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Fontana L, Albayay J, Fernandez-Prieto I, Zampini M. EXPRESS: Olfactory habituation for food and non-food odours. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2022; 76:1209-1219. [PMID: 35866345 DOI: 10.1177/17470218221115046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Olfactory perception can be modulated by the repeated exposure to odours. Olfactory habituation is a reduced behavioural response to repetitive stimulation. Edibility is considered an important top-down feature that can affect olfactory perception, but whether it could modulate olfactory habituation when food or non-food odours are repeatedly smelled remains unclear. Indeed, due to their ecological salience, food odours attract attention automatically which might slow down habituation. This registered report aimed to determine whether olfactory habituation shows a different pattern when participants are presented with food or non-food odours. In a within-subject design, 50 participants were tested under satiated and fasted states in separated experimental sessions. In each session, participants were exposed to the same food and non-food odour in different blocks of 20 trials each. Participants rated the perceived odour intensity and pleasantness after each trial. We used an intermittent odour presentation to reduce olfactory fatigue while capitalising on the effect of cognitive states on habituation. Linear mixed-effects models showed that the perceived odour intensity decreased over time only for non-food odours. Conversely, the perceived odour pleasantness decreased significantly more across trials for food odours. These effects were retrieved regardless of the participant's hunger state. Our results are in line with the olfactory specific satiety theory which posits a specific decrease in the perceived pleasantness of food odours, without changes in the perceived odour intensity. In short, our findings indicate that perceived odour edibility modulates olfactory habituation, extending the previous literature on the impact of top-down factors on olfactory perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Fontana
- Center for Mind/Brain Sciences, University of Trento, Italy 19034
| | - Javier Albayay
- Center for Mind/Brain Sciences, University of Trento, Italy 19034
| | - Irune Fernandez-Prieto
- Center for Mind/Brain Sciences, University of Trento, Italy 19034.,Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Italy
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Veldhuizen MG, Cecchetto C, Fjaeldstad AW, Farruggia MC, Hartig R, Nakamura Y, Pellegrino R, Yeung AWK, Fischmeister FPS. Future Directions for Chemosensory Connectomes: Best Practices and Specific Challenges. Front Syst Neurosci 2022; 16:885304. [PMID: 35707745 PMCID: PMC9190244 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2022.885304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Ecological chemosensory stimuli almost always evoke responses in more than one sensory system. Moreover, any sensory processing takes place along a hierarchy of brain regions. So far, the field of chemosensory neuroimaging is dominated by studies that examine the role of brain regions in isolation. However, to completely understand neural processing of chemosensation, we must also examine interactions between regions. In general, the use of connectivity methods has increased in the neuroimaging field, providing important insights to physical sensory processing, such as vision, audition, and touch. A similar trend has been observed in chemosensory neuroimaging, however, these established techniques have largely not been rigorously applied to imaging studies on the chemical senses, leaving network insights overlooked. In this article, we first highlight some recent work in chemosensory connectomics and we summarize different connectomics techniques. Then, we outline specific challenges for chemosensory connectome neuroimaging studies. Finally, we review best practices from the general connectomics and neuroimaging fields. We recommend future studies to develop or use the following methods we perceive as key to improve chemosensory connectomics: (1) optimized study designs, (2) reporting guidelines, (3) consensus on brain parcellations, (4) consortium research, and (5) data sharing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria G. Veldhuizen
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Cinzia Cecchetto
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Alexander W. Fjaeldstad
- Flavour Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Regional Hospital West Jutland, Holstebro, Denmark
| | - Michael C. Farruggia
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Renée Hartig
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany,Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tübingen, Germany,Functional and Comparative Neuroanatomy Laboratory, Werner Reichardt Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Yuko Nakamura
- The Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Andy W. K. Yeung
- Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Applied Oral Sciences and Community Dental Care, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Florian Ph. S. Fischmeister
- Institute of Psychology, University of Graz, Graz, Austria,Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria,BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria,*Correspondence: Florian Ph. S. Fischmeister,
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Olfactory adaptation: recordings from the human olfactory epithelium. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2021; 279:3503-3510. [PMID: 34921612 PMCID: PMC9130158 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-021-07170-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Olfactory adaptation is a peripheral (at the epithelium level) or a central (at the brain level) mechanism resulting from repeated or prolonged odorous exposure that can induce a perceptual decrease. The aim of this study was to assess whether a peripheral adaptation occurs when an odor is repeated ten times. Moreover, the specificity of the peripheral adaptation to the nature of the odorant was investigated. Methods Four odorants (eugenol, manzanate, ISO E Super and phenylethanol) were presented using precisely controlled air-dilution olfactometry. They differed in terms of their physicochemical properties. Electrophysiological recordings were made at the level of the olfactory mucosa, the so-called electro-olfactogram (EOG). Thirty-five right-handed participants were recruited. Results Sixty-nine percent of the participants presented at least one EOG, whatever the odor condition. The EOG amplitude did not significantly decrease over 10 repeated exposures to any odorant. The intensity ratings tended to decrease over stimulations for manzanate, PEA, and eugenol. No correlation was found between the mean EOG amplitudes and the mean intensity ratings. However, the presence of EOG amplitude decreases over stimulations for few subjects suggests that peripheral adaptation might exist. Conclusion Overall, our results did not establish a clear peripheral adaptation measured with EOG but indicate the eventuality of such an effect. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00405-021-07170-0.
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Olfaction in patients with Parkinson's disease: a new threshold test analysis through turning points trajectories. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2021; 128:1641-1653. [PMID: 34328564 PMCID: PMC8536637 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-021-02387-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Olfactory deficit is a widely documented non-motor symptom in Parkinson’s disease (PD). Abnormal turning points trajectories through olfactory threshold testing have been recently reported in patients with olfactory dysfunction, who seem to adapt faster to olfactory stimuli, but data on PD patients are lacking. The aim of this study is to perform olfactory threshold test and explore the turning points trajectories in PD patients in comparison to normal controls. We recruited 59 PD patients without dementia, and no conditions that could influence evaluation of olfaction and cognition. Sixty healthy subjects served as controls. Patients and controls underwent a comprehensive olfactory evaluation with the Sniffin’ Sticks extended test assessing threshold, discrimination and identification and a full neuropsychological evaluation. Besides, threshold test data were analyzed examining all the turning points trajectories. PD patients showed a different olfactory threshold test pattern, i.e., faster olfactory adaptation, than controls with no effect of age. Normosmic PD patients showed different olfactory threshold test pattern, i.e., better threshold score, than normosmic controls. Visuospatial dysfunction was the only factor that significantly influenced this pattern. Olfactory threshold trajectories suggested a possible adaptation phenomenon in PD patients. Our data offered some new insights on normosmic PD patients, which appear to be a subset with a specific psychophysical profile. The analysis of the turning points trajectories, through an olfactory threshold test, could offer additional information on olfactory function in PD patients. Future larger studies should confirm these preliminary findings.
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Abstract
Olfactory adaptation is an important process that allows the individual to adjust to changes in the environment. This process has been proposed to be aberrant in individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). However, few studies have examined olfactory adaptation in children with ASD. We examined olfactory adaptation in children with ASD and typically developing (TD) children using a pulse ejection system, which resolved problems associated with previous laboratory-based olfactory psychophysical studies. Nine children with ASD and nine TD children participated in this study and all participants completed the entire experiment. Using this system, we found that the TD group showed greater adaptation than the ASD group. Our results provide a better understanding of olfactory adaptation in children with ASD.
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Hayes JE, Fisher RM, Stevenson RJ, Stuetz RM. Investigation of non-community stakeholders regarding community engagement and environmental malodour. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 665:546-556. [PMID: 30776626 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Research into industry-community relationships have focused almost exclusively on the ways in which communities responds to actions from industries. This has led to a paucity of understanding with regards to how community engagement and malodour amelioration practices have been adopted by industry personnel, as well as the attitudes and beliefs of non-community stakeholders in general. In this study, a survey to water industry personnel was distributed to three Australian water utilities in South-Eastern Australia and a semi-structured interview process was carried out with plant managers at six wastewater treatment plants. It was observed that best practice has not yet been established with regards to community engagement and odour amelioration, and that water industry personnel in general had a poor understanding of these concepts. Recommendations for how this situation could be improved, and how non-community stakeholders investigated, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E Hayes
- UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Ruth M Fisher
- UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Richard J Stevenson
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Richard M Stuetz
- UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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Abstract
Subjective and behavioral responsiveness to odor diminishes during prolonged exposure. The precise mechanisms underlying olfactory desensitization are not fully understood, but previous studies indicate that the phenomenon may be modulated by central-cognitive processes. The present study investigated the effect of attention on perceived intensity during exposure to a pleasant odor. A within-subjects design was utilized with 19 participants attending 2 sessions. During each session, participants continuously rated their perceived intensity of a 10-minute exposure to a pleasant fragrance administered using an olfactometer. An auditory oddball task was implemented to manipulate the focus of attention in each session. Participants were instructed to either direct their attention toward the sounds, but still to rate odor, or to focus entirely on rating the odor. Analysis revealed three 50-second time windows with significantly lower mean intensity ratings during the distraction condition. Curve fitting of the data disclosed a linear function of desensitization in the focused attention condition compared with an exponential decay function during distraction condition, indicating an increased rate of initial desensitization when attention is distracted away from the odor. In the focused-attention condition, perceived intensity demonstrated a regular pattern of odor sensitivity occurring at approximately 1−2 minutes intervals following initial desensitization. Spectral analysis of low-frequency oscillations confirmed the presence of augmented spectral power in this frequency range during focused relative to distracted conditions. The findings demonstrate for the first time modulation of odor desensitization specifically by attentional factors, exemplifying the relevance of top-down control for ongoing perception of odor.
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Retronasal Habituation: Characterization and Impact on Flavor Perception Using Time-Intensity. CHEMOSENS PERCEPT 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12078-018-9254-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Walliczek-Dworschak U, Poncelet J, Baum D, Baki R, Sinding C, Warr J, Hummel T. The Presentation of Olfactory-Trigeminal Mixed Stimuli Increases the Response to Subsequent Olfactory Stimuli. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:2312-2318. [PMID: 27951642 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b04342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of (1) the addition of trigeminal stimuli to an olfactory stimulus and (2) the congruence in the odorous mixture after repeated odor presentation. Twenty-five normosmic volunteers were enrolled and presented stimulation blocks, consisting of three habituation stimuli (H) (orange odor), one dishabituation (DH) (control condition, orange odor; congruent condition, orange odor + CO2; incongruent condition, orange odor + l-isopulegol), and one dishabituated stimulus (D) (orange odor). Olfactory event-related potentials were analyzed. Response amplitudes differed significantly in the incongruent condition (N1P2 between H3 and D; peak to peak N1P2 at electrode positions Cz, Fz, and Pz; response amplitudes between H3 and DH). The addition of CO2 modified the perception of orange odor, pronouncing a fruity note, whereas the addition of l-isopulegol as a DH pronounced the l-isopulegol note. This study provides evidence that incongruent trigeminal-olfactory stimulants increase the response to subsequent olfactory stimulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ute Walliczek-Dworschak
- Smell & Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology , Technische Universität Dresden , Dresden , Germany
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery , University Hospital of Marburg, University of Giessen and Marburg , Marburg , Germany
| | - Johan Poncelet
- Takasago Europe Perfumery Laboratory S.A.R.L. , Paris , France
| | - Daniel Baum
- Smell & Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology , Technische Universität Dresden , Dresden , Germany
| | - Ramona Baki
- Smell & Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology , Technische Universität Dresden , Dresden , Germany
| | - Charlotte Sinding
- Smell & Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology , Technische Universität Dresden , Dresden , Germany
| | - Jonathan Warr
- Takasago Europe Perfumery Laboratory S.A.R.L. , Paris , France
| | - Thomas Hummel
- Smell & Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology , Technische Universität Dresden , Dresden , Germany
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Hayes JE, Fisher RM, Stevenson RJ, Mannebeck C, Stuetz RM. Unrepresented community odour impact: Improving engagement strategies. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 609:1650-1658. [PMID: 28810522 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Complaints for odour causing industry continue to increase in numeracy and severity. One assessment approach using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry/Olfactometry (GC-MS/O), has been used primarily to identify priority odourants within a standardised panel. We investigated the variation of response between participants of average and high olfactory sensitivity, and discovered that current GC-MS/O methodologies do not represent the entirety of community odour impact. Based on these results we constructed a Biosolids Processing Odour Wheel followed by a Community Odour Wheel for use by untrained community members and site operators. By using the information gathered from this research, as well as odour testing workshops for a wastewater treatment plant's staff and community surrounding the facility, we established a communicative system, which was subsequently incorporated into an online dynamic odour observation platform. This platform provides the WWTP with meaningful information from the community, as well as a common language for which to discuss environmental malodour with all stakeholders.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Hayes
- UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - R M Fisher
- UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - R J Stevenson
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney 2109, Australia
| | | | - R M Stuetz
- UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia.
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Pellegrino R, Sinding C, de Wijk RA, Hummel T. Habituation and adaptation to odors in humans. Physiol Behav 2017; 177:13-19. [PMID: 28408237 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/08/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Habituation, or decreased behavioral response, to odors is created by repeated exposure and several detailed characteristics, whereas adaptation relates to the neural processes that constitute this decrease in a behavioral response. As with all senses, the olfactory system continually encounters an enormous variety of odorants which is why mechanisms must exist to segment them and respond to changes. Although most olfactory habitation studies have focused on animal models, this non-systematic review provides an overview of olfactory habituation and adaptation in humans, and techniques that have been used to measure them. Thus far, psychophysics in combination with modern techniques of neural measurement indicate that habituation to odors, or decrease of intensity, is relatively fast with adaptation occurring more quickly at higher cerebral processes than peripheral adaptation. Similarly, it has been demonstrated that many of the characteristics of habitation apply to human olfaction; yet, evidence for some characteristics such as potentiation of habituation or habituation of dishabituation need more support. Additionally, standard experimental designs should be used to minimize variance across studies, and more research is needed to define peripheral-cerebral feedback loops involved in decreased responsiveness to environmental stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Pellegrino
- Interdisciplinary Center on Smell & Taste, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, TU Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - C Sinding
- Interdisciplinary Center on Smell & Taste, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, TU Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany; Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, CNRS, UMR 6265, INRA, UMR 1324, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - R A de Wijk
- Wageningen Food & Biobased Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - T Hummel
- Interdisciplinary Center on Smell & Taste, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, TU Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany.
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Matsubasa T, Gotow N, Gomi Y, Kobayakawa T. A method for psychophysical screening of odorants for use in city gas based on olfactory adaptation tolerance. CHEMOSENS PERCEPT 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s12078-016-9213-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Flohr ELR, Boesveldt S, Haehner A, Iannilli E, Sinding C, Hummel T. Time-course of trigeminal versus olfactory stimulation: evidence from chemosensory evoked potentials. Int J Psychophysiol 2015; 95:388-94. [PMID: 25697131 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2015.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Revised: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Habituation of responses to chemosensory signals has been explored in many ways. Strong habituation and adaptation processes can be observed at the various levels of processing. For example, with repeated exposure, amplitudes of chemosensory event-related potentials (ERP) decrease over time. However, long-term habituation has not been investigated so far and investigations of differences in habituation between trigeminal and olfactory ERPs are very rare. The present study investigated habituation over a period of approximately 80 min for two olfactory and one trigeminal stimulus, respectively. Habituation was examined analyzing the N1 and P2 amplitudes and latencies of chemosensory ERPs and intensity ratings. It was shown that amplitudes of both components - and intensity ratings - decreased from the first to the last block. Concerning ERP latencies no effects of habituation were seen. Amplitudes of trigeminal ERPs diminished faster than amplitudes of olfactory ERPs, indicating that the habituation of trigeminal ERPs is stronger than habituation of olfactory ERPs. Amplitudes of trigeminal ERPs were generally higher than amplitudes of olfactory ERPs, as it has been shown in various studies before. The results reflect relatively selective central changes in response to chemosensory stimuli over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena L R Flohr
- Smell and Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, TU Dresden, Germany; Department of Psychology (Biological Psychology, Clinical Psychology, and Psychotherapy), University of Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Sanne Boesveldt
- Smell and Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, TU Dresden, Germany; Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Antje Haehner
- Smell and Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, TU Dresden, Germany
| | - Emilia Iannilli
- Smell and Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, TU Dresden, Germany
| | - Charlotte Sinding
- Smell and Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, TU Dresden, Germany
| | - Thomas Hummel
- Smell and Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, TU Dresden, Germany
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Hayes JE, Stevenson RJ, Stuetz RM. The impact of malodour on communities: a review of assessment techniques. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 500-501:395-407. [PMID: 25247251 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Revised: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Malodours remain the biggest source of complaints regarding environmental issues. This factor is likely to increase, as the urban development steadily encroaches into areas that have malodourous emitting industries (such as wastewater and waste management operations and intensive livestock practices), and has the potential to be both time and fiscally expensive. Despite the enormous amount of research involved in odour detection and abatement, as well as the creation of several distinct methodologies, there has yet been no definitive procedure to evaluate odour impact on communities, as well as community response. This paper is a review of the current methods that explore this problem, as well as a précis of this research field's goals and challenges. The first aim of this review is to illustrate the dichotomy between regulatory-established procedures, such as panellist testing, and methods that are centred around producing a more comprehensive explanation of factors that influence an odour's impact on a community or individual. In that regard, we have addressed several predominant paradigms of inquiry for this field: analytical methods, panellist testing, qualitative research, and survey methods, with associated variants. Secondly, the challenges of measuring and monitoring community impact are discussed. While the quantification of odorants is crucial to appreciating impact, individual-based modifiers of perception have an enormous scope for which to shape the effect of those odours. Perceptual differences are also likely the most dominant variables that influence the elicited behaviour of individuals who have experienced malodour exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Hayes
- UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - R J Stevenson
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - R M Stuetz
- UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
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Zeman L, Mareš P, Večerek M. The effect of anethole containing essentials oils on nutrients digestibility of pigs. ACTA UNIVERSITATIS AGRICULTURAE ET SILVICULTURAE MENDELIANAE BRUNENSIS 2014. [DOI: 10.11118/actaun200957010171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Evidence of rapid recovery from perceptual odor adaptation using a new stimulus paradigm. Atten Percept Psychophys 2014; 76:1093-105. [DOI: 10.3758/s13414-013-0620-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Stuck BA, Fadel V, Hummel T, Sommer JU. Subjective Olfactory Desensitization and Recovery in Humans. Chem Senses 2013; 39:151-7. [DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjt064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Odor-context effects in free recall after a short retention interval: a new methodology for controlling adaptation. Mem Cognit 2013; 42:421-33. [PMID: 24222319 DOI: 10.3758/s13421-013-0370-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated context effects of incidental odors in free recall after a short retention interval (5 min). With a short retention interval, the results are not confounded by extraneous odors or encounters with the experimental odor and possible rehearsal during a long retention interval. A short study time condition (4 s per item), predicted not to be affected by adaptation to the odor, and a long study time condition (8 s per item) were used. Additionally, we introduced a new method for recovery from adaptation, where a dissimilar odor was briefly presented at the beginning of the retention interval, and we demonstrated the effectiveness of this technique. An incidental learning paradigm was used to prevent overshadowing from confounding the results. In three experiments, undergraduates (N = 200) incidentally studied words presented one-by-one and received a free recall test. Two pairs of odors and a third odor having different semantic-differential characteristics were selected from 14 familiar odors. One of the odors was presented during encoding, and during the test, the same odor (same-context condition) or the other odor within the pair (different-context condition) was presented. Without using a recovery-from-adaptation method, a significant odor-context effect appeared in the 4-s/item condition, but not in the 8-s/item condition. Using the recovery-from-adaptation method, context effects were found for both the 8- and the 4-s/item conditions. The size of the recovered odor-context effect did not change with study time. There were no serial position effects. Implications of the present findings are discussed.
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Andersson L, Claeson AS, Ledin L, Wisting F, Nordin S. The influence of health-risk perception and distress on reactions to low-level chemical exposure. Front Psychol 2013; 4:816. [PMID: 24204356 PMCID: PMC3817372 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The general aim of the current study was to investigate how perceived health risk of a chemical exposure and self-reported distress are related to perceived odor intensity and odor valence, symptoms, cognitive performance over time as well as reactions to blank exposure. Based on ratings of general distress, 20 participants constituted a relatively low distress group, and 20 other participants a relatively high distress group. Health risk perception was manipulated by providing positively and negatively biased information regarding n-butanol. Participants made repeated ratings of intensity, valence and symptoms and performed cognitive tasks while exposed to 4.7 ppm n-butanol for 60 min (first 10 min were blank exposure) inside an exposure chamber. Ratings by the positive and negative bias groups suggest that the manipulation influenced perceived health risk of the exposure. The high distress group did not habituate to the exposure in terms of intensity when receiving negative information, but did so when receiving positive information. The high distress group, compared with the low distress group, rated the exposure as significantly more unpleasant, reported greater symptoms and performed worse on a cognitively demanding task over time. The positive bias group and high distress group rated blank exposure as more intense. The main findings suggest that relatively distressed individuals are negatively affected by exposures to a greater degree than non-distressed.
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Nordin S, Claeson AS, Andersson M, Sommar L, Andrée J, Lundqvist K, Andersson L. Impact of Health-Risk Perception on Odor Perception and Cognitive Performance. CHEMOSENS PERCEPT 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s12078-013-9153-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Lindqvist A, Höglund A, Berglund B. The role of odour quality in the perception of binary and higher-order mixtures. Perception 2013; 41:1373-91. [PMID: 23513622 DOI: 10.1068/p7267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Twenty participants scaled similarities in odour quality, odour intensity and pleasantness/ unpleasantness of 10 binary and 5 higher-order mixtures of 5 odorous degradation products from the polymer Polyamide 6.6. The perceived odour qualities of all binary mixtures were represented well as intermediary vectors relative to their component-odour vectors in a three-component principal components analysis. The odour qualities of the "floral/fruity" 2-pentylcyclopentan-1-one and the "sharp/cheese-like" pentanoic acid contributed profoundly to their binary mixtures, as did the "minty" cyclopentanone, but in fewer cases. Conversely, the "ether-like" 2-methyl pyridine and "nutty" butanamide did not contribute much. Odour similarity was shown to be caused by odour quality, rather than odour intensity. Three out of five degradation products formed distinct clusters of odours and were therefore interpreted to be profound contributors to the odour quality of the binary mixtures. The higher-order mixtures created new odour qualities which were completely different and untraceable to their various parts as perceived alone. These results demonstrate that it is critical to research the perception of natural mixtures in order to be able to understand the human olfactory code.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Lindqvist
- Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Frescati Hagväg 8, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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Smith DW, Gamble KR, Heil TA. A Novel Psychophysical Method for Estimating the Time Course of Olfactory Rapid Adaptation in Humans. Chem Senses 2010; 35:717-25. [DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjq073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Attention bias and sensitization in chemical sensitivity. J Psychosom Res 2009; 66:407-16. [PMID: 19379957 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2008.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2008] [Revised: 10/14/2008] [Accepted: 11/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We investigated whether persons with self-reported chemical sensitivity (CS) have an attention bias and enhanced sensitization to chemical exposure. METHODS Chemosomatosensory, olfactory, and auditory event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded from 21 CS subjects and 17 controls in attend and ignore conditions. Reaction times (RTs) and magnitude estimations of perceived intensity were collected in the attend condition. ERPs were averaged over attention conditions and during the first/second part of the testing. RESULTS ERP patterns indicated that CS subjects did not habituate to the same extent as the controls and had difficulties ignoring the chemical exposure. CS subjects had faster overall RT, and the perceived intensities for the chemosomatosensory stimuli did not decrease with time in the CS group, which was the case for the controls. CONCLUSIONS These results indicating attention bias and enhanced sensitization in CS suggest alterations in central, cognitive responses to chemical exposure.
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Wilson DA. Olfaction as a model system for the neurobiology of mammalian short-term habituation. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2008; 92:199-205. [PMID: 18678264 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2008.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2008] [Revised: 07/08/2008] [Accepted: 07/11/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Olfaction represents an ideal model system for the study of mammalian habituation given that it is an anatomically relatively simple system with strong reciprocal connections to the limbic system, driving both reflexive and non-reflexive (motivated) behaviors that are easily quantifiable. Data are reviewed here demonstrating short-term habituation of the odor-evoked heart-rate orienting reflex described according to the criteria for habituation outlined by Thompson and Spencer [Thompson, R. F., & Spencer, W. A. (1966). Habituation: A model phenomenon for the study of neuronal substrates of behavior. Psychological Reviews, 73(1), 16-43]. A necessary and sufficient mechanism of short-term habituation is then described, which involves a metabotropic glutamate receptor mediated depression of afferent input to the piriform (primary olfactory) cortex. Finally, evidence for, and a mechanisms of, dishabituation of the orienting reflex and cortical adaptation are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald A Wilson
- Department of Zoology, Neurobehavioral Institute, University of Oklahoma, OK, USA.
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