higher-level behavioral processing (dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, left ventrolateral prefrontal and right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex), suggesting that processes supporting decision-making and response-selection were computationally more demanding due to the compromised tactile sensibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per F Nordmark
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Physiology Section, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.,Umeå Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.,Department of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences, Section for Hand and Plastic Surgery, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Roland S Johansson
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Physiology Section, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.,Umeå Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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18
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Surface-based analysis increases the specificity of cortical activation patterns and connectivity results. Sci Rep 2020; 10:5737. [PMID: 32235885 PMCID: PMC7109138 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-62832-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Spatial smoothing of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data can be performed on volumetric images and on the extracted surface of the brain. Smoothing on the unfolded cortex should theoretically improve the ability to separate signals between brain areas that are near together in the folded cortex but are more distant in the unfolded cortex. However, surface-based method approaches (SBA) are currently not utilized as standard procedure in the preprocessing of neuroimaging data. Recent improvements in the quality of cortical surface modeling and improvements in its usability nevertheless advocate this method. In the current study, we evaluated the benefits of an up-to-date surface-based smoothing in comparison to volume-based smoothing. We focused on the effect of signal contamination between different functional systems using the primary motor and primary somatosensory cortex as an example. We were particularly interested in how this signal contamination influences the results of activity and connectivity analyses for these brain regions. We addressed this question by performing fMRI on 19 subjects during a tactile stimulation paradigm and by using simulated BOLD responses. We demonstrated that volume-based smoothing causes contamination of the primary motor cortex by somatosensory cortical responses, leading to false positive motor activation. These false positive motor activations were not found by using surface-based smoothing for reasonable kernel sizes. Accordingly, volume-based smoothing caused an exaggeration of connectivity estimates between these regions. In conclusion, this study showed that surface-based smoothing decreases signal contamination considerably between neighboring functional brain regions and improves the validity of activity and connectivity results.
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19
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Germann J, Chakravarty MM, Collins DL, Petrides M. Tight Coupling between Morphological Features of the Central Sulcus and Somatomotor Body Representations: A Combined Anatomical and Functional MRI Study. Cereb Cortex 2020; 30:1843-1854. [PMID: 31711125 PMCID: PMC7132904 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhz208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Pioneering research established the concept of somatotopic organization of the primary motor and somatosensory cortex along the central sulcus as depicted in the widely known schematic illustration (the "homunculus") by Penfield and colleagues. With the exception of the hand, however, a precise relationship between morphological features of the central sulcus and the representation of various parts of the body has not been addressed. To investigate whether such relations between anatomical features and functional body representations exist, we first examined central sulcus morphology in detail and then conducted a functional magnetic resonance imaging experiment to establish somatomotor representations. This study established that the central sulcus is composed of five distinct sulcal segments and demonstrated that each segment relates systematically to the sensorimotor representation of distinct parts of the body. Thus, local morphology predicts the localization of body representations with precision, raising fundamental questions regarding functional and morphological differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Germann
- Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal H3A 2B4, Canada
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - M Mallar Chakravarty
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal H3A 2B4, Canada
- CIC, Douglas Mental Health Institute, McGill University, Montreal, H4H 1R3, Canada
| | - D Louis Collins
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Michael Petrides
- Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal H3A 2B4, Canada
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal H3A 2B4, Canada
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20
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Chen L. Education and visual neuroscience: A mini-review. Psych J 2019; 9:524-532. [PMID: 31884725 DOI: 10.1002/pchj.335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Neuroscience, especially visual neuroscience, is a burgeoning field that has greatly shaped the format and efficacy of education. Moreover, findings from visual neuroscience are an ongoing source of great progress in pedagogy. In this mini-review, I review existing evidence and areas of active research to describe the fundamental questions and general applications for visual neuroscience as it applies to education. First, I categorize the research questions and future directions for the role of visual neuroscience in education. Second, I juxtapose opposing views on the roles of neuroscience in education and reveal the "neuromyths" propagated under the guise of educational neuroscience. Third, I summarize the policies and practices applied in different countries and for different age ranges. Fourth, I address and discuss the merits of visual neuroscience in art education and of visual perception theories (e.g., those concerned with perceptual organization with respect to space and time) in reading education. I consider how vision-deprived students could benefit from current knowledge of brain plasticity and visual rehabilitation methods involving compensation from other sensory systems. I also consider the potential educational value of instructional methods based on statistical learning in the visual domain. Finally, I outline the accepted translational framework for applying findings from educational neuroscience to pedagogical theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihan Chen
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences and Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
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21
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Matias CM. Edwin Boldrey and Wilder Penfield's Homunculus: From Past to Present. World Neurosurg 2019; 135:14-15. [PMID: 31794840 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2019.11.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Caio Marconato Matias
- Department of Neurosurgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
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22
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Mancini F, Wang AP, Schira MM, Isherwood ZJ, McAuley JH, Iannetti GD, Sereno MI, Moseley GL, Rae CD. Fine-Grained Mapping of Cortical Somatotopies in Chronic Complex Regional Pain Syndrome. J Neurosci 2019; 39:9185-9196. [PMID: 31570533 PMCID: PMC6855684 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2005-18.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
It has long been thought that severe chronic pain conditions, such as complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS), are not only associated with, but even maintained by a reorganization of the somatotopic representation of the affected limb in primary somatosensory cortex (S1). This notion has driven treatments that aim to restore S1 representations in CRPS patients, such as sensory discrimination training and mirror therapy. However, this notion is based on both indirect and incomplete evidence obtained with imaging methods with low spatial resolution. Here, we used fMRI to characterize the S1 representation of the affected and unaffected hand in humans (of either sex) with unilateral CRPS. The cortical area, location, and geometry of the S1 representation of the CRPS hand were largely comparable with those of both the unaffected hand and healthy controls. We found no differential relation between affected versus unaffected hand map measures and clinical measures (pain severity, upper limb disability, disease duration). Thus, if any map reorganization occurs, it does not appear to be directly related to pain and disease severity. These findings compel us to reconsider the cortical mechanisms underlying CRPS and the rationale for interventions that aim to "restore" somatotopic representations to treat pain.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT This study shows that the spatial map of the fingers in somatosensory cortex is largely preserved in chronic complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS). These findings challenge the treatment rationale for restoring somatotopic representations in complex regional pain syndrome patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Mancini
- Computational and Biological Learning, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1PZ, United Kingdom,
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Audrey P Wang
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales 2031, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health and Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2145, Australia
| | - Mark M Schira
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales 2031, Australia
- School of Psychology, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia
| | - Zoey J Isherwood
- School of Psychology, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia
| | - James H McAuley
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales 2031, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Giandomenico D Iannetti
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
- Neuroscience and Behaviour Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rome 00161, Italy
| | - Martin I Sereno
- Department of Psychology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California 92182, and
| | - G Lorimer Moseley
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales 2031, Australia
- IMPACT in Health, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Caroline D Rae
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales 2031, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
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23
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Pitzalis S, Serra C, Sulpizio V, Di Marco S, Fattori P, Galati G, Galletti C. A putative human homologue of the macaque area PEc. Neuroimage 2019; 202:116092. [PMID: 31408715 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.116092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The cortical area PEc is anatomically and functionally well-defined in macaque, but it is unknown whether it has a counterpart in human. Since we know that macaque PEc, but not the nearby posterior regions, hosts a lower limb representation, in an attempt to recognize a possible human PEc we looked for the existence of leg representations in the human parietal cortex using individual cortical surface-based analysis, task-evoked paradigms and resting-state functional connectivity. fMRI images were acquired while thirty-one participants performed long-range leg movements through an in-house MRI-compatible set-up. We revealed the existence of multiple leg representations in the human dorsomedial parietal cortex, here defined as S-I (somatosensory-I), hPE (human PE, in the postcentral sulcus), and hPEc (human PEc, in the anterior precuneus). Among the three "leg" regions, hPEc had a unique functional profile, in that it was the only one responding to both arm and leg movements, to both hand-pointing and foot pointing movements, and to flow field visual stimulation, very similar to macaque area PEc. In addition, hPEc showed functional connections with the somatomotor regions hosting a lower limb representation, again as in macaque area PEc. Therefore, based on similarity in brain position, functional organization, cortical connections, and relationship with the neighboring areas, we propose that this cortical region is the human homologue of macaque area PEc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Pitzalis
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome ''Foro Italico", 00135, Rome, Italy; Department of Cognitive and Motor Rehabilitation and Neuroimaging, Santa Lucia Foundation (IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia), 00142, Rome, Italy.
| | - Chiara Serra
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome ''Foro Italico", 00135, Rome, Italy; Department of Cognitive and Motor Rehabilitation and Neuroimaging, Santa Lucia Foundation (IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia), 00142, Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Sulpizio
- Department of Cognitive and Motor Rehabilitation and Neuroimaging, Santa Lucia Foundation (IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia), 00142, Rome, Italy; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Sara Di Marco
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome ''Foro Italico", 00135, Rome, Italy; Department of Cognitive and Motor Rehabilitation and Neuroimaging, Santa Lucia Foundation (IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia), 00142, Rome, Italy
| | - Patrizia Fattori
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Gaspare Galati
- Department of Cognitive and Motor Rehabilitation and Neuroimaging, Santa Lucia Foundation (IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia), 00142, Rome, Italy; Brain Imaging Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Sapienza University, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudio Galletti
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126, Bologna, Italy
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24
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Hok P, Opavský J, Labounek R, Kutín M, Šlachtová M, Tüdös Z, Kaňovský P, Hluštík P. Differential Effects of Sustained Manual Pressure Stimulation According to Site of Action. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:722. [PMID: 31379481 PMCID: PMC6650750 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Sustained pressure stimulation of the body surface has been used in several physiotherapeutic techniques, such as reflex locomotion therapy. Clinical observations of global motor responses and subsequent motor behavioral changes after stimulation in certain sites suggest modulation of central sensorimotor control, however, the neuroanatomical correlates remain undescribed. We hypothesized that different body sites would specifically influence the sensorimotor system during the stimulation. We tested the hypothesis using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in thirty healthy volunteers (mean age 24.2) scanned twice during intermittent manual pressure stimulation, once at the right lateral heel according to reflex locomotion therapy, and once at the right lateral ankle (control site). A flexible modeling approach with finite impulse response basis functions was employed since non-canonical hemodynamic response was expected. Subsequently, a clustering algorithm was used to separate areas with differential timecourses. Stimulation at both sites induced responses throughout the sensorimotor system that could be mostly separated into two anti-correlated subsystems with transient positive or negative signal change and rapid adaptation, although in heel stimulation, insulo-opercular cortices and pons showed sustained activation. In direct voxel-wise comparison, heel stimulation was associated with significantly higher activation levels in the contralateral primary motor cortex and decreased activation in the posterior parietal cortex. Thus, we demonstrate that the manual pressure stimulation affects multiple brain structures involved in motor control and the choice of stimulation site impacts the shape and amplitude of the blood oxygenation level-dependent response. We further discuss the relationship between the affected structures and behavioral changes after reflex locomotion therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Hok
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia.,Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Jaroslav Opavský
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Physical Culture, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - René Labounek
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University Hospital Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | | | - Martina Šlachtová
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Physical Culture, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Zbyněk Tüdös
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia.,Department of Radiology, University Hospital Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Petr Kaňovský
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia.,Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Petr Hluštík
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia.,Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
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25
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Wilson R, Mullinger KJ, Francis ST, Mayhew SD. The relationship between negative BOLD responses and ERS and ERD of alpha/beta oscillations in visual and motor cortex. Neuroimage 2019; 199:635-650. [PMID: 31189075 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous work has investigated the electrophysiological origins of the intra-modal (within the stimulated sensory cortex) negative BOLD fMRI response (NBR, decrease from baseline) but little attention has been paid to the origin of cross-modal NBRs, those in a different sensory cortex. In the current study we use simultaneous EEG-fMRI recordings to assess the neural correlates of both intra- and cross-modal responses to left-hemifield visual stimuli and right-hand motor tasks, and evaluate the balance of activation and deactivation between the visual and motor systems. Within- and between-subject covariations of EEG and fMRI responses to both tasks are assessed to determine how patterns of event-related desynchronization/synchronisation (ERD/ERS) of alpha/beta frequency oscillations relate to the NBR in the two sensory cortices. We show that both visual and motor tasks induce intra-modal NBR and cross-modal NBR (e.g. visual stimuli evoked NBRs in both visual and motor cortices). In the EEG data, bilateral intra-modal alpha/beta ERD were consistently observed to both tasks, whilst the cross-modal EEG response varied across subjects between alpha/beta ERD and ERS. Both the mean cross-modal EEG and fMRI response amplitudes showed a small increase in magnitude with increasing task intensity. In response to the visual stimuli, subjects displaying cross-modal ERS of motor beta power displayed a significantly larger magnitude of cross-modal NBR in motor cortex. However, in contrast to the motor stimuli, larger cross-modal ERD of visual alpha power was associated with larger cross-modal visual NBR. Single-trial correlation analysis provided further evidence of relationship between EEG signals and the NBR, motor cortex beta responses to motor tasks were significantly negatively correlated with cross-modal visual cortex NBR amplitude, and positively correlated with intra-modal motor cortex PBR. This study provides a new body of evidence that the coupling between BOLD and low-frequency (alpha/beta) sensory cortex EEG responses extends to cross-modal NBR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross Wilson
- Centre for Human Brain Health (CHBH), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Karen J Mullinger
- Centre for Human Brain Health (CHBH), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; SPMIC, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Susan T Francis
- SPMIC, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Stephen D Mayhew
- Centre for Human Brain Health (CHBH), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
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26
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Badde S, Röder B, Heed T. Feeling a Touch to the Hand on the Foot. Curr Biol 2019; 29:1491-1497.e4. [PMID: 30955931 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.02.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Where we perceive a touch putatively depends on topographic maps that code the touch's location on the skin [1] as well as its position in external space [2-5]. However, neither somatotopic nor external-spatial representations can account for atypical tactile percepts in some neurological patients and amputees; referral of touch to an absent or anaesthetized hand after stimulation of a foot [6, 7] or the contralateral hand [8-10] challenges the role of topographic representations when attributing touch to the limbs. Here, we show that even healthy adults systematically misattribute touch to other limbs. Participants received two tactile stimuli, each to a different limb-hand or foot-and reported which of all four limbs had been stimulated first. Hands and feet were either uncrossed or crossed to dissociate body-based and external-spatial representations [11-14]. Remarkably, participants regularly attributed the first touch to a limb that had received neither of the two stimuli. The erroneously reported, non-stimulated limb typically matched the correct limb with respect to limb type or body side. Touch was misattributed to non-stimulated limbs of the other limb type and body side only if they were placed at the correct limb's canonical (default) side of space. The touch's actual location in external space was irrelevant. These errors replicated across several contexts, and modeling linked them to incoming sensory evidence rather than to decision strategies. The results highlight the importance of the touched body part's identity and canonical location but challenge the role of external-spatial tactile representations when attributing touch to a limb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Badde
- Department of Psychology and Center of Neural Sciences, New York University, 6 Washington Place, New York, NY 10003, USA; Biological Psychology and Neuropsychology, University of Hamburg, Von-Melle-Park 11, 20146 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Brigitte Röder
- Biological Psychology and Neuropsychology, University of Hamburg, Von-Melle-Park 11, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Heed
- Biopsychology & Cognitive Neuroscience, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstrasse 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany; Center of Excellence Cognitive Interaction Technology (CITEC), Bielefeld University, Inspiration 1, 33619 Bielefeld, Germany
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27
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Serra C, Galletti C, Di Marco S, Fattori P, Galati G, Sulpizio V, Pitzalis S. Egomotion-related visual areas respond to active leg movements. Hum Brain Mapp 2019; 40:3174-3191. [PMID: 30924264 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Monkey neurophysiology and human neuroimaging studies have demonstrated that passive viewing of optic flow stimuli activates a cortical network of temporal, parietal, insular, and cingulate visual motion regions. Here, we tested whether the human visual motion areas involved in processing optic flow signals simulating self-motion are also activated by active lower limb movements, and hence are likely involved in guiding human locomotion. To this aim, we used a combined approach of task-evoked activity and resting-state functional connectivity by fMRI. We localized a set of six egomotion-responsive visual areas (V6+, V3A, intraparietal motion/ventral intraparietal [IPSmot/VIP], cingulate sulcus visual area [CSv], posterior cingulate sulcus area [pCi], posterior insular cortex [PIC]) by using optic flow. We tested their response to a motor task implying long-range active leg movements. Results revealed that, among these visually defined areas, CSv, pCi, and PIC responded to leg movements (visuomotor areas), while V6+, V3A, and IPSmot/VIP did not (visual areas). Functional connectivity analysis showed that visuomotor areas are connected to the cingulate motor areas, the supplementary motor area, and notably to the medial portion of the somatosensory cortex, which represents legs and feet. We suggest that CSv, pCi, and PIC perform the visual analysis of egomotion-like signals to provide sensory information to the motor system with the aim of guiding locomotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Serra
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy.,Department of Cognitive and Motor Rehabilitation and Neuroimaging, Santa Lucia Foundation (IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia), Rome, Italy
| | - Claudio Galletti
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Sara Di Marco
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy.,Department of Cognitive and Motor Rehabilitation and Neuroimaging, Santa Lucia Foundation (IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia), Rome, Italy
| | - Patrizia Fattori
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Gaspare Galati
- Department of Cognitive and Motor Rehabilitation and Neuroimaging, Santa Lucia Foundation (IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia), Rome, Italy.,Brain Imaging Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Sulpizio
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Sabrina Pitzalis
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy.,Department of Cognitive and Motor Rehabilitation and Neuroimaging, Santa Lucia Foundation (IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia), Rome, Italy
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28
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Solstrand Dahlberg L, Becerra L, Borsook D, Linnman C. Brain changes after spinal cord injury, a quantitative meta-analysis and review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2018; 90:272-293. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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29
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Stark‐Inbar A, Dayan E. Preferential encoding of movement amplitude and speed in the primary motor cortex and cerebellum. Hum Brain Mapp 2017; 38:5970-5986. [PMID: 28885740 PMCID: PMC6867018 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Revised: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Voluntary movements require control of multiple kinematic parameters, a task carried out by a distributed brain architecture. However, it remains unclear whether regions along the motor system encode single, or rather a mixture of, kinematic parameters during action execution. Here, rapid event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging was used to differentiate brain activity along the motor system during the encoding of movement amplitude, duration, and speed. We present cumulative evidence supporting preferential encoding of kinematic parameters along the motor system, based on blood-oxygenation-level dependent signal recorded in a well-controlled single-joint wrist-flexion task. Whereas activity in the left primary motor cortex (M1) showed preferential encoding of movement amplitude, the anterior lobe of the right cerebellum (primarily lobule V) showed preferential encoding of movement speed. Conversely, activity in the left supplementary motor area (SMA), basal ganglia (putamen), and anterior intraparietal sulcus was not preferentially modulated by any specific parameter. We found no preference in peak activation for duration encoding in any of the tested regions. Electromyographic data was mainly modulated by movement amplitude, restricting the distinction between amplitude and muscle force encoding. Together, these results suggest that during single-joint movements, distinct kinematic parameters are controlled by largely distinct brain-regions that work together to produce and control precise movements. Hum Brain Mapp 38:5970-5986, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alit Stark‐Inbar
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyCalifornia
| | - Eran Dayan
- Department of RadiologyBiomedical Research Imaging Center and Neuroscience Curriculum, University of North Carolina at Chapel HillNorth Carolina
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30
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Fukushima-Nakayama Y, Ono T, Hayashi M, Inoue M, Wake H, Ono T, Nakashima T. Reduced Mastication Impairs Memory Function. J Dent Res 2017. [PMID: 28621563 DOI: 10.1177/0022034517708771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Mastication is an indispensable oral function related to physical, mental, and social health throughout life. The elderly tend to have a masticatory dysfunction due to tooth loss and fragility in the masticatory muscles with aging, potentially resulting in impaired cognitive function. Masticatory stimulation has influence on the development of the central nervous system (CNS) as well as the growth of maxillofacial tissue in children. Although the relationship between mastication and cognitive function is potentially important in the growth period, the cellular and molecular mechanisms have not been sufficiently elucidated. Here, we show that the reduced mastication resulted in impaired spatial memory and learning function owing to the morphological change and decreased activity in the hippocampus. We used an in vivo model for reduced masticatory stimuli, in which juvenile mice were fed with powder diet and found that masticatory stimulation during the growth period positively regulated long-term spatial memory to promote cognitive function. The functional linkage between mastication and brain was validated by the decrease in neurons, neurogenesis, neuronal activity, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression in the hippocampus. These findings taken together provide in vivo evidence for a functional linkage between mastication and cognitive function in the growth period, suggesting a need for novel therapeutic strategies in masticatory function-related cognitive dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Fukushima-Nakayama
- 1 Department of Cell Signaling, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,2 Department of Orthodontic Science, Oral Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takehito Ono
- 1 Department of Cell Signaling, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - M Hayashi
- 1 Department of Cell Signaling, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - M Inoue
- 1 Department of Cell Signaling, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,2 Department of Orthodontic Science, Oral Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - H Wake
- 3 Department of System Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Japan
| | - Takashi Ono
- 2 Department of Orthodontic Science, Oral Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - T Nakashima
- 1 Department of Cell Signaling, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,4 Precursory Research for Embryonic Science Technology (PRESTO), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,5 Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (AMED-CREST), Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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