1
|
Ukhanov K, Uytingco C, Green W, Zhang L, Schurmans S, Martens JR. INPP5E controls ciliary localization of phospholipids and the odor response in olfactory sensory neurons. J Cell Sci 2021; 135:jcs.258364. [PMID: 33771931 PMCID: PMC8126451 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.258364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The lipid composition of the primary cilia membrane is emerging as a critical regulator of cilia formation, maintenance and function. Here, we show that conditional deletion of the phosphoinositide 5′-phosphatase gene Inpp5e, mutation of which is causative of Joubert syndrome, in terminally developed mouse olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs), leads to a dramatic remodeling of ciliary phospholipids that is accompanied by marked elongation of cilia. Phosphatidylinositol (4,5)-bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2], which is normally restricted to the proximal segment redistributed to the entire length of cilia in Inpp5e knockout mice with a reduction in phosphatidylinositol (3,4)-bisphosphate [PI(3,4)P2] and elevation of phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate [PI(3,4,5)P3] in the dendritic knob. The redistribution of phosphoinositides impaired odor adaptation, resulting in less efficient recovery and altered inactivation kinetics of the odor-evoked electrical response and the odor-induced elevation of cytoplasmic Ca2+. Gene replacement of Inpp5e through adenoviral expression restored the ciliary localization of PI(4,5)P2 and odor response kinetics in OSNs. Our findings support the role of phosphoinositides as a modulator of the odor response and in ciliary biology of native multi-ciliated OSNs. Summary: Cilia of olfactory sensory neurons have a unique lipid composition. Localization of phospholipids is controlled by the INPP5E phosphatase and is involved in modulation of the odor response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kirill Ukhanov
- University of Florida, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Gainesville, FL 32603, USA.,University of Florida, Center for Smell and Taste, FL 32610-0267, USA
| | - Cedric Uytingco
- University of Florida, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Gainesville, FL 32603, USA
| | - Warren Green
- University of Florida, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Gainesville, FL 32603, USA
| | - Lian Zhang
- University of Florida, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Gainesville, FL 32603, USA.,University of Florida, Center for Smell and Taste, FL 32610-0267, USA
| | - Stephane Schurmans
- Laboratory of Functional Genetics, GIGA-Molecular Biology of Disease, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Jeffrey R Martens
- University of Florida, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Gainesville, FL 32603, USA.,University of Florida, Center for Smell and Taste, FL 32610-0267, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yano J, Wells R, Lam YW, Van Houten JL. Ciliary Ca2+ pumps regulate intraciliary Ca2+ from the action potential and may co-localize with ciliary voltage-gated Ca2+ channels. J Exp Biol 2021; 224:261763. [PMID: 33944932 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.232074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Calcium ions (Ca2+) entering cilia through the ciliary voltage-gated calcium channels (CaV) during the action potential causes reversal of the ciliary power stroke and backward swimming in Paramecium tetraurelia. How calcium is returned to the resting level is not yet clear. Our focus is on calcium pumps as a possible mechanism. There are 23 P. tetraurelia genes for calcium pumps that are members of the family of plasma membrane Ca2+ ATPases (PMCAs). They have domains homologous to those found in mammalian PMCAs. Of the 13 pump proteins previously identified in cilia, ptPMCA2a and ptPMCA2b are most abundant in the cilia. We used RNAi to examine which PMCA might be involved in regulating intraciliary Ca2+ after the action potential. RNAi for only ptPMCA2a and ptPMCA2b causes cells to significantly prolong their backward swimming, which indicates that Ca2+ extrusion in the cilia is impaired when these PMCAs are depleted. We used immunoprecipitations (IP) to find that ptPMCA2a and ptPMCA2b are co-immunoprecipitated with the CaV channel α1 subunits that are found only in the cilia. We used iodixanol (OptiPrep) density gradients to show that ptPMCA2a and ptPMCA2b and CaV1c are found in the same density fractions. These results suggest that ptPMCA2a and ptPMCA2b are located in the proximity of ciliary CaV channels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junji Yano
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Russell Wells
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Ying-Wai Lam
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Golovynska I, Golovynskyi S, Stepanov YV, Stepanova LI, Qu J, Ohulchanskyy TY. Red and near-infrared light evokes Ca 2+ influx, endoplasmic reticulum release and membrane depolarization in neurons and cancer cells. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2020; 214:112088. [PMID: 33278762 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2020.112088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Low level light therapy uses light of specific wavelengths in red and near-infrared spectral range to treat various pathological conditions. This light is able to modulate biochemical cascade reactions in cells that can have important health implications. In this study, the effect of low intensity light at 650, 808 and 1064 nm on neurons and two types of cancer cells (neuroblastoma and HeLa) is reported, with focus on the photoinduced change of intracellular level of Ca2+ ions and corresponding signaling pathways. The obtained results show that 650 and 808 nm light promotes intracellular Ca2+ elevation regardless of cell type, but with different dynamics due to the specificities of Ca2+ regulation in neurons and cancer cells. Two origins responsible for Ca2+ elevation are determined to be: influx of exogenous Ca2+ ions into cells and Ca2+ release from endoplasmic reticulum. Our investigation of the related cellular processes shows that light-induced membrane depolarization is distinctly involved in the mechanism of Ca2+ influx. Ca2+ release from endoplasmic reticulum activated by reactive oxygen species generation is considered as a possible light-dependent signaling pathway. In contrast to the irradiation with 650 and 808 nm light, no effects are observed under 1064 nm irradiation. We believe that the obtained insights are of high significance and can be useful for the development of drug-free phototherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iuliia Golovynska
- Center for Biomedical Photonics, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, PR China
| | - Sergii Golovynskyi
- Center for Biomedical Photonics, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, PR China
| | - Yurii V Stepanov
- Center for Biomedical Photonics, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, PR China
| | - Liudmyla I Stepanova
- Institute of Biology and Medicine, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kyiv 01601, Ukraine
| | - Junle Qu
- Center for Biomedical Photonics, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, PR China.
| | - Tymish Y Ohulchanskyy
- Center for Biomedical Photonics, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Stafford N, Wilson C, Oceandy D, Neyses L, Cartwright EJ. The Plasma Membrane Calcium ATPases and Their Role as Major New Players in Human Disease. Physiol Rev 2017; 97:1089-1125. [PMID: 28566538 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00028.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The Ca2+ extrusion function of the four mammalian isoforms of the plasma membrane calcium ATPases (PMCAs) is well established. There is also ever-increasing detail known of their roles in global and local Ca2+ homeostasis and intracellular Ca2+ signaling in a wide variety of cell types and tissues. It is becoming clear that the spatiotemporal patterns of expression of the PMCAs and the fact that their abundances and relative expression levels vary from cell type to cell type both reflect and impact on their specific functions in these cells. Over recent years it has become increasingly apparent that these genes have potentially significant roles in human health and disease, with PMCAs1-4 being associated with cardiovascular diseases, deafness, autism, ataxia, adenoma, and malarial resistance. This review will bring together evidence of the variety of tissue-specific functions of PMCAs and will highlight the roles these genes play in regulating normal physiological functions and the considerable impact the genes have on human disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Stafford
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Claire Wilson
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Delvac Oceandy
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Ludwig Neyses
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth J Cartwright
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Cyclic-nucleotide-gated cation current and Ca2+-activated Cl current elicited by odorant in vertebrate olfactory receptor neurons. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:11078-11087. [PMID: 27647918 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1613891113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Olfactory transduction in vertebrate olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) involves primarily a cAMP-signaling cascade that leads to the opening of cyclic-nucleotide-gated (CNG), nonselective cation channels. The consequent Ca2+ influx triggers adaptation but also signal amplification, the latter by opening a Ca2+-activated Cl channel (ANO2) to elicit, unusually, an inward Cl current. Hence the olfactory response has inward CNG and Cl components that are in rapid succession and not easily separable. We report here success in quantitatively separating these two currents with respect to amplitude and time course over a broad range of odorant strengths. Importantly, we found that the Cl current is the predominant component throughout the olfactory dose-response relation, down to the threshold of signaling to the brain. This observation is very surprising given a recent report by others that the olfactory-signal amplification effected by the Ca2+-activated Cl current does not influence the behavioral olfactory threshold in mice.
Collapse
|
6
|
Ferrer I, Garcia-Esparcia P, Carmona M, Carro E, Aronica E, Kovacs GG, Grison A, Gustincich S. Olfactory Receptors in Non-Chemosensory Organs: The Nervous System in Health and Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2016; 8:163. [PMID: 27458372 PMCID: PMC4932117 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2016.00163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Olfactory receptors (ORs) and down-stream functional signaling molecules adenylyl cyclase 3 (AC3), olfactory G protein α subunit (Gαolf), OR transporters receptor transporter proteins 1 and 2 (RTP1 and RTP2), receptor expression enhancing protein 1 (REEP1), and UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) are expressed in neurons of the human and murine central nervous system (CNS). In vitro studies have shown that these receptors react to external stimuli and therefore are equipped to be functional. However, ORs are not directly related to the detection of odors. Several molecules delivered from the blood, cerebrospinal fluid, neighboring local neurons and glial cells, distant cells through the extracellular space, and the cells’ own self-regulating internal homeostasis can be postulated as possible ligands. Moreover, a single neuron outside the olfactory epithelium expresses more than one receptor, and the mechanism of transcriptional regulation may be different in olfactory epithelia and brain neurons. OR gene expression is altered in several neurodegenerative diseases including Parkinson’s disease (PD), Alzheimer’s disease (AD), progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) and sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) subtypes MM1 and VV2 with disease-, region- and subtype-specific patterns. Altered gene expression is also observed in the prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia with a major but not total influence of chlorpromazine treatment. Preliminary parallel observations have also shown the presence of taste receptors (TASRs), mainly of the bitter taste family, in the mammalian brain, whose function is not related to taste. TASRs in brain are also abnormally regulated in neurodegenerative diseases. These seminal observations point to the need for further studies on ORs and TASRs chemoreceptors in the mammalian brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isidro Ferrer
- Institute of Neuropathology, Bellvitge University Hospital, Hospitalet de Llobregat, University of BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain; Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED)Madrid, Spain; Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Hospitalet de LlobregatBarcelona, Spain
| | - Paula Garcia-Esparcia
- Institute of Neuropathology, Bellvitge University Hospital, Hospitalet de Llobregat, University of BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain; Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED)Madrid, Spain; Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Hospitalet de LlobregatBarcelona, Spain
| | - Margarita Carmona
- Institute of Neuropathology, Bellvitge University Hospital, Hospitalet de Llobregat, University of BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain; Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED)Madrid, Spain; Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Hospitalet de LlobregatBarcelona, Spain
| | - Eva Carro
- Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED)Madrid, Spain; Neuroscience Group, Research Institute HospitalMadrid, Spain
| | - Eleonora Aronica
- Department of Neuropathology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Gabor G Kovacs
- Institute of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna Vienna, Austria
| | - Alice Grison
- Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati (SISSA), Area of Neuroscience Trieste, Italy
| | - Stefano Gustincich
- Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati (SISSA), Area of Neuroscience Trieste, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Plattner H. Signalling in ciliates: long- and short-range signals and molecular determinants for cellular dynamics. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2015; 92:60-107. [PMID: 26487631 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In ciliates, unicellular representatives of the bikont branch of evolution, inter- and intracellular signalling pathways have been analysed mainly in Paramecium tetraurelia, Paramecium multimicronucleatum and Tetrahymena thermophila and in part also in Euplotes raikovi. Electrophysiology of ciliary activity in Paramecium spp. is a most successful example. Established signalling mechanisms include plasmalemmal ion channels, recently established intracellular Ca2+ -release channels, as well as signalling by cyclic nucleotides and Ca2+ . Ca2+ -binding proteins (calmodulin, centrin) and Ca2+ -activated enzymes (kinases, phosphatases) are involved. Many organelles are endowed with specific molecules cooperating in signalling for intracellular transport and targeted delivery. Among them are recently specified soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptors (SNAREs), monomeric GTPases, H+ -ATPase/pump, actin, etc. Little specification is available for some key signal transducers including mechanosensitive Ca2+ -channels, exocyst complexes and Ca2+ -sensor proteins for vesicle-vesicle/membrane interactions. The existence of heterotrimeric G-proteins and of G-protein-coupled receptors is still under considerable debate. Serine/threonine kinases dominate by far over tyrosine kinases (some predicted by phosphoproteomic analyses). Besides short-range signalling, long-range signalling also exists, e.g. as firmly installed microtubular transport rails within epigenetically determined patterns, thus facilitating targeted vesicle delivery. By envisaging widely different phenomena of signalling and subcellular dynamics, it will be shown (i) that important pathways of signalling and cellular dynamics are established already in ciliates, (ii) that some mechanisms diverge from higher eukaryotes and (iii) that considerable uncertainties still exist about some essential aspects of signalling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helmut Plattner
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, PO Box M625, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Antunes G, Sebastião AM, Simoes de Souza FM. Mechanisms of regulation of olfactory transduction and adaptation in the olfactory cilium. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105531. [PMID: 25144232 PMCID: PMC4140790 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Olfactory adaptation is a fundamental process for the functioning of the olfactory system, but the underlying mechanisms regulating its occurrence in intact olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) are not fully understood. In this work, we have combined stochastic computational modeling and a systematic pharmacological study of different signaling pathways to investigate their impact during short-term adaptation (STA). We used odorant stimulation and electroolfactogram (EOG) recordings of the olfactory epithelium treated with pharmacological blockers to study the molecular mechanisms regulating the occurrence of adaptation in OSNs. EOG responses to paired-pulses of odorants showed that inhibition of phosphodiesterases (PDEs) and phosphatases enhanced the levels of STA in the olfactory epithelium, and this effect was mimicked by blocking vesicle exocytosis and reduced by blocking cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-dependent protein kinase (PKA) and vesicle endocytosis. These results suggest that G-coupled receptors (GPCRs) cycling is involved with the occurrence of STA. To gain insights on the dynamical aspects of this process, we developed a stochastic computational model. The model consists of the olfactory transduction currents mediated by the cyclic nucleotide gated (CNG) channels and calcium ion (Ca2+)-activated chloride (CAC) channels, and the dynamics of their respective ligands, cAMP and Ca2+, and it simulates the EOG results obtained under different experimental conditions through changes in the amplitude and duration of cAMP and Ca2+ response, two second messengers implicated with STA occurrence. The model reproduced the experimental data for each pharmacological treatment and provided a mechanistic explanation for the action of GPCR cycling in the levels of second messengers modulating the levels of STA. All together, these experimental and theoretical results indicate the existence of a mechanism of regulation of STA by signaling pathways that control GPCR cycling and tune the levels of second messengers in OSNs, and not only by CNG channel desensitization as previously thought.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Antunes
- Neurosciences Unit, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal; Laboratory of Neural Systems, Psychobiology Sector, Department of Psychology, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Ana Maria Sebastião
- Institute of Pharmacology and Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal; Neurosciences Unit, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Fabio Marques Simoes de Souza
- Neurosciences Unit, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal; Center for Mathematics, Computation and Cognition, Federal University of ABC, São Bernardo do Campo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kuhlmann K, Tschapek A, Wiese H, Eisenacher M, Meyer HE, Hatt HH, Oeljeklaus S, Warscheid B. The membrane proteome of sensory cilia to the depth of olfactory receptors. Mol Cell Proteomics 2014; 13:1828-43. [PMID: 24748648 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m113.035378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In the nasal cavity, the nonmotile cilium of olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) constitutes the chemosensory interface between the ambient environment and the brain. The unique sensory organelle facilitates odor detection for which it includes all necessary components of initial and downstream olfactory signal transduction. In addition to its function in olfaction, a more universal role in modulating different signaling pathways is implicated, for example, in neurogenesis, apoptosis, and neural regeneration. To further extend our knowledge about this multifunctional signaling organelle, it is of high importance to establish a most detailed proteome map of the ciliary membrane compartment down to the level of transmembrane receptors. We detached cilia from mouse olfactory epithelia via Ca(2+)/K(+) shock followed by the enrichment of ciliary membrane proteins at alkaline pH, and we identified a total of 4,403 proteins by gel-based and gel-free methods in conjunction with high resolution LC/MS. This study is the first to report the detection of 62 native olfactory receptor proteins and to provide evidence for their heterogeneous expression at the protein level. Quantitative data evaluation revealed four ciliary membrane-associated candidate proteins (the annexins ANXA1, ANXA2, ANXA5, and S100A5) with a suggested function in the regulation of olfactory signal transduction, and their presence in ciliary structures was confirmed by immunohistochemistry. Moreover, we corroborated the ciliary localization of the potassium-dependent Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchanger (NCKX) 4 and the plasma membrane Ca(2+)-ATPase 1 (PMCA1) involved in olfactory signal termination, and we detected for the first time NCKX2 in olfactory cilia. Through comparison with transcriptome data specific for mature, ciliated OSNs, we finally delineated the membrane ciliome of OSNs. The membrane proteome of olfactory cilia established here is the most complete today, thus allowing us to pave new avenues for the study of diverse molecular functions and signaling pathways in and out of olfactory cilia and thus to advance our understanding of the biology of sensory organelles in general.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katja Kuhlmann
- From the ‡Medizinisches Proteom-Center, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780 Bochum
| | - Astrid Tschapek
- From the ‡Medizinisches Proteom-Center, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780 Bochum
| | - Heike Wiese
- the ¶Faculty of Biology and BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, 79104 Freiburg
| | - Martin Eisenacher
- From the ‡Medizinisches Proteom-Center, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780 Bochum
| | - Helmut E Meyer
- From the ‡Medizinisches Proteom-Center, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780 Bochum, the ‖Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften-ISAS-e.V., Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6b, 44227 Dortmund, and
| | - Hanns H Hatt
- the **Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Silke Oeljeklaus
- the ¶Faculty of Biology and BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, 79104 Freiburg
| | - Bettina Warscheid
- the ¶Faculty of Biology and BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, 79104 Freiburg,
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
Olfactory receptors (ORs) detect volatile chemicals that lead to the initial perception of smell in the brain. The olfactory receptor (OR) is the first protein that recognizes odorants in the olfactory signal pathway and it is present in over 1,000 genes in mice. It is also the largest member of the G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Most ORs are extensively expressed in the nasal olfactory epithelium where they perform the appropriate physiological functions that fit their location. However, recent whole-genome sequencing shows that ORs have been found outside of the olfactory system, suggesting that ORs may play an important role in the ectopic expression of non-chemosensory tissues. The ectopic expressions of ORs and their physiological functions have attracted more attention recently since MOR23 and testicular hOR17-4 have been found to be involved in skeletal muscle development, regeneration, and human sperm chemotaxis, respectively. When identifying additional expression profiles and functions of ORs in non-olfactory tissues, there are limitations posed by the small number of antibodies available for similar OR genes. This review presents the results of a research series that identifies ectopic expressions and functions of ORs in non-chemosensory tissues to provide insight into future research directions. [BMB Reports 2012; 45(11): 612-622]
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- NaNa Kang
- Department of Brain Science, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, Korea
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Characterization of a plasma membrane Ca(2+) ATPase expressed in olfactory receptor neurons of the moth Spodoptera littoralis. Cell Tissue Res 2012; 350:239-50. [PMID: 22965226 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-012-1483-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2012] [Accepted: 07/12/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The response of insect olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) involves an increase in intracellular Ca(2+) concentration, as in vertebrate ORNs. In order to decipher the Ca(2+) clearance mechanisms in insect ORNs, we have investigated the presence of a plasma membrane Ca(2+) ATPase (PMCA) in the peripheral olfactory system of the moth Spodoptera littoralis. From an analysis of a male antennal expressed-sequence-tag database combined with a strategy of 5'/3' rapid amplification of cDNA ends plus the polymerase chain reaction, we have cloned a full-length cDNA encoding a PMCA. In adult males, the PMCA transcript has been found in various tissues, including the antennae in which its presence has been detected in the sensilla trichodea, and in cultured ORNs. The PMCA gene is slightly expressed at the end of the pupal stage, reaches a maximum at emergence and is maintained at a high level during the adult period. Taken together, these results provide, for the first time, molecular evidence for the putative participation of a PMCA in signalling pathways responsible for the establishment and functioning of the insect peripheral olfactory system.
Collapse
|
12
|
Fernández-Irigoyen J, Corrales FJ, Santamaría E. Proteomic atlas of the human olfactory bulb. J Proteomics 2012; 75:4005-16. [PMID: 22609191 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2012.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Revised: 05/04/2012] [Accepted: 05/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The olfactory bulb (OB) is the first site for the processing of olfactory information in the brain and its deregulation is associated with neurodegenerative disorders. Although different efforts have been made to characterize the human brain proteome in depth, the protein composition of the human OB remains largely unexplored. We have performed a comprehensive analysis of the human OB proteome employing protein and peptide fractionation methods followed by LC-MS/MS, identifying 1529 protein species, corresponding to 1466 unique proteins, which represents a 7-fold increase in proteome coverage with respect to previous OB proteome descriptions from translational models. Bioinformatic analyses revealed that protein components of the OB participated in a plethora of biological process highlighting hydrolase and phosphatase activities and nucleotide and RNA binding activities. Interestingly, 631 OB proteins identified were not previously described in protein datasets derived from large-scale Human Brain Proteome Project (HBPP) studies. In particular, a subset of these differential proteins was mainly involved in axon guidance, opioid signaling, neurotransmitter receptor binding, and synaptic plasticity. Taken together, these results increase our knowledge about the molecular composition of the human OB and may be useful to understand the molecular basis of the olfactory system and the etiology of its disorders.
Collapse
|
13
|
Griff ER, Kleene NK, Kleene SJ. A selective PMCA inhibitor does not prolong the electroolfactogram in mouse. PLoS One 2012; 7:e37148. [PMID: 22615924 PMCID: PMC3352878 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2012] [Accepted: 04/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Within the cilia of vertebrate olfactory receptor neurons, Ca2+ accumulates during odor transduction. Termination of the odor response requires removal of this Ca2+, and prior evidence suggests that both Na+/Ca2+ exchange and plasma membrane Ca2+-ATPase (PMCA) contribute to this removal. Principal Findings In intact mouse olfactory epithelium, we measured the time course of termination of the odor-induced field potential. Replacement of mucosal Na+ with Li+, which reduces the ability of Na+/Ca2+ exchange to expel Ca2+, prolonged the termination as expected. However, treating the epithelium with the specific PMCA inhibitor caloxin 1b1 caused no significant increase in the time course of response termination. Conclusions Under these experimental conditions, PMCA does not contribute detectably to the termination of the odor response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edwin R. Griff
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Nancy K. Kleene
- Department of Cancer and Cell Biology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Steven J. Kleene
- Department of Cancer and Cell Biology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Schmitz J, Höger U, Torkkeli PH, French AS. Calcium buffering and clearance in spider mechanosensory neurons. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2012; 198:477-83. [PMID: 22399232 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-012-0717-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2012] [Revised: 02/25/2012] [Accepted: 02/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Spider VS-3 mechanoreceptor neurons have a low-voltage-activated Ca2+ current that raises intracellular calcium concentration [Ca2+] when they are depolarized by agonists of GABAA receptors or fire action potentials. The Ca2+ rise produces negative feedback by modulating the mechanoreceptor current and regulates Ca2+- and voltage-activated K+ currents. However, nothing is known about Ca2+ buffering in VS-3 neurons. Dynamic changes in VS-3 neuron intracellular [Ca2+] were measured using the fluorescent Ca2+ indicator Oregon Green BAPTA-1 (OG488) to understand Ca2+ buffering and clearance. Intracellular OG488 concentration increased slowly over more than 2 h as it diffused through a sharp intracellular microelectrode and spread through the cell. This slow increase was used to measure endogenous Ca2+ buffering and clearance by the added buffer technique, with OG488 acting as both added exogenous buffer and Ca2+ indicator. [Ca2+] was raised for brief periods by regular action potential firing, produced by pulsed electric current injection through the microelectrode. The resulting rise and fall of [Ca2+] were well fitted by the single compartment model of Ca2+ dynamics. With earlier ratiometric [Ca2+] estimates, these data gave an endogenous Ca2+ binding ratio of 684. Strong Ca2+ buffering may assist these neurons to deal with rapid changes in mechanical inputs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joscha Schmitz
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Dalhousie University, PO BOX 15000, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Chen Q, Chu H, Wu X, Cui Y, Chen J, Li J, Zhou L, Xiong H, Wang Y, Li Z. The expression of plasma membrane Ca(2+)-ATPase isoform 2 and its splice variants at sites A and C in the neonatal rat cochlea. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2011; 75:196-201. [PMID: 21094535 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2010.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2010] [Revised: 10/25/2010] [Accepted: 10/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the expression of plasma membrane Ca(2+)-ATPase isoform 2 (PMCA2) and its alternative splicing at sites A (the first intracellular loop) and C (the C-terminal region) in the neonatal rat cochlea. METHODS The cochleae from rats postnatal day 3 to postnatal day 4 (P3-P4) were dissected, fixed, embedded, and sectioned. Meanwhile, the cochlear coils from neonatal rats were isolated and fixed. Using immunofluorescence staining, the expression of PMCA2 was respectively examined in the cochlear sections and cochlear coils. In addition, the total RNAs of basilar membrane (BM, including the organ of corti, the same below), spiral ganglion (SG), spiral ligament (SL, including SV, the same below), and the whole cochlea from neonatal rats were respectively extracted and reverse transcribed to cDNAs, then subjected to primers flanking site A or C in the PMCA2 gene using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Western blot was also applied to detect the expression of PMCA2 isoforms in the cochlear tissues. RESULTS We found that PMCA2 is strongly expressed in outer hair cell (OHC) bundles, SG, and stria vascularis (SV), weakly expressed in Reissner's membrane (RM), and occasionally expressed in inner hair cell (IHC) bundles. Moreover, w/a is the major splice form of PMCA2 present in hair cell bundles, z/b and z/c are the major splice forms of PMCA2 present in SG, and w/a and w/c are the major splice forms of PMCA2 present in SV. In the whole cochlea, variants w, y, and z were detected at site A, and variants a, b, and c were detected at site C. Using Western blot, variant a or b was also detectable in the same cochlear tissues mentioned above. CONCLUSIONS PMCA2 and its splice variants at sites A and C are differentially expressed in cochlear tissues of neonatal rat.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qingguo Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
Peripheral taste receptor cells depend on distinct calcium signals to generate appropriate cellular responses that relay taste information to the central nervous system. Some taste cells have conventional chemical synapses and rely on calcium influx through voltage-gated calcium channels. Other taste cells lack these synapses and depend on calcium release from stores to formulate an output signal through a hemichannel. Despite the importance of calcium signaling in taste cells, little is known about how these signals are regulated. This review summarizes recent studies that have identified 2 calcium clearance mechanisms expressed in taste cells, including mitochondrial calcium uptake and sodium/calcium exchangers (NCXs). These studies identified a unique constitutive calcium influx that contributes to maintaining appropriate calcium homeostasis in taste cells and the role of the mitochondria and exchangers in this process. The additional role of NCXs in the regulation of evoked calcium responses is also discussed. Clearly, calcium signaling is a dynamic process in taste cells and appears to be more complex than has previously been appreciated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn F Medler
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Antolin S, Reisert J, Matthews HR. Olfactory response termination involves Ca2+-ATPase in vertebrate olfactory receptor neuron cilia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 135:367-78. [PMID: 20351061 PMCID: PMC2847921 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.200910337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In vertebrate olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs), odorant-induced activation of the transduction cascade culminates in production of cyclic AMP, which opens cyclic nucleotide–gated channels in the ciliary membrane enabling Ca2+ influx. The ensuing elevation of the intraciliary Ca2+ concentration opens Ca2+-activated Cl− channels, which mediate an excitatory Cl− efflux from the cilia. In order for the response to terminate, the Cl− channel must close, which requires that the intraciliary Ca2+ concentration return to basal levels. Hitherto, the extrusion of Ca2+ from the cilia has been thought to depend principally on a Na+–Ca2+ exchanger. In this study, we show using simultaneous suction pipette recording and Ca2+-sensitive dye fluorescence measurements that in fire salamander ORNs, withdrawal of external Na+ from the solution bathing the cilia, which incapacitates Na+–Ca2+exchange, has only a modest effect on the recovery of the electrical response and the accompanying decay of intraciliary Ca2+ concentration. In contrast, exposure of the cilia to vanadate or carboxyeosin, a manipulation designed to block Ca2+-ATPase, has a substantial effect on response recovery kinetics. Therefore, we conclude that Ca2+-ATPase contributes to Ca2+ extrusion in ORNs, and that Na+–Ca2+exchange makes only a modest contribution to Ca2+ homeostasis in this species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Salome Antolin
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|