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Feng Y, Wang N, Fu H, Xie H, Xue L, Feng Y, Poinern GEJ, Chen D. Manure-derived hydrochar superior to manure: Reducing non-point pollution risk by altering nitrogen and phosphorus fugacity in the soil-water system. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2023; 168:440-451. [PMID: 37393881 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2023.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) technology is an emerging technology for the disposal of manure-based wet wastes. However, the effects of manure-derived hydrochar inputs to agricultural soils on nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) morphology and conversion in soil-water systems remain largely unexplored. In this study, pig and cattle manure (PM and CM), and their derived hydrochar (PCs and CCs) were applied to agricultural soils, with changes in nutrient morphology and enzyme activities related to N and P transformation in the soil-water systems observed through flooded incubation experiments. The results showed that floodwater ammonia N concentrations were reduced by 12.9-29.6% for PCs relative to PM, and 21.6-36.9% for CCs relative to CM, respectively. Moreover, floodwater total P concentrations of PCs and CCs were reduced by 11.7-20.7% relative to PM and CM. Soil enzyme activities closely related to N and P transformations in the soil-water system responded differently to manure and manure-derived hydrochar application. Compared to manure, the application of manure-derived hydrochar inhibited soil urease and acid phosphatase activity by up to 59.4% and 20.3%, respectively, whereas it had significant promotion effects on soil nitrate reductase (∼69.7%) and soil nitrite reductase (∼64.0%). The products of manure after HTC treatments have the characteristics of organic fertilizers, and the fertilization effects of PCs are more prominent than CCs, which are subject to further verification in field trials. Our findings improve the current understanding of manure-derived organic matter affecting N and P conversions in soil-water systems and the risk for non-point source pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Feng
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in Downstream of Yangtze Plain, National Agricultural Experiment Station for Agricultural Environment, Key Laboratory for Combined Farming and Raising, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; Murdoch Applied Innovation Nanotechnology Research Group, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Ning Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in Downstream of Yangtze Plain, National Agricultural Experiment Station for Agricultural Environment, Key Laboratory for Combined Farming and Raising, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Haibin Fu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Huifang Xie
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Lihong Xue
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in Downstream of Yangtze Plain, National Agricultural Experiment Station for Agricultural Environment, Key Laboratory for Combined Farming and Raising, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Yanfang Feng
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in Downstream of Yangtze Plain, National Agricultural Experiment Station for Agricultural Environment, Key Laboratory for Combined Farming and Raising, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China.
| | - Gerrard Eddy Jai Poinern
- Murdoch Applied Innovation Nanotechnology Research Group, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Deli Chen
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
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2
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Clark D, Antwi-Boasiako G, Brook RK, Epp T, Jenkins E, Lambert S, Soos C. Understanding and strengthening wildlife and zoonotic disease policy processes: A research imperative. Zoonoses Public Health 2022; 69:768-776. [PMID: 35822519 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic highlights the urgency and importance of monitoring, managing and addressing zoonotic diseases, and the acute challenges of doing so with sufficient inter-jurisdictional coordination in a dynamic global context. Although wildlife pathogens are well-studied clinically and ecologically, there is very little systematic scholarship on their management or on policy implications. The current global pandemic therefore presents a unique social science research imperative: to understand how decisions are made about preventing and responding to wildlife diseases, especially zoonoses, and how those policy processes can be improved as part of early warning systems, preparedness and rapid response. To meet these challenges, we recommend intensified research efforts towards: (i) generating functional insights about wildlife and zoonotic disease policy processes, (ii) enabling social and organizational learning to mobilize those insights, (iii) understanding epistemic instability to address populist anti-science and (iv) anticipating evolving and new zoonotic emergences, especially their human dimensions. Since policy processes for zoonoses can be acutely challenged during the early stages of an epidemic or pandemic, such insights can provide a pragmatic, empirically-based roadmap for enhancing their robustness and efficacy, and benefiting long-term decision-making efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Clark
- School of Environment & Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Gabriel Antwi-Boasiako
- School of Environment & Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Ryan K Brook
- College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Tasha Epp
- Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Emily Jenkins
- Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Simon Lambert
- Department of Indigenous Studies, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Catherine Soos
- Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.,Environment and Climate Change, Prairie and Northern Wildlife Research Centre, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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3
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Giannattasio-Ferraz S, Ene A, Gomes VJ, Queiroz CO, Maskeri L, Oliveira AP, Putonti C, Barbosa-Stancioli EF. Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolated From Urine of Healthy Bovine Have Potential as Emerging Human and Bovine Pathogens. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:764760. [PMID: 35330764 PMCID: PMC8940275 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.764760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of livestock microbiota has immediate benefits for animal health as well as mitigating food contamination and emerging pathogens. While prior research has indicated the gastrointestinal tract of cattle as the source for many zoonoses, including Shiga-toxin producing Escherichia coli and antibiotic resistant bacteria, the bovine urinary tract microbiota has yet to be thoroughly investigated. Here, we describe 5 E. coli and 4 Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains isolated from urine of dairy Gyr cattle. While both species are typically associated with urinary tract infections and mastitis, all of the animals sampled were healthy. The bovine urinary strains were compared to E. coli and P. aeruginosa isolates from other bovine samples as well as human urinary samples. While the bovine urinary E. coli isolates had genomic similarity to isolates from the gastrointestinal tract of cattle and other agricultural animals, the bovine urinary P. aeruginosa strains were most similar to human isolates suggesting niche adaptation rather than host adaptation. Examination of prophages harbored by these bovine isolates revealed similarity with prophages within distantly related E. coli and P. aeruginosa isolates from the human urinary tract. This suggests that related urinary phages may persist and/or be shared between mammals. Future studies of the bovine urinary microbiota are needed to ascertain if E. coli and P. aeruginosa are resident members of this niche and/or possible sources for emerging pathogens in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Giannattasio-Ferraz
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Adriana Ene
- Bioinformatics Program, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Vitor Júnio Gomes
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Cid Oliveira Queiroz
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Laura Maskeri
- Bioinformatics Program, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | | | - Catherine Putonti
- Bioinformatics Program, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States.,Department of Biology, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, United States
| | - Edel F Barbosa-Stancioli
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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4
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Medeiros I, Fernandez-Novo A, Astiz S, Simões J. Historical Evolution of Cattle Management and Herd Health of Dairy Farms in OECD Countries. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9030125. [PMID: 35324853 PMCID: PMC8954633 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9030125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This work aimed to review the important aspects of the dairy industry evolution at herd level, interrelating production with health management systems. Since the beginning of the industrialization of the dairy cattle sector (1950s), driven by the need to feed the rapidly growing urban areas, this industry has experienced several improvements, evolving in management and technology. These changes have been felt above all in the terms of milking, rearing, nutrition, reproductive management, and design of facilities. Shortage of labor, emphasis on increasing farm efficiency, and quality of life of the farmers were the driving factors for these changes. To achieve it, in many areas of the world, pasture production has been abandoned, moving to indoor production, which allows for greater nutritional and reproductive control of the animals. To keep pace with this paradigm in milk production, animal health management has also been improved. Prevention and biosecurity have become essential to control and prevent pathologies that cause great economic losses. As such, veterinary herd health management programs were created, allowing the management of health of the herd as a whole, through the common work of veterinarians and farmers. These programs address the farms holistically, from breeding to nutrition, from prevention to consultancy. In addition, farmers are now faced with a consumer more concerned on animal production, valuing certified products that respect animal health and welfare, as well as environmental sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivo Medeiros
- Veterinary and Animal Research Centre (CECAV), Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
| | - Aitor Fernandez-Novo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, C/Tajo s/n, Villaviciosa De Odón, 28670 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Susana Astiz
- Animal Reproduction Department, National Institute of Agronomic Research (INIA), Puerta De Hierro Avenue s/n, CP, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - João Simões
- Veterinary and Animal Research Centre (CECAV), Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-259-350-666
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5
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George J, Häsler B, Komba EVG, Sindato C, Rweyemamu M, Kimera SI, Mlangwa JED. Leveraging Sub-national Collaboration and Influence for Improving Animal Health Surveillance and Response: A Stakeholder Mapping in Tanzania. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:738888. [PMID: 34966802 PMCID: PMC8710487 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.738888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal health surveillance plays a vital role in ensuring public health, animal welfare, and sustainable food production by monitoring disease trends, early detecting (new) hazards, facilitating disease control and infection, and providing data for risk analysis. Good stakeholder collaboration across the sector can lead to better communication, better science and decision-making and more effective surveillance and response. An understanding of relevant stakeholders, their interests and their power can facilitate such collaboration. While information on key stakeholders in animal health surveillance is available at the national level in Tanzania, it is missing at the subnational level. The study aimed to explore the existing stakeholders' collaborations and influences at the subnational level through stakeholder mapping and to determine potential leverage points for improving the national animal health surveillance system. A qualitative design was used, involving consultative workshops with government animal health practitioners in Sumbawanga, Sikonge and Kilombero districts of Tanzania from December 2020 to January 2021. Data were collected using an adapted USAID stakeholder collaboration mapping tool with the following steps: (i) Define the objective (ii) Identify all stakeholders (iii) Take stock of the current relationships (iv) Determine resource-based influence (v) Determine non-resource based influence and (vi) Review and revise the collaboration map. Forty-five stakeholders were identified in all three districts and grouped into four categories: private sector and non-government organizations (n = 16), government (n = 16), community (n = 9) and political leaders (n = 4). Animal health practitioners had a stronger relationship with community stakeholders as compared to other categories. The results also showed that most of the stakeholders have non-resource-based influence compared to resource-based influence. The private sector and non-government organizations have a relatively higher number of resource-based influential stakeholders, while political leaders have more non-resource-based influence. The mapping exercise demonstrated that the system could benefit from community mobilization and sensitization, resource mobilization and expanding the horizon of surveillance data sources. Some of the leverage points include integration of surveillance activities into animal health services, clear operational processes, constant engagement, coordination and incentivization of stakeholders. The diversity in the identified stakeholders across the districts suggests that collaborations are contextual and socially constructed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janeth George
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania.,SACIDS Foundation for One Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Barbara Häsler
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics, and Public Health Group, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - Erick V G Komba
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Calvin Sindato
- SACIDS Foundation for One Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania.,National Institute for Medical Research, Tabora Research Centre, Tabora, Tanzania
| | - Mark Rweyemamu
- SACIDS Foundation for One Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Sharadhuli I Kimera
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - James E D Mlangwa
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
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6
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Ramesh A, Bailey ES, Ahyong V, Langelier C, Phelps M, Neff N, Sit R, Tato C, DeRisi JL, Greer AG, Gray GC. Metagenomic characterization of swine slurry in a North American swine farm operation. Sci Rep 2021; 11:16994. [PMID: 34417469 PMCID: PMC8379149 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-95804-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Modern day large-scale, high-density farming environments are inherently susceptible to viral outbreaks, inadvertently creating conditions that favor increased pathogen transmission and potential zoonotic spread. Metagenomic sequencing has proven to be a useful tool for characterizing the microbial burden in both people, livestock, and environmental samples. International efforts have been successful at characterizing pathogens in commercial farming environments, especially swine farms, however it is unclear whether the full extent of microbial agents have been adequately captured or is representative of farms elsewhere. To augment international efforts we performed metagenomic next-generation sequencing on nine swine slurry and three environmental samples from a United States of America (U.S.A.) farm operation, characterized the microbial composition of slurry, and identified novel viruses. We assembled a remarkable total of 1792 viral genomes, of which 554 were novel/divergent. We assembled 1637 Picobirnavirus genome segments, of which 538 are novel. In addition, we discovered 10 new viruses belonging to a novel taxon: porcine Statoviruses; which have only been previously reported in human, macaques, mouse, and cows. We assembled 3 divergent Posaviruses and 3 swine Picornaviruses. In addition to viruses described, we found other eukaryotic genera such as Entamoeba and Blastocystis, and bacterial genera such as Listeria, Treponema, Peptoclostridium and Bordetella in the slurry. Of these, two species Entamoeba histolytica and Listeria monocytogenes known to cause human disease were detected. Further, antimicrobial resistance genes such as tetracycline and MLS (macrolide, lincosamide, streptogramin) were also identified. Metagenomic surveillance in swine fecal slurry has great potential for novel and antimicrobial resistant pathogen detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshaya Ramesh
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.,Julia Jones Matthews Department of Public Health, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Abilene, TX, USA
| | - Emily S Bailey
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA. .,Julia Jones Matthews Department of Public Health, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Abilene, TX, USA.
| | - Vida Ahyong
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Charles Langelier
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Maira Phelps
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Norma Neff
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Rene Sit
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Cristina Tato
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Joseph L DeRisi
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Annette G Greer
- Department of Bioethics and Interdisciplinary Studies, Brody School of Medicine, North Carolina Agromedicine Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Gregory C Gray
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.,Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Emerging Infectious Disease Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.,Global Health Center, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, China
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7
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Letters to the Editor. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2021; 258:704-707. [PMID: 33754816 DOI: 10.2460/javma.258.7.704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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8
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Verliat F, Hemonic A, Chouet S, Le Coz P, Liber M, Jouy E, Perrin-Guyomard A, Chevance A, Delzescaux D, Chauvin C. An efficient cephalosporin stewardship programme in French swine production. Vet Med Sci 2021; 7:432-439. [PMID: 33555119 PMCID: PMC8025622 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
By 2010, systems set up to monitor the antimicrobial resistance of pathogenic bacteria and antimicrobial usage identified a sustained increase regarding third‐ and fourth‐generation cephalosporin resistance in French pig production. This sector mobilised and collectively committed to responsible action in the following months. This led to a multi‐professional voluntary stewardship programme that was started in 2011. A consensus of veterinary opinion led to the definition of restrictive rules on the prescription of the third‐ and fourth‐generation cephalosporins targeted by the antimicrobial stewardship programme (ASP). All pig sector professionals, including farmers, were informed. Existing monitoring systems for usage and resistance were supplemented by data from the records of veterinarians' cephalosporin deliveries and from individual pig farm surveys investigating antimicrobial usage. The second step, from 2014, entailed regulatory measures that consolidated the programme by setting quantitative reduction objectives and specifying the terms and conditions for prescribing and dispensing a list of critical antimicrobial molecules including cephalosporins. All the data sources confirmed a significant fall of more than 90% in cephalosporin usage in the French pig production sector between 2010 and 2016. Monitoring systems recorded that the resistance of commensal and pathogenic Escherichia coli isolates also tended to decrease over the same period. The stewardship programme proved highly effective in reducing usage and containing resistance, illustrating the efficiency of a well‐defined multi‐professional strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Verliat
- French interprofessional pork organisation (INAPORC), Paris, France
| | - Anne Hemonic
- French Pork and Pig Institute (IFIP), Le Rheu, France
| | - Sylvie Chouet
- Association of Swine Veterinarians (AFMVP), Toulouse, France
| | - Philippe Le Coz
- National Society of Veterinary Technical Groups (SNGTV), Paris, France
| | - Mélanie Liber
- Association of veterinarians practising in animal production (AVPO), Rennes, France
| | - Eric Jouy
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory Ploufragan, Ploufragan, France
| | - Agnès Perrin-Guyomard
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Fougères Laboratory, Javené, France
| | - Anne Chevance
- French Agency for Veterinary Medicinal Products (ANSES-ANMV), Fougères, France
| | | | - Claire Chauvin
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory Ploufragan, Ploufragan, France
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9
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Kelly AM, Galligan DT, Salman MD, Osburn BI. The epic challenge of global food security: a compelling mission for veterinary medicine. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2020; 256:643-645. [PMID: 32125239 DOI: 10.2460/javma.256.6.643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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