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Murillo-González FE, García-Aguilar R, Limón-Pacheco J, Cabañas-Cortés MA, Elizondo G. 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and kynurenine induce Parkin expression in neuroblastoma cells through different signaling pathways mediated by the aryl hydrocarbon receptor. Toxicol Lett 2024; 394:114-127. [PMID: 38437907 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2024.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
Parkin regulates protein degradation and mitophagy in dopaminergic neurons. Deficiencies in Parkin expression or function lead to cellular stress, cell degeneration, and the death of dopaminergic neurons, which promotes Parkinson's disease. In contrast, Parkin overexpression promotes neuronal survival. Therefore, the mechanisms of Parkin upregulation are crucial to understand. We describe here the molecular mechanism of AHR-mediated Parkin regulation in human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. Specifically, we report that the human Parkin gene (PRKN) is transcriptionally upregulated by the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) through two different selective ligand-dependent pathways. 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), a stress-inducing AHR ligand, indirectly promotes PRKN transcription by inducing ATF4 expression via TCDD-mediated endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. In contrast, kynurenine, a nontoxic AHR agonist, induces PRKN transcription by promoting AHR binding to the PRKN promoter without activating ER stress. Our results demonstrate that AHR activation may be a potential pharmacological pathway to induce human Parkin, but such a strategy must carefully consider the choice of AHR ligand to avoid neurotoxic side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rosario García-Aguilar
- Departamento de Toxicología, CINVESTAV-IPN, Av. IPN 2508, Ciudad de México C.P. 07360, Mexico
| | - Jorge Limón-Pacheco
- Departamento de Biología Celular, CINVESTAV-IPN, Av. IPN 2508, Ciudad de México C.P. 07360, Mexico
| | | | - Guillermo Elizondo
- Departamento de Biología Celular, CINVESTAV-IPN, Av. IPN 2508, Ciudad de México C.P. 07360, Mexico.
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2
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Rico-Llanos G, Porras-Perales Ó, Escalante S, Vázquez-Calero DB, Valiente L, Castillo MI, Pérez-Tejeiro JM, Baglietto-Vargas D, Becerra J, Reguera JM, Duran I, Csukasi F. Cellular stress modulates severity of the inflammatory response in lungs via cell surface BiP. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1054962. [DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1054962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is a central pathogenic feature of the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in COVID-19. Previous pathologies such as diabetes, autoimmune or cardiovascular diseases become risk factors for the severe hyperinflammatory syndrome. A common feature among these risk factors is the subclinical presence of cellular stress, a finding that has gained attention after the discovery that BiP (GRP78), a master regulator of stress, participates in the SARS-CoV-2 recognition. Here, we show that BiP serum levels are higher in COVID-19 patients who present certain risk factors. Moreover, early during the infection, BiP levels predict severe pneumonia, supporting the use of BiP as a prognosis biomarker. Using a mouse model of pulmonary inflammation, we observed increased levels of cell surface BiP (cs-BiP) in leukocytes during inflammation. This corresponds with a higher number of neutrophiles, which show naturally high levels of cs-BiP, whereas alveolar macrophages show a higher than usual exposure of BiP in their cell surface. The modulation of cellular stress with the use of a clinically approved drug, 4-PBA, resulted in the amelioration of the lung hyperinflammatory response, supporting the anti-stress therapy as a valid therapeutic strategy for patients developing ARDS. Finally, we identified stress-modulated proteins that shed light into the mechanism underlying the cellular stress-inflammation network in lungs.
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3
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Farnesyl diphosphate synthase regulated endothelial proliferation and autophagy during rat pulmonary arterial hypertension induced by monocrotaline. Mol Med 2022; 28:94. [PMID: 35962329 PMCID: PMC9373289 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-022-00511-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The proliferation ability and autophagy level of pulmonary artery endothelial cells (PAECs) play an important role in promoting the development of pulmonary artery hypertension (PAH), and there is still no effective treatment for PAH. Farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FDPS) is a key enzyme in the mevalonate pathway. The intermediate metabolites of this pathway are closely related to the activity of autophagy-associated small G proteins, including Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (Rac1). Studies have shown that the mevalonate pathway affects the activation levels of different small G proteins, autophagy signaling pathways, vascular endothelial function, and so on. However, the exact relationship between them is still unclear in PAH. Method In vitro, western blotting and mRFP-GFP-LC3 puncta formation assays were used to observe the expression of FDPS and the level of autophagy in PAECs treated with monocrotaline pyrrole (MCTP). In addition, cell proliferation and migration assays were used to assess the effect of FDPS on endothelial function, and Rac1 activity assays were used to evaluate the effect of Rac1 activation on PAEC autophagy via the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. In vivo, the right heart catheterization method, hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining and western blotting were used to determine the effect of FDPS on PAEC autophagy and monocrotaline (MCT)-induced PAH. Results We show that the expression of FDPS is increased in the PAH module in vitro and in vivo, concomitant with the induction of autophagy and the activation of Rac1. Our data demonstrate that inhibition of FDPS ameliorates endothelial function and decreases MCT-induced autophagy levels. Mechanistically, we found that FDPS promotes autophagy, Rac1 activity and endothelial disfunction through the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. Conclusion Our study suggests that FDPS contributes to active small G protein-induced autophagy during MCT-induced PAH, which may serve as a potential therapeutic target against PAH. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s10020-022-00511-7.
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Cridge H, Lim SY, Algül H, Steiner JM. New insights into the etiology, risk factors, and pathogenesis of pancreatitis in dogs: Potential impacts on clinical practice. J Vet Intern Med 2022; 36:847-864. [PMID: 35546513 PMCID: PMC9151489 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
While most cases of pancreatitis in dogs are thought to be idiopathic, potential risk factors are identified. In this article we provide a state‐of‐the‐art overview of suspected risk factors for pancreatitis in dogs, allowing for improved awareness and detection of potential dog‐specific risk factors, which might guide the development of disease prevention strategies. Additionally, we review important advances in our understanding of the pathophysiology of pancreatitis and potential areas for therapeutic manipulation based thereof. The outcome of pathophysiologic mechanisms and the development of clinical disease is dependent on the balance between stressors and protective mechanisms, which can be evaluated using the critical threshold theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry Cridge
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Sue Yee Lim
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, Texas, USA
| | - Hana Algül
- Gastrointestinal Cancer and Inflammatory Research Laboratory, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jörg M Steiner
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, Texas, USA
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5
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Awan MUN, Yan F, Mahmood F, Bai L, Liu J, Bai J. The Functions of Thioredoxin 1 in Neurodegeneration. Antioxid Redox Signal 2022; 36:1023-1036. [PMID: 34465198 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2021.0186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Thioredoxin 1 (Trx1) is a ubiquitous protein that is found in organisms ranging from prokaryotes to eukaryotes. Trx1 acts as reductases in redox regulation and protects proteins from oxidative aggregation and inactivation. Trx1 helps the cells to cope with various environmental stresses and inhibits programmed cell death. It is beneficial to neuroregeneration and resistance against oxidative stress-associated neuron damage. Trx1 also plays important roles in suppressing neurodegenerative disorders. Recent Advances: Trx1 is a redox regulating protein involved in neuronal protection. According to a previous study, Trx1 expression is increased by nerve growth factor (NGF) and necessary for neurite outgrowth of PC12 cells. Trx1 has been shown to promote the growth of neurons. Trx1 knockout or knockdown has the worse impact on cell viability and survival. Critical Issues: Trx1 has functions in central nervous system. Trx1 plays the defensive roles against oxidative stress in neurodegenerative diseases. Future Directions: In this review, we focus on the structure of Trx1 and basic functions of Trx1. Trx1 plays a neuroprotective role by suppressing endoplasmic reticulum stress in Parkinson's disease. Neurodegenerative diseases have no cure and carry a high cost to the health care system and patient's families. Trx1 may be taken as a new target for neurodegenerative disorder therapy. Further studies of the Trx1 roles and mechanisms on neurodegenerative diseases are needed. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 36, 1023-1036.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maher Un Nisa Awan
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China.,Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Fang Yan
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Faisal Mahmood
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Liping Bai
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Jingyu Liu
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Jie Bai
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
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Vuorio A, Kovanen PT. Mucormycosis and glucose-regulated protein 78 in COVID-19: Amenable to statin treatment? J Intern Med 2021; 290:931-933. [PMID: 34133038 PMCID: PMC8447360 DOI: 10.1111/joim.13347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alpo Vuorio
- Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Mehiläinen Airport Health Centre, Vantaa, Finland
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7
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Guo Y, Zhang C, Wang C, Huang Y, Liu J, Chu H, Ren X, Kong L, Ma H. Thioredoxin-1 Is a Target to Attenuate Alzheimer-Like Pathology in Diabetic Encephalopathy by Alleviating Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Oxidative Stress. Front Physiol 2021; 12:651105. [PMID: 34079471 PMCID: PMC8166324 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.651105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Varying degrees of central nervous system neuropathy induced by diabetes mellitus (DM) contribute to a cognitive disorder known as diabetic encephalopathy (DE), which is also one of the independent risk factors for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) plays a critical role in the occurrence and development of DE and AD. However, its molecular mechanism remains largely unknown. This study aims to investigate whether thioredoxin-1 (Trx-1) could alleviate DE and AD through ERS, oxidative stress (OS) and apoptosis signaling pathways. Mice were randomly divided into a wild-type group (WT-NC), a streptozotocin (STZ)-treated DM group (WT-DM), a Trx-1-TG group (TG-NC) and a Trx-1-TG DM group (TG-DM). Diabetic animals showed an increase in the time spent in the target quadrant and the number of platform crossings as well as AD-like behavior in the water maze experiment. The immunocontent of the AD-related protein Tau and the levels of cell apoptosis, β-amyloid (Aβ) plaque formation and neuronal degeneration in the hippocampus of the diabetic group were increased. Some key factors associated with ERS, such as protein disulfide isomerase (PDI), glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78), inositol-requiring enzyme 1α (IRE1α), tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 2 (TRAF2), apoptosis signal-regulating kinase-1 (ASK1), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), protein kinase RNA (PKR)-like ER kinase (PERK), and C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), were upregulated, and other factors related to anti-oxidant stress, such as nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf2), were downregulated in the DM group. Moreover, DM caused an increase in the immunocontents of caspase-3 and caspase-12. However, these changes were reversed in the Trx-1-tg DM group. Therefore, we conclude that Trx-1 might be a key factor in alleviating DE and AD by regulating ERS and oxidative stress response, thus preventing apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Guo
- Department of Histology and Embryology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Chenghong Zhang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Chunyang Wang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Yufei Huang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Jingyun Liu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Haiying Chu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Xiang Ren
- Department of Histology and Embryology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Li Kong
- Department of Histology and Embryology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Haiying Ma
- Department of Histology and Embryology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
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4-Phenylbutyrate Prevents Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Mediated Apoptosis Induced by Heatstroke in the Intestines of Mice. Shock 2021; 54:102-109. [PMID: 31361709 PMCID: PMC7289134 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000001419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Objective: Heatstroke can induce serious physiological dysfunction in the intestine. However, the underlying mechanisms of this condition are unknown, and therapeutic strategies are not available. In this study, we explored the role of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress signaling in this process and assessed whether pretreating mice with an inhibitor of ER stress could alleviate intestinal damage. Methods: A heatstroke model was established in male mice. Mice were pretreated with 4-phenylbutyrate (4-PBA) before exposure to heat stress. Intestinal morphological changes were observed by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining and transmission electron microscopy. The TUNEL assay was used to detect intestinal apoptosis. The expression of the ER stress-related proteins and apoptosis-related proteins was investigated by the Western blot assay. Results: Compared with control group, mice with heatstroke exhibited evidence of intestinal injury and epithelial apoptosis, accompanied by significantly increased expression of ER stress-related proteins in the intestines. The intestinal injury score and level of intestinal epithelial apoptosis were significantly reduced after administration of 4-PBA. Furthermore, the levels of the intestinal ER stress-related proteins GRP78, PERK, p-eIF2α, ATF4, and CHOP were decreased after 4-PBA treatment. Conclusions: Our results indicate that the ER stress-mediated apoptosis pathway is activated during heat stress-induced intestinal injury. 4-PBA can inhibit heatstroke-induced intestinal ER stress and attenuate intestinal injury. We provide evidence that the beneficial effect of 4-PBA is closely related to the inhibition of ER stress-mediated apoptosis. These findings suggest that ER stress may be a novel therapeutic target in patients with heatstroke.
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9
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Marikawa Y, Menor M, Deng Y, Alarcon VB. Regulation of endoplasmic reticulum stress and trophectoderm lineage specification by the mevalonate pathway in the mouse preimplantation embryo. Mol Hum Reprod 2021; 27:6156636. [PMID: 33677573 DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gaab015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Early embryos are vulnerable to environmental insults, such as medications taken by the mother. Due to increasing prevalence of hypercholesterolemia, more women of childbearing potential are taking cholesterol-lowering medications called statins. Previously, we showed that inhibition of the mevalonate pathway by statins impaired mouse preimplantation development, by modulating HIPPO signaling, a key regulator for trophectoderm (TE) lineage specification. Here, we further evaluated molecular events that are altered by mevalonate pathway inhibition during the timeframe of morphogenesis and cell lineage specification. Whole transcriptome analysis revealed that statin treatment dysregulated gene expression underlying multiple processes, including cholesterol biosynthesis, HIPPO signaling, cell lineage specification and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response. We explored mechanisms that link the mevalonate pathway to ER stress, because of its potential impact on embryonic health and development. Upregulation of ER stress-responsive genes was inhibited when statin-treated embryos were supplemented with the mevalonate pathway product, geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP). Inhibition of geranylgeranylation was sufficient to upregulate ER stress-responsive genes. However, ER stress-responsive genes were not upregulated by inhibition of ras homolog family member A (RHOA), a geranylgeranylation target, although it interfered with TE specification and blastocyst cavity formation. In contrast, inhibition of Rac family small GTPase 1 (RAC1), another geranylgeranylation target, upregulated ER stress-responsive genes, while it did not impair TE specification or cavity formation. Thus, our study suggests that the mevalonate pathway regulates cellular homeostasis (ER stress repression) and differentiation (TE lineage specification) in preimplantation embryos through GGPP-dependent activation of two distinct small GTPases, RAC1 and RHOA, respectively. Translation of the findings to human embryos and clinical settings requires further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Marikawa
- Institute for Biogenesis Research, Department of Anatomy, Biochemistry and Physiology, University of Hawaii John A. Burns School of Medicine, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
| | - Mark Menor
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Hawaii John A. Burns School of Medicine, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
| | - Youping Deng
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Hawaii John A. Burns School of Medicine, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
| | - Vernadeth B Alarcon
- Institute for Biogenesis Research, Department of Anatomy, Biochemistry and Physiology, University of Hawaii John A. Burns School of Medicine, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
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Xu J, Taubert S. Beyond Proteostasis: Lipid Metabolism as a New Player in ER Homeostasis. Metabolites 2021; 11:52. [PMID: 33466824 PMCID: PMC7830277 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11010052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological membranes are not only essential barriers that separate cellular and subcellular structures, but also perform other critical functions such as the initiation and propagation of intra- and intercellular signals. Each membrane-delineated organelle has a tightly regulated and custom-made membrane lipid composition that is critical for its normal function. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) consists of a dynamic membrane network that is required for the synthesis and modification of proteins and lipids. The accumulation of unfolded proteins in the ER lumen activates an adaptive stress response known as the unfolded protein response (UPR-ER). Interestingly, recent findings show that lipid perturbation is also a direct activator of the UPR-ER, independent of protein misfolding. Here, we review proteostasis-independent UPR-ER activation in the genetically tractable model organism Caenorhabditis elegans. We review the current knowledge on the membrane lipid composition of the ER, its impact on organelle function and UPR-ER activation, and its potential role in human metabolic diseases. Further, we summarize the bi-directional interplay between lipid metabolism and the UPR-ER. We discuss recent progress identifying the different respective mechanisms by which disturbed proteostasis and lipid bilayer stress activate the UPR-ER. Finally, we consider how genetic and metabolic disturbances may disrupt ER homeostasis and activate the UPR and discuss how using -omics-type analyses will lead to more comprehensive insights into these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaming Xu
- Graduate Program in Cell and Developmental Biology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada;
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
- Healthy Starts Theme, British Columbia Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Stefan Taubert
- Graduate Program in Cell and Developmental Biology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada;
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
- Healthy Starts Theme, British Columbia Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
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Song C, Chen J, Li X, Yang R, Cao X, Zhou L, Zhou Y, Ying H, Zhang Q, Sun Y. Limonin ameliorates dextran sulfate sodium-induced chronic colitis in mice by inhibiting PERK-ATF4-CHOP pathway of ER stress and NF-κB signaling. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 90:107161. [PMID: 33168409 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.107161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic gastrointestinal inflammation regulated by intricate mechanisms. Limonin, a natural tetracyclic triterpenoid compound, possesses multiple bioactivities including anti-inflammation, anti-cancer and so on. However, the therapeutic potential and the underlying mechanism of limonin on IBD remain unclear. Here, we probe into the effect of limonin on chronic colitis induced by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) and illustrated the potential mechanisms. We found that limonin relieved the risk and severity of DSS-induced chronic colitis in mice through various aspects including increasing body weight and colon length, decreasing the mortality rate, inhibiting MPO activity and improving colon pathology. Limonin also decreased the production of proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and the expression of inflammatory proteins COX-2, iNOS in colon tissues from DSS-induced colitis mice. Moreover, limonin attenuated DSS-induced chronic colitis by inhibiting PERK-ATF4-CHOP pathway of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and NF-κB signaling. In vitro, limonin not only decreased LPS-induced higher production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and inflammatory proteins mentioned above by inhibiting NF-κB signaling in macrophage cells RAW264.7, but also suppressed PERK-ATF4-CHOP pathway of ER stress. In summary, our study demonstrated that limonin mitigated DSS-induced chronic colitis via inhibiting PERK-ATF4-CHOP pathway of ER stress and NF-κB signaling. All of this study provides the possibility for limonin as an effective drug for chronic colitis of IBD in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changqin Song
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, People's Republic of China; College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaxi Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaotian Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Runyu Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaomei Cao
- Department of Pharmacology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210002, People's Republic of China
| | - Lvqi Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanfen Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, People's Republic of China
| | - Hanjie Ying
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yang Sun
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, People's Republic of China.
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12
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Simvastatin Induces Unfolded Protein Response and Enhances Temozolomide-Induced Cell Death in Glioblastoma Cells. Cells 2020; 9:cells9112339. [PMID: 33105603 PMCID: PMC7690447 DOI: 10.3390/cells9112339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most prevalent malignant primary brain tumor with a very poor survival rate. Temozolomide (TMZ) is the common chemotherapeutic agent used for GBM treatment. We recently demonstrated that simvastatin (Simva) increases TMZ-induced apoptosis via the inhibition of autophagic flux in GBM cells. Considering the role of the unfolded protein response (UPR) pathway in the regulation of autophagy, we investigated the involvement of UPR in Simva–TMZ-induced cell death by utilizing highly selective IRE1 RNase activity inhibitor MKC8866, PERK inhibitor GSK-2606414 (PERKi), and eIF2α inhibitor salubrinal. Simva–TMZ treatment decreased the viability of GBM cells and significantly increased apoptotic cell death when compared to TMZ or Simva alone. Simva–TMZ induced both UPR, as determined by an increase in GRP78, XBP splicing, eukaryote initiation factor 2α (eIF2α) phosphorylation, and inhibited autophagic flux (accumulation of LC3β-II and inhibition of p62 degradation). IRE1 RNase inhibition did not affect Simva–TMZ-induced cell death, but it significantly induced p62 degradation and increased the microtubule-associated proteins light chain 3 (LC3)β-II/LC3β-I ratio in U87 cells, while salubrinal did not affect the Simva–TMZ induced cytotoxicity of GBM cells. In contrast, protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK) inhibition significantly increased Simva–TMZ-induced cell death in U87 cells. Interestingly, whereas PERK inhibition induced p62 accumulation in both GBM cell lines, it differentially affected the LC3β-II/LC3β-I ratio in U87 (decrease) and U251 (increase) cells. Simvastatin sensitizes GBM cells to TMZ-induced cell death via a mechanism that involves autophagy and UPR pathways. More specifically, our results imply that the IRE1 and PERK signaling arms of the UPR regulate Simva–TMZ-mediated autophagy flux inhibition in U251 and U87 GBM cells.
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13
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Omer L, Hindi L, Militello G, Stivers KB, Tien KC, Boyd NL. Familial hypercholesterolemia class II low-density lipoprotein receptor response to statin treatment. Dis Model Mech 2020; 13:dmm042911. [PMID: 32005714 PMCID: PMC7157586 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.042911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor (LDLR) mutations are the primary cause of familial hypercholesterolemia (FH). Class II LDLR mutations result in a misfolded LDLR retained in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). We have developed a model of FH class II and CRISPR-corrected induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) capable of replicating mutant and repaired LDLR functions. We show here that iPSC and derived hepatocyte-like cells (HLC) replicate misfolded LDLR accumulation and restoration of LDLR function in CRISPR-corrected cells. It was reported that model cells overexpressing class II LDLR mutants result in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) accumulation of immature LDLR and activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR). We show here that statins induce a similar accumulation of immature LDLR that is resolved with class II correction. We also demonstrate that, although capable of UPR induction with tunicamycin treatment, unlike overexpression models, statin-treated class II iPSC and derived HLC do not induce the common UPR markers Grp78 (also known as HSPA5) or spliced XBP1 [XBP1 (S)]. Because statins are reported to inhibit UPR, we utilized lipoprotein-deficient serum (LPDS) medium, but still did not detect UPR induction at the Grp78 and XBP1 (S) levels. Our study demonstrates the recapitulation of mutant and corrected class II LDLR function and suggests that overexpression models may not accurately predict statin-mediated class II protein biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Omer
- Cardiovascular Innovation Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Lubna Hindi
- Cardiovascular Innovation Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Giuseppe Militello
- Cardiovascular Innovation Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Katlin B Stivers
- Cardiovascular Innovation Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Kenneth C Tien
- Cardiovascular Innovation Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Nolan L Boyd
- Cardiovascular Innovation Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
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14
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Kim JY, Lee YM, Kim DW, Min T, Lee SJ. Nanosphere Loaded with Curcumin Inhibits the Gastrointestinal Cell Death Signaling Pathway Induced by the Foodborne Pathogen Vibrio vulnificus. Cells 2020; 9:cells9030631. [PMID: 32151068 PMCID: PMC7140471 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Curcumin, a hydrophobic polyphenol of turmeric, has a variety of biological functions as a herbal supplement, but its poor gastric absorption rate is one of the major factors limiting its oral bioavailability. In the present study, we have investigated the functional role of a nanosphere loaded with curcumin (CN) during host cell death elicited by the Gram-negative bacterium V. vulnificus in human gastrointestinal epithelial HT-29 cells and an ileal-ligated mouse model. The recombinant protein (r) VvhA produced by V. vulnificus significantly reduced the viability of HT-29 cells. The cytotoxic effect of rVvhA was restored upon a treatment with CN (100 ng/mL), which had shown 1000-fold higher anti-apoptotic efficacy than curcumin. CN inhibited the phosphorylation of c-Src and PKC mediated by intracellular ROS responsible for the distinctive activation of the MAPKs in rVvhA-treated HT-29 cells. Interestingly, CN significantly restored the expression of Bax, Bcl-2, and cleaved caspase-3 as regulated by the phosphorylation of NF-κB. In mouse models of V. vulnificus infection, treatment with CN had a blocking effect that elevated the levels of TUNEL-positive DNA fragmentation and apoptosis-related proteins. These results indicate that CN is a functional agent that manipulates the V. vulnificus VvhA signaling pathway responsible for gastrointestinal cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Yun Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan 38610, Korea
| | - Young-Min Lee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan 38610, Korea
| | - Do-Wan Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan 38610, Korea
| | - Taesun Min
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology, SARI, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea
- Correspondence: (T.M.); (S.-J.L.); Tel.: +82-54-819-1806 (S.-J.L.)
| | - Sei-Jung Lee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan 38610, Korea
- Correspondence: (T.M.); (S.-J.L.); Tel.: +82-54-819-1806 (S.-J.L.)
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15
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Hu W, Wang H, Shu Q, Chen M, Xie L. Green Tea Polyphenols Modulated Cerebral SOD Expression and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Cardiac Arrest/Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Rats. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:5080832. [PMID: 32185207 PMCID: PMC7060848 DOI: 10.1155/2020/5080832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Revised: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reducing cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury is crucial for improving survival and neurologic outcomes after cardiac arrest/cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CA/CPR). The purpose of this study is to investigate the neuroprotective effects of green tea polyphenols (GTPs) concern with the modulation of endogenous antioxidation and endoplasmic reticulum stress. METHODS After subjecting to CA/CPR, rats were randomized into the saline group (NS, n = 40) and the GTPs group (GTPs, n = 40) and the GTPs group (GTPs, n = 40) and the GTPs group (GTPs. RESULTS Comparing with that in NS group, GTPs increased the expression of SOD1 and SOD2 at 12 h, 24 h, 48 h, 72 h, and the expression of GRP78 at 24 h and 48 h (p < 0.05) butdecreased caspase-12, CHOP, caspase-3 level, and apoptotic number of neurons (p < 0.05) butdecreased caspase-12, CHOP, caspase-3 level, and apoptotic number of neurons (. CONCLUSION GTPs exert neuroprotective effects via mechanisms that may be related to the enhancement of endogenous antioxidant capacity and inhibition of endoplasmic reticulum stress in CA/CPR rat models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanxiang Hu
- Department of Physiology, School of Pre-Clinical Sciences, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Huihui Wang
- Qilu Medical University, Zibo, Shandong, China
| | - Quan Shu
- Department of Physiology, School of Pre-Clinical Sciences, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, Hubei, China
| | - Menghua Chen
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, The Second Hospital Affiliated to Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Lu Xie
- Department of Physiology, School of Pre-Clinical Sciences, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
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16
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Splice switching an oncogenic ratio of SmgGDS isoforms as a strategy to diminish malignancy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:3627-3636. [PMID: 32019878 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1914153117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The chaperone protein SmgGDS promotes cell-cycle progression and tumorigenesis in human breast and nonsmall cell lung cancer. Splice variants of SmgGDS, named SmgGDS-607 and SmgGDS-558, facilitate the activation of oncogenic members of the Ras and Rho families of small GTPases through membrane trafficking via regulation of the prenylation pathway. SmgGDS-607 interacts with newly synthesized preprenylated small GTPases, while SmgGDS-558 interacts with prenylated small GTPases. We determined that cancer cells have a high ratio of SmgGDS-607:SmgGDS-558 (607:558 ratio), and this elevated ratio is associated with reduced survival of breast cancer patients. These discoveries suggest that targeting SmgGDS splicing to lower the 607:558 ratio may be an effective strategy to inhibit the malignant phenotype generated by small GTPases. Here we report the development of a splice-switching oligonucleotide, named SSO Ex5, that lowers the 607:558 ratio by altering exon 5 inclusion in SmgGDS pre-mRNA (messenger RNA). Our results indicate that SSO Ex5 suppresses the prenylation of multiple small GTPases in the Ras, Rho, and Rab families and inhibits ERK activity, resulting in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, the unfolded protein response, and ultimately apoptotic cell death in breast and lung cancer cell lines. Furthermore, intraperitoneal (i.p.) delivery of SSO Ex5 in MMTV-PyMT mice redirects SmgGDS splicing in the mammary gland and slows tumorigenesis in this aggressive model of breast cancer. Taken together, our results suggest that the high 607:558 ratio is required for optimal small GTPase prenylation, and validate this innovative approach of targeting SmgGDS splicing to diminish malignancy in breast and lung cancer.
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17
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Busby BP, Niktab E, Roberts CA, Sheridan JP, Coorey NV, Senanayake DS, Connor LM, Munkacsi AB, Atkinson PH. Genetic interaction networks mediate individual statin drug response in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. NPJ Syst Biol Appl 2019; 5:35. [PMID: 31602312 PMCID: PMC6776536 DOI: 10.1038/s41540-019-0112-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic genetic interaction networks (GINs) are extensively described in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C model using deletion libraries, yet being limited to this one genetic background, not informative to individual drug response. Here we created deletion libraries in three additional genetic backgrounds. Statin response was probed with five queries against four genetic backgrounds. The 20 resultant GINs representing drug–gene and gene–gene interactions were not conserved by functional enrichment, hierarchical clustering, and topology-based community partitioning. An unfolded protein response (UPR) community exhibited genetic background variation including different betweenness genes that were network bottlenecks, and we experimentally validated this UPR community via measurements of the UPR that were differentially activated and regulated in statin-resistant strains relative to the statin-sensitive S288C background. These network analyses by topology and function provide insight into the complexity of drug response influenced by genetic background. Genes are wired together in functional genetic interaction networks (GINs) specific for different traits. We asked a simple question: do GINs for particular traits vary with individuals? The trait we investigated was response to statins, cholesterol-lowering drugs prescribed to 30 million people worldwide. Building comprehensive GINs requires a library of cells with a different gene deleted covering the entire genome that is available only in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Baker’s yeast), a well-defined model for human genetics. However, the yeast libraries being limited to one genetic background are not informative of individuals. Therefore, we constructed GINs in additional genetic backgrounds and showed statin-specific GINs were not conserved, albeit there was a common fundamental process mediating statin-resistance. Our results identify a mechanism to further investigate in the millions of people that do not respond to statins and the methodology will enhance the discovery and development of drugs to treat other major diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bede P Busby
- 1Centre for Biodiscovery, School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand.,2European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstraße 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Eliatan Niktab
- 1Centre for Biodiscovery, School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Christina A Roberts
- 1Centre for Biodiscovery, School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Jeffrey P Sheridan
- 1Centre for Biodiscovery, School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Namal V Coorey
- 1Centre for Biodiscovery, School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Dinindu S Senanayake
- 1Centre for Biodiscovery, School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Lisa M Connor
- 1Centre for Biodiscovery, School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Andrew B Munkacsi
- 1Centre for Biodiscovery, School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Paul H Atkinson
- 1Centre for Biodiscovery, School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
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18
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Abstract
The incidence of acute pancreatitis continues to increase worldwide, and it is one of the most common gastrointestinal causes for hospital admission in the USA. In the past decade, substantial advancements have been made in our understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms of acute pancreatitis. Studies have elucidated mechanisms of calcium-mediated acinar cell injury and death and the importance of store-operated calcium entry channels and mitochondrial permeability transition pores. The cytoprotective role of the unfolded protein response and autophagy in preventing sustained endoplasmic reticulum stress, apoptosis and necrosis has also been characterized, as has the central role of unsaturated fatty acids in causing pancreatic organ failure. Characterization of these pathways has led to the identification of potential molecular targets for future therapeutic trials. At the patient level, two classification systems have been developed to classify the severity of acute pancreatitis into prognostically meaningful groups, and several landmark clinical trials have informed management strategies in areas of nutritional support and interventions for infected pancreatic necrosis that have resulted in important changes to acute pancreatitis management paradigms. In this Review, we provide a summary of recent advances in acute pancreatitis with a special emphasis on pathophysiological mechanisms and clinical management of the disorder.
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19
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Waller DD, Park J, Tsantrizos YS. Inhibition of farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP) and/or geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP) biosynthesis and its implication in the treatment of cancers. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 54:41-60. [DOI: 10.1080/10409238.2019.1568964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jaeok Park
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Youla S. Tsantrizos
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
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20
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Kim WH, Lee CH, Han JH, Kim S, Kim SY, Lim JH, Park KM, Shin DS, Woo CH. C/EBP homologous protein deficiency inhibits statin-induced myotoxicity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 508:857-863. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.11.166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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21
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Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is critical in protein processing and particularly in ensuring that proteins undergo their correct folding to exert their functionality. What is becoming increasingly clear is that the ER may undergo increasing stress brought about by nutrient deprivation, hypoxia, oxidized lipids, point mutations in secreted proteins, cellular differentiation or significant deviation from metabolic set points, and loss of Ca2+ homeostasis, with detrimental effects on ER-resident calcium-dependent chaperones, alone or in combination. This results in the unfolded protein response (UPR) that is a repair mechanism to limit the formation of newly damaged proteins until ER homeostasis is restored, though may result in increased cell death. ER stress has been shown to be implicated in a variety of diseases. Statins are well-known cholesterol-lowering drugs and have been extensively reported to possess beneficial cholesterol-independent effects in a variety of human diseases. This review focuses on the concept of ER stress, the underlying molecular mechanisms and their relationship to the pathophysiology and, finally, the role of statins in moderating ER stress and UPR.
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22
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Zhang GQ, Tao YK, Bai YP, Yan ST, Zhao SP. Inhibitory Effects of Simvastatin on Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein-Induced Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Apoptosis in Vascular Endothelial Cells. Chin Med J (Engl) 2018; 131:950-955. [PMID: 29664056 PMCID: PMC5912062 DOI: 10.4103/0366-6999.229891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL)-induced oxidative stress and endothelial apoptosis are essential for atherosclerosis. Our previous study has shown that ox-LDL-induced apoptosis is mediated by the protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK)/eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α-subunit (eIF2α)/CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein homologous protein (CHOP) endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress pathway in endothelial cells. Statins are cholesterol-lowering drugs that exert pleiotropic effects including suppression of oxidative stress. This study aimed to explore the roles of simvastatin on ox-LDL-induced ER stress and apoptosis in endothelial cells. Methods: Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were treated with simvastatin (0.1, 0.5, or 2.5 μmol/L) or DEVD-CHO (selective inhibitor of caspase-3, 100 μmol/L) for 1 h before the addition of ox-LDL (100 μg/ml) and then incubated for 24 h, and untreated cells were used as a control group. Apoptosis, expression of PERK, phosphorylation of eIF2α, CHOP mRNA level, and caspase-3 activity were measured. Comparisons among multiple groups were performed with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by post hoc pairwise comparisons using Tukey's tests. A value of P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Exposure of HUVECs to ox-LDL resulted in a significant increase in apoptosis (31.9% vs. 4.9%, P < 0.05). Simvastatin (0.1, 0.5, and 2.5 μmol/L) led to a suppression of ox-LDL-induced apoptosis (28.0%, 24.7%, and 13.8%, F = 15.039, all P < 0.05, compared with control group). Ox-LDL significantly increased the expression of PERK (499.5%, P < 0.05) and phosphorylation of eIF2α (451.6%, P < 0.05), if both of which in the control groups were considered as 100%. Simvastatin treatment (0.1, 0.5, and 2.5 μmol/L) blunted ox-LDL-induced expression of PERK (407.8%, 339.1%, and 187.5%, F = 10.121, all P < 0.05, compared with control group) and phosphorylation of eIF2α (407.8%, 339.1%, 187.5%, F = 11.430, all P < 0.05, compared with control group). In contrast, DEVD-CHO treatment had no significant effect on ox-LDL-induced expression of PERK (486.4%) and phosphorylation of eIF2α (418.8%). Exposure of HUVECs to ox-LDL also markedly induced caspase-3 activity together with increased CHOP mRNA level; these effects were inhibited by simvastatin treatment. Conclusions: This study suggested that simvastatin could inhibit ox-LDL-induced ER stress and apoptosis in vascular endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Qiang Zhang
- Department of Emergency, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yong-Kang Tao
- Department of Emergency, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yong-Ping Bai
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Sheng-Tao Yan
- Department of Emergency, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Shui-Ping Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
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23
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Hu JL, Hu XL, Guo AY, Wang CJ, Wen YY, Cang SD. Endoplasmic reticulum stress promotes autophagy and apoptosis and reverses chemoresistance in human ovarian cancer cells. Oncotarget 2018; 8:49380-49394. [PMID: 28537902 PMCID: PMC5564776 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer presents the highest mortality rate among gynecological tumors. Here, we measured cell viability, proliferation, apoptosis, autophagy, and expression of endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS)-related proteins, PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway-related proteins, and apoptosis- and autophagy-related proteins in SKOV3 and SKOV3/CDDP cells treated with combinations of CDDP, tunicamycin, and BEZ235 (blank control, CDDP, CDDP + tunicamycin, CDDP + BEZ235, and CDDP + tunicamycin + BEZ235). Increasing concentrations of tunicamycin and CDDP activated ERS in SKOV3 cells, reduced cell viability and proliferation, increased apoptosis and autophagy, enhanced expression of ERS-related proteins, and inhibited expression of PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway-related proteins. CDDP, tunicamycin, and BEZ235 acted synergistically to enhance these effects. We also detected lower expression of the ERS-related proteins caspase-3, LC3 II and Beclin 1 in ovarian cancer tissues than adjacent normal tissues. By contrast, expression of Bcl-2 and PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway-related proteins was higher in ovarian cancer tissues than adjacent normal tissues. Lastly, expression of the ERS-related proteins Beclin 1, caspase-3 and LC3 II was higher in the sensitive group than the resistant group, while expression of Bcl-2, LC3 I, P62 and PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway-related proteins was decreased. These results show that ERS promotes cell autophagy and apoptosis while reversing chemoresistance in ovarian cancer cells by inhibiting activation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Long Hu
- Department of Oncology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou 450000, P. R. China
| | - Xin-Long Hu
- Department of Medical Imaging Technology, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450000, P. R. China
| | - Ai-Ye Guo
- Laboratory of Clinical Research, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou 450000, P. R. China
| | - Chao-Jie Wang
- Department of Oncology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou 450000, P. R. China
| | - Yi-Yang Wen
- Department of Oncology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou 450000, P. R. China
| | - Shun-Dong Cang
- Department of Oncology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou 450000, P. R. China
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24
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Thioredoxin-1 Increases Survival in Sepsis by Inflammatory Response Through Suppressing Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress. Shock 2018; 46:67-74. [PMID: 27299588 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000000570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis is the main cause of death in critically ill patients, pathogenesis of which is still unclear. The nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) inflammatory signal pathway mediated by endoplasmic reticulum stress is involved in sepsis. Thioredoxin-1 (Trx-1) is an important protein of regulating oxidative stress. It plays a crucial role in the anti-oxidation, anti-apoptosis, and anti-inflammation. However, the role and the mechanism of Trx-1 in sepsis have not been extensively studied. In the present study, we showed that the survival was longer in sepsis induced by cecal ligation and puncture in Trx-1 overexpression transgenic (Tg) mice compared with wild-type mice. Wet/dry lung weight ratio was decreased in Trx-1 Tg mice. The levels of TNF-α and IL-1β in plasma and lung tissue were inhibited in Tg mice. The expressions of glucose-regulated protein 78, inositol-requiring enzyme 1α (IRE1α), tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 2, C/EBP homologous protein, NF-κB, and inhibitors of NF-κBα were increased in lung tissue. More importantly, the overexpression of Trx-1 in transgenic mice suppressed NF-κB inflammatory signal pathway by inhibiting the activation of molecules involved in ER stress. Our results suggest that Trx-1 may play protective role in extending survival in sepsis by regulating inflammatory response through suppressing ER stress.
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25
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Alqudah MAY, Mansour HT, Mhaidat N. Simvastatin enhances irinotecan-induced apoptosis in prostate cancer via inhibition of MCL-1. Saudi Pharm J 2017; 26:191-197. [PMID: 30166915 PMCID: PMC6111232 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2017.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is one of the most common malignant tumors around the world. Hyperlipidemia is considered as one of the most important risk factors for the development of prostate cancer. Simvastatin is widely used for the treatment of hyperlipidemia and was previously shown to induce apoptosis in several cancer types including lung, colon, pancreas, breast, and prostate cancer. In this study we aimed to explore the potential role of simvastatin in enhancing irinotecan-induced apoptosis in prostate cancer cells. In addition, the underlying molecular mechanisms driving this potential effect of simvastatin were also explored. PC3 cells were treated with simvastatin, irinotecan or combination. Cell viability was assessed by 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) colorimetric assay. Flow cytometry technique was used to analyze apoptosis and cell cycle progression. Western blot was used for detection of protein expression. Results showed that simvastatin has a significant anti-proliferative activity on PC3 cells. Combined treatment of simvastatin with irinotecan exhibited a significant inhibition of PC3 cell growth compared to each treatment alone. Flow cytometry analysis showed that PC3 cell treatment with simvastatin and irinotecan combination demonstrated a remarkable increase in the percentage of apoptotic cells and those accumulated at G0/G1 phase when compared to each treatment alone. Moreover, induction of apoptosis was caspase-independent. Western blot showed that apoptosis was accompanied by upregulation of GRP-78 level and downregulation of Mcl-1 levels in a time-dependent manner. The results of this study demonstrated that combined treatment of simvastatin with chemotherapeutic agents such as irinotecan resulted in enhancement of growth inhibition and induction of prostate cancer cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad A Y Alqudah
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Hebah T Mansour
- Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Arts, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Nizar Mhaidat
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
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26
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Li J, Liu J, Liang Z, He F, Yang L, Li P, Jiang Y, Wang B, Zhou C, Wang Y, Ren Y, Yang J, Zhang J, Luo Z, Vaziri C, Liu P. Simvastatin and Atorvastatin inhibit DNA replication licensing factor MCM7 and effectively suppress RB-deficient tumors growth. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:e2673. [PMID: 28300827 PMCID: PMC5386551 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2017.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Loss or dysfunction of tumor suppressor retinoblastoma (RB) is a common feature in various tumors, and contributes to cancer cell stemness and drug resistance to cancer therapy. However, the strategy to suppress or eliminate Rb-deficient tumor cells remains unclear. In the present study, we accidentally found that reduction of DNA replication licensing factor MCM7 induced more apoptosis in RB-deficient tumor cells than in control tumor cells. Moreover, after a drug screening and further studies, we demonstrated that statin drug Simvastatin and Atorvastatin were able to inhibit MCM7 and RB expressions. Further study showed that Simvastatin and Atorvastatin induced more chromosome breaks and gaps of Rb-deficient tumor cells than control tumor cells. In vivo results showed that Simvastatin and Atorvastatin significantly suppressed Rb-deficient tumor growth than control in xenograft mouse models. The present work demonstrates that ‘old' lipid-lowering drugs statins are novel weapons against RB-deficient tumors due to their effects on suppressing MCM7 protein levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Li
- Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xian Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China.,Key Laboratory for Tumor Precision Medicine of Shaanxi Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xian Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xian Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China.,Key Laboratory for Tumor Precision Medicine of Shaanxi Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xian Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zheyong Liang
- Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xian Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China.,Key Laboratory for Tumor Precision Medicine of Shaanxi Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xian Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Fang He
- Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xian Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China.,Key Laboratory for Tumor Precision Medicine of Shaanxi Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xian Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lu Yang
- Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xian Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China.,Key Laboratory for Tumor Precision Medicine of Shaanxi Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xian Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Pingping Li
- Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xian Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China.,Key Laboratory for Tumor Precision Medicine of Shaanxi Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xian Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yina Jiang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xian Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xian Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China.,Key Laboratory for Tumor Precision Medicine of Shaanxi Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xian Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Can Zhou
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xian Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yaochun Wang
- Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xian Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China.,Key Laboratory for Tumor Precision Medicine of Shaanxi Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xian Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yu Ren
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xian Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jin Yang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jianmin Zhang
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo 14263, NY 14263, USA
| | - Zhijun Luo
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston 02118, MA, USA
| | - Cyrus Vaziri
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Peijun Liu
- Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xian Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China.,Key Laboratory for Tumor Precision Medicine of Shaanxi Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xian Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China
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Cai Y, Zhang X, Zhou X, Wu X, Li Y, Yao J, Bai J. Nicotine suppresses the neurotoxicity by MPP + /MPTP through activating α7nAChR/PI3K/Trx-1 and suppressing ER stress. Neurotoxicology 2017; 59:49-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Revised: 01/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Abstract
Ischemic disorders, such as myocardial infarction, stroke, and peripheral vascular disease, are the most common causes of debilitating disease and death in westernized cultures. The extent of tissue injury relates directly to the extent of blood flow reduction and to the length of the ischemic period, which influence the levels to which cellular ATP and intracellular pH are reduced. By impairing ATPase-dependent ion transport, ischemia causes intracellular and mitochondrial calcium levels to increase (calcium overload). Cell volume regulatory mechanisms are also disrupted by the lack of ATP, which can induce lysis of organelle and plasma membranes. Reperfusion, although required to salvage oxygen-starved tissues, produces paradoxical tissue responses that fuel the production of reactive oxygen species (oxygen paradox), sequestration of proinflammatory immunocytes in ischemic tissues, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and development of postischemic capillary no-reflow, which amplify tissue injury. These pathologic events culminate in opening of mitochondrial permeability transition pores as a common end-effector of ischemia/reperfusion (I/R)-induced cell lysis and death. Emerging concepts include the influence of the intestinal microbiome, fetal programming, epigenetic changes, and microparticles in the pathogenesis of I/R. The overall goal of this review is to describe these and other mechanisms that contribute to I/R injury. Because so many different deleterious events participate in I/R, it is clear that therapeutic approaches will be effective only when multiple pathologic processes are targeted. In addition, the translational significance of I/R research will be enhanced by much wider use of animal models that incorporate the complicating effects of risk factors for cardiovascular disease. © 2017 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 7:113-170, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore Kalogeris
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Christopher P. Baines
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, USA
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Maike Krenz
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, USA
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Ronald J. Korthuis
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, USA
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
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29
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Hepatic Fgf21 Expression Is Repressed after Simvastatin Treatment in Mice. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162024. [PMID: 27583452 PMCID: PMC5008788 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (Fgf21) is a hormone with emerging beneficial roles in glucose and lipid homeostasis. The interest in Fgf21 as a potential antidiabetic drug and the factors that regulate its production and secretion is growing. Statins are the most widely prescribed drug for the treatment of dyslipidemia. However, the function of statins is not limited to the lowering of cholesterol as they are associated with pleiotropic actions such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective effects. The recently described effect of statins on mitochondrial function and the induction of Fgf21 by mitochondrial stress prompted us to investigate the effect of statin treatment on Fgf21 expression in the liver. To this end, C57BL6J male mice and primary mouse hepatocytes were treated with simvastatin, and Fgf21 expression was subsequently assessed by immunoblotting and quantitative real-time PCR. Hepatic Fgf21 protein and mRNA and circulating levels of FGF21significantly decreased in mice that had received simvastatin in their food (0.1% w/w) for 1 week. This effect was also observed with simvastatin doses as low as 0.01% w/w for 1 week or following 2 intraperitoneal injections within a single day. The reduction in Fgf21 mRNA levels was further verified in primary mouse hepatocytes, indicating that the effect of simvastatin is cell autonomous. In conclusion, simvastatin treatment reduced the circulating and hepatic Fgf21 levels and this effect warrants further investigation with reference to its role in metabolism.
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30
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Statt S, Ruan JW, Hung LY, Chang CY, Huang CT, Lim JH, Li JD, Wu R, Kao CY. Statin-conferred enhanced cellular resistance against bacterial pore-forming toxins in airway epithelial cells. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2016; 53:689-702. [PMID: 25874372 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2014-0391oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Statins are widely used to prevent cardiovascular disease. In addition to their inhibitory effects on cholesterol synthesis, statins have beneficial effects in patients with sepsis and pneumonia, although molecular mechanisms have mostly remained unclear. Using human airway epithelial cells as a proper in vitro model, we show that prior exposure to physiological nanomolar serum concentrations of simvastatin (ranging from 10-1,000 nM) confers significant cellular resistance to the cytotoxicity of pneumolysin, a pore-forming toxin and the main virulence factor of Streptococcus pneumoniae. This protection could be demonstrated with a different statin, pravastatin, or on a different toxin, α-hemolysin. Furthermore, through the use of gene silencing, pharmacological inhibitors, immunofluorescence microscopy, and biochemical and metabolic rescue approaches, we demonstrate that the mechanism of protection conferred by simvastatin at physiological nanomolar concentrations could be different from the canonical mevalonate pathways seen in most other mechanistic studies conducted with statins at micromolar levels. All of these data are integrated into a protein synthesis-dependent, calcium-dependent model showing the interconnected pathways used by statins in airway epithelial cells to elicit an increased resistance to pore-forming toxins. This research fills large gaps in our understanding of how statins may confer host cellular protection against bacterial infections in the context of airway epithelial cells without the confounding effect from the presence of immune cells. In addition, our discovery could be potentially developed into a host-centric strategy for the adjuvant treatment of pore-forming toxin associated bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Statt
- 1 Center for Comparative Respiratory Biology and Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, California
| | - Jhen-Wei Ruan
- 2 Immunology Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Li-Yin Hung
- 1 Center for Comparative Respiratory Biology and Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, California
| | - Ching-Yun Chang
- 1 Center for Comparative Respiratory Biology and Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, California
| | - Chih-Ting Huang
- 2 Immunology Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Jae Hyang Lim
- 3 Department of Microbiology, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; and
| | - Jian-Dong Li
- 4 Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Reen Wu
- 1 Center for Comparative Respiratory Biology and Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, California
| | - Cheng-Yuan Kao
- 1 Center for Comparative Respiratory Biology and Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, California.,2 Immunology Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli, Taiwan
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31
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Yang JW, Hu ZP. Neuroprotective effects of atorvastatin against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury through the inhibition of endoplasmic reticulum stress. Neural Regen Res 2015; 10:1239-44. [PMID: 26487850 PMCID: PMC4590235 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.162755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia triggers secondary ischemia/reperfusion injury and endoplasmic reticulum stress initiates cell apoptosis. However, the regulatory mechanism of the signaling pathway remains unclear. We hypothesize that the regulatory mechanisms are mediated by the protein kinase-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase/eukaryotic initiation factor 2α in the endoplasmic reticulum stress signaling pathway. To verify this hypothesis, we occluded the middle cerebral artery in rats to establish focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion model. Results showed that the expression levels of protein kinase-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase and caspase-3, as well as the phosphorylation of eukaryotic initiation factor 2α, were increased after ischemia/reperfusion. Administration of atorvastatin decreased the expression of protein kinase-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase, caspase-3 and phosphorylated eukaryotic initiation factor 2α, reduced the infarct volume and improved ultrastructure in the rat brain. After salubrinal, the specific inhibitor of phosphorylated eukaryotic initiation factor 2α was given into the rats intragastrically, the expression levels of caspase-3 and phosphorylated eukaryotic initiation factor 2α in the were decreased, a reduction of the infarct volume and less ultrastructural damage were observed than the untreated, ischemic brain. However, salubrinal had no impact on the expression of protein kinase-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase. Experimental findings indicate that atorvastatin inhibits endoplasmic reticulum stress and exerts neuroprotective effects. The underlying mechanisms of attenuating ischemia/reperfusion injury are associated with the protein kinase-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase/eukaryotic initiation factor 2α/caspase-3 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Wen Yang
- Department of Neurology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Zhi-Ping Hu
- Department of Neurology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
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32
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Lv S, Sun EC, Xu QY, Zhang JK, Wu DL. Endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated autophagy contributes to bluetongue virus infection via the PERK-eIF2α pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 466:406-12. [PMID: 26363458 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV) is an important pathogen of wild and domestic ruminants. We have previously reported that BTV1 infection induced autophagy for its own benefit, but how this occurs remains unclear. Here, the classical autophagy features including autophagsomes formation, GFP-LC3 dots and LC3-II conversation were shown in BTV1-infected cells, we also found the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress was triggered by BTV1 infection, which was demonstrated by the increased transcription level of the ER stress marker GRP78 and the expanded morphology of ER. During ER stress, PERK and eIF2α phosphorylation increased along with BTV1 infection, consistent with the elevated LC3 level, indicating that the PERK pathway of the unfolded protein response (UPR) was activated. In addition, both the blockage of PERK by GSK2656157 or knockdown of eIF2α by siRNA reduced the level of LC3, which suggested that the PERK-eIF2α pathway contributed to autophagy induced by BTV1. Furthermore, inactivation of PERK or silencing of eIF2α both significantly reduced the expression of VP2 protein and the viral yields in the supernatants. In sum, these data suggest that ER stress mediates autophagy via the PERK-eIF2α pathway and contributes to BTV1 replication, thus offering new insight into the molecular mechanisms of the BTV-host interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China
| | - En-Cheng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Qing-Yuan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Ji-Kai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Dong-Lai Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China.
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Xia Y, Liu YL, Xie Y, Zhu W, Guerra F, Shen S, Yeddula N, Fischer W, Low W, Zhou X, Zhang Y, Oldfield E, Verma IM. A combination therapy for KRAS-driven lung adenocarcinomas using lipophilic bisphosphonates and rapamycin. Sci Transl Med 2015; 6:263ra161. [PMID: 25411474 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3010382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Lung cancer is the most common human malignancy and leads to about one-third of all cancer-related deaths. Lung adenocarcinomas harboring KRAS mutations, in contrast to those with EGFR and EML4-ALK mutations, have not been successfully targeted. We describe a combination therapy for treating these malignancies with two agents: a lipophilic bisphosphonate and rapamycin. This drug combination is much more effective than either agent acting alone in the KRAS G12D-induced mouse lung model. Lipophilic bisphosphonates inhibit both farnesyl and geranylgeranyldiphosphate synthases, effectively blocking prenylation of KRAS and other small G proteins (heterotrimeric GTP-binding protein, heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding proteins) critical for tumor growth and cell survival. Bisphosphonate treatment of cells initiated autophagy but was ultimately unsuccessful and led to p62 accumulation and concomitant nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) activation, resulting in dampened efficacy in vivo. However, we found that rapamycin, in addition to inhibiting the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway, facilitated autophagy and prevented p62 accumulation-induced NF-κB activation and tumor cell proliferation. Overall, these results suggest that using lipophilic bisphosphonates in combination with rapamycin may provide an effective strategy for targeting lung adenocarcinomas harboring KRAS mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifeng Xia
- Laboratory of Genetics, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Yi-Liang Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Yonghua Xie
- Department of Pharmacology & Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
| | - Wei Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Francisco Guerra
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Shen Shen
- Laboratory of Genetics, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Narayana Yeddula
- Laboratory of Genetics, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Wolfgang Fischer
- Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - William Low
- Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Xiaoying Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology & Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
| | - Yonghui Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology & Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China. Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China. Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P.R. China.
| | - Eric Oldfield
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA. Center for Biophysics and Computational Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
| | - Inder M Verma
- Laboratory of Genetics, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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Lipidome and transcriptome profiling of pneumolysin intoxication identifies networks involved in statin-conferred protection of airway epithelial cells. Sci Rep 2015; 5:10624. [PMID: 26023727 PMCID: PMC4448502 DOI: 10.1038/srep10624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pneumonia remains one of the leading causes of death in both adults and children worldwide. Despite the adoption of a wide variety of therapeutics, the mortality from community-acquired pneumonia has remained relatively constant. Although viral and fungal acute airway infections can result in pneumonia, bacteria are the most common cause of community-acquired pneumonia, with Streptococcus pneumoniae isolated in nearly 50% of cases. Pneumolysin is a cholesterol-dependent cytolysin or pore-forming toxin produced by Streptococcus pneumonia and has been shown to play a critical role in bacterial pathogenesis. Airway epithelium is the initial site of many bacterial contacts and its barrier and mucosal immunity functions are central to infectious lung diseases. In our studies, we have shown that the prior exposure to statins confers significant resistance of airway epithelial cells to the cytotoxicity of pneumolysin. We decided to take this study one step further, assessing changes in both the transcriptome and lipidome of human airway epithelial cells exposed to toxin, statin or both. Our current work provides the first global view in human airway epithelial cells of both the transcriptome and the lipid interactions that result in cellular protection from pneumolysin.
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35
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Singh N, Joshi R, Komurov K. HER2-mTOR signaling-driven breast cancer cells require ER-associated degradation to survive. Sci Signal 2015; 8:ra52. [PMID: 26012635 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aaa6922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Targeting non-oncogenic vulnerabilities may provide additional therapeutic approaches in tumors that are resistant to oncogene-targeted therapy. Using a computational pathway-based approach, we interrogated clinical breast cancer genomic data sets for candidate non-oncogenic vulnerabilities in breast cancers that have genomic amplification of ERBB2, which encodes human epidermal growth factor 2 (HER2). HER2-positive (HER2(+)) breast cancers showed increased expression of genes encoding proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-associated degradation (ERAD) pathway. Genetic ablation or pharmacological inhibition of ERAD led to irrecoverable ER stress and selectively killed HER2(+) breast cancer cells. Cell death caused by ERAD inhibition partially depended on increased HER2-mTOR signaling, which imposed an increased proteotoxic burden on the ER. Cell death in response to ER stress required the IRE1α-JNK pathway, which was selectively suppressed in HER2(+) breast cancers by phosphatases that inactivate JNK. Accordingly, the cytotoxicity of inhibiting ERAD as well as JNK phosphatases was synergistic in HER2(+) but not in HER2-negative breast cancer cells. Therefore, our study suggests that reactivation of oncogene-induced stress by targeting stress-adaptive pathways may be a beneficial approach for therapy-resistant breast cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navneet Singh
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Rashika Joshi
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Kakajan Komurov
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA. Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA. Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
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36
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Tan H, Zou W, Jiang J, Tian Y, Xiao Z, Bi L, Zeng H, Tang X. Disturbance of hippocampal H2S generation contributes to CUMS-induced depression-like behavior: involvement in endoplasmic reticulum stress of hippocampus. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2015; 47:285-91. [PMID: 25736403 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmv009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) model is a widely used experimental model of depression. Exogenous stress-induced neuronal cell death in the hippocampus is closely associated with the pathogenesis of depression. Excessive and prolonged endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress triggers cell death. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S), the third endogenous signaling gasotransmitter, plays an important role in brain functions as a neuromodulator and a neuroprotectant. We hypothesized that the disturbance of endogenous H2S generation and ER stress in the hippocampus might be involved in CUMS-induced depression-like behaviors. Thus, the present study focused on whether CUMS disturbs the generation of endogenous H2S and up-regulates ER stress in the hippocampus and whether exogenous H2S prevents CUMS-induced depressive-like behaviors. Results showed that CUMS-treated rats exhibit depression-like behavior and hippocampal ER stress responses including up-regulated levels of glucose-regulated protein 78, CCAAT/enhancer binding protein homologous protein, and cleaved caspase-12 expression, while the endogenous generation of H2S in the hippocampus is suppressed in CUMS-treated rats. Furthermore, exogenous H2S prevents CUMS-induced depression-like behavior. These data indicated that CUMS-induced depression-like behaviors are related to the disturbance of endogenous H2S generation and ER stress in the hippocampus and suggested that endogenous H2S and ER stress are novel treatment targets of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiying Tan
- Department of Neurology, Nanhua Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China Department of Physiology and Institute of Neuroscience, Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China Key Laboratory for Cognitive Disorders and Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Wei Zou
- Department of Neurology, Nanhua Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China Key Laboratory for Cognitive Disorders and Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Jiamei Jiang
- Department of Physiology and Institute of Neuroscience, Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China Key Laboratory for Cognitive Disorders and Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Ying Tian
- Department of Biochemistry, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Zhifang Xiao
- Department of Neurology, Nanhua Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China Department of Physiology and Institute of Neuroscience, Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Lili Bi
- Department of Neurology, Nanhua Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China Department of Physiology and Institute of Neuroscience, Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Haiying Zeng
- Department of Neurology, Nanhua Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China Department of Physiology and Institute of Neuroscience, Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China Key Laboratory for Cognitive Disorders and Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Xiaoqing Tang
- Department of Neurology, Nanhua Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China Department of Physiology and Institute of Neuroscience, Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China Key Laboratory for Cognitive Disorders and Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
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Ammer E, Nietzsche S, Rien C, Kühnl A, Mader T, Heller R, Sauerbrei A, Henke A. The anti-obesity drug orlistat reveals anti-viral activity. Med Microbiol Immunol 2015; 204:635-45. [DOI: 10.1007/s00430-015-0391-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Li L, Wang Y, Xu Y, Chen L, Fang Q, Yan X. Atorvastatin Inhibits CD68 Expression in Aortic Root Through a GRP78-Involved Pathway. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2014; 28:523-32. [DOI: 10.1007/s10557-014-6556-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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39
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Atorvastatin Post-Conditioning Attenuates Myocardial Ischemia Reperfusion Injury via Inhibiting Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress–Related Apoptosis. Shock 2014; 42:365-71. [DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000000224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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40
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Yuan D, Wan JZ, Deng LL, Zhang CC, Dun YY, Dai YW, Zhou ZY, Liu CQ, Wang T. Chikusetsu saponin V attenuates MPP+-induced neurotoxicity in SH-SY5Y cells via regulation of Sirt1/Mn-SOD and GRP78/caspase-12 pathways. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:13209-22. [PMID: 25073091 PMCID: PMC4159789 DOI: 10.3390/ijms150813209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2014] [Revised: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies have shown that saponins from Panax japonicus (SPJ) possess neuroprotective effects. However, whether Chikusetsu saponin V (CsV), the most abundant member of SPJ, can exert neuroprotective effects against 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion (MPP+)-induced cytotoxicity is not known. In this study, we aimed to investigate the neuroprotective effects of CsV on MPP+-induced cytotoxicity in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells and explore its possible mechanisms. Our results show that CsV attenuates MPP+-induced cytotoxicity, inhibits ROS accumulation, and increases mitochondrial membrane potential dose-dependently. We also found that levels of Sirt1 protein and Mn-SOD mRNA significantly decreased in MPP+-treated group but were restored with CsV treatment in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, GRP78 protein and Caspase-12 mRNA levels were elevated by MPP+ exposure but reversed by CsV treatment. CsV inhibited the MPP+-induced downregulation of Bcl-2 and up-regulation of Bax in a dose-dependent manner and, thus, increased the ratio of Bcl-2/Bax. Overall, these results suggest that Sirt1/Mn-SOD and GRP78/Caspase-12 pathways might be involved in the CsV-mediated neuroprotective effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding Yuan
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medical Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China.
| | - Jing-Zhi Wan
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medical Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China.
| | - Li-Li Deng
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medical Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China.
| | - Chang-Cheng Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medical Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China.
| | - Yao-Yan Dun
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medical Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China.
| | - Yan-Wen Dai
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medical Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China.
| | - Zhi-Yong Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medical Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China.
| | - Chao-Qi Liu
- Institute of Molecular Biology, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China.
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medical Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China.
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Ghavami S, Sharma P, Yeganeh B, Ojo OO, Jha A, Mutawe MM, Kashani HH, Los MJ, Klonisch T, Unruh H, Halayko AJ. Airway mesenchymal cell death by mevalonate cascade inhibition: integration of autophagy, unfolded protein response and apoptosis focusing on Bcl2 family proteins. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2014; 1843:1259-71. [PMID: 24637330 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2014.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2013] [Revised: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
HMG-CoA reductase, the proximal rate-limiting enzyme in the mevalonate pathway, is inhibited by statins. Beyond their cholesterol lowering impact, statins have pleiotropic effects and their use is linked to improved lung health. We have shown that mevalonate cascade inhibition induces apoptosis and autophagy in cultured human airway mesenchymal cells. Here, we show that simvastatin also induces endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and the unfolded protein response (UPR) in these cells. We tested whether coordination of ER stress, autophagy and apoptosis determines survival or demise of human lung mesenchymal cells exposed to statin. We observed that simvastatin exposure activates UPR (activated transcription factor 4, activated transcription factor 6 and IRE1α) and caspase-4 in primary human airway fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells. Exogenous mevalonate inhibited apoptosis, autophagy and UPR, but exogenous cholesterol was without impact, indicating that sterol intermediates are involved with mechanisms mediating statin effects. Caspase-4 inhibition decreased simvastatin-induced apoptosis, whereas inhibition of autophagy by ATG7 or ATG3 knockdown significantly increased cell death. In BAX(-/-)/BAK(-/-) murine embryonic fibroblasts, simvastatin-triggered apoptotic and UPR events were abrogated, but autophagy flux was increased leading to cell death via necrosis. Our data indicate that mevalonate cascade inhibition, likely associated with depletion of sterol intermediates, can lead to cell death via coordinated apoptosis, autophagy, and ER stress. The interplay between these pathways appears to be principally regulated by autophagy and Bcl-2-family pro-apoptotic proteins. These findings uncover multiple mechanisms of action of statins that could contribute to refining the use of such agent in treatment of lung disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeid Ghavami
- Department of Physiology, University of Manitoba, Canada; Manitoba Institute of Child Health, University of Manitoba, Canada; Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba, Canada
| | - Pawan Sharma
- Department of Physiology, University of Manitoba, Canada; Manitoba Institute of Child Health, University of Manitoba, Canada
| | - Behzad Yeganeh
- Department of Physiology, University of Manitoba, Canada; Manitoba Institute of Child Health, University of Manitoba, Canada
| | - Oluwaseun O Ojo
- Department of Physiology, University of Manitoba, Canada; Manitoba Institute of Child Health, University of Manitoba, Canada
| | - Aruni Jha
- Department of Physiology, University of Manitoba, Canada; Manitoba Institute of Child Health, University of Manitoba, Canada
| | - Mark M Mutawe
- Department of Physiology, University of Manitoba, Canada; Manitoba Institute of Child Health, University of Manitoba, Canada
| | - Hessam H Kashani
- Department of Physiology, University of Manitoba, Canada; Manitoba Institute of Child Health, University of Manitoba, Canada
| | - Marek J Los
- Dept. of Clinical & Experimental Medicine, Integrative Regenerative Med. (IGEN) Center, Linköping University, Sweden
| | - Thomas Klonisch
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba, Canada
| | - Helmut Unruh
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Canada
| | - Andrew J Halayko
- Department of Physiology, University of Manitoba, Canada; Manitoba Institute of Child Health, University of Manitoba, Canada; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Canada.
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Duan Z, Zhao J, Fan X, Tang C, Liang L, Nie X, Liu J, Wu Q, Xu G. The PERK-eIF2α signaling pathway is involved in TCDD-induced ER stress in PC12 cells. Neurotoxicology 2014; 44:149-59. [PMID: 24932542 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2014.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Revised: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Studies have shown that 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) induces apoptotic cell death in neuronal cells. However, whether this is the result of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-mediated apoptosis remains unknown. In this study, we determined whether ER stress plays a role in the TCDD-induced apoptosis of pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells and primary neurons. PC12 cells were exposed to different TCDD concentrations (1, 10, 100, 200, or 500nM) for varying lengths of time (1, 3, 6, 12, or 24h). TCDD concentrations much higher than 10nM (100, 200, or 500nM) markedly increased glucose-regulated protein (GRP78) and C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) levels, which are hallmarks of ER stress. We also evaluated the effects of TCDD on ER morphology in PC12 cells and primary neurons that were treated with different TCDD concentrations (1, 10, 50, or 200nM) for 24h. Ultrastructural ER alterations were observed with transmission electron microscopy in PC12 cells and primary neurons treated with high concentrations of TCDD. Furthermore, TCDD-induced ER stress significantly promoted the activation of the PKR-like ER kinase (PERK), a sensor for the unfolded protein response (UPR), and its downstream target eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 α (eIF2α); in contrast, TCDD did not appear to affect inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1) and activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6), two other UPR sensors. Importantly, TCDD significantly inhibited eIF2α phosphorylation and triggered apoptosis in PC12 cells after 6-24h of treatment. Salubrinal, which activates the PERK-eIF2α pathway, significantly enhanced eIF2α phosphorylation in PC12 cells and attenuated the TCDD-induced cell death. In contrast, knocking down eIF2α using small interfering RNA markedly enhanced TCDD-induced cell death. Together, these results indicate that the PERK-eIF2α pathway plays an important role in TCDD-induced ER stress and apoptosis in PC12 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqing Duan
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001 Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianya Zhao
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001 Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xikang Fan
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001 Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Cuiying Tang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001 Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingwei Liang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001 Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoke Nie
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001 Jiangsu, People's Republic of China; Xinglin College, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001 Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiao Liu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001 Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiyun Wu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001 Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Guangfei Xu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001 Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
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Cholesterol biosynthesis and ER stress in peroxisome deficiency. Biochimie 2014; 98:75-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2013.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Li X, Zhang KY, Zhang P, Chen LX, Wang L, Xie M, Wang CY, Tang XQ. Hydrogen sulfide inhibits formaldehyde-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress in PC12 cells by upregulation of SIRT-1. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89856. [PMID: 24587076 PMCID: PMC3938548 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Formaldehyde (FA), a well-known environmental pollutant, has been classified as a neurotoxic molecule. Our recent data demonstrate that hydrogen sulfide (H2S), the third gaseous transmitter, has a protective effect on the neurotoxicity of FA. However, the exact mechanisms underlying this protection remain largely unknown. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress has been implicated in the neurotoxicity of FA. Silent mating type information regulator 2 homolog 1 (SIRT-1), a histone deacetylases, has various biological activities, including the extension of lifespan, the modulation of ER stress, and the neuroprotective action. Objective We hypothesize that the protection of H2S against FA-induced neurotoxicity involves in inhibiting ER stress by upregulation of SIRT-1. The present study attempted to investigate the protective effect of H2S on FA-induced ER stress in PC12 cells and the contribution of SIRT-1 to the protection of H2S against FA-induced injuries, including ER stress, cytotoxicity and apoptosis. Principal Findings We found that exogenous application of sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS; an H2S donor) significantly attenuated FA-induced ER stress responses, including the upregulated levels of glucose-regulated protein 78, C/EBP homologous protein, and cleaved caspase-12 expression. We showed that NaHS upregulates the expression of SIRT-1 in PC12 cells. Moreover, the protective effects of H2S on FA-elicited ER stress, cytotoxicity and apoptosis were reversed by Sirtinol, a specific inhibitor of SIRT-1. Conclusion/Significance These data indicate that H2S exerts its protection against the neurotoxicity of FA through overcoming ER stress via upregulation of SIRT-1. Our findings provide novel insights into the protective mechanisms of H2S against FA-induced neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, P. R. China
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Kai-Yan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, P. R. China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Nanhua Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Li-Xun Chen
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Anthropotomy, Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Ming Xie
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, P. R. China
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, P. R. China
- * E-mail: (X-QT); (MX)
| | - Chun-Yan Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Qing Tang
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, P. R. China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, P. R. China
- * E-mail: (X-QT); (MX)
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Yeganeh B, Wiechec E, Ande SR, Sharma P, Moghadam AR, Post M, Freed DH, Hashemi M, Shojaei S, Zeki AA, Ghavami S. Targeting the mevalonate cascade as a new therapeutic approach in heart disease, cancer and pulmonary disease. Pharmacol Ther 2014; 143:87-110. [PMID: 24582968 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2014.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The cholesterol biosynthesis pathway, also known as the mevalonate (MVA) pathway, is an essential cellular pathway that is involved in diverse cell functions. The enzyme 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase (HMGCR) is the rate-limiting step in cholesterol biosynthesis and catalyzes the conversion of HMG-CoA to MVA. Given its role in cholesterol and isoprenoid biosynthesis, the regulation of HMGCR has been intensely investigated. Because all cells require a steady supply of MVA, both the sterol (i.e. cholesterol) and non-sterol (i.e. isoprenoid) products of MVA metabolism exert coordinated feedback regulation on HMGCR through different mechanisms. The proper functioning of HMGCR as the proximal enzyme in the MVA pathway is essential under both normal physiologic conditions and in many diseases given its role in cell cycle pathways and cell proliferation, cholesterol biosynthesis and metabolism, cell cytoskeletal dynamics and stability, cell membrane structure and fluidity, mitochondrial function, proliferation, and cell fate. The blockbuster statin drugs ('statins') directly bind to and inhibit HMGCR, and their use for the past thirty years has revolutionized the treatment of hypercholesterolemia and cardiovascular diseases, in particular coronary heart disease. Initially thought to exert their effects through cholesterol reduction, recent evidence indicates that statins also have pleiotropic immunomodulatory properties independent of cholesterol lowering. In this review we will focus on the therapeutic applications and mechanisms involved in the MVA cascade including Rho GTPase and Rho kinase (ROCK) signaling, statin inhibition of HMGCR, geranylgeranyltransferase (GGTase) inhibition, and farnesyltransferase (FTase) inhibition in cardiovascular disease, pulmonary diseases (e.g. asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)), and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behzad Yeganeh
- Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Department of Physiology & Experimental Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Emilia Wiechec
- Dept. Clinical & Experimental Medicine, Division of Cell Biology & Integrative Regenerative Med. Center (IGEN), Linköping University, Sweden
| | - Sudharsana R Ande
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Pawan Sharma
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, 4C46 HRIC, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Adel Rezaei Moghadam
- Scientific Association of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran; Young Researchers and Elite Club, Ardabil Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Martin Post
- Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Department of Physiology & Experimental Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Darren H Freed
- Department of Physiology, St. Boniface Research Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Mohammad Hashemi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Shahla Shojaei
- Department of Biochemistry, Recombinant Protein Laboratory, Medical School, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Amir A Zeki
- U.C. Davis, School of Medicine, U.C. Davis Medical Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Center for Comparative Respiratory Biology & Medicine, Davis, CA, USA.
| | - Saeid Ghavami
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, St. Boniface Research Centre, Manitoba Institute of Child Health, Biology of Breathing Theme, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.
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Zeng XS, Jia JJ, Kwon Y, Wang SD, Bai J. The role of thioredoxin-1 in suppression of endoplasmic reticulum stress in Parkinson disease. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 67:10-8. [PMID: 24140863 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2013] [Revised: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress has been implicated in Parkinson disease. We previously reported that thioredoxin 1 (Trx-1) suppressed the ER stress caused by 1-methy-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine; however, its molecular mechanism remains largely unknown. In the present study, we showed that 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion (MPP(+)) induced ER stress by activating glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78), inositol-requiring enzyme 1α (IRE1α), tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 2 (TRAF2), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), caspase-12, and C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) in PC12 cells. The downregulation of Trx-1 aggravated the ER stress and further increased the expression of the above molecules induced by MPP(+). In contrast, overexpression of Trx-1 attenuated the ER stress and repressed the expression of the above molecules induced by MPP(+). More importantly, the overexpression of Trx-1 in transgenic mice suppressed ER stress by inhibiting the activation of these molecules. We present, for the first time, the molecular mechanism of Trx-1 suppression of endoplasmic reticulum stress in Parkinson disease in vitro and in vivo. Based on our findings, we conclude that Trx-1 plays a neuroprotective role in Parkinson disease by suppressing ER stress by regulating the activation of GRP78, IRE1α, TRAF2, JNK, caspase-12, and CHOP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Si Zeng
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China; Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Jin-Jing Jia
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Yongwon Kwon
- Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Sheng-Dong Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Jie Bai
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China.
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47
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He B, Luo B, Chen Q, Zhang L. Cigarette smoke extract induces the expression of GRP78 in A549 cells via the p38/MAPK pathway. Mol Med Rep 2013; 8:1683-8. [PMID: 24126384 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2013.1724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis of alveolar epithelial cells has been implicated in the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. To determine the involvement of glucose‑regulated protein 78 (GRP78) in the cigarette smoke extract (CSE)‑induced apoptosis of alveolar epithelial cells and the potential mechanisms underlying this effect, A549 cells that originate from alveolar type II epithelial cells were exposed to various CSE conditions in the present study. GRP78 expression and its effect on the apoptosis of A549 cells were investigated using techniques such as RT-PCR, western blot analysis, gene knockdown by GRP78 siRNA interference and the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick‑end labeling assay. The activity of the p38/mitogen‑activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway and its involvement in GRP78 expression were also analyzed using SB203580, a p38/MAPK pathway inhibitor. It was demonstrated that GRP78 expression in the cells was significantly upregulated following CSE exposure and a 12‑h exposure of 5% CSE was the most efficient in inducing GRP78 expression. This CSE‑induced GRP78 expression was significantly attenuated by GRP78 siRNA or by the use of SB203580. The downregulation of GRP78 expression by GRP78 siRNA also led to the increased expression of caspase-3 and an increased apoptotic index (AI, P<0.05 vs. other groups). These results suggested that CSE induced GRP78 expression in A549 cells. This study demonstrated that upregulated GRP78 expression may be anti‑apoptotic effects and the p38/MAPK pathway was involved in the process of CSE‑induced GRP78 expression in A549 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baimei He
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
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48
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Cai Z, Li F, Gong W, Liu W, Duan Q, Chen C, Ni L, Xia Y, Cianflone K, Dong N, Wang DW. Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Participates in Aortic Valve Calcification in Hypercholesterolemic Animals. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2013; 33:2345-54. [PMID: 23928865 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.112.300226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhejun Cai
- From the Institute of Hypertension and Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital (Z.C., W.G., Q.D., C.C., L.N., D.W.W.), and Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital (F.L., N.D.), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China (Z.C.); Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Molecular
| | - Fei Li
- From the Institute of Hypertension and Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital (Z.C., W.G., Q.D., C.C., L.N., D.W.W.), and Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital (F.L., N.D.), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China (Z.C.); Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Molecular
| | - Wei Gong
- From the Institute of Hypertension and Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital (Z.C., W.G., Q.D., C.C., L.N., D.W.W.), and Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital (F.L., N.D.), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China (Z.C.); Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Molecular
| | - Wanjun Liu
- From the Institute of Hypertension and Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital (Z.C., W.G., Q.D., C.C., L.N., D.W.W.), and Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital (F.L., N.D.), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China (Z.C.); Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Molecular
| | - Quanlu Duan
- From the Institute of Hypertension and Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital (Z.C., W.G., Q.D., C.C., L.N., D.W.W.), and Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital (F.L., N.D.), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China (Z.C.); Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Molecular
| | - Chen Chen
- From the Institute of Hypertension and Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital (Z.C., W.G., Q.D., C.C., L.N., D.W.W.), and Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital (F.L., N.D.), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China (Z.C.); Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Molecular
| | - Li Ni
- From the Institute of Hypertension and Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital (Z.C., W.G., Q.D., C.C., L.N., D.W.W.), and Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital (F.L., N.D.), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China (Z.C.); Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Molecular
| | - Yong Xia
- From the Institute of Hypertension and Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital (Z.C., W.G., Q.D., C.C., L.N., D.W.W.), and Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital (F.L., N.D.), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China (Z.C.); Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Molecular
| | - Katherine Cianflone
- From the Institute of Hypertension and Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital (Z.C., W.G., Q.D., C.C., L.N., D.W.W.), and Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital (F.L., N.D.), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China (Z.C.); Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Molecular
| | - Nianguo Dong
- From the Institute of Hypertension and Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital (Z.C., W.G., Q.D., C.C., L.N., D.W.W.), and Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital (F.L., N.D.), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China (Z.C.); Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Molecular
| | - Dao Wen Wang
- From the Institute of Hypertension and Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital (Z.C., W.G., Q.D., C.C., L.N., D.W.W.), and Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital (F.L., N.D.), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China (Z.C.); Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Molecular
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Luoma PV. Elimination of endoplasmic reticulum stress and cardiovascular, type 2 diabetic, and other metabolic diseases. Ann Med 2013; 45:194-202. [PMID: 22928964 PMCID: PMC3581057 DOI: 10.3109/07853890.2012.700116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2012] [Accepted: 05/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple factors including unhealthy living habits influence the life-maintaining functions of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and induce ER stress and metabolic abnormalities. The ER responds to the disturbances by activating mechanisms that increase the capacity to eliminate ER stress. This article elucidates the effects of ER activation that eliminates both ER stress and associated cardiovascular, type 2 diabetic (DM2), and other metabolic diseases. ER-activating compounds eliminate ER stress by lowering elevated cholesterol, regress atherosclerosis, decrease cardiovascular mortality, reduce blood glucose and insulin, and, together with the normalization of glucose-insulin homeostasis, remove insulin resistance, pancreatic β-cell failure, and DM2. A deficient cytochrome P450 activity in hepatic ER leads to cholesterol accumulation that induces stress and xanthoma formation, whereas P450-activating therapy up-regulates apolipoprotein AI and LDLR genes, down-regulates apolipoprotein B gene, and produces an antiatherogenic plasma lipoprotein profile. The ER activation reduces the stress also by eliminating hepatic fat and converting saturated fatty acids (FAs) to unsaturated FAs. Cognitive processes require gene expression modification, and preclinical studies indicate that ER-activating therapy improves cognition. Promotion of healthy lifestyle choices and indicated therapies are key factors in the prevention and elimination of ER stress and associated global health problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauli V. Luoma
- Institute of Biomedicine, Pharmacology, University of Helsinki, Finland
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Simvastatin inhibition of mevalonate pathway induces apoptosis in human breast cancer cells via activation of JNK/CHOP/DR5 signaling pathway. Cancer Lett 2013; 329:9-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2012.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Revised: 08/21/2012] [Accepted: 08/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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