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Mametov R, Ratiu IA, Monedeiro F, Ligor T, Buszewski B. Evolution and Evaluation of GC Columns. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2019; 51:150-173. [PMID: 31820658 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2019.1699013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
A chromatographic column is the fundamental element required for gas-chromatographic analysis. The separation of components coming from complex mixtures, prior to their detection was leading to a prominent revolution in different areas of science. Moreover, current advances in gas chromatographic (GC) columns technology and development have been providing almost unlimited possibilities for analysis employing diverse matrices. We aim through this review article to describe the evolution of chromatographic columns, by pointing the most important stages, as well as the new trends and future perspectives predicted for the new generation of GC columns. Furthermore, it was in our scope to present the main fundamentals regarding the theoretical relationships that describe the chromatographic separation, to introduce concepts related to columns selection in accordance with the required application as well as to discuss the available evaluation parameters for columns efficiency. Consequently, the early stages of first columns preparation up to the development of GC capillary columns used nowadays, together with examples of their applications are also reported and described in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radik Mametov
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland.,Interdisciplinary Centre for Modern Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
| | - Ileana-Andreea Ratiu
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland.,Interdisciplinary Centre for Modern Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland.,Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Babeş-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Fernanda Monedeiro
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Modern Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
| | - Tomasz Ligor
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland.,Interdisciplinary Centre for Modern Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
| | - Bogusław Buszewski
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland.,Interdisciplinary Centre for Modern Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
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Faull KF, Barchas JD. Negative-ion mass spectrometry fused-silica capillary gas chromatography of neurotransmitters and related compounds. METHODS OF BIOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS 2006; 29:325-83. [PMID: 6134226 DOI: 10.1002/9780470110492.ch6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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3
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Seppänen-Laakso T, Laakso I, Hiltunen R. Analysis of fatty acids by gas chromatography, and its relevance to research on health and nutrition. Anal Chim Acta 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(02)00397-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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4
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Cross RF, Ostrowska E, Muralitharan M, Dunshea FR. Mixed Mode Retention and the Use of Competing Acid for the Ag+-HPLC Analysis of Underivatized Conjugated Linoleic Acids. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1521-4168(20000401)23:4<317::aid-jhrc317>3.0.co;2-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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5
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Peak capacity, peak-capacity production rate, and boiling point resolution for temperature-programmed GC with very high programming rates. Anal Chem 2000; 72:591-8. [PMID: 10695147 DOI: 10.1021/ac9911802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in column heating technology have made possible very fast linear temperature programming for high-speed gas chromatography. A fused-silica capillary column is contained in a tubular metal jacket, which is resistively heated by a precision power supply. With very rapid column heating, the rate of peak-capacity production is significantly enhanced, but the total peak capacity and the boiling-point resolution (minimum boiling-point difference required for the separation of two nonpolar compounds on a nonpolar column) are reduced relative to more conventional heating rates used with convection-oven instruments. As temperature-programming rates increase, elution temperatures also increase with the result that retention may become insignificant prior to elution. This results in inefficient utilization of the down-stream end of the column and causes a loss in the rate of peak-capacity production. The rate of peak-capacity production is increased by the use of shorter columns and higher carrier gas velocities. With high programming rates (100-600 degrees C/min), column lengths of 6-12 m and average linear carrier gas velocities in the 100-150 cm/s range are satisfactory. In this study, the rate of peak-capacity production, the total peak capacity, and the boiling point resolution are determined for C10-C28 n-alkanes using 6-18 m long columns, 50-200 cm/s average carrier gas velocities, and 60-600 degrees C/min programming rates. It was found that with a 6-meter-long, 0.25-mm i.d. column programmed at a rate of 600 degrees C/min, a maximum peak-capacity production rate of 6.1 peaks/s was obtained. A total peak capacity of about 75 peaks was produced in a 37-s long separation spanning a boiling-point range from n-C10 (174 degrees C) to n-C28 (432 degrees C).
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Stránsky K, Jursík T, Vítek A. Standard equivalent chain length values of monoenic and polyenic (methylene interrupted) fatty acids. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1002/jhrc.1240200305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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7
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Hamedani MP, Valkó K, Qi X, Welham KJ, Gibbons WA. Two-dimensional high-performance liquid chromatographic method for assaying S-adenosyl-L-methionine and its related metabolites in tissues. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1993; 619:191-8. [PMID: 8263091 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(93)80108-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
S-Adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) is a methyl-donor compound which is actively involved in a variety of biochemical reactions. An assay has been developed permitting the quantitative measurement of SAM and its related metabolites (S-adenosylhomocysteine, decarboxylated SAM, methylthioadenosine, adenosine and adenine) in liver and cell cultures. As gradient reversed-phase chromatographic or cation-exchange chromatographic methods often resulted in overlapping peaks, a two-dimensional high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) procedure was developed involving gradient reversed-phase chromatographic separation followed by ion-exchange chromatography. After precipitating large molecules in the sample by perchloric acid, gel permeation was carried out on a Sephadex G 25 column to separate small water-soluble metabolites from proteins and membrane fragments. The freeze-dried sample was injected onto an ODS column and a 0-10% acetonitrile gradient in 10 mM ammonium formate buffer (pH 2.9) (20 min, linear) was applied. The relevant fractions were collected and injected onto a cation-exchange column (Partisil SCX, 10 microns, 250 mm x 4.6 mm I.D.). Elution and quantification were carried out using ammonium formate buffers of various concentration (15-400 mM), pH 2.9. The detector response (254 nm) as a function of concentration was linear over the concentration range 30-500 pmol. The detection limits of the compounds after the two-dimensional chromatographic procedure ranged from 10 to 60 pmol and the recovery was higher than 70%. The reproducibility of the results obtained from given samples was within 9-22% for rat liver and 6-24% for mast cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Hamedani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of London, UK
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Lunskii MK. Control of the efficiency, selectivity, and capacity in single-column capillary gas chromatography. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 1990. [DOI: 10.1070/rc1990v059n04abeh003530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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9
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Lie MSF, Jie K, Leung DWY. A study of the structures and reactions of some methyl substituted unsaturated C18 ester intermediates in the synthesis of a racemic mixture of 10-methyloctadecanoic acid. Lipids 1990. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02562419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Abstract
A simple, sensitive, HPLC method for the determination of harman has been developed and used to quantitate harman in rat brain (0.41 +/- 0.05 ng/g, n = 7) and rat lung (1.88 +/- 0.55 ng/g, n = 6). The definitive identification of harman in these tissues was accomplished by derivatizing the beta-carboline with pentafluorobenzyl bromide and using gas chromatography-electron capture chemical ionization mass spectrometry. Rats treated acutely with ethanol or subchronically with ethanol in the presence or absence of disulfiram did not have altered harman concentrations. Analysis of control human CSF samples and CSF samples taken from alcoholic patients (n = 8) at the time of intoxicated admission and one week later indicated a predominant absence of harman. These data suggest that harman is unlikely to be formed as a result of ethanol ingestion; its origin and pharmacological significance remain to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- T R Bosin
- Pharmacology Section, Indiana University School of Medicine, Bloomington 47405
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Bosin TR, Faull KF. Measurement of beta-carbolines by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1988; 428:229-36. [PMID: 3215926 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(00)83913-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A method using high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection was developed for the determination of beta-carboline compounds norharman, harman, norharmol, and harmol in lung. Aqueous derivatization with acetic anhydride was used to facilitate the isolation and separation of the phenolic compounds and to reduce the fluorescence background of the biological samples. Harman was identified and quantitated in rat lung (1.88 +/- 0.55 ng/g) using this method and its identity confirmed by means of gas chromatography-negative-ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- T R Bosin
- Pharmacology Section, Indiana University School of Medicine, Bloomington 47405
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Mares P. High temperature capillary gas liquid chromatography of triacylglycerols and other intact lipids. Prog Lipid Res 1988; 27:107-33. [PMID: 3060880 DOI: 10.1016/0163-7827(88)90007-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P Mares
- Lipid Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechoslovakia
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Tock PPH, Stegeman G, Peerboom R, Poppe H, Kraak JC, Unger KK. The application of porous silica layers in open tubular columns for liquid chromatography. Chromatographia 1987. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02688554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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14
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Robards K, Patsalides E, Dilli S. Gas chromatography of metal β-diketonates and their analogues. J Chromatogr A 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)93958-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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15
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Determination of diphenhydramine in biological fluids by capillary gas chromatography using nitrogen—phosphorus detection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(00)80734-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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The Fused Silica Glass Capillary Column For Gas Chromatography – The Anatomy Of A Revolution. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/s0301-4770(08)60174-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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18
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De Leenheer AP, Lefevere MF, Lambert WE, Colinet ES. Isotope-dilution mass spectrometry in clinical chemistry. Adv Clin Chem 1985; 24:111-61. [PMID: 3911749 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2423(08)60272-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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19
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Binder RG, Haddon WF. Analysis of O-methylinositols by gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Carbohydr Res 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/0008-6215(84)85295-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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20
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Role of surface groups in affecting the chromatographic performance of certain types of fused-silica glass capillary columns. J Chromatogr A 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)93600-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Arrendale RF, Severson RF, Chortyk OT. Simple alternative method for preparing high quality fused silica SE-54 WCOT capillary columns. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1983. [DOI: 10.1002/jhrc.1240060807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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22
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Lipsky SR. Flexible soft glass capillary columnsvs. flexible fused silica capillary columns for gas chromatography-a critique. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1983. [DOI: 10.1002/jhrc.1240060703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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23
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Rapid determination of solvent components in paint by computer-aided fused-silica capillary gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)88242-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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24
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Budahegyi M, Lombosi E, Lombosi T, Mészáros S, Nyiredy S, Tarján G, Timár I, Takács J. Twenty-fifth anniversary of the retention index system in gas—liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)80220-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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25
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Arrendale R, Severson R, Chortyk O. Preparation of fused-silica polar stationary phase wallcoated open tubular columns. J Chromatogr A 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)88319-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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De Leenheer A, Jonckheere J, Gelijkens C. Quantitative mass spectrometry in biomedicine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/0020-7381(82)80111-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Abe K, Tamai Y. Simultaneous determination of methyl esters of alpha-hydroxy and nonhydroxy fatty acids from brain cerebroside by fused-silica capillary gas chromatography. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1982; 232:400-5. [PMID: 7153286 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(00)84180-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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29
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Dorris GM, Douek M, Allen LH. Operating variables in the analysis of tall oil acids by capillary gas chromatography. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 1982. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02636150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. M. Dorris
- ; Pulp and Paper Research Institute of Canada; 570 St. John’s Blvd. Pointe Claire Quebec H9R 3J9 Canada
| | - M. Douek
- ; Pulp and Paper Research Institute of Canada; 570 St. John’s Blvd. Pointe Claire Quebec H9R 3J9 Canada
| | - L. H. Allen
- ; Pulp and Paper Research Institute of Canada; 570 St. John’s Blvd. Pointe Claire Quebec H9R 3J9 Canada
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Bertsch W, Pretorius V, van Niekerk GC. The use of silicon in the preparation of apolar glass capillary columns. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1982. [DOI: 10.1002/jhrc.1240051005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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31
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DiNunzio JE, Bombick DD, Doebler G. Chemically modified teflon capillary columns for gas chromatography II. Solid surface effects in direct coated columns. Chromatographia 1982. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02279491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Clarke MJ, Coffey KF, Perpall HJ, Lyon J. Analysis of metallonucleoside hydrolysis by high-pressure liquid chromatography. Anal Biochem 1982; 122:404-11. [PMID: 7114459 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(82)90302-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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36
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37
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Performance of different types of cross-linked methyl polysiloxane stationary phases on fused-silica glass capillary columns. J Chromatogr A 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)81968-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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38
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39
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Lipsky S, McMurray W. Role of surface groups in affecting the chromatographic performance of certain types of fused-silica glass capillary columns. I. J Chromatogr A 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)88058-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Tijssen R, Bleumer J, Smit A, van Kreveld M. Microcapillary liquid chromatography in open tubular columns with diameters of 10–50 μm. J Chromatogr A 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)82052-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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41
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Bailey E, Della Corte L, Farmer P, Gray A. Determination of the antioxidant 3-tert.-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole in rat plasma using high-resolution gas chromatography—mass spectrometry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(00)80246-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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42
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Characterization of glass, quartz, and fused silica capillary column surfaces from contact-angle measurements. Chromatographia 1981. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02262872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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43
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Sandra P, Van Roelenbosch M. Mixed phases of Superox 20M and OV-1 in fused silica and glass capillary gas chromatography. Chromatographia 1981. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02259233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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44
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Gas-liquid chromatography of amino acids: Columns and methodology as a basis for routine amino acid analysis using glass capillary gas chromatography. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1981. [DOI: 10.1002/jhrc.1240040505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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45
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Douse J. Trace analysis of explosives at the low picogram level by silica capillary column gas—liquid chromatography with electron-capture detection. J Chromatogr A 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)87965-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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46
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Bombick D, DiNunzio J. Chemically modified teflon wall-coated open tubular columns for gas chromatography. Chromatographia 1981. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02262057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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47
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Properties of untreated and treated glass capillary surfaces and their contribution to solute-stationary phase interaction and film fixation of the stationary liquid. J Chromatogr A 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)80292-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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48
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Standard wall-coated open-tubular columns for fatty acid analyses: Is flexible fused silica the answer? Prog Lipid Res 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/0163-7827(81)90143-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Abstract
Recent progress in capillary gas chromatography, with emphasis on the needs of drug research, has been briefly reviewed. The value of this method in studies of drug-induced changes in metabolic profiles has been emphasized. Recent improvements in technology of glass and fused-silica capillary columns and enhanced capabilities of detectors related to capillary techniques promise to increase their utilization in drug research and routine analyses.
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