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Abd El-Hamid MI, El-Azzouny MM, El-Malt RMS, Elkenawy ME, Abdelwarith AA, Younis EM, Youssef W, Dawod RE, Elged DWAH, Habaka MAM, El Oksh ASA, Mekawy S, Davies SJ, Ibrahim D. Future impact of thymoquinone-loaded nanoemulsion in rabbits: prospects for enhancing growth, immunity, antioxidant potential and resistance against Pasteurella multocida. Front Vet Sci 2024; 10:1340964. [PMID: 38292130 PMCID: PMC10824920 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1340964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Phytochemical nanoemulsions, such as thymoquinone nanoemulsions (TQN), are regarded as innovative alternatives to antimicrobials that significantly improve the performance, digestion, antioxidant potential and immunity of rabbits. Thus, the potential effects of TQN on growth, digestibility, antioxidant potential, immunity and resistance against Pasteurella multocida (P. multocida) in rabbits were assessed. Herein, 240 rabbits were offered either a basal diet or diets fortified with three TQN-graded concentrations. At 60 days of age, rabbits were challenged with multidrug-resistant (MDR) virulent P. multocida strain. Our outcomes described that dietary inclusion of TQN, especially at higher concentrations, significantly enhanced the growth performance of rabbits, which was supported by increasing the levels of jejunal lipase, amylase and trypsin enzymes. Of note, the levels of muscle and jejunal antioxidant enzymes [superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), catalase (CAT) and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC)], serum immunological markers (IgG, IgG, IgM and total Igs) and blood phagocytic percentage were significantly provoked after TQN fortification; meanwhile, the levels of muscle and jejunal MDA, serum biochemical parameters (total cholesterol, TG and LDL), abdominal fat percentage, breast and thigh cholesterol were significantly decreased following TQN supplementations. Our findings showed that TQN protected rabbits against P. multocida experimental challenge as evidenced by reducing P. multocida counts in rabbits' lungs, downregulating the transcription levels of P. multocida virulence-related genes (ptfA, toxA and nanB) at 48 and 96 h post-infection and ameliorating the expression levels of cytokines-related genes (IL-1β, IL-10, IL-8, IL-6, DEFB1, TNF-α, TLR-4 and TLR-2) at 96 h post-infection. Our findings suggest the utilization of TQN in rabbits' diets due to their stimulating effects on digestibility as well as their growth-promoting, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-virulence and immunostimulant properties, which enhance the rabbits' P. multocida resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa I. Abd El-Hamid
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Mona M. El-Azzouny
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI), Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Rania M. S. El-Malt
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI), Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Mona E. Elkenawy
- Department of Biochemistry, Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI), Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Mansoura, Egypt
| | | | - Elsayed M. Younis
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saudi University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wessam Youssef
- Department of Biotechnology, Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI), Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Giza, Egypt
| | - Rehab E. Dawod
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI), Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Damietta, Egypt
| | - Dalia W. A. H. Elged
- Toxicology and Biochemical Department, Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI), Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Manal A. M. Habaka
- Department of Poultry and Rabbits Diseases, Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI), Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Amal S. A. El Oksh
- Department of Biotechnology, Reference Laboratory for Quality Control of Poultry Production (RLQP), Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI), Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Soad Mekawy
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI), Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Simon J. Davies
- Aquaculture Nutrition Research Unit (ANRU), Carna Research Station, College of Science and Engineering, Ryan Institute, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Doaa Ibrahim
- Department of Nutrition and Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
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Al-Shalawi FD, Mohamed Ariff AH, Jung DW, Mohd Ariffin MKA, Seng Kim CL, Brabazon D, Al-Osaimi MO. Biomaterials as Implants in the Orthopedic Field for Regenerative Medicine: Metal versus Synthetic Polymers. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:2601. [PMID: 37376247 DOI: 10.3390/polym15122601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients suffering bone fractures in different parts of the body require implants that will enable similar function to that of the natural bone that they are replacing. Joint diseases (rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis) also require surgical intervention with implants such as hip and knee joint replacement. Biomaterial implants are utilized to fix fractures or replace parts of the body. For the majority of these implant cases, either metal or polymer biomaterials are chosen in order to have a similar functional capacity to the original bone material. The biomaterials that are employed most often for implants of bone fracture are metals such as stainless steel and titanium, and polymers such as polyethene and polyetheretherketone (PEEK). This review compared metallic and synthetic polymer implant biomaterials that can be employed to secure load-bearing bone fractures due to their ability to withstand the mechanical stresses and strains of the body, with a focus on their classification, properties, and application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faisal Dakhelallah Al-Shalawi
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Azmah Hanim Mohamed Ariff
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
- Research Center Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites (AEMC), Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Dong-Won Jung
- Faculty of Applied Energy System, Major of Mechanical Engineering, Jeju National University, 102 Jejudaehak-ro, Jeju-si 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Mohd Khairol Anuar Mohd Ariffin
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Collin Looi Seng Kim
- Department of Orthopaedic, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Dermot Brabazon
- Advanced Manufacturing Research Centre, and Advanced Processing Technology Research Centre, School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, D09 V209 Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Maha Obaid Al-Osaimi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
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Weiler S, Guggiana Nilo D, Bonhoeffer T, Hübener M, Rose T, Scheuss V. Orientation and direction tuning align with dendritic morphology and spatial connectivity in mouse visual cortex. Curr Biol 2022; 32:1743-1753.e7. [PMID: 35276098 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.02.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The functional properties of neocortical pyramidal cells (PCs), such as direction and orientation selectivity in visual cortex, predominantly derive from their excitatory and inhibitory inputs. For layer 2/3 (L2/3) PCs, the detailed relationship between their functional properties and how they sample and integrate information across cortical space is not fully understood. Here, we study this relationship by combining functional in vivo two-photon calcium imaging, in vitro functional circuit mapping, and dendritic reconstruction of the same L2/3 PCs in mouse visual cortex. Our work reveals direct correlations between dendritic morphology and functional input connectivity and the orientation as well as direction tuning of L2/3 PCs. First, the apical dendritic tree is elongated along the postsynaptic preferred orientation, considering the representation of visual space in the cortex as determined by its retinotopic organization. Additionally, sharply orientation-tuned cells show a less complex apical tree compared with broadly tuned cells. Second, in direction-selective L2/3 PCs, the spatial distribution of presynaptic partners is offset from the soma opposite to the preferred direction. Importantly, although the presynaptic excitatory and inhibitory input distributions spatially overlap on average, the excitatory input distribution is spatially skewed along the preferred direction, in contrast to the inhibitory distribution. Finally, the degree of asymmetry is positively correlated with the direction selectivity of the postsynaptic L2/3 PC. These results show that the dendritic architecture and the spatial arrangement of excitatory and inhibitory presynaptic cells of L2/3 PCs play important roles in shaping their orientation and direction tuning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Weiler
- Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Martinsried, Germany; Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Großhaderner Str. 2, 82152 Planegg, Germany
| | | | | | - Mark Hübener
- Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Tobias Rose
- Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Volker Scheuss
- Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Martinsried, Germany; Department of Psychiatry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Nussbaumstr. 7, 80336 München, Germany.
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Marc RE, Sigulinsky CL, Pfeiffer RL, Emrich D, Anderson JR, Jones BW. Heterocellular Coupling Between Amacrine Cells and Ganglion Cells. Front Neural Circuits 2018; 12:90. [PMID: 30487737 PMCID: PMC6247779 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2018.00090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
All superclasses of retinal neurons, including bipolar cells (BCs), amacrine cells (ACs) and ganglion cells (GCs), display gap junctional coupling. However, coupling varies extensively by class. Heterocellular AC coupling is common in many mammalian GC classes. Yet, the topology and functions of coupling networks remains largely undefined. GCs are the least frequent superclass in the inner plexiform layer and the gap junctions mediating GC-to-AC coupling (GC::AC) are sparsely arrayed amidst large cohorts of homocellular AC::AC, BC::BC, GC::GC and heterocellular AC::BC gap junctions. Here, we report quantitative coupling for identified GCs in retinal connectome 1 (RC1), a high resolution (2 nm) transmission electron microscopy-based volume of rabbit retina. These reveal that most GC gap junctions in RC1 are suboptical. GC classes lack direct cross-class homocellular coupling with other GCs, despite opportunities via direct membrane contact, while OFF alpha GCs and transient ON directionally selective (DS) GCs are strongly coupled to distinct AC cohorts. Integrated small molecule immunocytochemistry identifies these as GABAergic ACs (γ+ ACs). Multi-hop synaptic queries of RC1 connectome further profile these coupled γ+ ACs. Notably, OFF alpha GCs couple to OFF γ+ ACs and transient ON DS GCs couple to ON γ+ ACs, including a large interstitial amacrine cell, revealing matched ON/OFF photic drive polarities within coupled networks. Furthermore, BC input to these γ+ ACs is tightly matched to the GCs with which they couple. Evaluation of the coupled versus inhibitory targets of the γ+ ACs reveals that in both ON and OFF coupled GC networks these ACs are presynaptic to GC classes that are different than the classes with which they couple. These heterocellular coupling patterns provide a potential mechanism for an excited GC to indirectly inhibit nearby GCs of different classes. Similarly, coupled γ+ ACs engaged in feedback networks can leverage the additional gain of BC synapses in shaping the signaling of downstream targets based on their own selective coupling with GCs. A consequence of coupling is intercellular fluxes of small molecules. GC::AC coupling involves primarily γ+ cells, likely resulting in GABA diffusion into GCs. Surveying GABA signatures in the GC layer across diverse species suggests the majority of vertebrate retinas engage in GC::γ+ AC coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Bryan William Jones
- Moran Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
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Cortical direction selectivity emerges at convergence of thalamic synapses. Nature 2018; 558:80-86. [PMID: 29795349 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0148-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Detecting the direction of motion of an object is essential for our representation of the visual environment. The visual cortex is one of the main stages in the mammalian nervous system in which the direction of motion may be computed de novo. Experiments and theories indicate that cortical neurons respond selectively to motion direction by combining inputs that provide information about distinct spatial locations with distinct time delays. Despite the importance of this spatiotemporal offset for direction selectivity, its origin and cellular mechanisms are not fully understood. We show that approximately 80 ± 10 thalamic neurons, which respond with distinct time courses to stimuli in distinct locations, excite mouse visual cortical neurons during visual stimulation. The integration of thalamic inputs with the appropriate spatiotemporal offset provides cortical neurons with a primordial bias for direction selectivity. These data show how cortical neurons selectively combine the spatiotemporal response diversity of thalamic neurons to extract fundamental features of the visual world.
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