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Pharmacotherapeutic Interventions in People Living With HIV Undergoing Solid Organ Transplantation: A Scoping Review. Transplant Direct 2023; 9:e1441. [PMID: 36733439 PMCID: PMC9886517 DOI: 10.1097/txd.0000000000001441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The pharmacotherapeutic management of people living with HIV (PLWHIV) undergoing solid organ transplantation (SOT) is clinically challenging, mainly due to the frequent occurrence of complex drug-drug interactions. Although various strategies have been proposed to improve treatment outcomes in these patients, several uncertainties remain, and consensus practice guidelines are just beginning to emerge. The main objective of this scoping review was to map the extent of the literature on the pharmacotherapeutic interventions performed by healthcare professionals for PLWHIV undergoing SOT. Methods We searched Medline, Embase, and the Cochrane databases as well as gray literature for articles published between January 2010 and February 2020. Study selection was performed by at least 2 independent reviewers. Articles describing pharmacotherapeutic interventions in PLWHIV considered for or undergoing SOT were included in the study. Results Of the 12 599 references identified through our search strategy, 209 articles met the inclusion criteria. Results showed that the vast majority of reported pharmacotherapeutic interventions concerned the management of immunosuppressive and antimicrobial therapy, including antiretrovirals. Analysis of the data demonstrated that for several aspects of the pharmacotherapeutic management of PLWHIV undergoing SOT, there were differing practices, such as the choice of immunosuppressive induction and maintenance therapy. Other important aspects of patient management, such as patient counseling, were rarely reported. Conclusions Our results constitute an extensive overview of current practices in the pharmacotherapeutic management of SOT in PLWHIV and identify knowledge gaps that should be addressed to help improve patient care in this specific population.
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Podany AT, Scarsi KK, Pham MM, Fletcher CV. Comparative Clinical Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of HIV-1 Integrase Strand Transfer Inhibitors: An Updated Review. Clin Pharmacokinet 2021; 59:1085-1107. [PMID: 32462541 DOI: 10.1007/s40262-020-00898-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Bictegravir, cabotegravir, dolutegravir, elvitegravir, and raltegravir are members of the latest class of antiretrovirals available to treat human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, the integrase strand transfer inhibitors. Integrase strand transfer inhibitors are potent inhibitors of the HIV integrase enzyme with IC90/95 values in the low nanogram per milliliter range and they retain antiviral activity against strains of HIV with acquired resistance to other classes of antiretrovirals. Each of the integrase strand transfer inhibitors have unique pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic properties, influencing their role in clinical use in specific subsets of patients. Cabotegravir, approved for use in Canada but not yet by the US Food and Drug Administration, is formulated in both oral and intramuscular formulations; the latter of which has shown efficacy as a long-acting extended-release formulation. Cabotegravir, raltegravir, and dolutegravir have minimal drug-drug interaction profiles, as their metabolism has minimal cytochrome P450 involvement. Conversely, elvitegravir metabolism occurs primarily via cytochrome P450 3A4 and requires pharmacokinetic boosting to achieve systemic exposures amenable to once-daily dosing. Bictegravir metabolism has similar contributions from both cytochrome P450 3A4 and uridine 5'-diphospho-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1. Bictegravir, dolutegravir, and raltegravir are recommended components of initial regimens for most people with HIV in the US adult and adolescent HIV treatment guidelines. This review summarizes and compares the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the integrase strand transfer inhibitor agents, and describes specific pharmacokinetic considerations for persons with hepatic impairment, renal dysfunction, pregnancy, and co-infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony T Podany
- Antiviral Pharmacology Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, PDD Rm 3019, 986145 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-6145, USA.
| | - Kimberly K Scarsi
- Antiviral Pharmacology Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, PDD Rm 3019, 986145 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-6145, USA
| | - Michelle M Pham
- Antiviral Pharmacology Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, PDD Rm 3019, 986145 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-6145, USA
| | - Courtney V Fletcher
- Antiviral Pharmacology Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, PDD Rm 3019, 986145 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-6145, USA
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Development of a simple and rapid method to determine the unbound fraction of dolutegravir, raltegravir and darunavir in human plasma using ultrafiltration and LC-MS/MS. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2021; 196:113923. [PMID: 33571728 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.113923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Dolutegravir, raltegravir and darunavir are three antiretroviral drugs widely used in combined antiretroviral therapies. These three drugs are highly bound to plasma proteins. Compared to the total concentration, the concentration of unbound drug which is considered as the only pharmacological active form should be more informative to improve therapeutic drug monitoring in patients to avoid virological failure or toxicity. The aim of the present study was to develop an ultrafiltration protocol and a LC-MS/MS method to simultaneously determine the concentrations of the unbound dolutegravir, raltegravir and darunavir in human plasma. Finally, 150 μL of plasma was ultrafiltrated using Centrifree® ultrafiltration devices with ultracel YM-T membrane (cutoff 30 KDa) during 5 min at 37 °C at 1500 g. Then, 20 μL of the ultrafiltrate were injected into the LC-MS/MS system. The chromatographic separation was carried out on a BEH C18 column using a mobile phase containing deionized water and acetonitrile, both with 0.05 % (v/v) of formic acid, with a gradient elution at a flow rate of 0.5 mL/min. The run time was only 4 min. The calibration curve ranged from 0.5-200 ng/mL for dolutegravir, 1 to 400 ng/mL for raltegravir and 10-4000 ng/mL for darunavir. This method was validated with a good precision (inter- and intra-day CV% lower than 14 %) and a good accuracy (inter- and intra-day bias between -5.6-8.8 %) for all the analytes. This method is simple, reliable and suitable for pharmacokinetic studies.
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4
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Campos-Varela I, Dodge JL, Berenguer M, Adam R, Samuel D, Benedetto FD, Karam V, Belli LS, Duvoux C, Terrault NA. Temporal Trends and Outcomes in Liver Transplantation for Recipients With HIV Infection in Europe and United States. Transplantation 2020; 104:2078-2086. [PMID: 32969987 PMCID: PMC7919403 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000003107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We evaluated trends and outcomes of liver transplantation (LT) recipients with/without HIV infection. METHODS LT recipients between 2008 and 2015 from the United Network for Organ Sharing and Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network and European Liver Transplant Registry were included. Trends and characteristics related to survival among LT recipients with HIV infection were determined. RESULTS Among 73 206 LT patients, 658 (0.9%) were HIV-infected. The proportion of LT HIV-infected did not change over time (P-trend = 0.16). Hepatitis C virus (HCV) as indication for LT decreased significantly for HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected patients (P-trends = 0.008 and <0.001). Three-year cumulative graft survival in LT recipients with and without HIV infection was 64.4% and 77.3%, respectively (P < 0.001), with improvements over time for both, but with HIV-infected patients having greater improvements (P-trends = 0.02 and 0.03). Adjusted risk of graft loss was 41% higher in HIV-infected versus HIV-uninfected (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 1.41; P < 0.001). Among HIV-infected, model of end-stage liver disease (aHR, 1.04; P < 0.001), body mass index <21 kg/m (aHR, 1.61; P = 0.006), and HCV (aHR, 1.83; P < 0.001) were associated with graft loss, whereas more recent period of LT 2012-2015 (aHR, 0.58; P = 0.001) and donor with anoxic cause of death (aHR, 0.51; P = 0.007) were associated with lower risk of graft loss. CONCLUSIONS Patients with HIV infection account for only 1% of LTs in United States and Europe, with fewer LT for HCV disease over time. A static rate of LT among HIV-infected patients may reflect improvements in cirrhosis management and/or persistent barriers to LT. Graft and patient survival among HIV-infected LT recipients have shown improvement over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Campos-Varela
- Liver Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jennifer L. Dodge
- Department of Surgery, University of California–San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Marina Berenguer
- Liver Unit, La Fe University Hospital, Ciberehd, IISLaFe, University of Medicine, Valencia, Spain
| | - René Adam
- Centre Hépato-Biliaire, AP-HP Hôpital Paul Brousse, University Paris Sud Villejuif, Paris, France
| | - Didier Samuel
- Centre Hépato-Biliaire, AP-HP Hôpital Paul Brousse, University Paris Sud Villejuif, Paris, France
- University Paris Sud-Paris Saclay, Paris, France
| | - Fabrizio Di Benedetto
- Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation Unit, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Vincent Karam
- Centre Hépato-Biliaire, AP-HP Hôpital Paul Brousse, University Paris Sud Villejuif, Paris, France
| | - Luca S. Belli
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Niguarda Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Christophe Duvoux
- Department of Hepatology, University Hospital of Henri Mondor-APHP, Paris Est University (UPEC), Créteil, France
| | - Norah A. Terrault
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
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Preparation and In Vitro Evaluation of Alginate Microparticles Containing Amphotericin B for the Treatment of Candida Infections. Int J Biomater 2020; 2020:2514387. [PMID: 32802065 PMCID: PMC7416289 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2514387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Invasive candidiasis (IC) remains as a major cause of morbidity and mortality in critically ill patients. Amphotericin B (AmB) is one of the most effective antifungal agents commonly used to treat this infection. However, it induces severe side effects such as nephrotoxicity, cardiac alterations, nausea, fever, and liver damage. The utilization of drug delivery systems has been explored to overcome these limitations. Several AmB lipid formulations have been developed and are currently available in the market. Although they have the ability to reduce the main side effects of free AmB, their high cost, necessity of repeated intravenous injections for successful treatment, and incidence of pulmonary toxicity have limited their use. In the last decades, alginate has gained significant interest in drug delivery applications as a cost-effective strategy to improve the safety and therapeutic effect of toxic drugs. In this work, the clinically relevant drug AmB was encapsulated into alginate microparticles using the emulsification/external gelation method. We hypothesize that this synthesis strategy may positively impact the antifungal efficacy of AmB-loaded MCPs toward Candida albicans cells while reducing the toxicity in human lung cells. To prove this hypothesis, the ability of the microplatform to disrupt the cellular membrane potential was tested and its antifungal effectiveness toward Candida albicans cells was evaluated using the cell counting and plate count methods. Moreover, the toxicity of the microplatform in human lung cells was evaluated using CellTiter 96® AQueous cell viability assay and qualitative diffusion analysis of acridine orange. Our results demonstrated that the platform developed in this work was able to induce antifungal toxicity against Candida albicans yeast cells at the same level of free AmB with minimal toxicity to lung cells, which is one of the main side effects induced by commercial drug delivery systems containing AmB. Overall, our data provides convincing evidence about the effectiveness of the alginate-based microplatform toward Candida albicans cells. In addition, this vehicle may not require several infusions for a successful treatment while reducing the pulmonary toxic effect induced by commercial lipid formulations.
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Soares J, Ferreira A, Silva-Pinto A, Almeida F, Piñeiro C, Serrão R, Sarmento A. The Influence of Antiretroviral Therapy on Hepatitis C Virus Viral Load and Liver Fibrosis in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Coinfected Patients: An Observational Study. Intervirology 2019; 62:182-190. [PMID: 31775148 DOI: 10.1159/000503631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of antiretroviral therapy (ART) for Hepatitis C viral load (HCV-VL) and liver fibrosis is poorly understood. This study aimed at evaluating the influence of ART on HCV-VL and liver fibrosis in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/HCV-coinfected patients. METHODS We conducted a retrospective cohort study of HIV/HCV-coinfected patients followed at a tertiary university hospital. RESULTS In total, 143 patients were included. In 61 patients, ART initiation was accompanied by an increase in HCV-VL and a decrease in HIV viral load (HIV-VL), whereas ART suspension led to a decrease in HCV-VL and an increase in HIV-VL. Among the 55 HIV-suppressed patients who switched to a raltegravir (RAL)-containing regimen, median HCV-VL levels decreased significantly, while switching to a rilpivirine-containing regimen did not yield a significant reduction. DISCUSSION If the -treatment of chronic hepatitis starts before ART, ART initiation should be delayed as much as possible. If ART has been started, it is advisable to wait 1 year before initiating chronic hepatitis treatment. RAL as the third agent in an ART regimen could be beneficial in HIV/HCV-coinfected patients, in comparison to other antiretroviral drugs. CONCLUSION The start and the suspension of ART significantly interferes with HCV-VL in HIV/HCV-coinfected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Soares
- Infectious Diseases Department, Centro Hospitalar São João, Porto, Portugal
| | - António Ferreira
- Medicine Department, Hospital de Viana do Castelo, Viana do Castelo, Portugal
| | - André Silva-Pinto
- Infectious Diseases Department, Centro Hospitalar São João, Porto, Portugal,
| | - Francisco Almeida
- Infectious Diseases Department, Centro Hospitalar São João, Porto, Portugal
| | - Carmela Piñeiro
- Infectious Diseases Department, Centro Hospitalar São João, Porto, Portugal
| | - Rosário Serrão
- Infectious Diseases Department, Centro Hospitalar São João, Porto, Portugal
| | - António Sarmento
- Infectious Diseases Department, Centro Hospitalar São João, Porto, Portugal
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Development of amphotericin B-loaded propionate Sterculia striata polysaccharide nanocarrier. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 146:1133-1141. [PMID: 31734368 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.10.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This work was aimed at the production and characterization of a new nanocarrier based on a Sterculia striata polysaccharide (SSP) modified via acylation reaction with propionic anhydride. Nanocapsules of propionated SSP (PSSP) were produced via spontaneous nanoemulsification process and tested as a potential amphotericin B (AMB) nanocarrier. Stable nanoparticles with a very low polydispersity index (0.08-0.29) and high zeta potential (ζ -42.7 to -53.8 mV) were obtained. Particle size was dependent on the degree of substitution and ranged from 205 to 286 nm. A nanocapsule with a degree of substitution (DS) of 2.53 (NCP 2.53) was selected for encapsulation, biocompatibility, and antifungal evaluation against Candida albicans strains. A maximum of 98.3% AMB encapsulation was achieved. Encapsulated AMB was in its monomeric form and showed good biocompatibility and antifungal activity against four C. albicans strains. Data indicate that PSSP has potential as a nanocarrier system for AMB.
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Matignon M, Lelièvre JD, Lahiani A, Abbassi K, Desvaux D, Diallo A, Peraldi MN, Taburet AM, Saillard J, Delaugerre C, Costagliola D, Assoumou L, Grimbert P. Low incidence of acute rejection within 6 months of kidney transplantation in HIV-infected recipients treated with raltegravir: the Agence Nationale de Recherche sur le Sida et les Hépatites Virales (ANRS) 153 TREVE trial. HIV Med 2019; 20:202-213. [PMID: 30688008 DOI: 10.1111/hiv.12700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES High rates of clinical acute rejection after kidney transplantation have been reported in people living with HIV (PLHIV), probably as a consequence of drug interactions. We therefore investigated the incidence of acute rejection within 6 months of transplantation in HIV-infected recipients treated with a protease-inhibitor-free raltegravir-based regimen. METHODS The Agence Nationale de Recherche sur le Sida et les Hépatites Virales (ANRS) 153 TREVE (NCT01453192) study was a prospective multicentre single-arm trial in adult PLHIV awaiting kidney transplantation, with viral load < 50 HIV-1 RNA copies/mL, CD4 T-cell count > 200 cells/μL, and HIV-1 strains sensitive to raltegravir, aiming to demonstrate 6-month clinical acute rejection rates < 30%. Time to transplantation was compared with that for uninfected subjects matched for age, sex and registration date. RESULTS In total, 61 participants were enrolled in the study, and 26 underwent kidney transplantation. Two participants experienced clinical acute rejection, corresponding to an estimated clinical acute rejection rate of 8% [95% confidence interval (CI) 2-24%] at 6 and 12 months post-transplantation. HIV infection remained under control in all but one participant, who temporarily stopped antiretroviral treatment. Median time to transplantation was longer in PLHIV than in controls (4.3 versus 2.8 years, respectively; P = 0.002) and was not influenced by blood group. CONCLUSIONS Acute rejection rates were low after kidney transplantation in PLHIV treated with a raltegravir-based regimen. However, PLHIV have poorer access to transplantation than HIV-uninfected individuals after registration on the waiting list.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Matignon
- Nephrology and Kidney Transplantation Department, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Institut Francilien de Recherche en Néphrologie et Transplantation, Groupe Hospitalier Henri-Mondor/Albert-Chenevier, Créteil, France.,INSERM U955, Université Paris-Est-Créteil, (UPEC), Créteil, France
| | - J-D Lelièvre
- INSERM U955, Université Paris-Est-Créteil, (UPEC), Créteil, France.,Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases Department, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Groupe Hospitalier Henri-Mondor/Albert-Chenevier, Créteil, France.,Vaccine Research Institute, Créteil, France
| | - A Lahiani
- INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - K Abbassi
- INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - D Desvaux
- INSERM U955, Université Paris-Est-Créteil, (UPEC), Créteil, France.,Anatomopathology Department, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Groupe Hospitalier Henri-Mondor/Albert-Chenevier, Créteil, France
| | - A Diallo
- ANRS, France Recherche Nord & Sud SIDA-HIV Hépatites, Paris, France
| | - M-N Peraldi
- Nephrology and Kidney Transplantation Department, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Saint-Louis Hospital, Paris, France
| | - A-M Taburet
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Sud Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.,INSERM UMR1184, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - J Saillard
- ANRS, France Recherche Nord & Sud SIDA-HIV Hépatites, Paris, France
| | - C Delaugerre
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpital Saint louis, INSERM U941, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - D Costagliola
- INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - L Assoumou
- INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - P Grimbert
- Nephrology and Kidney Transplantation Department, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Institut Francilien de Recherche en Néphrologie et Transplantation, Groupe Hospitalier Henri-Mondor/Albert-Chenevier, Créteil, France.,INSERM U955, Université Paris-Est-Créteil, (UPEC), Créteil, France.,Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, CIC-Biothérapies, Groupe Hospitalier Henri-Mondor/Albert-Chenevier, Créteil, France
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Liu M, Chen M, Yang Z. Design of amphotericin B oral formulation for antifungal therapy. Drug Deliv 2017; 24:1-9. [PMID: 28155335 PMCID: PMC8241147 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2016.1225852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Amphotericin B (AmB) remains the "gold standard" for systemic antifungal therapy, even though new drugs are emerging as the attractive antifungal agents. Since AmB has negligible oral absorption as a consequence of its unfavorable physicochemical characterizations, its use is restricted to parenteral administration which is accompanied by severe side effects. As greater understanding of the gastrointestinal tract has developed, the advanced drug delivery systems are emerging with the potential to overcome the barriers of AmB oral delivery. Much research has demonstrated that oral AmB formulations such as lipid formulations may have beneficial therapeutic efficacy with reduced adverse effects and suitable for clinical application. Here we reviewed the different formulation strategies to enhance oral drug efficacy, and discussed the current trends and future perspectives for AmB oral administration in the treatment of antifungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Liu
- Urology Department, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China, and
| | - Meiwan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Zhiwen Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Songjiang Hospital Affiliated Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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Podany AT, Scarsi KK, Fletcher CV. Comparative Clinical Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of HIV-1 Integrase Strand Transfer Inhibitors. Clin Pharmacokinet 2017; 56:25-40. [PMID: 27317415 PMCID: PMC5164870 DOI: 10.1007/s40262-016-0424-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Dolutegravir (DTG), elvitegravir (EVG) and raltegravir (RAL) are members of the latest class of antiretrovirals (ARVs) that have become available to treat human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection: integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs). INSTIs are potent inhibitors of the HIV integrase enzyme, with protein binding-adjusted concentration inhibiting viral replication by 90/95 % [IC90/95] values in the low nanogram per millilitre range, and they retain antiviral activity against strains of HIV with acquired resistance to other classes of ARVs. Each of the INSTIs has unique pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic properties, influencing its role in clinical use in specific subsets of patients. RAL and DTG have minimal drug-drug interaction profiles, as their metabolism has minimal cytochrome P450 (CYP) involvement. Conversely, EVG metabolism occurs primarily via CYP3A4 and requires pharmacokinetic boosting to achieve systemic exposures amenable to once-daily dosing. EVG and DTG have the added benefit of availability of fixed-dose combination tablets, allowing for convenient and simplified ARV regimens. RAL is the only INSTI to be listed as a preferred agent in the current US perinatal treatment guidelines. All three INSTIs are recommended regimens for treatment-naïve individuals in the US adult and adolescent HIV treatment guidelines. This review summarizes and compares the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the INSTIs, and describes specific pharmacokinetic considerations for special patient conditions: hepatic impairment, renal dysfunction, pregnancy and co-infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony T Podany
- Antiviral Pharmacology Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986000 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-6000, USA
| | - Kimberly K Scarsi
- Antiviral Pharmacology Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986000 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-6000, USA
| | - Courtney V Fletcher
- Antiviral Pharmacology Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986000 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-6000, USA.
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11
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Liver transplantation for hepatitis C virus in the era of direct-acting antiviral agents. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2016; 10:361-8. [PMID: 26185921 DOI: 10.1097/coh.0000000000000186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Liver transplantation is widely used to treat HIV patients with an end-stage liver disease, mainly decompensated cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. The results are good especially in non-hepatitis C virus (HCV)-coinfected patients. In HIV-HCV-coinfected patients, 5-year post-liver transplantation survival is around 50-55%, negatively impacted by HCV recurrence. The results of PEG-IFN/RBV are poor in terms of efficacy and safety. In patients with genotype 1 infection, triple therapy (boceprevir or telaprevir) has increased sustained virological response (SVR) rate, but drug-drug interactions (DDIs) with immunosuppressive agents and high rates of adverse events lead to forsake these combinations. Herein, we provide new data and practical management regarding HIV-HCV liver transplantation patients using new direct-acting antiviral agents (DAA). RECENT FINDINGS The second-generation DAA have good safety profile. In patients who are candidates for liver transplantation or are already recipients, the optimal therapeutic option is to combine the new DAA. Efficacy results have dramatically improved with greater than 90% of SVR rate in many studies enrolling HCV-monoinfected liver transplant recipients. Some concerns persist in terms of DDI. SUMMARY Even sparse, data regarding efficacy and safety of these regimens in HCV-HIV-coinfected liver transplantation will radically change the prognosis of this peculiar population.
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12
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Cattaneo D, Puoti M, Sollima S, Moioli C, Foppa CU, Baldelli S, Clementi E, Gervasoni C. Reduced raltegravir clearance in HIV-infected liver transplant recipients: an unexpected interaction with immunosuppressive therapy? J Antimicrob Chemother 2016; 71:1341-5. [PMID: 26755497 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkv466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Liver transplantation (LTx) is considered a safe procedure in selected HIV-infected patients. In this clinical setting raltegravir is the antiretroviral of choice due to its optimal tolerability and its negligible interactions with immunosuppressive drugs. We aimed at providing data on the pharmacokinetics of raltegravir in LTx recipients, on which the available information is inconclusive. METHODS In this retrospective multicentre study we characterized the pharmacokinetics of raltegravir in a consecutive series of HIV-infected LTx recipients referred to our laboratory for therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) and compared the obtained profiles with those collected from a control group of HIV-infected patients. RESULTS Seventeen HIV-infected LTx patients were considered. LTx recipients had significantly higher raltegravir AUC0-12 compared with the control group of HIV-infected patients [14 314 (11 627-19 998) versus 8795 (5218-12 954) ng·h/mL; P < 0.01]. Two LTx patients experienced moderate increments in serum transaminases, nausea and vomiting that improved after raltegravir dose reduction. CONCLUSIONS High raltegravir exposure and acceptable safety profile were observed in HIV-infected LTx recipients. Our results highlight that some patients may obtain an advantage from TDM-guided raltegravir dose adjustments with potential benefits in terms of drug tolerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Cattaneo
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, L. Sacco University Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Puoti
- Division of Infectious Diseases, AO Ospedale Niguarda Ca' Granda, Milano, Italy
| | - Salvatore Sollima
- Department of Infectious Diseases, L. Sacco University Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Cristina Moioli
- Division of Infectious Diseases, AO Ospedale Niguarda Ca' Granda, Milano, Italy
| | | | - Sara Baldelli
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, L. Sacco University Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Emilio Clementi
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, CNR Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, L. Sacco University Hospital, Università di Milano, 20157 Milan, Italy Scientific Institute IRCCS E. Medea, 23842 Bosisio Parini, Italy
| | - Cristina Gervasoni
- Department of Infectious Diseases, L. Sacco University Hospital, Milan, Italy
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13
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Raltegravir Pharmacokinetics in Patients on Asunaprevir-Daclatasvir. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015; 59:7903-5. [PMID: 26438504 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01603-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Raltegravir pharmacokinetics was studied in 20 patients included in the ANRS HC30 QUADRIH Study before and after addition of anti-hepatitis C virus (anti-HCV) quadritherapy, including pegylated-interferon-ribavirin and asunaprevir plus daclatasvir. Raltegravir pharmacokinetic parameters remained unchanged whether administered on or off anti-HCV therapy. In addition, concentrations of raltegravir, asunaprevir, and daclatasvir were not affected by liver cirrhosis. These data suggest that in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-HCV-coinfected patients, whether cirrhotic or not, asunaprevir and daclatasvir could be administered safely with raltegravir.
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14
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Cattaneo D, Sollima S, Charbe N, Resnati C, Clementi E, Gervasoni C. Suspected pharmacokinetic interaction between raltegravir and the 3D regimen of ombitasvir, dasabuvir and paritaprevir/ritonavir in an HIV-HCV liver transplant recipient. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2015; 72:365-7. [PMID: 26362279 DOI: 10.1007/s00228-015-1936-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dario Cattaneo
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, L. Sacco University Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Salvatore Sollima
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Luigi Sacco University Hospital, Via GB Grassi 74, 20157, Milan, Italy
| | - Nitin Charbe
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, L. Sacco University Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Resnati
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Luigi Sacco University Hospital, Via GB Grassi 74, 20157, Milan, Italy
| | - Emilio Clementi
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, CNR Institute of Neuroscience, Dept Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, L. Sacco University Hospital, Università di Milano, 20157, Milan, Italy
- Scientific Institute IRCCS E. Medea, 23842, Bosisio Parini, Italy
| | - Cristina Gervasoni
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Luigi Sacco University Hospital, Via GB Grassi 74, 20157, Milan, Italy.
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15
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Eguchi S, Takatsuki M, Soyama A, Hidaka M, Kugiyama T, Natsuda K, Adachi T, Kitasato A, Fujita F, Kuroki T. The First Case of Deceased Donor Liver Transplantation for a Patient with End-Stage Liver Cirrhosis Due to Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Hepatitis C Virus Coinfection in Japan. Jpn J Infect Dis 2015; 69:80-2. [PMID: 26166505 DOI: 10.7883/yoken.jjid.2015.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported that progression of liver cirrhosis is quicker and survival is dismal in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) coinfection, especially when acquired in childhood through contaminated blood products. Recently, we performed the first deceased donor liver transplantation (DDLT) for an HIV/HCV-coinfected hemophilic patient in Japan. A 40-year-old man was referred to our hospital for liver transplantation. Regular DDLT was performed using the piggyback technique with a full-sized liver graft. Cold ischemia time was 465 min, and the graft liver weighed 1,590 g. The antiretroviral therapy (ART) was switched from darunavir/ritonavir to raltegravir before the transplant for flexible usage of calcineurin inhibitors postoperatively; tenofovir was used as the baseline treatment. The postoperative course was uneventful, and the patient was discharged home on day 43. He started receiving anti-HCV treatment on day 110 with pegylated interferon, ribavirin, and simeprevir after the DDLT. Herein, we report the first case of DDLT in Japan. Meticulous management of ART and clotting factors could lead to the success of DDLT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susumu Eguchi
- Department of Surgery, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences
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16
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Campos-Varela I, Peters MG, Terrault NA. Advances in therapy for HIV/hepatitis C virus-coinfected patients in the liver transplant setting. Clin Infect Dis 2014; 60:108-16. [PMID: 25228702 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciu731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Complications of cirrhosis due to hepatitis C virus (HCV) are increasing, and liver transplantation (LT) is the most effective treatment for those with liver decompensation or small hepatocellular carcinoma. However, for patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) coinfection, barriers to LT exist. This is related to the poorer survival rates post-LT (55% at 5 years) and, up until this year, the limited options for treating those coinfected LT recipients with progressive recurrent HCV disease, the commonest reason for reduced survival. The newly approved antiviral therapies sofosbuvir and simeprevir, with significantly improved efficacy and markedly better safety and tolerability in HIV and transplant patients, offer the opportunity to transform the outcomes of HIV/HCV-coinfected patients with liver complications. Additional new therapies, anticipated within the year, are expected to further simplify the management of coinfected patients in the transplant setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Campos-Varela
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Marion G Peters
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Norah A Terrault
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of California, San Francisco
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