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Marunaka Y. Physiological roles of chloride ions in bodily and cellular functions. J Physiol Sci 2023; 73:31. [PMID: 37968609 PMCID: PMC10717538 DOI: 10.1186/s12576-023-00889-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
Physiological roles of Cl-, a major anion in the body, are not well known compared with those of cations. This review article introduces: (1) roles of Cl- in bodily and cellular functions; (2) the range of cytosolic Cl- concentration ([Cl-]c); (3) whether [Cl-]c could change with cell volume change under an isosmotic condition; (4) whether [Cl-]c could change under conditions where multiple Cl- transporters and channels contribute to Cl- influx and efflux in an isosmotic state; (5) whether the change in [Cl-]c could be large enough to act as signals; (6) effects of Cl- on cytoskeletal tubulin polymerization through inhibition of GTPase activity and tubulin polymerization-dependent biological activity; (7) roles of cytosolic Cl- in cell proliferation; (8) Cl--regulatory mechanisms of ciliary motility; (9) roles of Cl- in sweet/umami taste receptors; (10) Cl--regulatory mechanisms of with-no-lysine kinase (WNK); (11) roles of Cl- in regulation of epithelial Na+ transport; (12) relationship between roles of Cl- and H+ in body functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori Marunaka
- Medical Research Institute, Kyoto Industrial Health Association, General Incorporated Foundation, 67 Kitatsuboi-Cho, Nishinokyo, Nakagyo-Ku, Kyoto, 604-8472, Japan.
- Research Organization of Science and Technology, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, 525-8577, Japan.
- Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-Ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan.
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Wagner HJ, Weber W, Fussenegger M. Synthetic Biology: Emerging Concepts to Design and Advance Adeno-Associated Viral Vectors for Gene Therapy. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:2004018. [PMID: 33977059 PMCID: PMC8097373 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202004018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Three recent approvals and over 100 ongoing clinical trials make adeno-associated virus (AAV)-based vectors the leading gene delivery vehicles in gene therapy. Pharmaceutical companies are investing in this small and nonpathogenic gene shuttle to increase the therapeutic portfolios within the coming years. This prospect of marking a new era in gene therapy has fostered both investigations of the fundamental AAV biology as well as engineering studies to enhance delivery vehicles. Driven by the high clinical potential, a new generation of synthetic-biologically engineered AAV vectors is on the rise. Concepts from synthetic biology enable the control and fine-tuning of vector function at different stages of cellular transduction and gene expression. It is anticipated that the emerging field of synthetic-biologically engineered AAV vectors can shape future gene therapeutic approaches and thus the design of tomorrow's gene delivery vectors. This review describes and discusses the recent trends in capsid and vector genome engineering, with particular emphasis on synthetic-biological approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna J. Wagner
- Department of Biosystems Science and EngineeringETH ZurichMattenstrasse 26Basel4058Switzerland
- Faculty of BiologyUniversity of FreiburgSchänzlestraße 1Freiburg79104Germany
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSSUniversity of FreiburgSchänzlestraße 18Freiburg79104Germany
| | - Wilfried Weber
- Faculty of BiologyUniversity of FreiburgSchänzlestraße 1Freiburg79104Germany
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSSUniversity of FreiburgSchänzlestraße 18Freiburg79104Germany
| | - Martin Fussenegger
- Department of Biosystems Science and EngineeringETH ZurichMattenstrasse 26Basel4058Switzerland
- Faculty of ScienceUniversity of BaselKlingelbergstrasse 50Basel4056Switzerland
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Doyle BM, Singer ML, Fleury-Curado T, Rana S, Benevides ES, Byrne BJ, Polotsky VY, Fuller DD. Gene delivery to the hypoglossal motor system: preclinical studies and translational potential. Gene Ther 2021; 28:402-412. [PMID: 33574581 PMCID: PMC8355248 DOI: 10.1038/s41434-021-00225-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Dysfunction and/or reduced activity in the tongue muscles contributes to conditions such as dysphagia, dysarthria, and sleep disordered breathing. Current treatments are often inadequate, and the tongue is a readily accessible target for therapeutic gene delivery. In this regard, gene therapy specifically targeting the tongue motor system offers two general strategies for treating lingual disorders. First, correcting tongue myofiber and/or hypoglossal (XII) motoneuron pathology in genetic neuromuscular disorders may be readily achieved by intralingual delivery of viral vectors. The retrograde movement of viral vectors such as adeno-associated virus (AAV) enables targeted distribution to XII motoneurons via intralingual viral delivery. Second, conditions with impaired or reduced tongue muscle activation can potentially be treated using viral-driven chemo- or optogenetic approaches to activate or inhibit XII motoneurons and/or tongue myofibers. Further considerations that are highly relevant to lingual gene therapy include (1) the diversity of the motoneurons which control the tongue, (2) the patterns of XII nerve branching, and (3) the complexity of tongue muscle anatomy and biomechanics. Preclinical studies show considerable promise for lingual directed gene therapy in neuromuscular disease, but the potential of such approaches is largely untapped.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan M Doyle
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Rehabilitation Science PhD Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Breathing Research and Therapeutics Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Michele L Singer
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Rehabilitation Science PhD Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Breathing Research and Therapeutics Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Thomaz Fleury-Curado
- Department of Pediatrics and Powell Gene Therapy Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sabhya Rana
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Breathing Research and Therapeutics Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Ethan S Benevides
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Rehabilitation Science PhD Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Breathing Research and Therapeutics Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Barry J Byrne
- Department of Pediatrics and Powell Gene Therapy Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Vsevolod Y Polotsky
- Department of Pediatrics and Powell Gene Therapy Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - David D Fuller
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA. .,McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA. .,Breathing Research and Therapeutics Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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