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Thompson MD, Percy ME, Cole DEC, Bichet DG, Hauser AS, Gorvin CM. G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) gene variants and human genetic disease. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2024; 61:317-346. [PMID: 38497103 DOI: 10.1080/10408363.2023.2286606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Genetic variations in the genes encoding G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) can disrupt receptor structure and function, which can result in human genetic diseases. Disease-causing mutations have been reported in at least 55 GPCRs for more than 66 monogenic diseases in humans. The spectrum of pathogenic and likely pathogenic variants includes loss of function variants that decrease receptor signaling on one extreme and gain of function that may result in biased signaling or constitutive activity, originally modeled on prototypical rhodopsin GPCR variants identified in retinitis pigmentosa, on the other. GPCR variants disrupt ligand binding, G protein coupling, accessory protein function, receptor desensitization and receptor recycling. Next generation sequencing has made it possible to identify variants of uncertain significance (VUS). We discuss variants in receptors known to result in disease and in silico strategies for disambiguation of VUS such as sorting intolerant from tolerant and polymorphism phenotyping. Modeling of variants has contributed to drug development and precision medicine, including drugs that target the melanocortin receptor in obesity and interventions that reverse loss of gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor from the cell surface in idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Activating and inactivating variants of the calcium sensing receptor (CaSR) gene that are pathogenic in familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia and autosomal dominant hypocalcemia have enabled the development of calcimimetics and calcilytics. Next generation sequencing has continued to identify variants in GPCR genes, including orphan receptors, that contribute to human phenotypes and may have therapeutic potential. Variants of the CaSR gene, some encoding an arginine-rich region that promotes receptor phosphorylation and intracellular retention, have been linked to an idiopathic epilepsy syndrome. Agnostic strategies have identified variants of the pyroglutamylated RF amide peptide receptor gene in intellectual disability and G protein-coupled receptor 39 identified in psoriatic arthropathy. Coding variants of the G protein-coupled receptor L1 (GPR37L1) orphan receptor gene have been identified in a rare familial progressive myoclonus epilepsy. The study of the role of GPCR variants in monogenic, Mendelian phenotypes has provided the basis of modeling the significance of more common variants of pharmacogenetic significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miles D Thompson
- Krembil Brain Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Maire E Percy
- Departments of Physiology and Obstetrics & Gynaecology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - David E C Cole
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Daniel G Bichet
- Department of Physiology and Medicine, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur, Université de Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Alexander S Hauser
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Caroline M Gorvin
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, West Midlands, UK
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2
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Lu HAJ, He J. Aquaporins in Diabetes Insipidus. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1398:267-279. [PMID: 36717500 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-19-7415-1_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Disruption of water and electrolyte balance is frequently encountered in clinical medicine. Regulating water metabolism is critically important. Diabetes insipidus (DI) presented with excessive water loss from the kidney is a major disorder of water metabolism. To understanding the molecular and cellular mechanisms and pathophysiology of DI and rationales of clinical management of DI is important for both research and clinical practice. This chapter will first review various forms of DI focusing on central diabetes insipidus (CDI) and nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI). This is followed by a discussion of regulatory mechanisms underlying CDI and NDI, with a focus on the regulatory axis of vasopressin, vasopressin receptor 2 (V2R) and the water channel molecule, aquaporin 2 (AQP2). The clinical manifestation, diagnosis, and management of various forms of DI will also be discussed with highlights of some of the latest therapeutic strategies that are developed from in vitro experiments and animal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- H A Jenny Lu
- Program in Membrane Biology, Division of Nephrology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Jinzhao He
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Tsinghua University-Peking University Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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3
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Azad AK, Raihan T, Ahmed J, Hakim A, Emon TH, Chowdhury PA. Human Aquaporins: Functional Diversity and Potential Roles in Infectious and Non-infectious Diseases. Front Genet 2021; 12:654865. [PMID: 33796134 PMCID: PMC8007926 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.654865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Aquaporins (AQPs) are integral membrane proteins and found in all living organisms from bacteria to human. AQPs mainly involved in the transmembrane diffusion of water as well as various small solutes in a bidirectional manner are widely distributed in various human tissues. Human contains 13 AQPs (AQP0-AQP12) which are divided into three sub-classes namely orthodox aquaporin (AQP0, 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, and 8), aquaglyceroporin (AQP3, 7, 9, and 10) and super or unorthodox aquaporin (AQP11 and 12) based on their pore selectivity. Human AQPs are functionally diverse, which are involved in wide variety of non-infectious diseases including cancer, renal dysfunction, neurological disorder, epilepsy, skin disease, metabolic syndrome, and even cardiac diseases. However, the association of AQPs with infectious diseases has not been fully evaluated. Several studies have unveiled that AQPs can be regulated by microbial and parasitic infections that suggest their involvement in microbial pathogenesis, inflammation-associated responses and AQP-mediated cell water homeostasis. This review mainly aims to shed light on the involvement of AQPs in infectious and non-infectious diseases and potential AQPs-target modulators. Furthermore, AQP structures, tissue-specific distributions and their physiological relevance, functional diversity and regulations have been discussed. Altogether, this review would be useful for further investigation of AQPs as a potential therapeutic target for treatment of infectious as well as non-infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abul Kalam Azad
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh
| | - Topu Raihan
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh
| | - Jahed Ahmed
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Al Hakim
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh
| | - Tanvir Hossain Emon
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh
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4
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AQP2: Mutations Associated with Congenital Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus and Regulation by Post-Translational Modifications and Protein-Protein Interactions. Cells 2020; 9:cells9102172. [PMID: 32993088 PMCID: PMC7599609 DOI: 10.3390/cells9102172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
, the molecular defects in the AVPR2 and AQP2 mutants, post-translational modifications (i.e., phosphorylation, ubiquitination, and glycosylation) and various protein-protein interactions that regulate phosphorylation, ubiquitination, tetramerization, trafficking, stability, and degradation of AQP2.
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5
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Saglar Ozer E, Moeller HB, Karaduman T, Fenton RA, Mergen H. Molecular characterization of an aquaporin-2 mutation causing a severe form of nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:953-962. [PMID: 31302751 PMCID: PMC11104860 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03219-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The water channel aquaporin 2 (AQP2) is responsible for water reabsorption by kidney collecting duct cells. A substitution of amino acid leucine 137 to proline in AQP2 (AQP2-L137P) causes Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus (NDI). This study aimed to determine the cell biological consequences of this mutation on AQP2 function. Studies were performed in HEK293 and MDCK type I cells, transfected with wildtype (WT) AQP2 or an AQP2-L137P mutant. AQP2-L137P was predominantly detected as a high-mannose form of AQP2, whereas AQP2-WT was observed in both non-glycosylated and complex glycosylated forms. In contrast to AQP2-WT, the AQP2-L137P mutant did not accumulate on the apical plasma membrane following stimulation with forskolin. Ubiquitylation of AQP2-L137P was different from AQP2-WT, with predominance of non-distinct protein bands at various molecular weights. The AQP2-L137P mutant displayed reduced half-life compared to AQP2-WT. Treatment of cells with chloroquine increased abundance of AQP2-WT, but not AQP2-L137P. In contrast, treatment with MG132 increased abundance of AQP2-L137P but not AQP2-WT. Xenopus oocytes injected with AQP2-WT had increased osmotic water permeability when compared to AQP2-L137P, which correlated with lack of the mutant form in the plasma membrane. From the localization of the mutation and nature of the substitution it is likely that AQP2-L137P causes protein misfolding, which may be responsible for the observed functional defects. The data suggest that the L137P mutation results in altered AQP2 protein maturation, increased AQP2 degradation via the proteasomal pathway and limited plasma membrane expression. These combined mechanisms are likely responsible for the phenotype observed in this class of NDI patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emel Saglar Ozer
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Hacettepe University, 06800, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Hanne B Moeller
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, South, Bldg 1233, 3 Wilhelm Meyers Alle, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Tugce Karaduman
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Hacettepe University, 06800, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Robert A Fenton
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, South, Bldg 1233, 3 Wilhelm Meyers Alle, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Hatice Mergen
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Hacettepe University, 06800, Ankara, Turkey
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6
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Maroli N, Kalagatur NK, Bhasuran B, Jayakrishnan A, Manoharan RR, Kolandaivel P, Natarajan J, Kadirvelu K. Molecular Mechanism of T-2 Toxin-Induced Cerebral Edema by Aquaporin-4 Blocking and Permeation. J Chem Inf Model 2019; 59:4942-4958. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.9b00711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jeyakumar Natarajan
- Data Mining and Text Mining Laboratory, Department of Bioinformatics, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641046, Tamil Nadu, India
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7
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Long BC, Weber ZJ, Oberlin JM, Sutter DE, Berg JM. Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus in a 15-year-old Hispanic female with a novel AQP2 mutation. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2019; 32:1031-1034. [PMID: 31348762 DOI: 10.1515/jpem-2019-0099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI) is a rare inherited disorder most often caused by mutations in the arginine-vasopressin receptors or aquaporin channels, which subsequently impairs the water reabsorption in the kidney. This case report describes a 15-year-old female diagnosed with NDI after an acute gastroenteritis and multiple fluid boluses leading to intractable emesis. Gene testing reveals our patient is compound heterozygous for novel AQP2 gene mutations with a cytosine-to-thymine substitution at nucleotide position 277 and adenine-to-cytosine substitution at nucleotide position 659. Therefore, we report a novel AQP2 gene mutation in an adolescent patient which is outside the common age for diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin C Long
- San Antonio Uniform Services Health Education Consortium, Brooke Army Medical Center, Fort Sam Houston, TX, USA
| | - Zachary J Weber
- San Antonio Uniform Services Health Education Consortium, Brooke Army Medical Center, Fort Sam Houston, TX, USA
| | - John M Oberlin
- Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Brooke Army Medical Center, Fort Sam Houston, TX, USA
| | - Deena E Sutter
- Pediatric Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics, Brooke Army Medical Center, Fort Sam Houston, TX, USA
| | - Janet M Berg
- Genetics and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Brooke Army Medical Center, Fort Sam Houston, TX, USA
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8
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Guerriero CJ, Gomez YK, Daskivich GJ, Reutter KR, Augustine AA, Weiberth KF, Nakatsukasa K, Grabe M, Brodsky JL. Harmonizing Experimental Data with Modeling to Predict Membrane Protein Insertion in Yeast. Biophys J 2019; 117:668-678. [PMID: 31399214 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2019.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Membrane proteins must adopt their proper topologies within biological membranes, but achieving the correct topology is compromised by the presence of marginally hydrophobic transmembrane helices (TMHs). In this study, we report on a new model membrane protein in yeast that harbors two TMHs fused to an unstable nucleotide-binding domain. Because the second helix (TMH2) in this reporter has an unfavorable predicted free energy of insertion, we employed established methods to generate variants that alter TMH2 insertion free energy. We first found that altering TMH2 did not significantly affect the extent of protein degradation by the cellular quality control machinery. Next, we correlated predicted insertion free energies from a knowledge-based energy scale with the measured apparent free energies of TMH2 insertion. Although the predicted and apparent insertion energies showed a similar trend, the predicted free-energy changes spanned an unanticipated narrow range. By instead using a physics-based model, we obtained a broader range of free energies that agreed considerably better with the magnitude of the experimentally derived values. Nevertheless, some variants still inserted better in yeast than predicted from energy-based scales. Therefore, molecular dynamics simulations were performed and indicated that the corresponding mutations induced conformational changes within TMH2, which altered the number of stabilizing hydrogen bonds. Together, our results offer insight into the ability of the cellular quality control machinery to recognize conformationally distinct misfolded topomers, provide a model to assess TMH insertion in vivo, and indicate that TMH insertion energy scales may be limited depending on the specific protein and the mutation present.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yessica K Gomez
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Grant J Daskivich
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Karl-Richard Reutter
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Andrew A Augustine
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Kurt F Weiberth
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Kunio Nakatsukasa
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Natural Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Michael Grabe
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Jeffrey L Brodsky
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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9
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Peces R, Mena R, Peces C, Santos-Simarro F, Fernández L, Afonso S, Lapunzina P, Selgas R, Nevado J. Severe congenital nephrogenic diabetes insipidus in a compound heterozygote with a new large deletion of the AQP2 gene. A case report. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2019; 7:e00568. [PMID: 30784238 PMCID: PMC6465731 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2018] [Revised: 10/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Congenital nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI) is a rare condition characterized by severe polyuria, due to the inability of the kidneys to concentrate urine in response to arginine vasopressin (AVP). In the majority of the cases, the disease shows an X‐linked inherited pattern, although an autosomal recessive inheritance was also observed. Methods We report a patient with a severe NDI diagnosed during the neonatal period. Because the patient was female without a family history of congenital NDI, her disease was thought to exhibit an autosomal recessive form. Results A full mutation analysis of AVP receptor 2 (AVPR2; MIM#300538) gene showed no mutations. However, direct Sanger sequencing of the aquaporin 2 (AQP2) revealed an apparently homozygous mutation at nucleotide position NM_000486.5:c.374C>T (p.Thr125Met) in exon 2. Further customized multiplex ligation‐dependent probe amplification (MLPA), single‐nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array analysis, and long‐range polymerase chain reaction (PCR) followed by Sanger sequencing showed a heterozygous exonic deletion comprising exons 2, 3, and partially 4 of AQP2. Conclusion This is the first case of a compound heterozygote patient with a missense mutation involving NM_000486.5:exon2:c.374C>T (p.Thr125Met) and a gross deletion of at least exons 2, 3, and partially 4 on the AQP2 to present with a severe NDI phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramón Peces
- Nephrology Department, La Paz University Hospital, IdiPAZ, Autonomous University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rocío Mena
- La Paz University Hospital, Medical and Molecular Genetics Institute (INGEMM), IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain.,Basic Research Center in the Rare Diseases Network (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Peces
- Information Technology Area, SESCAM, Toledo, Spain
| | - Fernando Santos-Simarro
- La Paz University Hospital, Medical and Molecular Genetics Institute (INGEMM), IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain.,Basic Research Center in the Rare Diseases Network (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Fernández
- La Paz University Hospital, Medical and Molecular Genetics Institute (INGEMM), IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain.,Basic Research Center in the Rare Diseases Network (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara Afonso
- Nephrology Department, La Paz University Hospital, IdiPAZ, Autonomous University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Lapunzina
- La Paz University Hospital, Medical and Molecular Genetics Institute (INGEMM), IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain.,Basic Research Center in the Rare Diseases Network (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Selgas
- Nephrology Department, La Paz University Hospital, IdiPAZ, Autonomous University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Julián Nevado
- La Paz University Hospital, Medical and Molecular Genetics Institute (INGEMM), IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain.,Basic Research Center in the Rare Diseases Network (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
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10
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The Expanding Role of Vesicles Containing Aquaporins. Cells 2018; 7:cells7100179. [PMID: 30360436 PMCID: PMC6210599 DOI: 10.3390/cells7100179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In animals and plants, membrane vesicles containing proteins have been defined as key for biological systems involving different processes such as trafficking or intercellular communication. Docking and fusion of vesicles to the plasma membrane occur in living cells in response to different stimuli, such as environmental changes or hormones, and therefore play an important role in cell homeostasis as vehicles for certain proteins or other substances. Because aquaporins enhance the water permeability of membranes, their role as proteins immersed in vesicles formed of natural membranes is a recent topic of study. They regulate numerous physiological processes and could hence serve new biotechnological purposes. Thus, in this review, we have explored the physiological implications of the trafficking of aquaporins, the mechanisms that control their transit, and the proteins that coregulate the migration. In addition, the importance of exosomes containing aquaporins in the cell-to-cell communication processes in animals and plants have been analyzed, together with their potential uses in biomedicine or biotechnology. The properties of aquaporins make them suitable for use as biomarkers of different aquaporin-related diseases when they are included in exosomes. Finally, the fact that these proteins could be immersed in biomimetic membranes opens future perspectives for new biotechnological applications.
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11
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Sharma S, Ashton E, Iancu D, Arthus MF, Hayes W, Van't Hoff W, Kleta R, Bichet DG, Bockenhauer D. Long-term outcome in inherited nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. Clin Kidney J 2018; 12:180-187. [PMID: 30976394 PMCID: PMC6452213 DOI: 10.1093/ckj/sfy027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Inherited nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI) is a rare disorder characterized by impaired urinary concentrating ability. Little clinical data on long-term outcome exists. Method This was a single-centre retrospective medical record review of patients with a diagnosis of NDI followed between 1985 and 2017. We collected available data on growth, weight, school performance, complications and comorbidities. Results We identified 36 patients with available data and a clinical diagnosis of NDI, which was genetically confirmed in 33 of them. Patients presented at a median age of 0.6 years and median length of follow-up was 9.5 years. Chief symptoms at presentation were faltering growth, vomiting/feeding concerns, polyuria/polydipsia, febrile illness and hypernatraemic dehydration. Median weight standard deviation scores (SDS) improved from −2.1 at presentation to 0.2 at last follow-up. In contrast, height SDS remained essentially unchanged at −1.1 at presentation and −0.9 at last follow-up. Most patients were treated with prostaglandin synthesis inhibitors and thiazides, yet weaned off during school age without an obvious change in urine output. Median estimated glomerular filtration rate at last follow-up was 81 mL/min/1.73 m2. Urological complications were noted in 15 patients, constipation in 11 and learning difficulties in 5. Median age at resolution of nocturnal enuresis was 11 years. Estimated median daily fluid intake at median age of 13 years was 3800 mL/m2. Conclusion The overall prognosis in inherited NDI is favourable with regular treatment. As expected, most complications were related to polyuria. There is an apparent loss of efficacy of medications during school age. Our data inform the prognosis and management of patients with NDI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Sharma
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,Max Super Speciality Hospital & PSRI Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Emma Ashton
- North East Thames Regional Genetics Service Laboratories, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Daniela Iancu
- North East Thames Regional Genetics Service Laboratories, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,Centre for Nephrology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Marie-Francoise Arthus
- Departments of Medicine, Pharmacology and Physiology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Unité de recherche clinique, Centre de recherche et Service de néphrologie, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Wesley Hayes
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - William Van't Hoff
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Robert Kleta
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,Centre for Nephrology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Daniel G Bichet
- Departments of Medicine, Pharmacology and Physiology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Unité de recherche clinique, Centre de recherche et Service de néphrologie, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Detlef Bockenhauer
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,Centre for Nephrology, University College London, London, UK
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12
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Laloux T, Junqueira B, Maistriaux LC, Ahmed J, Jurkiewicz A, Chaumont F. Plant and Mammal Aquaporins: Same but Different. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E521. [PMID: 29419811 PMCID: PMC5855743 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19020521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aquaporins (AQPs) constitute an ancient and diverse protein family present in all living organisms, indicating a common ancient ancestor. However, during evolution, these organisms appear and evolve differently, leading to different cell organizations and physiological processes. Amongst the eukaryotes, an important distinction between plants and animals is evident, the most conspicuous difference being that plants are sessile organisms facing ever-changing environmental conditions. In addition, plants are mostly autotrophic, being able to synthesize carbohydrates molecules from the carbon dioxide in the air during the process of photosynthesis, using sunlight as an energy source. It is therefore interesting to analyze how, in these different contexts specific to both kingdoms of life, AQP function and regulation evolved. This review aims at highlighting similarities and differences between plant and mammal AQPs. Emphasis is given to the comparison of isoform numbers, their substrate selectivity, the regulation of the subcellular localization, and the channel activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothée Laloux
- Institut des Sciences de la Vie, Université catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 4-L7.07.14, B-1348 Louvain-la Neuve, Belgium.
| | - Bruna Junqueira
- Institut des Sciences de la Vie, Université catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 4-L7.07.14, B-1348 Louvain-la Neuve, Belgium.
| | - Laurie C Maistriaux
- Institut des Sciences de la Vie, Université catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 4-L7.07.14, B-1348 Louvain-la Neuve, Belgium.
| | - Jahed Ahmed
- Institut des Sciences de la Vie, Université catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 4-L7.07.14, B-1348 Louvain-la Neuve, Belgium.
| | - Agnieszka Jurkiewicz
- Institut des Sciences de la Vie, Université catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 4-L7.07.14, B-1348 Louvain-la Neuve, Belgium.
| | - François Chaumont
- Institut des Sciences de la Vie, Université catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 4-L7.07.14, B-1348 Louvain-la Neuve, Belgium.
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13
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Chen L, Higgins PJ, Zhang W. Development and Diseases of the Collecting Duct System. Results Probl Cell Differ 2017; 60:165-203. [PMID: 28409346 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-51436-9_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The collecting duct of the mammalian kidney is important for the regulation of extracellular volume, osmolarity, and pH. There are two major structurally and functionally distinct cell types: principal cells and intercalated cells. The former regulates Na+ and water homeostasis, while the latter participates in acid-base homeostasis. In vivo lineage tracing using Cre recombinase or its derivatives such as CreGFP and CreERT2 is a powerful new technique to identify stem/progenitor cells in their native environment and to decipher the origins of the tissue that they give rise to. Recent studies using this technique in mice have revealed multiple renal progenitor cell populations that differentiate into various nephron segments and collecting duct. In particular, emerging evidence suggests that like principal cells, most of intercalated cells originate from the progenitor cells expressing water channel Aquaporin 2. Mutations or malfunctions of the channels, pumps, and transporters expressed in the collecting duct system cause various human diseases. For example, gain-of-function mutations in ENaC cause Liddle's syndrome, while loss-of-function mutations in ENaC lead to Pseudohypoaldosteronism type 1. Mutations in either AE1 or V-ATPase B1 result in distal renal tubular acidosis. Patients with disrupted AQP2 or AVPR2 develop nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. A better understanding of the function and development of the collecting duct system may facilitate the discovery of new therapeutic strategies for treating kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihe Chen
- Epithelial Systems Biology Laboratory, Systems Biology Center, NHLBI, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1603, USA
| | - Paul J Higgins
- Department of Regenerative and Cancer Cell Biology, Albany Medical College, MC-165, 47 New Scotland Avenue, Albany, NY, 12208, USA
| | - Wenzheng Zhang
- Department of Regenerative and Cancer Cell Biology, Albany Medical College, MC-165, 47 New Scotland Avenue, Albany, NY, 12208, USA.
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14
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Abstract
Diabetes insipidus is a disease characterized by polyuria and polydipsia due to inadequate release of arginine vasopressin from the posterior pituitary gland (neurohypophyseal diabetes insipidus) or due to arginine vasopressin insensitivity by the renal distal tubule, leading to a deficiency in tubular water reabsorption (nephrogenic diabetes insipidus). This article reviews the genetics of diabetes insipidus in the context of its diagnosis, clinical presentation, and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Helene Schernthaner-Reiter
- Clinical Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, Vienna 1090, Austria; Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, 31 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Constantine A Stratakis
- Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, 31 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Anton Luger
- Clinical Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, Vienna 1090, Austria
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15
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Abstract
Disruption of water and electrolyte balance is frequently encountered in clinical medicine. Regulating water metabolism is critically important. Diabetes insipidus (DI) presented with excessive water loss from the kidney is a major disorder of water metabolism. To understand the molecular and cellular mechanisms and pathophysiology of DI and rationales of clinical management of DI is important for both research and clinical practice. This chapter will first review various forms of DI focusing on central diabetes insipidus (CDI) and nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI ) . This is followed by a discussion of regulatory mechanisms underlying CDI and NDI , with a focus on the regulatory axis of vasopressin, vasopressin receptor 2 (V2R ) and the water channel molecule, aquaporin 2 (AQP2 ). The clinical manifestation, diagnosis and management of various forms of DI will also be discussed with highlights of some of the latest therapeutic strategies that are developed from in vitro experiments and animal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- H A Jenny Lu
- Program in Membrane Biology, Division of Nephrology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
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16
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Effect of Glycyrrhiza on the Diuretic Function of Euphorbia kansui: An Ascites Mouse Model. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2016; 2016:7620817. [PMID: 27247609 PMCID: PMC4876214 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7620817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Revised: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the therapeutic role of the herbal combination Euphorbia kansui (GS) and Glycyrrhiza (GC) in ascites during hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The AVPR2 and AQP2 expression in kidney tissues of ascites mice in different groups was determined by immunohistochemistry, Western blot, and real-time PCR analyses. When the dose of GS was less than 0.70 g/kg at a ratio of GC : GS not exceeding 0.4 : 1, the combination of GS and GC exhibited synergistic effects on HCC ascites and significantly elevated the expression levels of AVPR2 and AQP2 (all P < 0.05). On the contrary, when GS ≥ 0.93 g/kg and GC ≥ 1.03 g/kg with the GC-to-GS ratio exceeding 1.11 : 1, the combination of GS and GC displayed antagonistic effects on HCC ascites and dramatically reduced the expression levels of AVPR2 and AQP2 (all P < 0.05). Furthermore, the administration of herbal pair GS and GC at different ratios did not exacerbate the pathological changes in liver and kidney tissues of HCC ascites mice. The different combinations of GS and GC exerted synergistic or antagonistic effects on HCC ascites, partially by regulating the expression of AVPR2 and AQP2.
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17
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Bockenhauer D, Bichet DG. Pathophysiology, diagnosis and management of nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. Nat Rev Nephrol 2015; 11:576-88. [PMID: 26077742 DOI: 10.1038/nrneph.2015.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Healthy kidneys maintain fluid and electrolyte homoeostasis by adjusting urine volume and composition according to physiological needs. The final urine composition is determined in the last tubular segment: the collecting duct. Water permeability in the collecting duct is regulated by arginine vasopressin (AVP). Secretion of AVP from the neurohypophysis is regulated by a complex signalling network that involves osmosensors, barosensors and volume sensors. AVP facilitates aquaporin (AQP)-mediated water reabsorption via activation of the vasopressin V2 receptor (AVPR2) in the collecting duct, thus enabling concentration of urine. In nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI), inability of the kidneys to respond to AVP results in functional AQP deficiency. Consequently, affected patients have constant diuresis, resulting in large volumes of dilute urine. Primary forms of NDI result from mutations in the genes that encode the key proteins AVPR2 and AQP2, whereas secondary forms are associated with biochemical abnormalities, obstructive uropathy or the use of certain medications, particularly lithium. Treatment of the disease is informed by identification of the underlying cause. Here we review the clinical aspects and diagnosis of NDI, the various aetiologies, current treatment options and potential future developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Detlef Bockenhauer
- University College London Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Daniel G Bichet
- Departments of Medicine and Molecular and Integrative Physiology, Université de Montréal Research Center, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, 5400 Boulevard Gouin Ouest, Montréal, QC H4J 1C5 Canada
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18
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Thompson MD, Hendy GN, Percy ME, Bichet DG, Cole DEC. G protein-coupled receptor mutations and human genetic disease. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1175:153-87. [PMID: 25150870 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0956-8_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Genetic variations in G protein-coupled receptor genes (GPCRs) disrupt GPCR function in a wide variety of human genetic diseases. In vitro strategies and animal models have been used to identify the molecular pathologies underlying naturally occurring GPCR mutations. Inactive, overactive, or constitutively active receptors have been identified that result in pathology. These receptor variants may alter ligand binding, G protein coupling, receptor desensitization and receptor recycling. Receptor systems discussed include rhodopsin, thyrotropin, parathyroid hormone, melanocortin, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone, gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GNRHR), adrenocorticotropic hormone, vasopressin, endothelin-β, purinergic, and the G protein associated with asthma (GPRA or neuropeptide S receptor 1 (NPSR1)). The role of activating and inactivating calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) mutations is discussed in detail with respect to familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia (FHH) and autosomal dominant hypocalemia (ADH). The CASR mutations have been associated with epilepsy. Diseases caused by the genetic disruption of GPCR functions are discussed in the context of their potential to be selectively targeted by drugs that rescue altered receptors. Examples of drugs developed as a result of targeting GPCRs mutated in disease include: calcimimetics and calcilytics, therapeutics targeting melanocortin receptors in obesity, interventions that alter GNRHR loss from the cell surface in idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and novel drugs that might rescue the P2RY12 receptor congenital bleeding phenotype. De-orphanization projects have identified novel disease-associated receptors, such as NPSR1 and GPR35. The identification of variants in these receptors provides genetic reagents useful in drug screens. Discussion of the variety of GPCRs that are disrupted in monogenic Mendelian disorders provides the basis for examining the significance of common pharmacogenetic variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miles D Thompson
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5S 1A8,
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Meyrier A. A farewell editorial from the Clinical Kidney Journal's former Editor-in-Chief. Clin Kidney J 2015; 7:505-6. [PMID: 25859364 PMCID: PMC4389138 DOI: 10.1093/ckj/sfu101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Revised: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alain Meyrier
- Professor Emeritus of Medicine, Université Paris-Descartes and Hôpital Georges Pompidou (AP-HP), 75015, Paris, France
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20
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Matsuzaki T, Susa T, Shimizu K, Sawai N, Suzuki T, Aoki T, Yokoo S, Takata K. Function of the membrane water channel aquaporin-5 in the salivary gland. Acta Histochem Cytochem 2012; 45:251-9. [PMID: 23209334 PMCID: PMC3496861 DOI: 10.1267/ahc.12018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2012] [Accepted: 07/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The process of saliva production in the salivary glands requires transepithelial water transfer from the interstitium to the acinar lumen. There are two transepithelial pathways: the transcellular and paracellular. In the transcellular pathway, the aquaporin water channels induce passive water diffusion across the membrane lipid bilayer. It is well known that aquaporin-5 (AQP5) is expressed in the salivary glands, in which it is mainly localized at the apical membrane of the acinar cells. This suggests the physiological importance of AQP5 in transcellular water transfer. Reduced saliva secretion under pilocarpine stimulation in AQP5-null mice compared with normal mice further indicates the importance of AQP5 in this process, at least in stimulated saliva secretion. Questions remain therefore regarding the role and importance of AQP5 in basal saliva secretion. It has been speculated that there would be some short-term regulation of AQP5 such as a trafficking mechanism to regulate saliva secretion. However, no histochemical evidence of AQP5-trafficking has been found, although some of biochemical analyses suggested that it may occur. There are no reports of human disease caused by AQP5 mutations, but some studies have revealed an abnormal subcellular distribution of AQP5 in patients or animals with xerostomia caused by Sjögren’s syndrome and X-irradiation. These findings suggest the possible pathophysiological importance of AQP5 in the salivary glands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Matsuzaki
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Taketo Susa
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Kinue Shimizu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Nobuhiko Sawai
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Takeshi Suzuki
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Takeo Aoki
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Satoshi Yokoo
- Department of Stomatology and Oral Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine
- Department of Stomatology and Oral Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Kuniaki Takata
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine
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